Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(5): 2018-2026

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 05 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.805.234

Quality Analysis and Characterization of Panchagavya, Jeevumrutha and Sasyamrutha

Bishal Chakraborty* and Indrajit Sarkar

Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Coochbehar-736165, West Bengal, India

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

K e yw or ds A study on quality analysis and characterization of Panchagavya, Jeevumrutha and Sasyamrutha was carried out in the departments of soil Panchagavya, Jeevumrutha, science, plant pathology and biochemistry, UBKV, coochbehar-736165, Sayamrutha and West Bengal during February, 2019. Motive of this work was to Liquid Organic characterize these liquid organic manures according to their Physical manure properties, macro and micro nutrient Content, Microbial population and Article Info amount of growth promoters present in them. Jeevumrutha recorded highest

Accepted: values in most of the parameters followed by Panchagavya and 17 April 2019 Sasyamrutha. It is recommended that all of these liquid organic manures Available Online: 10 May 2019 can be used as an alternative against chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

Introduction be prepared by using several farm inputs and daily household materials. So the cost Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and required to prepare these liquid organic pesticides deteriorates the soil quality by manures are very less comparing with the changing the physical, chemical and chemical fertilizers and pesticides. In order to biological properties of soil. They adversely maintain sustainability in agriculture liquid affect the microbial population present in the organic manures should be adopted in a large soil and due to that ecological balance is extent (Kannaiyan, 2000; Kanwar, 2006). hampered. Now-a-days liquid organic Panchagavya literally means “mixture of five manures are becoming popular to combat the cow products”. According to Hindu dharma, adverse effect of chemical fertilizers. They Panchagavya has high significance. It can be can supply essential nutrients to the crop plant used as an Ayurvedic medicine and it has and also provide several growth promoters good potential as an organic fertilizer and and bio-control agents to prevent disease and pesticide (Dhama et al., 2005; Kumar, 2005). pest infestation. Liquid organic manures can Jeevumrutha is one of the four pillars of the 2018

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Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF). As the Procedure name signifies, Jeevumrutha is highly cost effective for the farmers (FAO, 2016). All of the above materials should be mixed in Sasyamrutha is fermented liquid organic an earthen pot according to their proportion, manure having different types of leaves with keep it in shady place and close the container. cow dung and cow urine. It has nutritional Then stir the mixture twice a day in both the and bio-control properties for the crop plants directions. After 30 days the solution is (Green Foundation, 2009). All of them have prepared and it should be filtered and significant nutrient content, beneficial collected (Sarkar et al., 2011). microbial population load, growth promoters and bio-control agents. To popularize the use Preparation of Jeevumrutha of Panchagavya, Jeevumrutha and Sasyamrutha, scientific validation of these Ingredients manures is highly required. With this motive I decided to investigate the quality parameters Water (8-10 litres), Jersey cow dung (0.4-0.6 of Panchagavya, Jeevumrutha and kg), Jersey cow urine (0.12-0.16 litres) and Sasyamrutha for their scientific Jaggery (0.04-0.08 kg). characterization. Procedure Materials and Methods Mix all of them and keep them in a shade for Methodologies of preparation of 3-4 days. Stir the mixture once a day. After 20 Panchagavya, Jeevumrutha and Sasyamrutha days the mixture should be filtered and has to with their ingredients are described below. be collected (Shankaran, 2009).

Preparation of panchagavya Preparation of Sasyamrutha

Ingredients Ingredients

Jersey cow dung (3.5 Kg), Jersey cow urine Jersey cow dung (5 kg), Jatropha leaves (0.6 (5 litres), Jersey cow milk (1.5 litres), Curd (1 kg), Datura leaves (0.6 kg), Jersey Cow urine litres), Jaggery (1.5 Kg), Ghee (0.5 Kg), (0.6 litres), Mustard oil cake (0.4 kg), Jaggery Banana (6 numbers), Tender coconut (1.5 (0.2 kg), Ash of Agnihotra (0.1 kg) and Water litres) and Water (5 litres). (40 litres).

