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1 Advisory on On-Site and Decentralized Composting of Municipal Organic Waste Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban Advisory on On-Site and Decentralized Composting of Municipal Organic Waste Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO) MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN AFFAIRS June 2018 Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban Advisory on On-Site and Decentralized Composting of Municipal Organic Waste Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO) MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN AFFAIRS www.mohua.gov.in June 2018 DISCLAIMER While utmost care has been taken in collecting the details of case studies and information given in this Advisory, it is made clear that any one desiring to replicate these processes/treatment methods shall make diligent enquiry on their suitability for specific requirement and usage. Ministry assumes no liability regarding the completeness, accuracy or adequacy of any process/treatment method mentioned, or for any loss which might arise out of adopting these for on-site and decentralised waste processing. Advisory on On-Site and Decentralized Composting of Municipal Organic Waste MESSAGE FROM HON’BLE MINISTER OF STATE (INDEPENDENT CHARGE) HARDEEP S PURI Hon’ble Minister of State (Independent Charge) Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs Advisory on On-Site and Decentralized Composting of Municipal Organic Waste FOREWORD FROM SECRETARY- HOUSING AND URBAN AFFAIRS DURGA SHANKER MISHRA In order to reduce the burden of unscientific handling of large volumes of Municipal Secretary Solid Waste, the ULBs need to shift their focus from centralised ‘single stream’ collection and ‘dump/Landfill disposal’ system to ‘multiple stream’ collection Ministry of Housing and scientific onsite/decentralised ‘processing’ system. Based on the stream of & Urban Affairs waste and its generation, the appropriate method of treatment/technology and the scale of treatment units (community/Ward/Division/Zone/City level) have to be selected and implemented. Organic or biodegradable waste, unlike the inorganic or non-biodegradable waste can primarily be treated at onsite or decentralised waste treatment facilities at lesser cost and more efficiently. The Solid Waste Management (SWM) Rules 2016 published by Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, emphasise on the adoption of decentralised waste management systems. This advisory is brought out for enabling implementation of Solid Waste Management Rules 2016, to promote onsite and decentralised organic solid waste treatment systems in the Country. It covers about 32 such onsite and decentralised technologies currently implemented successfully. The advisory has been prepared as user friendly and practical, as far as possible, duly incorporating the user’s feedbacks and contact information for all the technologies listed. The motto of this advisory is to bring about disruptive change in the current system of end of the chain waste treatment and make the onsite & decentralised organic solid waste treatment systems more common and adaptable. The described onsite and decentralised organic waste treatment methods may be used as references for the selection of the suitable method/practice by various stakeholders for managing their solid waste at source itself or as close to source as possible. I hope that this advisory will encourage various stakeholders of solid waste management to actively adopt the onsite and decentralised organic solid waste treatment technologies and reduce the amount of biodegradable waste from contaminating other waste and also from reaching the landfill or any other disposal facilities. List of Abbreviations ADS - Air Density Separator BIS - Bureau of Indian Standards BOD – Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand DAP – Diammonium phosphate CFL - Compact Fluorescent Lamp C:N ratio (or) C/N - Carbon to Nitrogen ratio CPHEEO – Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization FAS - Free Air Space FCO - Fertiliser Control Order GHG – Green House Gases HDPE - High-density polyethylene HH – Households ISWM - Integrated Solid Waste Management MRF - Material Recovery Facility MSW - Municipal Solid Waste O & M- Operation and Maintenance RPM- Rotations per Minute SBM - Swachh Bharat Mission STP - Sewage Treatment Plant SWM - Solid Waste Management Tbsp – Table spoon TPD - Tonnes per Day VFA - Volatile Fatty Acids VOC - volatile organic compounds Advisory on On-Site and Decentralized Composting of Municipal Organic Waste Contents Message from the Minister Foreword 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Solid Waste Management 1 1.2 3R Approach for Waste Minimization 1 1.3 Waste Generator Types 2 1.4 Waste Streams 3 1.5 Methods of Treating Municipal Organic