THE AMAZING PRESENT AND FUTURE OF COMPUTERS !
COMPILED BY HOWIE BAUM WHAT IS A COMPUTER ?
A computer is a machine or device that performs processes, calculations and operations based on instructions provided by a software program.
It is designed to execute applications and provides a variety of solutions by combining integrated hardware and software components.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=7cXEOWAStq 4 THE FUTURE OF COMPUTING
1) How far have we come?
2) Can we keep going?
3) Where do we go from here?
U.S. Army Photo, http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/HistoryPt4.htm 4) What does it mean for us?
COMPUTERS ONLY UNDERSTAND 1’S AND 0’S
Computers don’t understand any human logic. Computer is hardware – a physical object.
The 1’s and 0’s are understood by humans only. The ‘1’ means an ‘ON’ state of a switch and ‘0’ means ‘OFF’ state of the same switch.
A switch can only be in one of these 2 states. The ‘1’ and ‘0’ are also referred to as Binary Number System in mathematics. The field of electronics dealing with the ‘1’ and ‘0’ is called Digital Electronics.
ALL OF THE SWITCHING IS DONE BY VERY SMALL TRANSISTORS ! AMOUNT OF MEMORY IN COMPUTERS The smallest amount of memory is a bit which represents a 0 or a 1
A memory location, or byte, is made of 8 bits and usually stores one character such as a letter or a number or symbol.
Therefore, a computer with 8 Megabytes of memory can store approximately 8 million characters.
One megabyte can hold approximately 768 pages of text information.
A Byte = 8 bits = 1 letter, number, or a symbol
Kilobyte (KB) = 1 Thousand Bytes
Megabyte (Mb) = 1 Million Bytes
Gigabyte (GB) = 1 Billion Bytes
Terabyte (TB) = 1 Trillion Bytes 6 This is the first type of memory that could be put into a computer which is called Iron Core memory. It is made of small iron donut shaped rings with wires through them and was a whopping 128 byes !!
It was used in computers from the 1950’s to the 1970’s
7 COMPUTER MEMORY STORAGE DEVICES Auxiliary storage devices are used to store data when they are not being used in memory.
The most common types of auxiliary storage used on personal computers are hard drives or disks, CD-ROM drives, thumb or flash drives, and previously, floppy disks.
The 8 and 5-1/4 inch floppy discs held 1.2 Megabytes of information.
The smaller 3-1/2 inch discs held 1.44 Megabytes.
8 9 10 HARD DRIVE
The hard drive is where your software, documents, and other files are stored. It contains long- term memory storage, which means the data is still saved even if you turn the computer off or unplug it.
When you run a program or open a file, the computer copies some of the data from the hard drive onto the RAM.
When you save a file, the data is copied back to the hard drive. The faster the hard drive, the faster your computer can start up and load programs.
11 OPTICAL MEMORY AND COMPACT DISCS • A compact disk (CD), also called an optical disc, is a flat round, portable storage medium that is usually 4.75 inch in diameter. • A CD-ROM (read only memory), is a compact disc that used the same laser technology as audio CDs for recording music. In addition it can contain other types of data such as text, graphics, and video. • The capacity of a CD-ROM is 650 Megabytes (Million bytes) of data. This is almost 500,000 pages of typed text !!
12 USB THUMB OR FLASH DRIVE The latest type of portable storage devices are Thumb (or flash) drives that have an electronic circuit flash memory in them, with no moving parts. They were first sold in 2000.
You can buy them with 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 Gigabytes, all the way up to 2 Terabytes of storage capacity !!!
A 256 Gigabyte flash drive can hold enough pages with text when stacked up, would be 12.7 miles high !!
It could also hold either 157, 184 photos, 58,880 songs, or 512 hours of video !!
13 SOLID STATE MEMORY DRIVES (SSD)
NO MOVING PARTS SOLID STATE DRIVE VS A HARD DRIVE
At the beginning of 2018, Samsung unveiled the world’s largest Solid State Drive (SSD) with a whopping 30 Terabytes (TB) of storage
It’s enough to store 5,700 full length, High Definition movies !!! 14 Transistor switches
OFF ON ON OFF OFF OFF OFF ON
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
Binary code for the letter “a” The picture can't be displayed. The picture can't be displayed.
