Erri De Luca Et Naples : Entre Mythes Et Réalité, La Recherche De L'harmonie Perdue

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Erri De Luca Et Naples : Entre Mythes Et Réalité, La Recherche De L'harmonie Perdue Université de Poitiers UFR Lettres et Langues Département d’italien E.A. 3816 FORELL Formes et Représentations en Langues et Littératures Caterina Cotroneo Erri De Luca et Naples : entre mythes et réalité, la recherche de l’harmonie perdue Thèse de doctorat nouveau régime sous la direction de Mme Pérette-Cécile Buffaria Membres du jury : Denis Ferraris, Paris 3 Sorbonne Nouvelle, rapporteur François Livi, Paris 4 La Sorbonne, rapporteur Henri Scepi, Université de Poitiers Giovanni Turchetta, Università degli Studi di Milano Soutenue le 19 septembre 2008 2008 Université de Poitiers - Tous droits réservés 1 À mes enfants Claire et François 2 3 Napoli è sommersa, nascosta, cancellata dalle rappresentazioni che lei dà di se stessa e gli altri di lei. Uno scrittore, un artista dovrebbe cercare, aguzzando l’ingegno, di rompere quell’immobilità con ogni mezzo a sua disposizione. Qualcuno, ogni tanto, ci riesce1. 1 RAFFAELE LA CAPRIA, L’occhio di Napoli, Milano, Mondadori, 1996, pp. 48-49. Trad. (Naples est submergée, cachée, effacée par les représentations qu’elle donne d’elle-même et les autres d’elle. Un écrivain, un artiste devrait chercher, en aiguisant son esprit, à briser cette immobilité par tout moyen à sa disposition. Quelqu’un, de temps à autre, y parvient) Avertissement : Nous avons reporté les traductions réalisées par Madame Valin, traductions dont nous pouvions disposer et qui concernent les ouvrages de Erri De Luca, ainsi que les traductions des oeuvres de Domenico Rea, de Anna Maria Ortese et de Raffaele La Capria. Les autres oeuvres ont été traduites par nos soins. 4 Introduction Il est certainement un lieu commun de commencer par affirmer que toute ville exerce sur l’écrivain qui l’a vu naître une influence prépondérante, que ce soit dans la construction de l’homme ou dans celle de l’œuvre. Cette influence peut prendre des formes multiples : origines reconnues et assumées, refusées et combattues ou encore oubliées et ignorées. Mais qui pourrait prétendre à la lecture d’une œuvre sans situer l’auteur dans le contexte de son époque, et pour les spécialistes, sans rien savoir du cadre qui a bercé l’enfance de l’écrivain ? Notre étude va s’attacher à déterminer la qualité de ce lien à propos de deux objets d’étude : Erri De Luca et Naples. Pourquoi Erri De Luca ? Pourquoi Naples ? Le choix de l’écrivain n’est certainement pas étranger à mes propres origines napolitaines puisque c’est bien à Naples que Erri De Luca est né en 1950. Il commence à écrire très jeune (même s’il ne conserve pas ses écrits d’enfance) et nombreuses sont les œuvres qui situent le cadre de la narration comme étant sa ville d’origine. De cet écrivain qui a acquis ses lettres de noblesse et qui est connu en France, deux articles extraits de Pianoterra (paru en 1995) peuvent encore attirer l’attention de tout italophone, de surcroît expatrié : il s’agit en premier lieu de Più Sud che Nord, qui retrace l’ « educazione sentimentale » à Naples, de son auteur ; et en second point, de Plancton, qui propose la perception personnelle que se fait Erri De Luca de l’Italie du Sud. À partir de ces textes, tout lecteur est immédiatement convaincu que Naples occupe une place de choix dans la narrative « deluchienne »1. Or, cette cité, qu’elle est-elle ? Elle s’inscrit dans l’imaginaire collectif comme une ville source d’inspiration des artistes et des écrivains. Rembrandt n’a jamais quitté les Pays-Bas que pour accomplir le traditionnel voyage formateur des peintres en Italie, voyage qui passait inévitablement par Naples. Montesquieu, Stendhal, Goethe, Dickens et Dumas, parmi d’autres, ont eux aussi réalisé le nécessaire voyage d’études napolitain. Leurs pas se sont croisés au célèbre café Gambrinus2 et sur la non célèbre promenade de la Riviera Chiaia3. Des plumes célèbres ont témoigné de l’influence inspiratrice de la ville en situant le cadre de certains épisodes de leur narration à Naples, et pour ne citer qu’eux, Madame de Staël, Chateaubriand, Lamartine. Combien de toiles, de tableaux, d’aquarelles et de gouaches, représentent-ils le Vésuve et sa splendide baie ? La cité est ainsi définie comme « une des plus importantes capitales européennes, destination préférée de tous les grands voyageurs du XVIIIème siècle et des hommes de culture »4. Autre ville des Lumières, croisement de civilisations et pluriculturelle, riche d’art, d’histoire et d’archéologie, elle résonne toujours des voix d’Homère et de Virgile, des chants de Giacomo Leopardi, des parfums de La ginestra5. Mais Naples, en offrant ainsi à son visiteur toute la richesse objective de son patrimoine, devient, fatalement et en retour, sujette à une multitude d’interprétations subjectives, génératrices de ce que nous allons définir un peu loin, comme étant les mythes. 