IN BIOENERGY PRODUCTION – A PATHWAY TO CONSERVATION AND RESILIENCY

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Argonne National Laboratory Water Reuse Webinar WaterReuse Association May 12, 2021 — WATER NEXUS

. Energy generation and water consumption are intertwined. Producing and transporting water requires energy; generating energy requires water for processing, cooling, and steam. . Bioenergy production relies on water and energy input and requires use. . As technology advances, the industry is experiencing a revolutionary shift towards the biorefining of a broader range of products for affordable , bioproducts, and biopower. . Extensive efforts have been devoted to increase energy efficiency, reduce energy use, and improve .

2 Source: https://www.energy.gov/energy-water-nexus-crosscut 3 Source: EIA TOTAL ETHANOL FUEL PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION: 2000 — 2019

. US produced 15,776 million gallons of ethanol, consumes 14,356 million gallons in 2019. . RFS mandate 15,000 million gallons of conventional ethanol. . The use of ethanol as a gasoline additive increased in an accelerating fashion from 2000 to 2010. Source: https://afdc.energy.gov/data/10323 5 MOTOR GASOLINE CONSUMPTION AND BLENDING

. According to EIA, in 2019, Americans used about 142 billion gallons of motor gasoline—or about 390 million gallons per day—and about 197 million gallons of aviation gasoline. . Starting in 2010, E10 was sold in all 50 states to boost octane, meet air quality requirements. . Ethanol is also available as E15 for use in light-duty vehicles of the model year 2001 and newer.

Source: Decision Innovation Solutions, http://www.decision-innovation.com/

6 ALTERNATIVE FUEL AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES Light-duty alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and diesel models offered by vehicle manufacturers

. Vehicles capable of using E85 have represented the largest share of models offered from 2003. . EVs overtook E85 by 2017.

7 Source: https://afdc.energy.gov/data/10303 WATER https://WATER.es.anl.gov

Water Footprint Water Availability

8 FUTURE PROJECTIONS OF NEEDS

. Projected corn yield for 2022, based on USDA projections. Corn grain production . Estimated consumptive use of 0 270 (bu/ac) irrigation water.

Irrigation water consumption

Wu and Ha 2015. Water and Energy 2015, EWA/JSWA/WEF Proceedings IMPLICATIONS OF DIVERSIFIED FEEDSTOCK

Weighted average . A future scenario: 920 Million dry decreases as cellulosic share increases tons of feedstock − 15% conventional, 30% residue, 11% perennial grass, 39% residue, and 5% SRWC . Major regional feedstock − Wood : Southeast − Switchgrass: South, Midwest − Corn stover, corn, soybean: Midwest Average biofuel blue water footprint oil

Rogers, et. al.. 2016, Biofpr. (2016), doi/10.1002/bbb.1728/

10 WATER

. Freshwater stress • became the main • Production driver in water • resource conservation. . Increased water availability enhances • Alternative resources water security, • Water reuse and sustainability, and recycle resilience. • Technology

11 WATER REUSE

. Reclaimed water use for bioenergy production has the benefits of conserving freshwater resources while providing feedstock for and products. . Sources of water for potential reuse can include municipal , , industry process, and cooling water, runoff, and return flows and from extraction activities. . These sources of water are adequately treated to meet requirements to bring water from a particular source to the quality needed - “Fit-for- purpose” use.

12 CURRENT POTW FACILITIES IN THE U.S.

. Nationwide, 25-27 billion gallons of wastewater are generated per day (2012, 2008), of which 38% processes with and 62% of the water goes through tertiary treatment. 80% of the is available for reuse. . Large facilities have a clustered distribution. . High-density small facilities in Minnesota, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and New England states. Data source: Clean watershed needs survey (CWNS, EPA) USE OF RECLAIMED MUNICIPAL WATER

. Total volume of water reuse was 2.1 BGD, according to CWNS. . Top three states with large volume of reuse: Arizona, Florida, and . . Reuse is more prevalent in western states. . Relatively small reuse in Midwest states.

Wu and Ha 2015. Water and Energy 2015, EWA/JSWA/WEF Proceedings

14 FATE OF RECLAIMED WASTEWATER IN U.S.

. Nationwide, more than 80% of the reclaimed wastewater through advanced treatment is discharged to the surface stream and is available for other uses. . Current industrial use accounts for 1%. . Irrigation uses 3.6% and is regulated by States.