The picture can't be displayed. THE CHANGES IN SIZE OF THE FIRST TRANSISTOR TO PRESENT DAY HIGH SPEED INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER CHIPS
The CPU (central processing unit) has often been called the brains of the PC. But increasingly, that brain is being enhanced by another part of the PC – the GPU (graphics processing unit), which can be called its soul.
A GPU provides excellent monitor graphics for all types of applications including productivity applications like Microsoft Office products, low-resolution video and basic games. The CPU or Central Processing Unit is the brain of Computer that handles all the instructions and performs mathematic, logic and Input/output operations.
It is the calculating speed of the processor that determines the speed of a Computer.
The speed of processor is measured in MHz (Mega Hertz – millions of calculations per second) and GHz (Giga Hertz – Billions of calculations per second).
The integrated circuit inside the chip is very small, as shown with one on a penny.
Even though it is very small, it can have 1 billion to over 2 billion transistors in it !! The Central Processing Unit (CPU) chip for the Intel I5 chip has 1.75 billion transistors on it !!
The chip works so hard that it gets hot quickly and you could actually cook meat on it !! It gets so hot that it has to be cooled whenever the computer is on. This is done with a metal heat sink and a fan to pull the heat away from the chip. For higher performance computer chips, they work so hard and heat up so much that they need to be cooled with special liquid coolers.
This is for high level, fast computers and those used for gaming which require special Central Processing and Graphical Processing units. MOORE’S LAW
Moore’s Law was first proposed in a magazine article by Intel co-founder Gordon E. Moore.
What it actually says is that the number of transistors that can be packed into a given unit of space will roughly double every two years.
That prediction has remained impressively true, a fact that’s allowed everything from pocket- sized smartphones to new types of computer chips.
WHAT ARE MANY OF THE NEW TECHNOLOGIES THAT COMPUTERS ARE USED FOR ? A comparison of iron core memory (128 Byes) at left, to the newest M.2 memory card which holds 512 Gigabytes of information.
The small M.2 memory card holds 4 billion times as much memory !!
ON THE INTERNET IN 2019
In the last minute there were…..
• 481,000 tweets • 188 million emails sent • 1,000,000 Facebook Logins • 20 million photo views • 3.8 million Google searches • 390,030 apps downloaded • 4.5 million YouTube videos watched
…….and that’s nothing to what’s coming 3 DIMENSIONAL (3D) PRINTING BIOMETRICS (NEW) ELECTRONIC TEXTILES AND WEARABLE COMPUTING
DISCO DOG ! The LilyPad Arduino is a microcontroller board designed for wearables and e-textiles. It can be sewn to fabric and similarly mounted power supplies, sensors and actuators with conductive thread. The clothing item can be hand washed without causing any problems to the board.
The LilyPad Arduino was designed and developed by Leah Buechley and SparkFun Electronics. THIS JACKET HAS BEEN DESIGNED WITH THE LILYPAD CIRCUIT (CIRCLE IN THE CENTER) FOR PROGRAMMING A RIGHT OR LEFT TURN SIGNAL WITH LED’S, FOR PERSONS RIDING ON A MOTORCYCLE OR BIKE. FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS (NEW)
3 DIMENSIONAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (NEW) A three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) is a MOS (metal-oxide semiconductor) integrated circuit (IC) manufactured by stacking silicon wafers or dies and interconnecting them vertically using, for instance, through-silicon vias (TSVs) or Cu- Cu connections, so that they behave as a single device to achieve performance improvements at reduced power and smaller footprint than conventional two dimensional processes.
The 3D IC is one of several 3D integration schemes that exploit the z-direction to achieve electrical performance benefits, in microelectronics and nanoelectronics.
As of the 2010s, 3D ICs have been widely used for flash memory in mobile devices. 5G PHONE NETWORK 5G stands for the 5th generation of mobile internet connectivity, offering faster speeds and more reliable connections on smartphones and other devices than ever before.
