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Water Reuse in Bioenergy Production – a Pathway to Conservation and Resiliency

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Water Reuse in Bioenergy Production – a Pathway to Conservation and Resiliency WATER REUSE IN BIOENERGY PRODUCTION – A PATHWAY TO CONSERVATION AND RESILIENCY erhtjhtyhy MAY WU Argonne National Laboratory Water Reuse Webinar WaterReuse Association May 12, 2021 ENERGY — WATER NEXUS . Energy generation and water consumption are intertwined. Producing and transporting water requires energy; generating energy requires water for processing, cooling, and steam. Bioenergy production relies on water and energy input and requires land use. As technology advances, the industry is experiencing a revolutionary shift towards the biorefining of a broader range of products for affordable biofuels, bioproducts, and biopower. Extensive efforts have been devoted to increase energy efficiency, reduce energy use, and improve water conservation. 2 Source: https://www.energy.gov/energy-water-nexus-crosscut 3 Source: EIA TOTAL ETHANOL FUEL PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION: 2000 — 2019 . US produced 15,776 million gallons of ethanol, consumes 14,356 million gallons in 2019. RFS mandate 15,000 million gallons of conventional ethanol. The use of ethanol as a gasoline additive increased in an accelerating fashion from 2000 to 2010. Source: https://afdc.energy.gov/data/10323 5 MOTOR GASOLINE CONSUMPTION AND BIOFUEL BLENDING . According to EIA, in 2019, Americans used about 142 billion gallons of motor gasoline—or about 390 million gallons per day—and about 197 million gallons of aviation gasoline. Starting in 2010, E10 was sold in all 50 states to boost octane, meet air quality requirements. Ethanol is also available as E15 for use in light-duty vehicles of the model year 2001 and newer. Source: Decision Innovation Solutions, http://www.decision-innovation.com/ 6 ALTERNATIVE FUEL AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES Light-duty alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and diesel models offered by vehicle manufacturers . Vehicles capable of using E85 have represented the largest share of models offered from 2003. EVs overtook E85 by 2017. 7 Source: https://afdc.energy.gov/data/10303 WATER https://WATER.es.anl.gov Water Footprint Water Availability 8 FUTURE PROJECTIONS OF IRRIGATION NEEDS . Projected corn yield for 2022, based on USDA projections. Corn grain production . Estimated consumptive use of 0 270 (bu/ac) irrigation water. Irrigation water consumption Wu and Ha 2015. Water and Energy 2015, EWA/JSWA/WEF Proceedings IMPLICATIONS OF DIVERSIFIED FEEDSTOCK Weighted average water footprint . A future scenario: 920 Million dry decreases as cellulosic share increases tons of feedstock − 15% conventional, 30% crop residue, 11% perennial grass, 39% wood residue, and 5% SRWC . Major regional feedstock − Wood resources: Southeast − Switchgrass: South, Midwest − Corn stover, corn, soybean: Midwest Average biofuel blue water footprint oil Rogers, et. al.. 2016, Biofpr. (2016), doi/10.1002/bbb.1728/ 10 WATER RESOURCE SUSTAINABILITY . Freshwater stress • Climate change became the main • Production driver in water • Population resource conservation. Increased water availability enhances • Alternative resources water security, • Water reuse and sustainability, and recycle resilience. • Technology 11 WATER REUSE . Reclaimed water use for bioenergy production has the benefits of conserving freshwater resources while providing feedstock for renewable energy and products. Sources of water for potential reuse can include municipal wastewater, stormwater, industry process, and cooling water, agriculture runoff, and return flows and produced water from natural resource extraction activities. These sources of water are adequately treated to meet requirements to bring water from a particular source to the quality needed - “Fit-for- purpose” use. 12 CURRENT POTW FACILITIES IN THE U.S. Nationwide, 25-27 billion gallons of wastewater are generated per day (2012, 2008), of which 38% processes with secondary treatment and 62% of the water goes through tertiary treatment. 80% of the effluent is available for reuse. Large facilities have a clustered distribution. High-density small facilities in Minnesota, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and New England states. Data source: Clean watershed needs survey (CWNS, EPA) USE OF RECLAIMED MUNICIPAL WATER . Total volume of water reuse was 2.1 BGD, according to CWNS. Top three states with large volume of reuse: Arizona, Florida, and California. Reuse is more prevalent in western states. Relatively small reuse in Midwest states. Wu and Ha 2015. Water and Energy 2015, EWA/JSWA/WEF Proceedings 14 FATE OF RECLAIMED WASTEWATER IN U.S. Nationwide, more than 80% of the reclaimed wastewater through advanced treatment is discharged to the surface stream and is