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Procedure for that dark brown colour was developed (Kneifel et al., 1992) (Singh et al., 1992). Chopped jatropha and datura leaves must be Fresh preparation of Panchagavya possessed a kept in the container. Then add water, cow fruity smell. Foul odour was observed after 20 dung, cow urine, oil cake, agnihotra ash and days and progressed up to the end of storage. jaggery on it with above mentioned The reason behind this might be the light proportion. After that stir it well and close the sensitiveness of riboflavin and riboflavin container. Daily stirring for aeration should be absorbed visible and ultra violet light, done. After 20 days the fermented mixture converting that energy into highly reactive must be filtered and Sasyamrutha has to be forms of oxygen. That induced a whole series collected (Green Foundation, 2009). of oxidative reactions, caused oxidation of fat. For that undesirable foul odours was formed Panchagavya Jeevumrutha Sasyamrutha (Min, 2002; Borle, 2001).

Characterization of Panchagavya, Fresh preparation of Jeevamrutha was Jeevumrutha and Sasyamrutha moderate green in colour and with time the colour became darker. Jeevamrutha had mild The physical, chemical, biochemical and odour in fresh preparation; it gradually biological properties of Panchagavya, increased after 20 days and was constant till Jeevumrutha, and Sasyamrutha were analysed the end of the storage period. The reason to estimate their constituents using standard behind these might be the presence of procedures. The standard procedures followed jaggary. Presence of water with jaggery for estimation of various properties of these promoted growth of microbes and for that solutions are given in Table 1 to 2. decomposition of cow dung was enhanced in Jeevumrutha. Due to that dark green colour Results and Discussion and mild foul odour was produced (Ravindra et al., 2016). The physical and physico-chemical properties of Panchagavya, Jeevumrutha and Freshly prepared Sasyamrutha was green in Sasyamrutha are presented in Table 3. colour and it became dark green till the end of storage period. Fresh preparation of The colour of freshly prepared Panchagavya Sasyamrutha possessed a leafy smell but after was light brown and as the storage period 10 days mild foul odour was produced. increased, the preparation became darker in Soaking of mustard cake in water induced the colour. It might be due to a series of non- endogenous „Myrosinase‟ enzyme and that enzymatic Maillard's reactions, started with react with glucosinolate resulting in binding of aldehyde group of lactose with ε- substantial hydrolysis of glucosinolate to amino group of the lysyl – residues (amino- volatile metabolites viz. isothiocyanate, CNS, acid radical, or residue of amino-acid lysine) nitriles and other degradation products and from different milk proteins during storage. decomposition of plant materials produce These reactions caused the formation of carbon dioxide. Due to that the change in brown-coloured pigments, such as pyralysins colour and foul smell after during and melanoidins, polymers such as lactulose- decomposition was noticed (Tyagi et al., lysine or fructose-lysine, as well as low- 1997; Chu and Jennifer, 2018). Jeevumrutha molecular weight acids. Cow dung and cow recorded highest pH (8.24) followed by urine enhanced the rate of decomposition and Sasyamrutha (8.05) and Panchagavya (5.32).

