Muslims in Spain, 1492–​1814 Mediterranean Reconfigurations Intercultural Trade, Commercial Litigation, and Legal Pluralism

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Muslims in Spain, 1492–​1814 Mediterranean Reconfigurations Intercultural Trade, Commercial Litigation, and Legal Pluralism Muslims in Spain, 1492– 1814 Mediterranean Reconfigurations Intercultural Trade, Commercial Litigation, and Legal Pluralism Series Editors Wolfgang Kaiser (Université Paris I, Panthéon- Sorbonne) Guillaume Calafat (Université Paris I, Panthéon- Sorbonne) volume 3 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ cmed Muslims in Spain, 1492– 1814 Living and Negotiating in the Land of the Infidel By Eloy Martín Corrales Translated by Consuelo López- Morillas LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Cover illustration: “El embajador de Marruecos” (Catalog Number: G002789) Museo del Prado. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Martín Corrales, E. (Eloy), author. | Lopez-Morillas, Consuelo, translator. Title: Muslims in Spain, 1492-1814 : living and negotiating in the land of the infidel / by Eloy Martín-Corrales ; translated by Consuelo López-Morillas. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2021] | Series: Mediterranean reconfigurations ; volume 3 | Original title unknown. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020046144 (print) | LCCN 2020046145 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004381476 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004443761 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Muslims—Spain—History. | Spain—Ethnic relations—History. | Spain—History— Ferdinand and Isabella, 1479-1516. | Spain—History—House of Austria, 1516-1700. | Spain—Relations—Islamic countries. | Islamic countries —Relations—Spain. Classification: LCC DP53.M87 M37 2021 (print) | LCC DP53.M87 (ebook) | DDC 305.6/9709460903 —dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020046144 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020046145 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill- typeface. isbn 978- 90- 04- 38147- 6 (hardback) isbn 978- 90- 04- 44376- 1 (e- book) Copyright 2021 by Eloy Martín Corrales. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use. This book is printed on acid- free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents Acknowledgments vii List of Illustrations and Tables viii Abbreviations ix Introduction 1 1 Historiography and the Muslim Presence in Spain in the Early Modern Age 3 1 Muslims in Europe, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries 31 1.1 Muslims, a Minority among Slaves 33 1.2 Hundreds of Muslim Embassies 41 1.3 Merchants in Ports and Cities 49 1.4 Muslim Converts to Christianity 54 1.5 Exiles, Travelers, Soldiers, and Adventurers 57 2 The Spain That Enslaves and Expels: Moriscos and Muslim Captives (1492 to 1767– 1791) 67 2.1 The Moriscos between Islam and Christendom 67 2.2 Muslims, a Minority among Slaves 71 3 Spain, Land of Refuge and Survival for Thousands of Muslims: Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries 95 3.1 Royal Exiles in the Sixteenth Century: Recover the Throne, or Convert? 97 3.2 Exile in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Saving One’s Life above All 121 4 Living in Freedom among the Infidels in Times of Conflict, 1492– 1767 127 4.1 Maghrebi, Ottoman, and Persian Ambassadors 127 4.2 Free Muslims 164 4.3 More Merchants Than Expected 180 4.4 Muslims of Christ 190 4.5 (Limited) Freedom of Worship for Muslims 202 4.6 Diplomacy with the Maghreb in Castilian Spanish 209 vi Contents 5 Peace Treaties with Morocco, the Ottoman Empire, and the North African Regencies 216 5.1 Negotiations with Morocco: the Embassy of Al- Gazzal (1766) and the Treaty of Peace (1767) 218 5.2 Negotiations with the Ottoman Empire and the Regencies 227 5.3 A Surge in Spanish–Muslim Trade 235 5.4 The Treaty of Peace, the Gift Economy, Local Custom, and the Market 239 6 Problems in Applying the Treaties: Ambassadors and Envoys 251 6.1 Muslim Ambassadors at the Spanish Court 254 6.2 Muslim Ambassadors Who Passed through Spain 268 6.3 Muslim Envoys 307 7 Ship Captains and Sailors 325 7.1 Moroccan Captains 325 7.2 Algerian, Tripolitan, and Tunisian Corsair Captains 394 8 The Development of a Moroccan Merchant Colony (1767– 1799) 401 8.1 Gradual Appearance of Moroccan Merchants in Spain (1767– 1780) 401 8.2 Consolidation of a Moroccan Mercantile Colony (1780– 1799) 428 8.3 The Spanish Administration and Incidents That Arose from the Presence of Muslim Merchants 434 8.4 Both Monarchies Seek to End the Abuses 436 8.5 Members of the Moroccan Merchant Colony 442 9 From a Moroccan Colony to a North African One 500 9.1 A Surge in Maghrebi Ships 501 9.2 The Spanish– Moroccan Treaty of Peace of 1799: Adjustment to a State of War 505 9.3 Spanish– Moroccan Cooperation to Prevent Smuggling 508 9.4 