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Orhan Kolog˘Lu RENEGADES and the CASE ULUÇ/KILIÇ ALI ·
Orhan Kolog˘lu RENEGADES AND THE CASE · ULUÇ/KILIÇ ALI In the history of the Mediterranean region, the Renegade of the Christians who becomes a Mühtedi by joining the Muslim religion, has played an important role. In European languages the Renegade is the person who abandons Christianity for a different faith. The Mühtedi, on the other hand, according to Muslim and Turkish communities, is the person of another faith who embraces Islam. Since Islam began to spread 600 years after Christianity, it gathered its early followers among pagans, a few Jews but especially Christians. Its rapid spread over Syria, Egypt, North Africa, Sicily, Spain and into central France indicates that all Mediterranean communities were largely affected by the religion. Christianity, which had become the domineering and ruling faith through Papacy and the Byzantine Empire, was now lar- gely disturbed by this competitor. For this reason, it was only natural that both sides scrutinized the Renegade/Mühtedi very closely. The concern of one side in losing a believer matched the concern of the other side in preventing the loss of the Mühtedi, who is then called a Mürted (apostate, the verb is irtidad). European research on this subject outweighs the research done by Muslims, because renegades had not only been, quantitative-wise, many times more than mürteds, but also they played more important roles as history-makers in the Mediterranean. Muslim indifference to their past is easily understandable because the interest was focused only on their activities as Muslims. However, European research bears the mark of the Christian perspective and has a reactionary approach. -
The History and Description of Africa and of the Notable Things Therein Contained, Vol
The history and description of Africa and of the notable things therein contained, Vol. 3 http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.nuhmafricanus3 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org The history and description of Africa and of the notable things therein contained, Vol. 3 Alternative title The history and description of Africa and of the notable things therein contained Author/Creator Leo Africanus Contributor Pory, John (tr.), Brown, Robert (ed.) Date 1896 Resource type Books Language English, Italian Subject Coverage (spatial) Northern Swahili Coast;Middle Niger, Mali, Timbucktu, Southern Swahili Coast Source Northwestern University Libraries, G161 .H2 Description Written by al-Hassan ibn-Mohammed al-Wezaz al-Fasi, a Muslim, baptised as Giovanni Leone, but better known as Leo Africanus. -
Türk Korsanları
A. Z. Kozanoğlu Türk Korsanları / 1 BĐRĐNCĐ KISIM KORSAN ORUÇ REĐS - Pruvada düşman var! Bir gök gürültüsünü andıran bu ses geminin içinde sanki bir fırtına kopardı. Yelkenler üzerinde bir rüzgâr esti. Güvertede, kasaraların üstünde, mizana ve tirenkete direklerinde sayısız korsan, kum deryaları gibi kaynaştı. Palabıyıklılar, kesik kollular, tahta bacaklılar, kelleleri kazınmışlar, tek gözlüler, tunç vücutlarında yaşlarından daha çok yara izi taşıyan genç leventler çabuk, fakat bir şaşkınlığa kapılmadan, yerlerine geçtiler. Geminin ön kasarasında, rüzgâr ve hülyalarla sarsılarak yedi telli sazı "lir"!1 göğsüne basıp bir duygu ve şaşkınlık kaynağı gibi kalbinden denize şelaleler döken Sinan Reis, denizle göğün öpüştüğü yerde yabancı bir geminin direklerini seçince, elindeki sazı, fırlatıp o korkunç narayı atmıştı. - Pruvada düşman var! Güvertede biriken korsanların arasında, gelen gemiyi seçeme-mekten doğan bir heyecan başlamıştı. - Allah bilir, gelen Sen Con (Saint-Jean) şövalyeleridir! - Onlar burada ne arar bre? - Yoksa Cenevizliler mi? 1 Lir, Midilli adasından çıktığı söylenen bir çeşit sazdır. 