Solid Waste 3 1.6 Factors Affecting Composting 5 1.7 Speeding up Composting 7 1.8 Compost Quality Standards for Sale of Compost 8 1.9 About the Advisory 10 1.10 Advantages of On-site and Decentralized Composting 10 1.11 Suitability of Technology 10 2. Waste to Compost systems 13 2.1 Waste to Compost systems for Individual Households, Small Communities, Apartments etc. up to 10 Households 14 2.2 Waste to Compost systems for Medium Sized Communities, Apartments, RWAs - for 11 – 300 Households; medium sized Offices, medium Hotels, Resorts, medium Schools, Canteens, Marriage Halls 31 2.3 Waste to Compost systems for large Communities, Apartments, RWAs, high rise buildings for 301 – 1000 Households; Large Offices, Large Hotels, Large Schools 51 Advisory on On-Site and Decentralized Composting of Municipal Organic Waste 2.4 Waste to Compost systems for Decentralized plants for more than 1000 Households operated by ULBs / Institutions / Outsourced agencies 57 2.5 Nirmalaya 64 End Note 68 Appendices I. Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016 - SCHEDULE I 70 II. Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016 - SCHEDULE I 74 III. Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016 - SCHEDULE II 78 IV. Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016 - SCHEDULE III 85 V. List of Technology and Service Providers in Onsite and Decentralized Solid Waste Management 98 Bibliography 103 1 Advisory on On-Site and Decentralized Composting of Municipal Organic Waste 1. Introduction 1.1 Solid Waste Management economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is the trash or garbage other environmental considerations. that is discarded in day to day activities in a human settlement. The Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 The Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) state: system is based on the waste management hierarchy (see figure below), with the aim to reduce the amount Solid waste means and includes solid or semi-solid of waste being disposed, while maximizing resource domestic waste including sanitary waste, commercial recovery and efficiency. waste, institutional waste, catering and market waste and other non-residential wastes, street sweepings, 1.2 3R Approach for Waste Minimization silt removed or collected from the surface drains, The 3R Approach is aimed at optimising Municipal Solid horticulture waste, construction and demolition waste Waste (MSW) management in all the waste-generating- and treated biomedical waste excluding industrial cum-waste management activities, involving all the hazardous waste, biomedical waste and e-waste stakeholders (waste generators, service providers, generated in an area under urban local body. informal sector, regulators, government, and community or neighbourhoods). The adoption of 3R minimizes Solid Waste Management (SWM) is the science the waste being handled by the ULB and reduces the associated with the management of solid waste using public health & environmental risks associated with it. the best principles and practices of public health, MOST PREFERRED AT SOURCE Waste minimisation and sustainable use or multi use of products (e.g. REDUCTION Reuse of carry bags or packaging jars) AND REUSE RECYCLING Processing non-biodegradable waste to recover Recycling commercially valuable materials (e.g. Plastic, paper, metal, glass, e-waste recycling) COMPOSTING Processing biodegradable waste to recover compost (e.g. Windrow composting, in-vessel composting, vermi composting) WASTE TO Recovering energy before final disposal of waste (e.g. RDF, ENERGY biomethanation, co-processing of combustible non-biodegradable dry fraction of MSW, incineration) LANDFILLS Safe disposal of inert residual waste at sanitary landfills after recycling LEAST and reuse to the maximum extent possible. PREFERRED 2 Advisory on On-Site and Decentralized Composting of Municipal Organic Waste Reduce Institutional The concept of reducing waste generated by reducing Waste generated from Schools, Colleges, Hospitals, consumption is essential to waste management Hotels and Restaurants, Markets selling vegetables, hierarchy. The logic behind it is simple to understand – fruits, fish/meat etc., Community Halls, Religious if there is less of waste generated, then there is less to places, Function areas etc. recycle, reuse or to manage. The process of reducing begins with an examination of what is being used, Industrial/Trade what it is used for and how much it can be reduced. Waste generated from manufacturing and material It also involves modification of process and packaging; processing activities. substitution; minimization and elimination. Construction & Demolition Waste Reuse Waste comprising of building materials, debris and The reuse of items (for multiple times) or re-purposing rubble resulting
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