The networks will help power a huge rise in the Internet of Things technology, providing the infrastructure needed to carry huge amounts of data, allowing for a smarter and more connected world.
With development well underway, 5G networks are expected to launch across the world by 2020, working alongside existing 3G and 4G technology to provide speedier connections that let you stay online no matter where you are. AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE
Ambient Intelligence (AMI) is a sensitive electronic environment which responds to the presence of people.
In the world of AMI, devices are interconnected and work in unison to assist humans to run their everyday lives.
In the world of AMI, when you leave your office late at night, your thermostat, lights and other devices will adjust themselves to save electricity.
Even the chairs in the rooms will move in !!
For a system to qualify as AMI, there are some features it must possess. These include:
Anticipation: They should be able to anticipate your needs without the need for pre-instruction and premeditation.
Adaptation: They should change in other to respond maximally to your desires.
Personalization: They should be tailored down to your specific needs.
Awareness: They must be able to recognize you, and also distinguish you from others.
Embedded: They can interconnect other devices within the environment. ARTIFICIAL BRAIN
An artificial brain (or artificial mind) is computer software and hardware with thinking abilities similar to those of the animal or human brain.
The ultimate goal is to create a machine with human- like behavior or intelligence, which is also called strong Artificial Intelligence (AI).
The Blue Brain Team Discovers a Multi- Dimensional Universe in Brain Networks
For many persons, it can be a stretch of the imagination to understand the world in four dimensions (3 dimensions plus time).
A new study using a mouse brain has discovered structures in the brain with up to eleven dimensions – ground-breaking work that is beginning to reveal the brain’s deepest architectural secrets. Certain areas are called sandcastles as they develop and then go away quickly like a sandcastle does near ocean waves. Using very detailed methods with algebra in a way that has never been used before in neuroscience, a team from the Blue Brain Project in Lusanne, Switzerland has uncovered a universe of multi-dimensional geometrical structures and spaces within the networks of the mouse brain.
The research, shows that these structures arise when a group of neurons forms what is called a clique: each neuron connects to every other neuron in the group in a very specific way that generates a precise geometric object.
The more neurons there are in a clique, the higher the dimensions of the geometric object.
The 3 dimensional pictures below show the newest and very detailed images obtained of the mouse brain. BLUE BRAIN CELL ATLAS
The Blue Brain Cell Atlas is the first digital 3D cell atlas of the whole mouse brain. It provides neuroscientists with a unique insight into the cellular composition of the mouse brain. It is free and is there so other scientists can use it and also add to it with new research. The link to it is https://portal.bluebrain.epfl.ch/resources/models/cell-atlas/
Users can view and download the number, major types and 3D positions of all neurons and glia cells in all 737 areas of the mouse brain. Another example of work on an artificial brain is the project reported by Aston University in Birmingham, England where researchers are using biological cells to create "neurospheres" (small clusters of neurons – brain cells) in order to develop new treatments for diseases including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson's.
A neurosphere is a lab cultured system composed of free-floating clusters of neural stem cells.
They provide a method to investigate how the neural Neurospheres derived from the brain cells grow and change in a tissue of a Zebrafish. brain fluid solution. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• Artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and other animals, such as "learning" and "problem solving. .
In computer science AI research is defined as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully 48 achieving its goals. HOW ARE HUMANS INTELLIGENT ? Learning
Reasoning
Problem Solving and Creativity
Social Behavior
Experiencing our Environment with our senses:
Hearing Sight Touch Taste
Smelling 49 50 SPECIAL COMPUTER PROCESSING CHIPS FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The potential benefits from self-learning computer chips are limitless as these types of devices can learn to perform the most complex thinking tasks, such as interpreting critical cardiac rhythms, detecting anomalies to prevent cyber-hacking and composing music.
This is a new one made by the Intel company and many other companies are making special AI chips too.
51 The Cerebras company unveiled a whopper of a new Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) chip, that is intended to be used for Artificial Intelligence applications.