available for other uses. Current industrial use accounts for 1%. Irrigation uses 3.6% and is regulated by States. Data source: Clean watershed needs survey (CWNS, EPA) 15 CHANGES OF RECLAIMED WATER DISCHARGE AND REUSE FROM 2008-2012 . Slight increase in irrigation . Decrease in ocean discharge, groundwater discharge, and overland flow application Data source: Clean watershed needs survey (CWNS, EPA) RECLAIMED WATER FOR BIOENERGY . Feedstock production – Irrigation Biorefinery • Corn, soybeans Terrestrial feedstock – Growing media • Micro algae . Biorefining – Cooling water – Process water Algae refinery Source: https://www.epa.gov/waterreuse/basic-information-about-water-reuse#basics 17 FACTORS AFFECTING RECLAIMED WATER USE FOR BIOENERGY . Supply and demand dynamics − Supply and demand vary temporally. Supply varies slightly with seasons while water demand peaks in summer months and during extreme high- temperature days. − Reclaimed water resources may not be sufficient in some places ( farmland, etc.) while may far exceed demand in others (urban, etc.). Regulations . Implementation . Competing demand from multiple users . Economics 18 CROPS PRODUCED WITH IRRIGATION . On average, 11-13% of the corn/soybean acreages are irrigated. Ethanol production takes ~40% of corn grain. Biodiesel production accounts for 12% of soybeans production. 19 IRRIGATION WATER CONSUMPTION FOR BIOENERGY FEEDSTOCK Water Footprint — Irrigation water consumed . Irrigation water use varies extensively with crops and with the region. Soybean production is concentrated in the eastern half of the U.S. while corn is more spread. Current corn land is 90million acres and soybeans 84 million acres which fluctuate annually. Chiu and Wu, 2012. ES&T. CASE STUDY: REUSE FOR IRRIGATION Corn Irrigation water consumptive use . In 2008, the volume of U.S. water consumed in irrigating corn and soybeans used in the production of biofuels totaled 955 billion gallons for corn and 164 billion gallons for soybeans, equivalent Soybeans to 3BGD. We screened the irrigation demand for reclaimed water supply at the county level. WATER https://water.es.anl.gov 21 CASE STUDY: REUSE FOR IRRIGATION Corn 0 34,500 (million liters/year) 0 100 (%) . Irrigation water consumption volume . Percent of irrigation water consumption can be replaced by reclaimed can be replaced by reclaimed wastewater. wastewater. Wu and Ha 2015. Water and Energy 2015, EWA/JSWA/WEF Proceedings 22 BIOENERGY CROP IRRIGATION POTENTIAL . A total of 155,153 million gallons of . The State of Kansas stands out freshwater irrigation can be replaced by as being the largest beneficiary reclaimed water per year nationwide, of using reclaimed wastewater representing 16% of all irrigation water for irrigation, covering more than consumed in 2008 for corn used in ethanol. 80% of its counties. The State of . In most farming counties where POWT Missouri ranks second. facility effluent is available, approximately . Reuse is crippled by a lack of 100% of the irrigation requirements could infrastructure that connects the be substituted. wastewater industry and . The volume of wastewater reuse accounts agricultural farmlands. for 3% of the total available reclaimed wastewater from secondary treatment. Wu and Ha 2015. Water and Energy 2015, EWA/JSWA/WEF Proceedings 23 WATER RESOURCE USE IN BIOFUEL PLANT . Presents the most up-to-date analysis of commercial-scale biofuel plants in the U.S., reflecting ethanol production from dry mills. As of this time, this is the first survey that includes the comprehensive recording of water resources, water use, and water and wastewater management for the U.S. biofuel industry at the facility level. Water for biorefinery is a local water demand. Wu, 2019. https://water.es.anl.gov/documents/2018%20survey%20report%20final.pdf 24 BIOREFINING PROCESS 25 WATER USE IN BIOFUEL PLANT Water System in a Typical Dry Mill Plant Breakdown of Water Consumed Wu, et al. 2018.ANL/ESD-09/1Rev.2. https://water.es.anl.gov/documents/2018%20survey%20report%20final.pdf 26 2017 BIOREFINERY SURVEY FINDINGS: DIVERSIFIED WATER RESOURCE USE . Reclaimed municipal wastewater was used for cooling water. On-site treatment before use. Substantial reduction of water use intensity for ethanol production. Consider an average water intensity of 2.7gal. water per gal. ethanol, and a typical 100 MGY plant, this is relief to local freshwater demand. Wu, 2019. https://water.es.anl.gov/documents/2018%20survey%20report%20final.pdf 27 CASE STUDY: RECLAIMED WATER AVAILABILITY FOR POWER PLANT . Thermoelectric power generation plant (coal, nuclear) in the State of IL. Annual average cooling water withdrawal at each facility. Reclaimed water from advanced treatment that is discharged to surface water. County-based analysis. 28 RECLAIMED WATER FOR THERMOELECTRICITY . Displace freshwater demand of more than 90% of cooling needs from thermo-electric plants when there is
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