8 / Abdullah Ziya Kozanoğlu - Nereden geçiyoruz, babalık? Đki kalp beşliğe oynuyorum, Rodos hakimi ve Sen Con beyi Piyer de Busson'un korsanlan geliyor.2 Đçlerinden birisi, bu söz üzerine, uzun bir ıslık çaldı: - Çelebi'nin dediği doğru çıkarsa, iki kalp beşliği yanında ahrete götürecek, hadi hayırlısı... Bu gürültüler, bu şakalaşmalar arasında ortaya atılan en doğru söz bu oldu. Gelenler eğer Rodos şövalyeleri ise, genç gemici doğru söylemiş sayılırdı. Türklerin gemileri hem küçük, hem de içindekilerin sayısı azdı. Zaman geçtikçe mor denizin üstünde kocaman bir orman gibi büyüyen sayısız direklerden anlaşılıyor ki, yaklaşan donanmada en az sekiz on "galer" ve bir o kadar da "kadırga" vardı. Şimdi eller alınlarda, keskin bakışlar denizin gözleri kamaştıran sislerini delecek gibi süzüyor, yaklaşan düşman gemileri inceden inceye kontrol ediliyordu. -
Muslims in Spain, 1492–1814 Mediterranean Reconfigurations Intercultural Trade, Commercial Litigation, and Legal Pluralism
Muslims in Spain, 1492– 1814 Mediterranean Reconfigurations Intercultural Trade, Commercial Litigation, and Legal Pluralism Series Editors Wolfgang Kaiser (Université Paris I, Panthéon- Sorbonne) Guillaume Calafat (Université Paris I, Panthéon- Sorbonne) volume 3 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ cmed Muslims in Spain, 1492– 1814 Living and Negotiating in the Land of the Infidel By Eloy Martín Corrales Translated by Consuelo López- Morillas LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Cover illustration: “El embajador de Marruecos” (Catalog Number: G002789) Museo del Prado. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Martín Corrales, E. (Eloy), author. | Lopez-Morillas, Consuelo, translator. Title: Muslims in Spain, 1492-1814 : living and negotiating in the land of the infidel / by Eloy Martín-Corrales ; translated by Consuelo López-Morillas. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2021] | Series: Mediterranean reconfigurations ; volume 3 | Original title unknown. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020046144 (print) | LCCN 2020046145 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004381476 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004443761 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Muslims—Spain—History. | Spain—Ethnic relations—History. -
Dragut, Un Corsario Enemigo, Admirado Y Temido = Turgut Reis
ELOY MARTÍN CORRALES 59 DRAGUT, UN CORSARIO ENEMIGO, ADMIRADO Y TEMIDO ISSN: 0213-2079 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/shhmo2014365975 DRAGUT, UN CORSARIO ENEMIGO, ADMIRADO Y TEMIDO1 Turgut Reis, an Enemy Corsair, Admired and Feared Eloy Martín CORRALES Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Correo-e: [email protected] RESUMEN: La figura de Dragut, Dragutto o Turgut Reis, ha ocupado un lugar excepcional en las letras e historiografía española. Sus coetáneos demostraron más admiración que críticas para con aquel temible enemigo (especialmente en lo que hace referencia al litoral italiano). Posteriormente cuando Dragut consiguió conquistar casi todo el litoral oriental tunecino (Madhía, Susa y demas ciudades), rompió nuevamente el frágil equilibrio hispano-otomano. En realidad, Dragut fue para Túnez lo que los Barbarroja para Argel, el liquidador de la influencia española en Túnez, a partir de entonces convertida en Regencia bajo dominio otomano. Ese papel de Dragut explica que, con posterioridad a su muerte, los cronistas que relaten la historia de los monarcas españoles tiendan a demonizarlo al comprender el papel que Dragut había desempeñado en la batalla por el control del Magreb. Palabras clave: Dragut; Sinán Bajá; Corso; Cervantes; Diego Suarez; Ottoman Army; esclavos; Madhía; Cullera; Pollença; Imperio Otomano. ABSTRACT: The figure of Dragut, Dragutto or Turgut Reis, occupied an exceptional place in literature and Spanish historiography. His contemporaries admired this fearsome enemy rather than criticizing him (especially in the part regarding the Italian coasts). Subsequently, when Dragut achieved to 1. Proyecto «Eclipse imperial: transición y emergencia de nuevas estructuras políticas en América, Asia y África (1750-1950) (HAR2012-39352-C0201) financiado por el MINECO. -