The largest regular GPU includes 21.1 billion transistors, and requires 815 square millimeters of die space,
The Cerebras Systems chip is very large rectangular chip (as shown below next to a computer keyboard) with 1.2 trillion transistors and is 8 inches by 9 inches. This graph shows where the Cerebras chip fits way above the line of Moore’s law. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has entered our daily lives like never before and we are yet to unravel the many other ways in which it could flourish.
All of the tech giants such as Microsoft, Uber, Google, Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Oracle, Intel, IBM or Twitter are competing in the race to lead the market and acquire the most innovative and promising AI businesses.
54 THE HUMAN BRAIN AND NEURONS IN IT
WORK ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE USING ARTIFICAL NEURAL NETWORKS (NEW)
55 TYPES AND FUNCTION OF NEURONS
Neurons are essential for every action that our body and brain carry out.
It is the complexity of neuronal networks that gives us our personalities and our consciousness.
They make up around 10 percent of the brain; the rest consists of glial cells and other cells that support and nourish the neurons.
An electrical and chemical signal moves super fast, between each neuron to the next one.
56 There are around 86 billion neurons in the brain. To reach this huge target, a developing fetus must create around 250,000 neurons per minute !
Each neuron is connected to at least 10,000 others – providing more than 1,000 trillion connections (1 quadrillion connections).
They all connect at a junction called a synapse, which can be electrical or a higher percentage of them, which work with a chemical process.
57 How synapses work - Neurons are connected to each other at a location called a Synapse, so that they can communicate messages
Amazingly, where each cell connects with the other one, NONE of these cells ever touch each other !! The space between neurons that operate chemically is close to 1 millionth of an inch !!
The signal that is carried from the first nerve fiber to the next one is transmitted by an electrical signal or a chemical one, up to a speed of 268 miles per hour !
There is new evidence that both types closely interact with each other and that the transmission of a nerve signal is both chemical and electrical, which is actually required for normal brain development and function.
https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=mItV4rC57kM&t=10s 58 ARTIFICAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN)
An ANN is based on a collection of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in a biological brain.
Each connection, like the synapses in a biological brain, can transmit a signal from one artificial neuron to another. An artificial neuron that receives a signal can process it and then signal additional artificial neurons connected to it.
59 DeepMind is a subsidiary of Google that focuses on the development of artificial intelligence and deep reinforcement machine learning.
The deep reinforcement learning of its AI algorithms has been used in both research and applied projects.
DeepMind is built around the framework of neural networks and uses a method called deep- reinforced-learning.
This means that the A.I can learn from it's experiences and become more efficient at whatever it does.
The A.I is general-purpose meaning that it's NOT pre-programmed for a specific task from the go.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gn4nRCC9TwQ 60 A LITTLE HUMOR ABOUT ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE !!
61 62 VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY Virtual Reality (VR) is the illusion of a three-dimensional, interactive, computer-generated reality where sight, sound, and sometimes even touch and smells are simulated to create pictures, sounds, and objects that actually seem real.
One of the identifying marks of a virtual reality system is the head mounted display worn by users. These displays block out all the external world and present to the wearer a view that is under the complete control of the computer.
Augmented reality (AR) is computer-generated content, overlaid on a real world environment. AR hardware comes in many forms, including devices that you can carry, such as handheld displays, and devices you wear, such as headsets, and glasses.
An AR system adds virtual computer generated objects, audio and other sense enhancements to a real-world environment in real time.
Common applications of AR technology include video games, television, medical education, and personal navigation, though there are many other uses as well. FUN ON THE SNAPCHAT WEBSITE !! THE MAGIC OF AUGMENTED REALITY AT DISNEY
The folks at Disney's research division are working with augmented reality technology to make drawings literally come to life. They're using an app on a standard, consumer-grade tablet, and a normal coloring book colored with normal crayons.
