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Muslims in Spain, 1492–​1814 Mediterranean Reconfigurations Intercultural Trade, Commercial Litigation, and Legal Pluralism

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Muslims in Spain, 1492– 1814 Mediterranean Reconfigurations Intercultural Trade, Commercial Litigation, and Legal Pluralism Series Editors Wolfgang Kaiser (Université Paris I, Panthéon- Sorbonne) Guillaume Calafat (Université Paris I, Panthéon- Sorbonne) volume 3 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ cmed Muslims in Spain, 1492– 1814 Living and Negotiating in the Land of the Infidel By Eloy Martín Corrales Translated by Consuelo López- Morillas LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Cover illustration: “El embajador de Marruecos” (Catalog Number: G002789) Museo del Prado. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Martín Corrales, E. (Eloy), author. | Lopez-Morillas, Consuelo, translator. Title: Muslims in Spain, 1492-1814 : living and negotiating in the land of the infidel / by Eloy Martín-Corrales ; translated by Consuelo López-Morillas. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2021] | Series: Mediterranean reconfigurations ; volume 3 | Original title unknown. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020046144 (print) | LCCN 2020046145 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004381476 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004443761 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Muslims—Spain—History. | Spain—Ethnic relations—History. | Spain—History— Ferdinand and Isabella, 1479-1516. | Spain—History—House of Austria, 1516-1700. | Spain—Relations—Islamic countries. | Islamic countries —Relations—Spain. Classification: LCC DP53.M87 M37 2021 (print) | LCC DP53.M87 (ebook) | DDC 305.6/9709460903 —dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020046144 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020046145 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill- typeface. isbn 978- 90- 04- 38147- 6 (hardback) isbn 978- 90- 04- 44376- 1 (e- book) Copyright 2021 by Eloy Martín Corrales. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use. This book is printed on acid- free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents Acknowledgments vii List of Illustrations and Tables viii Abbreviations ix Introduction 1 1 Historiography and the Muslim Presence in Spain in the Early Modern Age 3 1 Muslims in Europe, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries 31 1.1 Muslims, a Minority among Slaves 33 1.2 Hundreds of Muslim Embassies 41 1.3 Merchants in Ports and Cities 49 1.4 Muslim Converts to Christianity 54 1.5 Exiles, Travelers, Soldiers, and Adventurers 57 2 The Spain That Enslaves and Expels: Moriscos and Muslim Captives (1492 to 1767– 1791) 67 2.1 The Moriscos between Islam and Christendom 67 2.2 Muslims, a Minority among Slaves 71 3 Spain, Land of Refuge and Survival for Thousands of Muslims: Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries 95 3.1 Royal Exiles in the Sixteenth Century: Recover the Throne, or Convert? 97 3.2 Exile in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Saving One’s Life above All 121 4 Living in Freedom among the Infidels in Times of Conflict, 1492– 1767 127 4.1 Maghrebi, Ottoman, and Persian Ambassadors 127 4.2 Free Muslims 164 4.3 More Merchants Than Expected 180 4.4 Muslims of Christ 190 4.5 (Limited) Freedom of Worship for Muslims 202 4.6 Diplomacy with the Maghreb in Castilian Spanish 209 vi Contents 5 Peace Treaties with Morocco, the Ottoman Empire, and the North African Regencies 216 5.1 Negotiations with Morocco: the Embassy of Al- Gazzal (1766) and the Treaty of Peace (1767) 218 5.2 Negotiations with the Ottoman Empire and the Regencies 227 5.3 A Surge in Spanish–Muslim Trade 235 5.4 The Treaty of Peace, the Gift Economy, Local Custom, and the Market 239 6 Problems in Applying the Treaties: Ambassadors and Envoys 251 6.1 Muslim Ambassadors at the Spanish Court 254 6.2 Muslim Ambassadors Who Passed through Spain 268 6.3 Muslim Envoys 307 7 Ship Captains and Sailors 325 7.1 Moroccan Captains 325 7.2 Algerian, Tripolitan, and