Istanbul Emre Öktem
SECRET ISTANBUL EMRE ÖKTEM ALSO AVAILABLE: JONGLEZ PUBLISHING HISTORIC PENINSULA HISTORIC PENINSULA THE FRAGMENTS OF THE BLACK STONE 23 OF THE KAABA OF MECCA Sokollu Mosque Şehit Mehmet Paşa Yokuşu, nos. 20-24 Kadırga area Also accessible from Su Terazisi Sokak Street • Tram: Sultanahmet Fragments short distance from Sultanahmet, the brought back Sokollu Mosque is a little masterpiece from Mecca in A by the architect Sinan that possesses a feature that is almost entirely unique in the the 16th century Islamic world. Under the entrance door, on the mihrab (recess at the back indicating the direction of Mecca), on the minber (pulpit) “and under the dome of the minber, are four pieces of the Black Stone (Hajar al Aswad, Hacer-i Esved in Turkish) of Mecca. The Black Stone of Mecca is an ovoid sacred stone measuring 30 In 605, the Kaaba was damaged in a fire and the Black Stone broken up by centimetres in diameter which is situated one and a half meters above the the heat. After it had been cleaned up, there were disputes among the chiefs ground in the south-east corner of the Kaaba (the large cube located in the of the tribes of Mecca over the question of who would be given the honour of centre of the mosque in Mecca). According to tradition, the Black Stone of putting the Black Stone back in its place. The conflict threatened to degenerate Mecca was placed there by Abraham. Legend has it that this antediluvian stone into warfare, and so it was eventually decided that the task would be carried was originally white, but became black following the flood at the time of Noah, out by the young Muhammed, who had not yet become the Prophet but who as the waters had been polluted by the sins of mankind. -
Edizione Scaricabile
Mediterranea n. 34 (cop)_Copertina n. 34 21/07/15 19:19 Pagina 1 0Prime_1 06/08/15 18:51 Pagina 255 0Prime_1 06/08/15 18:51 Pagina 256 0Prime_1 06/08/15 18:51 Pagina 257 n° 34 Agosto 2015 Anno XII 0Prime_1 06/08/15 18:51 Pagina 258 Direttore: Orazio Cancila Responsabile: Antonino Giuffrida Comitato scientifico: Bülent Arı, Maurice Aymard, Franco Benigno, Henri Bresc, Rossella Cancila, Federico Cresti, Antonino De Francesco, Gérard Delille, Salvatore Fodale, Enrico Iachello, Olga Katsiardi-Hering, Salvatore Lupo, María Ángeles Pérez Samper, Guido Pescosolido, Paolo Preto, Luis Ribot Garcia, Mustafa Soykut, Marcello Verga, Bartolomé Yun Casalilla Segreteria di Redazione: Amelia Crisantino, Nicola Cusumano, Fabrizio D'Avenia, Matteo Di Figlia, Valentina Favarò, Daniele Palermo, Lavinia Pinzarrone Direzione, Redazione e Amministrazione: Cattedra di Storia Moderna Dipartimento Culture e Società Viale delle Scienze, ed. 12 - 90128 Palermo Tel. 091 23899308 [email protected] online sul sito www.mediterranearicerchestoriche.it Il presente numero a cura di Maria Pia Pedani è pubblicato con il contributo dell'Associazione di Studi Storici 'Muda di Levante' Mediterranea - ricerche storiche ISSN: 1824-3010 (stampa) ISSN: 1828-230X (online) Registrazione n. 37, 2/12/2003, della Cancelleria del Tribunale di Palermo Iscrizione n. 15707 del Registro degli Operatori di Comunicazione Copyright © Associazione no profit “Mediterranea” - Palermo I fascicoli a stampa di "Mediterranea - ricerche storiche" sono disponibili presso la NDF (www.newdigitalfrontiers.com), che ne cura la distribuzione: selezionare la voce "Mediterranea" nella sezione "Collaborazioni Editoriali". In formato digitale sono reperibili sul sito www.mediterranearicerchestoriche.it. I testi sono sottoposti a referaggio in doppio cieco. -
337 INDE X 4WD Trips 286 a Abbes 256 Accommodation