You, or a child, or whoever, colors in the character on the page and the app does the rest of the work of bringing that drawing to life. So you color in your drawing:
https://www.businessinsider.com/disney-augmented-reality-2015-10 THE COLORING IS ALMOST DONE AND NOW ITS TIME TO ADD SOME BRIGHTER COLORS AND HERE IS YOUR FINISHED COLORED IMAGE THAT IS SO HAPPY THAT IT IS DANCING !! IKEA AND OTHER FURNITURE COMPANIES LET YOU SEE HOW DIFFERENT TYPES OF FURNITURE WILL LOOK IN YOUR HOME MICROSOFT HOLOLENS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4M6BTYRlKQ NASA'S MARS HOLOLENS DEMO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcJ-JuA_K7U (.50 TO 3.08)
AN INTRODUCTION TO AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES
THE LIDAR SYSTEM Features:
• Vertical and horizontal setup of the system possible
• Visual image acquisition with a fully integrated NIKON Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) camera.
• 3D mode of the scanner with continuous 360 degree rotation of the scanning head for highly efficient mobile data acquisition.
• Used for the past years by Google Inc. for detecting the surroundings of their test vehicles. TYPES OF ALGORITHMS NEEDED FOR AUTONOMOUS The combination of: VEHICLES 3-D imaging with multiple 1064 nm (nanometer) lasers. Edge-Detection algorithm Motion-Detection algorithm Tracking algorithm
LIDAR COMPUTERIZED IMAGES OF THE ROAD
CADILLAC SUPER CRUISE ! https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=3&v=_rxW68ADldI Self driving cars will be connected through a variety of communications systems now under development that ultimately will become part of the new 5G Phone Network.
Most road transportation today is using wireless communications, both for its operation as well as offering connectivity, entertainment and information services to “passengers”.
These vehicles will be using what best will be offered in terms of 4 wireless communications systems:
Manufacturers are already experimenting a variety of solutions (under the label V2V – Vehicle to Vehicle and V2I - Vehicle to Infrastructure) that eventually will merge under the new 5G phone network label.
V2P stands for vehicle to Pedestrian and V2N stands for Vehicle to Network. NURO & KROGER DEPLOY SELF-DRIVING CARS FOR GROCERY DELIVERIES IN ARIZONA
Self-driving, electric vehicle startup Nuro – founded by two ex-google engineers – not only revealed to the world their R1 prototype in january 2018 but also announced a partnership with Kroger, the largest supermarket chain in the US.
The idea was simple: the driverless pods, which feature two storage compartments that, obviously, open automatically, would transport local goods such as groceries, dry cleaning and even pizza orders. starting on august 16th 2018, the collaboration is piloting autonomous deliveries of groceries in Scottsdale, Arizona.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XKXbacNQGI8 AUTONOMOUS TRUCK PLATOONING OR CONVOYING, USING ELECTRONIC SIGNALS BETWEEN EACH ONE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpuwG4A56r0 THE WORLDS FIRST SELF-DRIVING SEMI-TRUCK WAS LICENSED IN NEVADA IN MAY, 2015. A LOOK INTO THE AUTONOMOUS FUTURE !!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7pFnMNFwDc CARBON NANOTUBE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS (NEW)
GRAPHENE AND NANOTUBES FOR MAKING SMALLER COMPUTER CHIPS
Carbon nanotubes have a diameter that typically varies in the range 0.4–40 nanometers (4 hundred millionths to 4 millionths of an inch !
To be able to continue to shrink electronic chips and parts, a lot of work has been done on very small parts in the Nano material area (billionths of a meter)
A relatively new material - Graphene (shown at top, right), is a 1 atom thick sheet of Carbon and is a great conductor of electricity.
As shown below, at the right, sections of it can be rolled up to form a Nanotube that can be used with other materials to form a very small transistor !! CARBON NANOTUBE TRANSISTORS A carbon nanotube field-effect transistor refers to a transistor that uses a single carbon nanotube or an array of carbon nanotubes as the channel material instead of bulk silicon in the traditional integrated circuit structure.
Further scaling down is facing serious limits related to fabrication technology and device performances as the critical dimension shrink down to the below 22 nanometer (22 billionths of a meter) range.
These limits can be overcome to some extent by modifying the channel material in the traditional integrated circuit structure with a single carbon nanotube or a group of carbon nanotubes. CLOUD COMPUTING
Cloud computing is a type of computing that relies on shared computing resources rather than having local servers or personal devices to handle applications.