Tunisian Corsair Captains 394 8 The Development of a Moroccan Merchant Colony (1767– 1799) 401 8.1 Gradual Appearance of Moroccan Merchants in Spain (1767– 1780) 401 8.2 Consolidation of a Moroccan Mercantile Colony (1780– 1799) 428 8.3 The Spanish Administration and Incidents That Arose from the Presence of Muslim Merchants 434 8.4 Both Monarchies Seek to End the Abuses 436 8.5 Members of the Moroccan Merchant Colony 442 9 From a Moroccan Colony to a North African One 500 9.1 A Surge in Maghrebi Ships 501 9.2 The Spanish– Moroccan Treaty of Peace of 1799: Adjustment to a State of War 505 9.3 Spanish– Moroccan Cooperation to Prevent Smuggling 508 9.4 Continuity of the Moroccan Merchant Colony 514 9.5 Algerian, Tunisian, and Tripolitan Captains, Pursers, and Merchants 572 Epilogue The First Moroccan Agent on Spanish Soil (1798) 587 Conclusions 603 Bibliography 609 Index of Personal and Place Names 679 Acknowledgments This book represents one step in a long journey of research into Hispano- Muslim relations between the sixteenth and the twentieth centuries. I am grateful for the important contributions that many scholars have made to this task. As a student at the Universitat de Barcelona in the first half of the 1980s I was guided by Professor Carlos Martínez Shaw, under whom I later defend- ed my doctoral dissertation in 1993. In between, from 1989 to 1992, I was able to converse almost daily with Professor Antonio Miguel Bernal Rodríguez of the Departamento de Historia Económica of the Universidad de Sevilla, who facilitated my entry to the university. Since 1996 I have again been in almost daily contact with Professor Josep María Delgado Ribas, first at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (1992–1 996) and up to the present at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra. In the 1990s I worked in various ways with Dr. Wolfgang Kaiser of the Université Paris I Panthéon- Sorbonne: I taught as a visiting professor in his department in 2008–2009, and later joined the project Mediterranean Re- configurations. Commercial Litigation, Cross- Cultural Trade and Legal Pluralism in the Mediterranean, 15th- 19th Centuries (Advanced Grant erc no. 295868), which he directed from 2012 to 2017. This book owes a great deal to Dr. Kaiser, especially in its essential formulation. During all these years I have been ac- tive in research projects at the Universidad de Sevilla, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Universitat Pompeu Fabra. The two most recent, directed by Josep María Delgado Ribas, were Dentro y fuera: Cambio institucional e in- tegración social y cultural en el Imperio español contemporáneo, 1550–1 950, ref. HARD2015- 68183- p (2016– 2018) and Eclipse imperial: transición y emergen- cia de nuevas estructuras políticas en América, Asia y África (1750– 1950), ref. HARD2012- 39352- CO2- 01 (2013– 2016). From the four professors named above I learned almost everything that I write about in this book. I have received valuable support from many scholars and friends who have taught me a great deal. Andreu Seguí Beltrán, Manuela Marín Niño, Alfonso Carlos Bolado Nieto, and Helena de Jesús de Felipe Rodríguez have read, com- mented on, and corrected the entire text. I have profited from discussions with others who have read individual chapters: Antonio Miguel Bernal Rodríguez, Sadok Boubaker, Miguel Ángel Bunes Ibarra, Lizbeth Chaviano Pérez, Josep María Delgado Ribes, María Fusaro, Gema García Fuentes, Gonçal López Na- dal, Eva Martín Corrales, Carlos Martínez Shaw, and Josep María Perlasia i Botey. And finally I thank my patient translator, Consuelo López- Morillas, who in my opinion has produced an admirable translation. Illustrations and Tables Maps 1 Muslim presence in Spanish cities (1492– 1767) 96 2 Muslim presence in Spain, 1767– 1814 501 Figures 1 Genealogical table of the Wattasids (fifteenth- seventeenth centuries) 99 2 Genealogical table of the Saadids (sixteenth- seventeenth centuries) 105 3 Genealogical table of the Zayyanids (fifteenth- sixteenth centuries) 111 4 Genealogical table of the Hafsids (fifteenth- seventeenth centuries) 115 Tables 1 Origin and/ or Religion of Slaves