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Among them Panchagavya recorded highest Highest amount of Zn was found in EC (11.02 dS/m) followed by Sasyamrutha Jeevumrutha (1.56 mg/l) followed by (6.56 dS/m) and Jeevumrutha (1.44 dS/m). Panchagavya (0.268 mg/l) and Sasyamrutha Highest organic carbon (OC) value was found (0.249 mg/l). Cu content was highest in in Panchagavya (0.861%) followed by Jeevumrutha (2.44 mg/l) followed by Sasyamrutha (0.247%) and Jeevumrutha Sasyamrutha (2.36 mg/l) and Panchagavya (0.094%). (2.18 mg/l). Dhanoji et al., (2018) and Parvathi and Ushakumari (2017) also Pathak and Ram (2013) also found low pH in recorded N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, And Panchagavya due to production of several Cu in Panchagavya and Jeevumrutha. organic acids in it during fermentation. Alcohol (methanol, propanol, butanol and The microbial population of Panchagavya, ethanol) production in Jeevumrutha as a by- Jeevumrutha and Sasyamrutha are given in product of fermentation made it alkaline in Table 5. For bacterial count, highest value nature (Natarajan, 2008). Sasyamrutha was was noticed in Jeevumrutha (14 x 105 cfu/ml) alkaline in nature might be due to release of followed by Panchagavya (12 x 104 cfu/ml) carbon dioxide and other volatile metabolites and Sasyamrutha (9 x 104 cfu/ml). Highest like isothiocyanate, CNS, nitriles and other fungi count found in Jeevumrutha (17 x 103) degradation products (Tyagi et al., 1997; Chu followed by Sasyamrutha (13 x 103) and and Jennifer, 2018). Panchagavya (9 x 103). Highest value of Actinomycetes was found in Panchagavya (4 The macro and micro nutrient content of x 103 cfu/ml) followed by Jeevumrutha (2 x Panchagavya, Jeevumrutha and Sasyamrutha 103 cfu/ml) and Sasyamrutha (6 x 102 cfu/ml). are presented in Table 4. Panchagavya had E coli was highest in Panchagavya (9 x 105 highest content of N (2366 ppm) followed by cfu/ml) followed by Sasyamrutha (12 x 103 Sasyamrutha (742 ppm) and Jeevumrutha cfu/ml) and Jeevumrutha (5 x 102 cfu/ml). (658 ppm). Highest content of P was recorded Highest count of Azospirilum was found in in Jeevumrutha (195 ppm) followed by Jeevumrutha (8 x 103 cfu/ml) followed by Panchagavya (187 ppm) and Sasyamrutha (96 Sasyamrutha (3 x 102 cfu/ml) and ppm). K content was highest in Panchagavya Panchagavya (2 x 102 cfu/ml). Jeevumrutha (1354 ppm) followed by Jeevumrutha (821 had highest Azotobacter count (15 x 106 ppm) and Sasyamrutha (323 ppm). Highest cfu/ml) followed by Sasyamrutha (10 x 104 content of Ca was found in Sasyamrutha (194 cfu/ml) and Panchagavya (2 x 104 cfu/ml). P mg/l) followed by Jeevumrutha (189 mg/l) solubilizers were highest in Sasyamrutha (14 and Panchagavya (152 mg/l). Panchagavya x 105 cfu/ml) followed by Panchagavya (9 x had highest content of Mg (48 mg/l) followed 105 cfu/ml) and Jeevumrutha (3 x 104 cfu/ml). by Sasyamrutha (34 mg/l) and Jeevumrutha K solubilizers were absent in Jeevumrutha, (19 mg/l). S content was highest in they are highest in Panchagavya (4 x 103 Jeevumrutha (564 mg/l) followed by cfu/ml) followed by Sasyamrutha (4 x 102 Sasyamrutha (503 mg/l) and Panchagavya cfu/ml). Pseudomonas population was highest (485 mg/l). Highest Fe content was noticed in in Jeevumrutha (11 x 105 cfu/ml) followed by Jeevumrutha (42.44 mg/l) followed by Panchagavya (6 x 105 cfu/ml) and Sasyamrutha (14.47 mg/l) and Panchagavya Sasyamrutha (5 x 105 cfu/ml). Rhizobium (9.17 mg/l), Jeevumrutha had highest content population was highest in Jeevumrutha (7 x of Mn (0.394 mg/l), followed by Panchagavya 106 cfu/ml) followed by Sasyamrutha (8 x 104 (0.287 mg/l) and Sasyamrutha (0.238 mg/l). cfu/ml) and Panchagavya (6 x 104 cfu/ml).

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Ram et al., (2017) and Parvathi and microbes, E. coli, Rhizobium, Azotobacter Ushakumari (2017) also noticed bacteria, and Azospirilum in Panchagavya and fungi, Actinomycetes, Pseudomonas, P Jeevumrutha. solubilising microbes, K solubilising

Table.1 Physical and chemical properties of Panchagavya, Jeevumrutha and Sasyamrutha