Continuity of the Moroccan Merchant Colony 514 9.5 Algerian, Tunisian, and Tripolitan Captains, Pursers, and Merchants 572 Epilogue The First Moroccan Agent on Spanish Soil (1798) 587 Conclusions 603 Bibliography 609 Index of Personal and Place Names 679 Acknowledgments This book represents one step in a long journey of research into Hispano- Muslim relations between the sixteenth and the twentieth centuries. I am grateful for the important contributions that many scholars have made to this task. As a student at the Universitat de Barcelona in the first half of the 1980s I was guided by Professor Carlos Martínez Shaw, under whom I later defend- ed my doctoral dissertation in 1993. In between, from 1989 to 1992, I was able to converse almost daily with Professor Antonio Miguel Bernal Rodríguez of the Departamento de Historia Económica of the Universidad de Sevilla, who facilitated my entry to the university. Since 1996 I have again been in almost daily contact with Professor Josep María Delgado Ribas, first at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (1992–1 996) and up to the present at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra. In the 1990s I worked in various ways with Dr. Wolfgang Kaiser of the Université Paris I Panthéon- Sorbonne: I taught as a visiting professor in his department in 2008–2009, and later joined the project Mediterranean Re- configurations. Commercial Litigation, Cross- Cultural Trade and Legal Pluralism in the Mediterranean, 15th- 19th Centuries (Advanced Grant erc no. 295868), which he directed from 2012 to 2017. This book owes a great deal to Dr. Kaiser, especially in its essential formulation. During all these years I have been ac- tive in research projects at the Universidad de Sevilla, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Universitat Pompeu Fabra. The two most recent, directed by Josep María Delgado Ribas, were Dentro y fuera: Cambio institucional e in- tegración social y cultural en el Imperio español contemporáneo, 1550–1 950, ref. HARD2015- 68183- p (2016– 2018) and Eclipse imperial: transición y emergen- cia de nuevas estructuras políticas en América, Asia y África (1750– 1950), ref. HARD2012- 39352- CO2- 01 (2013– 2016). From the four professors named above I learned almost everything that I write about in this book. I have received valuable support from many scholars and friends who have taught me a great deal. Andreu Seguí Beltrán, Manuela Marín Niño, Alfonso Carlos Bolado Nieto, and Helena de Jesús de Felipe Rodríguez have read, com- mented on, and corrected the entire text. I have profited from discussions with others who have read individual chapters: Antonio Miguel Bernal Rodríguez, Sadok Boubaker, Miguel Ángel Bunes Ibarra, Lizbeth Chaviano Pérez, Josep María Delgado Ribes, María Fusaro, Gema García Fuentes, Gonçal López Na- dal, Eva Martín Corrales, Carlos Martínez Shaw, and Josep María Perlasia i Botey. And finally I thank my patient translator, Consuelo López- Morillas, who in my opinion has produced an admirable translation. Illustrations and Tables Maps 1 Muslim presence in Spanish cities (1492– 1767) 96 2 Muslim presence in Spain, 1767– 1814 501 Figures 1 Genealogical table of the Wattasids (fifteenth- seventeenth centuries) 99 2 Genealogical table of the Saadids (sixteenth- seventeenth centuries) 105 3 Genealogical table of the Zayyanids (fifteenth- sixteenth centuries) 111 4 Genealogical table of the Hafsids (fifteenth- seventeenth centuries) 115 Tables 1 Origin and/ or Religion of Slaves in Spanish Cities and Regions 75 2 Muslim Slaves Baptized in Cádiz, 1600– 1799 194 3 Converted Muslims 200 4 Expenses Incurred by Essuin in Cádiz, 5 June-9 July 1790 285 5 Expenses Incurred by Mate Flores in El Ferrol, 1807 393 6 Maghrebi Ships Arriving in Spanish Ports 502 newgenprepdf Abbreviations accm Archives de la Chambre de Commerce de Marseille ahn Archivo Histórico Nacional, Madrid ahpc Archivo Histórico Provincial de Cádiz amc Archivo Municipal de Cádiz amm Archivo Municipal de Málaga anp Archives Nationales de Paris apm Archivo Provincial de Málaga arg Archivo de la Real Chancillería de Granada bc Biblioteca de Catalunya, Barcelona bne Biblioteca Nacional de España, Madrid btgc Biblioteca de Temas Gaditanos de Cádiz imhb Institut Municipal d’Història de Barcelona Introduction The aims of this book are threefold.1 First, to show that the presence and ac- tivity of Muslims in general, and Moroccans in particular, in Spain through- out the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries was more significant than has heretofore been thought.2 Second, to demonstrate that Spaniards and Muslims were able to negotiate with each other – in spite of tensions and peri- odic confrontations – continuously during those centuries, which can be made to extend from 1492 to 1859, date of the outbreak of the African War (Guerra de África, 1859– 1860) between Spain and Morocco.