In its most simple description, cloud computing is taking services ("cloud services") and moving them outside an organization's firewall.
Applications, programs, memory storage, and other services are accessed via the Web.
The services are delivered and used over the Internet and are paid for by the cloud customer on an as-needed or pay-per-use business model.
The Cloud actually is large data centers in buildings around the world that contain thousands of high speed computer servers Total Cost of Ownership Virtual, Digital Human Modeling INTRODUCTION Three-dimensional manikins are also known as Digital Human Models (DHM).
These are software representations of humans that enable designers to visualize the effectiveness of a design before a physical prototype is constructed.
DHM computer programs are derived from the same types of technology as Computer-Aided Design (CAD) programs and actually allow users to import their 3-D CAD models into a virtual environment.
Then, DHMs of various sizes can be placed into this environment along with the model for design analysis. BABY X The Soul Machines company is on a mission to create intelligent, emotionally responsive avatars that can learn and react just like you, and it all started with an incredibly life-life computer model known as Baby X. Mark Sagar is the CEO of the Soul Machines Co.
Taking inspiration from Sagar's own daughter Francesca, Mark scanned her when she was sleeping to create her digital appearance. This digital baby can respond, learn and express itself in a human-like way. Make a loud noise and she looks concerned, hold up a picture of an apple, Baby X can name it.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAwqB9W-HQ4&t=50s Sagar’s approach on this front may be his most radical contribution to the field.
Behind the exquisite faces he builds are unprecedented biological models and simulations. When BabyX smiles, it’s because her simulated brain has responded to stimuli by releasing a cocktail of virtual dopamine, endorphins, and serotonin hormones into her system.
This is part of Sagar’s larger quest, using Artificial Intelligence (AI) to reverse-engineer how humans work.
We are trying to make a virtual (computerized) central nervous system for human computing.” The BabyX project defines a computer program architecture that is able to interconnect all of these models as a virtual nervous system, like that shown here. In a first for education, the Vector Energy company is exploring the use of “digital human” technology in its energy education programs in primary schools.
In conjunction with New Zealand’s leading AI company Soul Machines, Vector has created Will, a “digital teacher” being trialed in its award-winning ‘Be Sustainable with Energy’ schools program, which is offered free of charge to schools within Vector’s Auckland electricity network. The school's program was launched in 2005 and has since educated more than 125,000 children about energy.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=33&v=Ab0DCzFz82s MEMRISTOR (NEW) In the race to build a computer that mimics the massive computational power of the human brain, researchers are increasingly turning to memristors,
They can vary their electrical resistance based on the memory of past activity, like the short-term memory of nerve cells.
Just as the ability of one nerve cell to signal another depends on how often the cells have communicated in the recent past, the resistance of a memristor depends on the amount of current that recently flowed through it. Also, a memristor retains that memory even when the electric power is switched off. FIRST PROGRAMMABLE MEMRISTOR COMPUTER AIMS TO BRING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) PROCESSING DOWN FROM THE CLOUD
The first programmable memristor computer has been developed at the University of Michigan.
It could lead to the processing of artificial intelligence directly on small, energy-constrained devices such as smartphones and sensors. A smartphone AI processor would mean that voice commands would no longer have to be sent to the cloud for interpretation, speeding up response time.
In medical devices, the ability to run AI algorithms without the cloud would enable better security and privacy. Why memristors are good for machine learning
The Memristor is an electrical resistor with a memory and variable resistance which can serve as a form of information storage.
Because they store and process information in the same location, they can get around the biggest bottleneck for computing speed and power: the connection between memory and processor.
This is especially important for machine- learning algorithms that deal with lots of data to do things like identify objects in photos and videos—or predict which hospital patients are at higher risk of infection. MRAM - MAGNETO- RESISTIVE RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY (NEW)
It is a type of non-volatile random- access memory which stores data in magnetic domains.
Developed in the mid-1980s, proponents have argued that magneto-resistive RAM will eventually surpass competing technologies to become a dominant or even universal memory.