Sl. No. Parameters Methods Reference 1 Colour Visual evaluation 2 Odour Sensory evaluation 3 pH pH meter method Jackson (1973) 4 EC Conductivity meter method Jackson (1973) 5 Organic carbon Walkley and Black wet digestion Walkley and Black (1934) 6 Total Nitrogen Microkjeldhal method Jackson (1973) 7 Total Phosphorus Nitric-Perchloric (9:4) digestion and colorimetry Jackson (1973) using vanado-molybdo phosphoric yellow colour method 28 Total Potassium Nitric-perchloric (9:4) digestion and flame Jackson (1973) photometry 9 Total Calcium Nitric-perchloric (9:4) digestion and AAS Jackson (1973) 10 Total Magnesium Nitric-perchloric (9:4) digestion and AAS Jackson (1973) 11 Total Sulphur Nitric-perchloric (9:4) digestion and Turbidimetry Massoumi and Cornfield(1963) 12 Total Micronutrients Nitric-perchloric(9:4) digestion and AAS Jackson (1973) Fe, Mn, Zn ,Cu

Table.2 Biochemical and biological properties of Panchagavya, Jeevumrutha and Sasyamrutha

Sl. No. Parameters Methods Reference 1 Ascorbic Acid content Titrimetric method Sadasivram and Manickam (1996) 2 Indole Acetic Acid Spectrophotometric method Ahmad et al., (2005) 3 Gibberelic Acid Spectrophotometric method Cho et al., (1979) 4 Cytokinin Bioassay Letham (1971) 5 Bacteria Nutrient Agar medium Atlas and Parks (1993) 6 Fungi Martin‟s rose Bengal Agar Martin (1950) 7 Actinomycetes Ken knight‟s Agar medium Cappuccino and Sheman (1996) 8 E.coli Eosin methylene blue Levine (1918) 9 Azospirilum Nitrogen free Bromothymol blue medium Dobereiner et al.,(1976) 10 Azotobacter Jensen‟s medium Jensen (1942) 11 P solubilizers Pikovskaya‟s mediam Sundaran and Sinha (1963) 12 K solubilizers Aleksandrov Agar medium Sugumara and Janartham (2007) 13 Pseudomonas sp. King‟s B Agar medium King et al., (1954) 14 Rhizobium Yeast extract Mannitol Agar with Congo Fred et al., (1932) red

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Table.3 Physical and physic-chemical parameters of Panchagavya, Jeevumrutha and Sasyamrutha

Parameters Panchagavya Jeevumrutha Sasyamutha Colour Light brown Moderate green Green Odour Fruity smell Mild foul smell Leafy pH 5.32 8.24 8.05 EC (dS/m) 11.02 1.44 6.56 OC (%) 0.861 0.098 0.247

Table.4 Macro and micro nutrient content of Panchagavya, Jeevumrutha and Sasyamrutha

Parameters Panchagavya Jeevumrutha Sasyamrutha N (ppm) 2366 658 742 P (ppm) 187 195 96 K (ppm) 1354 821 323 Ca (mg/l) 152 189 194 Mg (mg/l) 48 19 34 S (mg/l) 485 564 503 Fe (mg/l) 9.17 42.44 14.47 Mn (mg/l) 0.287 0.394 0.238 Zn (mg/l) 0.268 1.56 0.249 Cu (mg/l) 2.18 2.44 2.36

Table.5 Microbial population of Panchagavya, Jeevumrutha and Sasyamrutha

Parameters Panchagavya Jeevumrutha Sasyamrutha Bacteria (cfu/ml) 12 x 104 14 x 105 9 x 104 Fungi (cfu/ml) 9 x 103 17 x 103 13 x 103 Actinomycetes (cfu/ml) 4 x 103 2 x 103 6 x 102 E.coli (cfu/ml) 9 x 105 5 x 102 12 x 103 Azospirilum (cfu/ml) 2 x 102 8 x 103 3 x 102 Azotobacter (cfu/ml) 2 x 104 15 x 106 10 x 104 P solubilizers (cfu/ml) 9 x 105 3 x 104 14 x 105 K solubilizers (cfu/ml) 4 x 103 0 4 x 102 Pseudomonus (cfu/ml) 6 x 105 11 x 105 5 x 105 Rhizobium (cfu/ml) 6 x 104 7 x 106 8 x 104