Data source: Clean watershed needs survey (CWNS, EPA)

15 CHANGES OF RECLAIMED WATER DISCHARGE AND REUSE FROM 2008-2012

. Slight increase in irrigation . Decrease in ocean discharge, discharge, and overland flow application Data source: Clean watershed needs survey (CWNS, EPA) RECLAIMED WATER FOR BIOENERGY

. Feedstock production – Irrigation Biorefinery

• Corn, soybeans Terrestrial feedstock – Growing media • Micro . Biorefining – Cooling water – Process water Algae refinery

Source: https://www.epa.gov/waterreuse/basic-information-about-water-reuse#basics

17 FACTORS AFFECTING RECLAIMED WATER USE FOR BIOENERGY

. Supply and demand dynamics − Supply and demand vary temporally. Supply varies slightly with seasons while water demand peaks in summer months and during extreme high- days. − Reclaimed may not be sufficient in some places ( farmland, etc.) while may far exceed demand in others (urban, etc.). . Regulations . Implementation . Competing demand from multiple users . Economics

18 PRODUCED WITH IRRIGATION . On average, 11-13% of the corn/soybean acreages are irrigated. . Ethanol production takes ~40% of corn grain. . Biodiesel production accounts for 12% of soybeans production.

19 IRRIGATION WATER CONSUMPTION FOR BIOENERGY FEEDSTOCK

Water Footprint — Irrigation water consumed

. Irrigation water use varies extensively with crops and with the region. Soybean production is concentrated in the eastern half of the U.S. while corn is more spread. . Current corn land is 90million acres and soybeans 84 million acres which fluctuate annually. Chiu and Wu, 2012. ES&T. CASE STUDY: REUSE FOR IRRIGATION

Corn Irrigation water consumptive use . In 2008, the volume of U.S. water consumed in irrigating corn and soybeans used in the production of biofuels totaled 955 billion gallons for corn and 164 billion gallons for soybeans, equivalent Soybeans to 3BGD. . We screened the irrigation demand for reclaimed at the county level.

WATER https://water.es.anl.gov

21 CASE STUDY: REUSE FOR IRRIGATION

Corn

0 34,500 (million liters/year) 0 100 (%) . Irrigation water consumption volume . Percent of irrigation water consumption can be replaced by reclaimed can be replaced by reclaimed wastewater. wastewater. Wu and Ha 2015. Water and Energy 2015, EWA/JSWA/WEF Proceedings 22 BIOENERGY CROP IRRIGATION POTENTIAL

. A total of 155,153 million gallons of . The State of Kansas stands out freshwater irrigation can be replaced by as being the largest beneficiary reclaimed water per year nationwide, of using reclaimed wastewater representing 16% of all irrigation water for irrigation, covering more than consumed in 2008 for corn used in ethanol. 80% of its counties. The State of . In most farming counties where POWT Missouri ranks second. facility effluent is available, approximately . Reuse is crippled by a lack of 100% of the irrigation requirements could infrastructure that connects the be substituted. wastewater industry and . The volume of wastewater reuse accounts agricultural farmlands. for 3% of the total available reclaimed wastewater from secondary treatment.

Wu and Ha 2015. Water and Energy 2015, EWA/JSWA/WEF Proceedings

23 WATER RESOURCE USE IN BIOFUEL PLANT

. Presents the most up-to-date analysis of commercial-scale biofuel plants in the U.S., reflecting ethanol production from dry mills. . As of this time, this is the first survey that includes the comprehensive recording of water resources, water use, and water and wastewater management for the U.S. biofuel industry at the facility level. . Water for biorefinery is a local water demand.

Wu, 2019. https://water.es.anl.gov/documents/2018%20survey%20report%20final.pdf 24 BIOREFINING PROCESS

25 WATER USE IN BIOFUEL PLANT

Water System in a Typical Dry Mill Plant Breakdown of Water Consumed

Wu, et al. 2018.ANL/ESD-09/1Rev.2. https://water.es.anl.gov/documents/2018%20survey%20report%20final.pdf

26 2017 BIOREFINERY SURVEY FINDINGS: DIVERSIFIED WATER RESOURCE USE

. Reclaimed municipal wastewater was used for cooling water. . On-site treatment before use. . Substantial reduction of water use intensity for ethanol production. . Consider an average water intensity of 2.7gal. water per gal. ethanol, and a typical 100 MGY plant, this is relief to local freshwater demand.