Presently, other memory technologies such as flash Random Access Memory (RAM) and DRAM have practical advantages that have so far kept MRAM in a niche role in the market. MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS (NEW)
Molecular electronics is the study and application of molecular building blocks for the fabrication of electronic components.
The field of nanoscale molecular electronics aims to exploit individual molecules as the building blocks for electronic devices, to improve functionality and enable developers to achieve an unprecedented level of device miniaturization and control.
Graphene possesses not only excellent mechanical stability, but also exceptionally high electronic and thermal conductive This image shows the gray layer of Graphene properties, making the emerging 2-D which is a single atomic layer of carbon atoms material very attractive for a range of connected to each other and 2 molecular possible applications in molecular transistors above it. electronics. NANO-ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS (NEW)
Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) are a class of devices integrating electrical and mechanical functionality on the nanoscale.
NEMS typically integrate transistor-like nanoelectronics with mechanical actuators, pumps, or motors, and may thereby form physical, biological, and chemical sensors.
Uses include accelerometers, or detectors of chemical substances in the air. NEUROMORPHIC COMPUTING (NEW)
Neuromorphic computing, is a concept developed in the late 1980s, describing the use of electronic analog circuits to mimic neuro-biological architectures present in the nervous system.
It is an interdisciplinary subject that takes inspiration from biology, physics, mathematics, computer science, and electronic engineering to design artificial neural systems, such as vision systems, head-eye systems, auditory processors, and autonomous robots, whose physical architecture and design principles are based on those of biological nervous systems. OPTICAL COMPUTING (NEW)
Optical or photonic computing uses photons produced by lasers or diodes for computation.
Most research projects focus on replacing current computer components with optical equivalents, resulting in an optical digital computer system processing binary data.
This approach appears to offer the best short-term prospects for commercial optical computing, since optical components could be integrated into traditional computers to produce an optical-electronic hybrid.
(a) Optical Network on Chip (b) Photonic Chip on Circuit Optical Computing The flow of electric current is only 10 percent of the speed of light so that is why all of the cable and other electronic businesses changed from copper wires to optical fiber.
By applying the advantages of Infrared or visible light at the component and device scale, a computer (Optical Computer) can be developed that has 10 times more processing power than conventional systems. QUANTUM COMPUTING (NEW)
Quantum computing is essentially harnessing and exploiting the amazing laws of quantum mechanics to process information.
A traditional computer uses long strings of “bits,” which encode either a zero 0 or a one 1.
A quantum computer, on the other hand, uses quantum bits, or qubits which can be either a 0 a 1 or both !!
The images to the right are what a Quantum computer made by the IBM company looks like.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-0ZNlqaSBE ROBOTICS HEY BUDDY, CAN YOU LEND ME A HAND ?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=14&v=fUyU3lKzoio WATCH OUT FOR THOSE BANANA PEELS ON THE FLOOR !! OF COURSE YOU CAN ALSO DESIGN YOUR OWN ROBOTS BUT THEY DON’T ALWAYS DO EXACTLY WHAT YOU WANT THEM TO
SUCH AS BRING YOU A BOWL OF SOUP !!
ULTRA-HIGH DEFINITION HOLOGRAPHIC DISK The Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) is an optical disc technology developed between April 2004 and mid-2008 that can store up to several terabytes of data on an optical disc 10 centimeters (3.94 inches) or 12 centimeters (4.72 inches) in diameter.
The reduced radius reduces cost and materials used. It employs a technique known as collinear holography, whereby a green and red laser beam are collimated in a single beam onto a regular CD-style aluminum layer, near the bottom
Standards for 100 GB read-only holographic discs and 200 GB recordable cartridges were published by ECMA in 2007, but no holographic disc product has appeared yet, in the market. An HVD by Optware Media type Ultra-high density optical disc
Encoding MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC (H.264), HEVC (H.265) and VC-1
Capacity 6 Terabytes Developed by HSD Forum Usage Data storage, High-definition video, QHD/WQHD & the possibility of Ultra HD THANK YOU !!