Recommended publications
  • Antagonist Images of the Turk in Early Modern European Games
    ANTI/THESIS 87 The earliest representation of the Turk in art appeared in Venetian Quattrocento ANTI-THESIS Antagonist paintings as a result of the increasing com- Images of mercial activities of Venice, which played a role as the main connection between the Turk in Europe and the Levant (Raby 17). The per- ception of the image of the Turk varied Early Modern depending on the conflicts between Venice and the Ottomans, usually pro- European Games voked by religious and political propa- ganda. Gentile Bellini’s circa 1480 portrait of Mehmed the Conqueror, who con- quered Constantinople, is one of such rare early examples that reflected an apprecia- tion of an incognito enemy before the early modern period, which had faded Ömer Fatih Parlak over the course of time as tensions increased. Bellini, who started a short- “The Turk” is a multifaceted concept that perspective to the image of the Turk by lived early Renaissance Orientalism, was emerged in the late Middle Ages in shedding light on its representations in commissioned by Mehmed II, whose pri- Europe, and has gained new faces over early modern European board games and vate patronage was “eclectic with a strong the course of time until today. Being pri- playing cards; thus, contributing to a nou- interest in both historical and contempo- marily a Muslim, the Turk usually con- velle scholarly interest on the image of rary Western culture” (Raby 7).1 The forma- noted the antichrist, infidel, and the ulti- the Turk. It argues that, belonging to a tion of the Holy League of 1571 against the mate enemy.
    [Show full text]
  • Casablanca ENG.Indd
    2 3 Casablanca SPAIN MEDITERRANEAN SEA Saïdia Rabat ATLANTIC OCEAN 5 Editorial Zagora 6 A city with the ocean on its doorstep 8 A city of the future ALGERIA CANARY ISLANDS 10 The Hassan II Mosque 12 Casablanca, a happening city 16 Experiencing the city 18 Activities in the city 20 Casablanca, seaside resort 22 The Casablanca region 26 Information and useful addresses MAURITANIA 4 5 Editorial Casablanca, an exhilarating megalopolis The sun is scarcely above the horizon and Casablanca is already waking up. Little red taxis play dodgems at the feet of the white city’s ultra-modern buildings. There is no escaping the allure of its grandeur, its pure energy, and all of a sudden we ourselves are imbued with the same heady dynamism. Casablanca, economic heart of the Kingdom, lives at a frenetic pace. Business and art go side by side here, often intermingling. It is here, above all, that tones and trends are set. Why is it that so many artists have found their inspiration in Casablanca? Perhaps the contrasting curves of its Art Deco buildings are enough to cast a spell over them. The richness of the city’s architectural heritage is sufficient in itself to call forth the image of a city where time has no hold. Charged with In Casablanca, modern history yet resolutely turned towards the future, this most cosmopolitan of cities, buildings stand side where every nationality is represented, parades its modernity for all to see. by side with Arab-An- dalusian architecture and Art Deco creations Morocco’s economic nerve centre and keeper of a unique historical heritage, from the 1920s Casablanca reveals all of its many faces to us.