© Lonely Planet Publications 337 Index 4WD trips 286 Jerban 274 books 43, 48, 54, see also literature Punic 49 food 58, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65 A Roman 49 health 315 Abbes 256 arts 44-53, see also calligraphy, carpets, history 24, 28, 29, 31, 32, 40, 43 accommodation 283-5, see also dance, literature, mosaics, painting Islam 40 individual locations ATMs 295 travel 14, 16, 288 activities 285-7, see also camel trek- auberge de jeunesse 284, 290 border crossings 306 INDEX king, cycling, diving, dune skiing, Borj Enna 217 go-karting, golf, hiking, horse- B Borj Ghazi Mustapha 275 riding, microlight flights, quad Barbossa, Khair ed-Din 30, 135, 270 Borj el-Hissar 220 biking, sailing, water sports Bardo Museum 47, 50, 66, 51, 170 Borj Kastil 282 Aeneid, The 25, 49, 90, 91 bargaining 296 Borj el-Kebir 211 Aghlabid basins 203 bars 63 Borj el-Khadra 253 Aghlabids 29, 53, 185, 201, 203 bathrooms 299 Bou Hedma National Park 55, 56 Ain Draham 139-42 El-Bayadha 26 Boujaffa Beach 191 air travel beaches 102, 285-6 Boukornine National Park 56 airfares 303-4 Barrage Port Princes 121 Bourguiba, Habib 24, 28, 31-2, 33, 43, to/from Tunisia 302-5 Bizerte 127 196, 198 within Tunisia 307 Boujaffar Beach 191 briq 59, 64 alcohol 61 Cap Serrat 134 Bulla Regia 49, 145-7, 145, 171 Aleppo pine 55, 179 Hammamet 105 bus travel 308-9 Almohads 30 Hamman Jebli 115 business hours 287 Ammædara 167-8, 177, 168 Korba Lagoon 114 Byrsa Hill 93 animals 54-6, see also birds, camels, El-Mansourah 115 Byzantines 28, 47, 125, 156, 181 cats, crocodiles, elephants, Oued Kassab 115 flamingos -
The Scattered Fleet Prologue Don Juan De Austria , Half
The scattered fleet Prologue Don Juan de Austria , half- brother of King Philip II of Spain, glanced up towards the light blue banner with the image of crucified Christ given him by the Pope and prayed for the victory. Then, surrounded by shouts and cries of enthusiasm, he made as if he was dancing. He was twenty-four years old and he was in command of the most powerful war fleet ever put to sea by the Christendom against the Turkish. On board of the Marquesa , a ship of the League, a young Spanish fevered soldier reached his combat station watching the lifeboats: his name was Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. On board of the Real (Royal) , an arquebusier without beard and moustache and with delicate features was trying to hide his face and his tension: Maria la Bailadora (Mary The Dancer ) had dressed herself as a man to be close to her own lover. Muezzinzade Ali Pasha, commander of the Ottoman fleet, made erect on the mainmast of his flagship Sultana the white banner on which women's hands had embroidered Allah’s ninety-nine names and attributes repeated thousands of times and he took leave of his teenage children. Then he made shoot a cannon shot with blanks. From the Real , the flagship of the League, Don Juan ordered to return with real bullets. The battle of Lepanto had begun. It was October 7, 1571, Sunday. The disputed sea The way towards Lepanto had been long, tortuous, bloody and marked, from both sides, by cruelties and by excesses, by indecisions and mistakes, by victories and defeats, by successes and failures . -
IFRIQAYA Notes for a Tour of Northern Africa in September-October 2011
IFRIQAYA notes for a tour of northern Africa in September-October 2011 Miles Lewis Cover illustration: the Castellum of Kaoua. Gsell, Monuments Antiques, I, p 105. CONTENTS Preamble 5 History 6 Modern Algeria 45 Modern Tunisia 58 Modern Libya 65 Timeline 65 Pre-Roman Architecture 72 Greek & Roman Architecture 75 Christian Architecture 87 Islamic Architecture 98 Islamic and Vernacular Building Types 100 Pisé and Concrete 102 The Entablature and Dosseret Block 104 Reconstruction of the Classical Language 107 LIBYA day 1: Benghazi 109 day 2: the Pentapolis 110 day 3: Sabratha 118 day 4: Lepcis Magna & the Villa Sileen 123 day 5: Ghadames 141 day 6: Nalut, Kabaw, Qasr-el-Haj 142 day 7: Tripoli 144 TUNISIA day 8: Tunis & Carthage 150 day 9: the Matmata Plateau 160 day 10: Sbeitla; Kairouan 167 day 11: El Jem 181 day 12: Cap Bon; Kerkouane 184 day 13: rest day – options 187 day 14: Thuburbo Majus; Dougga 190 day 15: Chemtou; Bulla Regia; Tabarka 199 ALGERIA day 16: Ain Drahram; cross to Algeria; Hippo 201 day 17: Hippo; Tiddis; Constantine 207 day 18: Tébessa 209 day 19: Timgad; Lambaesis 214 day 20: Djémila 229 day 21: Algiers 240 day 22: Tipasa & Cherchell 243 day 23: Tlemcen 252 Ifriqaya 5 PREAMBLE This trip is structured about but by no means confined to Roman sites in North Africa, specifically today’s Libya, Tunisia and Algeria. But we look also at the vernacular, the Carthaginian, the Byzantine and the early Islamic in the same region. In the event the war in Libya has forced us to omit that country from the current excursion, though the notes remain here. -