Wu, 2019. https://water.es.anl.gov/documents/2018%20survey%20report%20final.pdf

27 CASE STUDY: RECLAIMED WATER AVAILABILITY FOR POWER PLANT

. Thermoelectric power generation plant (coal, nuclear) in the State of IL. . Annual average cooling water withdrawal at each facility. . Reclaimed water from advanced treatment that is discharged to . . County-based analysis.

28 RECLAIMED WATER FOR THERMOELECTRICITY

. Displace freshwater demand of more than 90% of cooling needs from thermo-electric plants when there is local POTW. . Generate 29.9 GW of . . Similar project has been commissioned in FL.

Source: Wu, 2018. U.S. Power Plant Conference

29 CASE STUDY: RECLAIMED WATER FOR ALGAE

.Algae oil can be converted to renewable biodiesel and jet fuel and is infrastructure compatible. .Algae pond facilities in 7075 sites in the U.S. were selected by using 33 years of climate, land, algae growth modeling, and CO2 supply. .Select counties in which reclaimed water can meet partially or fully the water demand for algae. .Conduct geospatial screening followed by temporal screening to down-select facility locations. Source: https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USEERE/bullet .Available reclaimed water data: 2008, 2012 ins/24905ea

30 ANNUAL COUNTY LEVEL RECLAIMED WATER SUPPLY AND ALGAE BIOMASS POTENTIAL

. Scenarios Reclaimed water Algal biomass RW − Reclaimed water meets partial or full water demand for the production facilities in a county.

RW50 − Reclaimed water meets 50% of water demand for the production facilities in a county.

RW100 − Reclaimed water meets 100% of water demand for the production facilities in a county.

0 214,009,407 3 0 2,208,653 (m /year) (MT/year) 31 ANNUAL RECLAIMED WATER AVAILABILITY IN ALGAE PRODUCING STATES

2,000 Available Reclaime Water RW RW50 RW100

1,600

1,200

800

400

Water (Billion volume liters per year) - AL AZ AR CA FL GA LA MS NV NM NC OK OR SC TX UT VA

Data year: 2008

32 FINAL THOUGHTS . Reclaimed water resources can play an important role in energy production to address Water-Energy Nexus. Total amount of municipal reclaimed water from POTW could bring substantial savings of freshwater for bioenergy. – Replace16% of irrigation water concerning corn cultivation alone; this amount of reuse water accounts for 3% of annual available reclaimed water. . Compare with current reclaimed water use of 2.1 BGD, use for bioenergy could double the reuse in the U.S. . Reclaimed water for cooling or process water application reduces local manufacturing water footprint. Power plant cooling demand could be met largely by local POTW. . There is a geographical mismatch between demand for irrigation and the available reclaimed water, and temporal variation, both of which limit the water reuse.

33 ONGOING WORK, ISSUES, AND NEEDS

. A state survey is ongoing which focuses on regulatory guidelines and implementation for fit-for-purpose water reuse and identifies hurdles in large-scale adoption for bioenergy production. . Regulation and guidelines – bioenergy crop irrigation? . Institutional issues – reuse permitting. . Reuse data reporting, maintaining, and uncertainty. . Infrastructure issues – reclaimed water transport and storage.

All above could be inhibitory to reclaimed water use for bioenergy producers. We are seeking inputs and collaborations from state, WW industry, and users.

34 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY EERE BETO ANDREA BAILEY, ALICIA LINDAUER ANL STEPHEN JANKE, DELANEY NELSON, SARAH MCBRIDE, MIAE HA, YI-WEN CHIU, SASHI YALAMANCHILI, EUGENE YAN, ZHI ZHOU, GETNET BETRIE, ILA MOSTAFA, GRETCHEN GUTENBERGER, HUI XU, UISUNG LEE PNNL ANDRÉ COLEMAN, MARK WIGMOSTA, YUHUA ZHU NREL RYAN DAVIS

Disclaimer Argonne National Laboratory (“Argonne”) is a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory managed by UChicago Argonne, LLC, under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. The views and opinions of document authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. CONTACT [email protected] Department of Energy or any agency thereof, Argonne National Laboratory, or UChicago Argonne, LLC.