    [Show full text]
  • Utv Nº 2 Escala 1:350,000 6°0'0"W 250000 300000
    EXTREMADURA UTV Nº 2 ESCALA 1:350,000 6°0'0"W 250000 300000 Tenebrón Aldehuela de Yeltes Puebla de Yeltes Navarredonda de la Rinconada Herguijuela del Campo Pizarral Tala (La) Martínez Morasverdes Casafranca Armenteros Zapardiel de la Cañada Bastida (La) Linares de Riofrío Ciudad Rodrigo Monleón Endrinal Salvatierra de Tormes Cereceda de la Sierra Arevalillo Maíllo (El) Aldeavieja de Tormes Tenebrón San Miguel de Valero Narrillos del Álamo Cabaco (El) Cilleros de la Bastida Guijuelo Serradilla del Arroyo Zamarra San Miguel del Robledo Fuenterroble de Salvatierra Mirón (El) Valero Tornadizo (El) Nava de Francia Santos (Los) Cespedosa de Tormes Collado del Mirón San Martín del Castañar Gallegos de Solmirón Monsagro Atalaya (La) Casas del Conde (Las)Sequeros San Esteban de la Sierra Guijo de Ávila Mogarraz Garcibuey Valdelacasa Fuentes de Béjar Malpartida de Corneja L Villanueva del Conde Puebla de San Medel Santa María del Berrocal Cabeza de Béjar (La) Puente del Congosto Salamanca Santibáñez de la Sierra Alberca (La) Zamar ra Serradilla del Llano Monforte de la Sierra Valverde de Valdelacasa Santibáñez de Béjar Molinillo San Bartolomé de Corneja Ledrada Miranda del Castañar Nava de Béjar Navamorales MadroñalCepeda CristóbalValdefuentes de Sangusín Villar de Corneja Peromingo Piedrahíta Ladrillar Casares de Pinedas Sorihuela Medinilla Hoyorredondo Agallas Sanchotello Tejado (El) las Hurdes Herguijuela de la Sierra Fresnedoso Horcajo de Montemayor Navalmoral de Béjar Neila de San Miguel Horcajada (La) Valdehijaderos Santiago del Collado Colmenar
    [Show full text]
  • Presentación De Powerpoint
    Painted by Titian 1551 PHILIP II KING OF SPAIN “ THE PRUDENT” Signature CONTENT AND LANGUAGE INTEGRATED LEARNING UNIT (UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA CLIL) 2017/18 HISTORY lrs Lourdes Ruiz Juana of Castile Philip “The Handsome” Maria of Aragon. Manuel I of Portugal 3rd DAUGTHER OF of Austria 4TH DAUGTHER OF Isabel and Ferdinand Isabel and Ferdinand Charles I of Spain Isabella of Portugal nd Born: 21 May 1527 1st wife 2 wife 3rd wife 4th wife Died: 13 September 1598 Maria Manuela Mary I of England Elizabeth Anna of Austria Philip II of Spain of Portugal “Bloody Mary” of Valois Spain, the Netherlands, Italian Territories & The Spanish Empire lrs 1527: Philip II of Spain was born in Palacio de Pimentel, Valladolid, which was the capital of the Spanish empire. In June 1561, Philip moved his court to Madrid making it the new capital city. Philip was a studious young boy, he learnt Spanish, Portuguese and Latin. 'The Baptism of Philip II' in Valladolid. He enjoyed hunting and sports as well as music. Historical ceiling preserved in Palacio de Pimentel (Valladolid) Also, he was trained in warfare by the . court [kɔːt] N corte Duke of Alba hunting [ˈhʌntɪŋ] N caza, cacería lrs warfare [ˈwɔːfɛər] N guerra, artes militares Look at this map. In 1554-55, Philip’s father, Charles I of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor abdicated in favour of his son Philip and his brother Ferdinand. Charles left all the territories in ORANGE to his son. After different battles and expeditions, Philip’s Empire would include all the territories in GREEN. That is, he took control of Portugal and its colonies in America, Africa and Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Aproximacions a La Història De La Cartografia
    Aquest llibre recull les ponències presentades a les Aproximacions Jornades d’història de la cartografi a de Barcelona, celebra- des els dies 19 i 20 de maig de 2010 a la Casa de l’Ar- a la història diaca, com a fruit de la col·laboració entre l’Arxiu Històric de la Ciutat de Barcelona i l’Institut Carto- de la cartografi a gràfi c de Catalunya. La intervenció de deu especialis- tes de procedència diferent –arquitectura, ciències de Barcelona físiques, geografi a i història– ha permès d’aprofun- dir en diferents aspectes del patrimoni cartogràfi c de Barcelona, acumulat des del segle XVI fi ns al segle XX. Hi és abordat el canviant procés d’elaboració dels Carme Montaner mapes (rerefons científi c, tècniques d’aixecament i Francesc Nadal d’edició, natura dels organismes implicats, persona- (editors) litat dels cartògrafs) d’acord amb un punt de vista que subratlla, d’una banda, que els resultats varien segons les motivacions –militars, fi scals, urbanísti- ques, etc.– i, de l’altra, que la interrelació d’aquestes diferents visions és la clau d’un progrés històric fi - nalment compartit. a de Barcelona Aproximacions a la història a la història Aproximacions de la cartografi 1 2 Aproximacions a la història de la cartografi a de Barcelona 3 Institut de Cultura CONSELL D’ADMINISTRACIÓ Generalitat Director Editen de l’Ajuntament de Catalunya. Jaume Miranda i Canals Ajuntament de Barcelona Presidenta Institut Cartogràfi c de de Barcelona Ima. Sra. Inmaculada Moraleda Departament Subdirector general tècnic Catalunya i Pérez de Política Territorial Josep Lluís Colomer i Alberich i Obres Públiques.