in Spanish Cities and Regions 75 2 Muslim Slaves Baptized in Cádiz, 1600– 1799 194 3 Converted Muslims 200 4 Expenses Incurred by Essuin in Cádiz, 5 June-9 July 1790 285 5 Expenses Incurred by Mate Flores in El Ferrol, 1807 393 6 Maghrebi Ships Arriving in Spanish Ports 502 newgenprepdf Abbreviations accm Archives de la Chambre de Commerce de Marseille ahn Archivo Histórico Nacional, Madrid ahpc Archivo Histórico Provincial de Cádiz amc Archivo Municipal de Cádiz amm Archivo Municipal de Málaga anp Archives Nationales de Paris apm Archivo Provincial de Málaga arg Archivo de la Real Chancillería de Granada bc Biblioteca de Catalunya, Barcelona bne Biblioteca Nacional de España, Madrid btgc Biblioteca de Temas Gaditanos de Cádiz imhb Institut Municipal d’Història de Barcelona Introduction The aims of this book are threefold.1 First, to show that the presence and ac- tivity of Muslims in general, and Moroccans in particular, in Spain through- out the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries was more significant than has heretofore been thought.2 Second, to demonstrate that Spaniards and Muslims were able to negotiate with each other – in spite of tensions and peri- odic confrontations – continuously during those centuries, which can be made to extend from 1492 to 1859, date of the outbreak of the African War (Guerra de África, 1859– 1860) between Spain and Morocco.
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    TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ORIGINS OF THE QIZILBASH IDENTITY IN ANATOLIA (1447-1514) A Ph.D. Dissertation by RIZA YILDIRIM Department of History Bilkent University Ankara February 2008 To Sufis of Lāhijan TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ORIGINS OF THE QIZILBASH IDENTITY IN ANATOLIA (1447-1514) The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by RIZA YILDIRIM In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA February 2008 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Assist. Prof. Oktay Özel Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Prof. Dr. Halil Đnalcık Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Prof. Dr. Ahmet Yaşar Ocak Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Assist. Prof. Evgeni Radushev Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History.
  • Muslims in Spain, 1492–​1814

    Muslims in Spain, 1492–​1814

    chapter 1 Muslims in Europe, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries The Muslim presence in Central and Western Europe during the sixteenth, sev- enteenth, and eighteenth centuries was greater than had been thought, at least up to a few years ago. Eastern Europe, of course, was an entirely different case, especially in the Balkans, ruled by the Ottoman Empire – though it began to lose territory in the 1700s – and in large regions of southeastern Europe that were gradually absorbed into the Russian Empire. In certain areas of these ter- ritories Muslims either ruled or formed a majority, while in others they were a significant minority. Nor did they disappear from Balkan lands altogether, for there are still nuclei of Muslim populations outside the small area of European Turkey, as well as in much of southern Russia. We shall not be concerned with those cases here, however, since they are substantially different from those of Western Europe.1 As to Central and Western Europe, it has been and to some extent con- tinues to be thought that the Muslim presence in the Early Modern peri- od was scarce and brief, and therefore insignificant.2 But recent research has proved that it was much more significant than has been acknowledged until now. The step from seeing Muslims as a groupe invisible to regarding them as étrangers familiers represents a significant advance in our under- standing of the matter. We now have monographs on a considerable swath of European territory that show a good number of Muslims either visiting or living there for varying periods of time and many different reasons.3 We also have overall views for a few countries, particularly France,4 Great 1 Planhol, Les nations du Prophète/ Las naciones del Profeta; Mantran, Histoire de l’Empire musulman.