Downloaded from Brill.Com09/29/2021 06:06:12AM Via Free Access 96 CHAPTER 3
chapter 3 Spain, Land of Refuge and Survival for Thousands of Muslims: Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries We have already described how Moriscos and slaves have attracted the greatest attention from historians, who have barely begun to turn to the many, previ- ously neglected free Muslims living in Spain: exiles, merchants, adventurers, military men, spies, converts, and others.1 The eighteenth century has received the least scrutiny, since the Morisco period was over and Muslim slavery grad- ually disappeared after the Spanish monarchy signed treaties of peace, friend- ship, and trade with the Sultan of Morocco, the Dey of Algiers, the Beys of Tunis and Tripoli, and the Ottoman Caliph. The growing number of Muslims who came to Spain after the establishment of peaceful relations has largely been ignored. We have also observed that the maritime frontier between Spain and Mus- lim lands should not be called “forgotten,” since it was always being crossed; indeed, like all borders, it was always porous.2 It was certainly never forgotten by all the Muslims who sought refuge in Spain for shorter or longer periods. A notable group were the exiles from royal families who had lost their thrones and who traveled with their trains of relatives and partisans (see Chapter 2). Others were fleeing the authorities in their homelands, sometimes for hav- ing converted to Christianity or committed serious crimes such as homicides. Many more were refugees from the frequent famines in the region, preferring slavery in a Christian country to death by starvation in their own. In the following Map 1 we have located the geographical points in Spain where Muslims have been identified during the long age of hostility from 1492 1 The exception is B. -
Arkas Takes Delivery of Turkey's Largest Container Vessel
may 2011 no : 11 / 337 Arkas takes delivery of Turkey’s largest container vessel Horace Dumitrescu, Kemal Aktaş, Diane Arcas Aktaş, Evrim Hakyemez, Ömür Hakyemez, Gülbeniz Arkas, Lucien Arkas, Bernard Arcas A pioneering company in the shipping sector, Arkas took delivery of the Turkish flagged Gülbeniz A, which is capable of transporting 2,500 TEU, in a ceremony at the Volkswerft Stralsund Shipyard in Germany. As the owner of the largest fleet of container vessels in Turkey, Arkas has raised the number of its container vessels flying the Turkish flag to 26 by adding a new vessel named Gülbeniz A, thus increasing its container transportation capacity to 36,830 TEU. The ship’s delivery ceremony was held on Saturday, April 16th at the Volkswerft Stralsund Shipyards owned by the Hegeman Yard Group. In remarks at the ceremony by shipyard manager Axel Schulz and Arkas Holding Chairman Lucien Arkas, they both emphasized the healthy cooperation based on trust that has been developed between the Hegeman Yard Group and Arkas over the last 12 years. Arkas Holding Chairman Lucien Arkas said, “To date, the Hegemann Yard Group has built 18 vessels for Arkas. We are very satisfied with the excellent workmanship, production quality and the technology used in all the vessels. Volkswerft Stralsund shipyards are the largest indoor shipyards in Germany. The vessels are built in a covered hangar without being affected by the weather and then launched with a slip. This has a significant effect on the quality of the vessel in areas from the sheet metal to the paint. Gülbeniz A will begin operations immediately, and due to its capacity, it will operate in Africa.