    [Show full text]
  • Casing Only Date of Publication 10/12/2018
    Validity date from COUNTRY Morocco 10/12/2018 00074 SECTION Treated stomachs, bladders and intestines: casing only Date of publication 10/12/2018 List in force Approval number Name City Regions Activities Remark Date of request B.1.2.13 TOUR HASSAN Rabat Rabat - Salé - Kénitra PP 37, O, P 31/01/2017 B.19.13.14 Boyauderie Marrakech Sellami MARRAKECH Marrakech - Safi PP 37, O 02/04/2014 B.19.19.13 BOYAUDERIE N'GUYER ABDERRAZZAK MARRAKECH Marrakech - Safi PP 37, C, O, P 31/01/2017 B.19.20.13 BOYAUDERIE SELLAMI MARRAKECH Marrakech - Safi PP P 31/01/2017 B.19.21.13 BOYAUDERIE MARRAKECH MARRAKECH Marrakech - Safi PP 37, O 31/01/2017 B.19.3.14 Boyauderie Marrakech boyaux naturels MARRAKECH Marrakech - Safi PP 37, C, O 11/06/2014 B.3.15.14 Boyauderie Zahra Témara Rabat - Salé - Kénitra PP 37, B, C, O, P, S 04/12/2014 B.34.1.13 BOYAUDERIE DE L'ATLAS Tanger Tanger - Tétouan - Al Hoceima PP 37, B, C, O, P 31/01/2017 B.34.2.13 BOYAUDERIE EL GHAZAL Tanger Tanger - Tétouan - Al Hoceima PP 37, O, P 31/01/2017 B.53.11.13 BOYAUDERIE ZEMAMRA El Jadida Grand Casablanca - Settat PP P 31/01/2017 B.53.12.13 BOYAUDERIE EL JADIDA El Jadida Grand Casablanca - Settat PP 37, O 31/01/2017 B.56.10.13 BOYAUDERIE CHAOUIA SETTAT Grand Casablanca - Settat PP 37, O, P 31/01/2017 B.56.2.13 Boyauderie 'La Casablançaise' SETTAT Grand Casablanca - Settat PP 37, O, P 09/03/2015 B.56.8.13 BOYAUDERIE ATLANTIQUE SETTAT Grand Casablanca - Settat PP 37, B, O, P 31/01/2017 B.56.9.13 BOYAUDERIE BAZI SETTAT Grand Casablanca - Settat PP 37, O, P 31/01/2017 1 / 2 List in force Approval
    [Show full text]
  • La Alcazaba De Frajana', Un Modelo De Fortificación Islámica En El Siglo Xix
    LA ALCAZABA DE FRAJANA', UN MODELO DE FORTIFICACIÓN ISLÁMICA EN EL SIGLO XIX Antonio Bravo Nieto Aunque la fortificación militar es una de las ramas de la arquitectura más sujeta a las necesidades de innovación y cambio, en fortificación islámica no son extraños los ejemplos que se ciñen a tipologías arcaicas y sistemas de construcción tradicionales, a pesar de corresponder a cronologías muy avanzadas. En este trabajo se analizará la alcazaba de Frajana, fortificación construida a final es del siglo XIX en la región rifeña de Guelaya, muy cerca de la ciudad de Melilla. Esta alcazaba ha suscitado numerosas confusiones por parte de los investiga­ dores2 y viajeros3 que han escrito sobre ella, lo que ha distorsionado su cronología y finalidad. La práctica totalidad4 de los trabajos y las reseñas publicadas sobre la fortifi- 1. Utilizamos el topónimo Frajana frente a Farkhana, Ferkhana, Farjana o Frahana por ser la fórmula empleada en la mayor parte de la bibliografía española sobre este lugar. 2. Estos historiadores son: -CRESSIER, Patrice (198 1). "Structures fortifiées et défensives du Rif ( 1). Les Kasbahs lsmai"liennes". Bulletin d' archéologie marocaine. Institut national des sciences de l'archéologie et du patr imoine, Rabat, pp. 257-276. - CRESSIER, Patrice ( 1983). "Fortifications du Rif". En: BAZZA iA, .'\ndrés (1982). Habitats jim!fiés et organisation de l'espace en Méditerranée médié•·ale: cable ronde tenue a Lyon les ..Jet 5 mai 1982: actes. Centre ational de la Recherche Scientif!que (France), Maison de I'Orient, 1983, p. 45 a 55 . -CRESSIER, Patrice (1999-2000). "La fortificación urbana islá­ mica en el norte de Magrib AI -Aqsa: el caso de MeliJla".
    [Show full text]
  • Seville Alcazar Royal Palace and Gardens UNESCO Site Tour