Table.6 Biochemical parameters of Panchagavya, Jeevumrutha and Sasyamrutha

Parameters Panchagavya Jeevumrutha Sasyamrutha IAA (µg/ml) 4.45 6.02 3.87 GA (µg/ml) 26.76 36.22 30.00 Cytokinin (µg/ml) 3.12 2.86 2.48 AscorbicAcid(µg/ml) 13.00 12.94 16.24

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The biochemical constituents of Panchagavya, Coochbehar, West Bengal for their help and Jeevumrutha and Sasyamrutha are written in guidance during the period of analysis. My Table 6. Jeevumrutha recorded highest value special thanks to Saddam da, Salim da, Amar of IAA (6.02 µg/ml) followed by da, for their cooperation during laboratory Panchagavya (4.45 µg/ml) and Sasyamrutha work. (3.87 µg/ml). Highest amount of GA was recorded in Jeevumrutha (36.22 µg/ml), References followed by Sasyamrutha (30.00 µg/ml) and Panchagavya (26.76 µg/ml). Cytokinin Ahmad, F., Ahmad,I. and Khan, M.S. 2005. content was highest in Panchagavya (3.12 Indole acetic acid production by µg/ml) followed by Jeevumrutha (2.86 µg/ml) indigenous isolates of Azotobacter and and Sasyamrutha (2.48 µg/ml). Ascorbic acid fluorescent Pseudomonas in the was highest in Sasyamrutha (16.24) followed presence and absence of tryptophan. by Panchagavya (13.00 µg/ml) and Turkish Journal of Biology, vol. 29, pp. Jeevumrutha (12.94 µg/ml). Parvathi and 29-34. Ushakumari (2017), Dhanoji et al., (2018) Atlas, R. M. and Parks, L. C. 1993. Handbook also observed IAA, GA, Cytokinin and of microbiological media, CRC Press, Ascorbic Acid in Panchagava and Inc. London, 529p. Jeevumrutha. Borle, F., Sieber, R. and Bosset, J. O. 2001. Photo-oxidation and photoprotection of The study concludes that Panchagavya, foods with particular reference to dairy Jeevumrutha and Sasyamrutha have good products: An update of review article potential as manure to improve the physical, (1993-2000) Sci. Aliments. 21:571–590. chemical and biological properties of soil. Broadbent, F. E., Hill, G, N. and Tyler, K. B. This will directly help to increase the 1964. Transformation and movement of productivity of soil in long run and produce urea in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. chemical residue free healthy crops. The 22: 303-307. ingredients needed to prepare these organic Cappuccino and Sheman. 1996. Microbiology solutions are highly available and require very – A laboratory manual (4th edn.), The less investment. So using them instead of Benjamin/ Cummings Publishing chemical fertilizers and pesticides are highly Company Inc., 213p. cost effective for the farmers. Among these Cho, K.Y., Sakurai, A and Kamiya, Y. 1979. organic solutions Jeevumrutha recorded Effects of the new plant growth highest values in most of the parameters. retardants of quaternary ammonium Proper use of these solutions in crop field will iodides on gibberellin biosynthesis in definitely increase the crop yield by supplying Gibberella fujikuroi. Plant Cell Physiol. all the essential nutrients, growth promoters 20: 25- 81. and bio-control agents. Chu and Jennifer. 2018. "MIT News". The mathematics of leaf decay. MIT News Acknowledgement Office. Dhama, K., Rathore, R., Chauhan, R. S. and I express my gratitude to Dr. Sekhar Tomar, S. 2005. Panchagavya Bandhopadhyay, Associate Professor, Dept. (Cowpathy): An Overview. of Plant Pathology, Dr. Abhas Kumar Sinha, International Journal of Cow Science, Associate Professor, Dept. of Soil Science 1(1): 1-15. and Agricultural Chemistry, UBKV, Dhanoji, M. M., Meena, M. K. and Naik, M.

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How to cite this article:

Bishal Chakraborty and Indrajit Sarkar. 2019. Quality Analysis and Characterization of Panchagavya, Jeevumrutha and Sasyamrutha. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(05): 2018-2026. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.805.234

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