1 Ce néologisme est déjà présent chez Roberta Morosini au sujet de la poétique du temps élaborée par l’écrivain napolitain. ROBERTA MOROSINI, A sud tra pescatori di nuvole, in Scrivere nella polvere, op. cit. , p. 88. “Elaborazione di una poetica del tempo tutta deluchiana” Trad. (Élaboration d’une poétique du temps toute “deluchienne”) 2 Le café Gambrinus se trouve à piazza Trieste e Trento, face au théâtre San Carlo. Voir le plan 2, en Annexe 2, plans de Naples. 3 Voir le plan 3, en Annexe 2, plans de Naples. 4 ATTILIO WANDERLINGH, Napoli nella storia, duemilacinquecento anni, dalle origini greche al secondo millennio, Napoli, Edizioni Intra moenia, 1999, pp. 97, ici p. 59. Trad. (Une des plus importantes capitales européennes, destination préférée de tous les grands voyageurs du 18e siècle et des hommes de culture) 5 Avant dernière lyrique de Giacomo Leopardi (1798-1837), La ginestra a été composée en 1836, pendant son séjour napolitain, un an avant sa mort. Elle a été publié posthume en 1845. 5 Qu’en est-il en tout cas de cette appréhension de la ville par Erri De Luca ? Il est évident que la présence de Naples dans son œuvre ne relève pas seulement de raisons d’état-civil, et pour en donner preuve, il suffit de rappeler le tout dernier Napolide, paru en 2006, alors que notre travail était déjà commencé. Le thème apparaît donc suffisamment récurrent pour qu’on puisse s’y attacher, et d’autant plus intéressant qu’à dix-huit ans, l’auteur a choisi de quitter la ville. En 1968, il faut d’abord rappeler qu’on est bien loin des splendeurs précédemment évoquées. À la fin du XIXème siècle, Taine parle des Napolitains comme d’un « peuple infâme de brutes »1, et au XXème, Sartre décrit Naples comme une « ville putréfiée où la mort est un spectacle quotidien et fascinant »2. Deux évènements d’une importance capitale se sont produits, évènements qui vont à leur tour alimenter l’imaginaire collectif. D’une part, la cité a perdu son statut de capitale du Royaume des Deux-Siciles (1861), reléguée au rang de simple province, et qui plus est, éloignée de Rome. D’autre part, la Deuxième Guerre mondiale à laquelle l’Italie participe au titre d’alliée de l’Allemagne fait qu’à partir de 1945, Naples est considérée comme base stratégique d’occupation par les troupes américaines. Le choc culturel est immense : d’un côté, les vainqueurs, leurs dollars faciles, leurs mœurs libres ; de l’autre, un peuple, aux croyances séculaires, humilié et misérable. La pauvreté a toujours existé. Ce qui change, c’est qu’elle se montre dans toute sa nudité, sans comme autrefois aucune splendeur pour la mieux supporter. Ce qui change aussi, c’est que l’image de Naples comme ville pauvre se propage, devient un stéréotype assez répandu pour pouvoir prétendre concurrencer tous les autres, ceux de la gloire passée. À la charnière entre deux représentations de la cité, Erri De Luca nous en dresse un portrait sur lequel il semble d’autant plus intéressant de se pencher. Certes, il n’est pas le seul écrivain de cette période que la communauté littéraire aujourd’hui reconnaît. Le colloque Il mare non bagna Napoli voit se rencontrer, en 1993, les plus éminents auteurs de l’après-guerre, Michele Prisco et Raffaele La Capria, entre autres. Tous sont réunis pour faire le point sur quarante années de narrative napolitaine. Du rappel de cette rencontre, il faut conclure que d’une part, Naples reste encore productive dans l’inspiration qu’elle était censée, depuis tout temps, susciter. D’autre part, les personnes présentes appartiennent toutes, à quelques dizaines d’années près, à la même génération, sauf Erri De Luca. La fédération autour des mêmes thèmes de réflexion souligne que l’intérêt développé par Erri De Luca pour sa ville n’est pas singulier mais traduit les préoccupations de tous ceux qui, écrivains napolitains comme lui, se sont interrogés sur la nature de leur lien à la ville. Prenant en compte ces perspectives dans leur ensemble, nous avons déterminé notre sujet d’étude comme étant le rapport de relation que Erri De Luca entretient avec Naples. Si l’écrivain est d’abord attachant par son parcours atypique, ancien militant d’un groupe d’extrême gauche, ouvrier et manœuvre, grand voyageur, bénévole au service de causes humanitaires, traducteur de certains livres de la Bible, il est reconnu aujourd’hui pour la richesse de son œuvre, romans, poésie, essais. De nombreuses études lui ont été déjà consacrées, mais c’est au thème central, du rapport de l’homme et de l’écrivain à sa ville d’origine, que ce travail est consacré. Et afin de cerner le cadre plus précis de notre étude, nous proposons de considérer la ville de Naples d’une part sous l’aspect de la multitude des stéréotypes qu’elle a engendrés, images transcendées et fantasmatiques propres à la création d’une dimension mythique, et d’autre part, sous l’aspect de sa réalité objective, celle d’une ville détruite par les bombardements, appauvrie par la guerre, menacée par les éruptions du 1 TAINE, Voyage d’Italie, 1864.
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