    19/3/2018 Seville Alcazar Royal Palace and Gardens UNESCO Site Tour SEVILLE ALCAZAR ROYAL PALACE Like 0 Twee AND GARDENS UNESCO SITE TOUR Story and photos by Barb & Ron Kroll What is Europe's oldest palace still occupied by a royal family? A Real (Royal) Alcázar in Seville, Spain. Designated as a UNESCO Heritage Site in 1987, the part-time royal residence is located a walk southeast of the Seville Cathedral. "Six different palaces have occupied this site since the Moorish g built his fortress here in the 10th century," said our Seville guide Calderón. "The fourth palace, built in the 14th century for King P the most important." Mudéjar architecture Seville's royal palace is different from Granada's Alhambra, whic by Moorish tradespeople for Muslim rulers. In contrast, Moorish the Alcázar for Christian kings and queens. Mudéjar art combines Islamic and Christian styles in the arches, ceramic tiles and decorations. Christopher Columbus met Queen Isabella here We entered Admiral's Hall (Cuarto del Almirante) in the House o (Casa de la Contratación), where Queen Isabella met Christophe after his second voyage to the Americas. Ferdinand Magellan an Vespucci also spent time in this room. In the adjoining audience room, previously a chapel, we viewed altarpiece of the Madonna of the Sailors (Virgen de los Navegant by Alejo Fernandez in 1503. Ferrari of ships Ana pointed out how the Madonna used her cloak to protect not king, sailors and Christian people, but also the Native Americans by the explorers. On the right side of the painting is a portrait of Columbus with blond hair (before it turned white after he was 30 Below her feet, the painting depicts several ships used during th "Christopher Columbus had three ships," noted Ana.
    [Show full text]
  • Serie Ii Historia Antigua Revista De La Facultad De Geografía E Historia
    ESPACIO, AÑO 2019 ISSN 1130-1082 TIEMPO E-ISSN 2340-1370 Y FORMA 32 SERIE II HISTORIA ANTIGUA REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA ESPACIO, AÑO 2019 ISSN 1130-1082 TIEMPO E-ISSN 2340-1370 Y FORMA 32 SERIE II HISTORIA ANTIGUA REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfii.32.2019 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA La revista Espacio, Tiempo y Forma (siglas recomendadas: ETF), de la Facultad de Geografía e Historia de la UNED, que inició su publicación el año 1988, está organizada de la siguiente forma: SERIE I — Prehistoria y Arqueología SERIE II — Historia Antigua SERIE III — Historia Medieval SERIE IV — Historia Moderna SERIE V — Historia Contemporánea SERIE VI — Geografía SERIE VII — Historia del Arte Excepcionalmente, algunos volúmenes del año 1988 atienden a la siguiente numeración: N.º 1 — Historia Contemporánea N.º 2 — Historia del Arte N.º 3 — Geografía N.º 4 — Historia Moderna ETF no se solidariza necesariamente con las opiniones expresadas por los autores. UNIVERSIDaD NacIoNal de EDUcacIóN a DISTaNcIa Madrid, 2019 SERIE II · HISToRIa aNTIgUa N.º 32, 2019 ISSN 1130-1082 · E-ISSN 2340-1370 DEpóSITo lEgal M-21.037-1988 URl ETF II · HIstoRIa aNTIgUa · http://revistas.uned.es/index.php/ETFII DISEÑo y compoSIcIóN Carmen Chincoa · http://www.laurisilva.net/cch Impreso en España · Printed in Spain Esta obra está bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional. Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie II. Historia Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie II. Antigua (ETF/II) es la revista científica que Historia Antigua (ETF/II) (Space, Time and desde 1988 publica el Departamento de Form.
    [Show full text]
  • Historia Scribere 13 (2021)
    historia scribere 13 (2021) The Beginnings of an Empire. The Transformation of the Ottoman State into an Empire, demonstrated at the example of Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha’s life and accomplishments Vera Flatz Kerngebiet: Neuzeit eingereicht bei: Yasir Yilmaz, MA PhD und Univ.-Prof. Dr. Stefan Ehrenpreis eingereicht im: WiSe 2019/20 Rubrik: Seminar-Arbeit Abstract The Beginnings of an Empire. The Transformation of the Ottoman State into an Empire, demonstrated at the example of Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha’s life and accomplishments The following seminar paper deals with Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha’s life and the processes that turned an Ottoman principality into the Ottoman Empire. Starting with Sultan Mehmed’s II appointment in 1444, important practic- es such as the nomination of a grand vizier changed significantly. Moreover, Mehmed II built a new palace which reflected the new imperial self-percep- tion, a new code of law was installed, and the empire was centralised. All these developments become especially visible in the life of Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha Angelovic. The paper examines secondary literature as well as contem- porary sources of Kritobolous and Ibn Khaldun. Sources on Mahmud Pasha’s life are rare and need to be analysed with caution as his posthumous legend influenced the production of literature about his life. 1. Introduction Mahmud Pasha Angelovic, born at the beginning of the 15th century in a town in Ser- bia, became one of the most influential grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire. How did that happen? In 1453, Mehmed II conquered Constantinople and made it the capital of one of the biggest empires of the early modern period.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkomans Between Two Empires
    TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ORIGINS OF THE QIZILBASH IDENTITY IN ANATOLIA (1447-1514) A Ph.D. Dissertation by RIZA YILDIRIM Department of History Bilkent University Ankara February 2008 To Sufis of Lāhijan TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ORIGINS OF THE QIZILBASH IDENTITY IN ANATOLIA (1447-1514) The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by RIZA YILDIRIM In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA February 2008 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Assist. Prof. Oktay Özel Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Prof. Dr. Halil Đnalcık Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Prof. Dr. Ahmet Yaşar Ocak Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Assist. Prof. Evgeni Radushev Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History.
    [Show full text]
  • Muslims in Spain, 1492–​1814
    chapter 1 Muslims in Europe, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries The Muslim presence in Central and Western Europe during the sixteenth, sev- enteenth, and eighteenth centuries was greater than had been thought, at least up to a few years ago. Eastern Europe, of course, was an entirely different case, especially in the Balkans, ruled by the Ottoman Empire – though it began to lose territory in the 1700s – and in large regions of southeastern Europe that were gradually absorbed into the Russian Empire. In certain areas of these ter- ritories Muslims either ruled or formed a majority, while in others they were a significant minority. Nor did they disappear from Balkan lands altogether, for there are still nuclei of Muslim populations outside the small area of European Turkey, as well as in much of southern Russia. We shall not be concerned with those cases here, however, since they are substantially different from those of Western Europe.1 As to Central and Western Europe, it has been and to some extent con- tinues to be thought that the Muslim presence in the Early Modern peri- od was scarce and brief, and therefore insignificant.2 But recent research has proved that it was much more significant than has been acknowledged until now. The step from seeing Muslims as a groupe invisible to regarding them as étrangers familiers represents a significant advance in our under- standing of the matter. We now have monographs on a considerable swath of European territory that show a good number of Muslims either visiting or living there for varying periods of time and many different reasons.3 We also have overall views for a few countries, particularly France,4 Great 1 Planhol, Les nations du Prophète/ Las naciones del Profeta; Mantran, Histoire de l’Empire musulman.
    [Show full text]