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Urban Farming-Emerging Trends and Scope 709-717 Maneesha S

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ISSN 2394-1227 Volume– 6 Issue - 11 November - 2019 Pages - 130 Emerging trends and scope Indian Farmer A Monthly Magazine Volume: 6, Issue-11 November-2019 Sr. No. Full length Articles Page Editorial Board 1 Eutrophication- a threat to aquatic ecosystem 697-701 V. Kasthuri Thilagam and S. Manivannan 2 Synthetic seed technology 702-705 Sridevi Ramamurthy Editor In Chief 3 Hydrogel absorbents in farming: Advanced way of conserving soil moisture 706-708 Rakesh S, Ravinder J and Sinha A K Dr. V.B. Dongre, Ph.D. 4 Urban farming-emerging trends and scope 709-717 Maneesha S. R., G. B. Sreekanth, S. Rajkumar and E. B. Chakurkar Editor 5 Electro-ejaculation: A method of semen collection in Livestock 718-723 Jyotimala Sahu, PrasannaPal, Aayush Yadav and Rajneesh 6 Drudgery of Women in Agriculture 724-726 Dr. A.R. Ahlawat, Ph.D. Jaya Sinha and Mohit Sharma 7 Laboratory Animals Management: An Overview 727-737 Members Jyotimala Sahu, Aayush Yadav, Anupam Soni, Ashutosh Dubey, Prasanna Pal and M.D. Bobade 8 Goat kid pneumonia: Causes and risk factors in tropical climate in West Bengal 738-743 Dr. Alka Singh, Ph.D. D. Mondal Dr. K. L. Mathew, Ph.D. 9 Preservation and Shelf Life Enhancement of Fruits and Vegetables 744-748 Dr. Mrs. Santosh, Ph.D. Sheshrao Kautkar and Rehana Raj Dr. R. K. Kalaria, Ph.D. 10 Agroforestry as an option for mitigating the impact of climate change 749-752 Nikhil Raghuvanshi and Vikash Kumar 11 Beehive Briquette for maintaining desired microclimate in Goat Shelters 753-756 Subject Editors Arvind Kumar, Mohd. Arif, Ravindra Kumar, and N Ramachandran 12 An Overview on Nutritional Deficiencies in Swine Production 757-760 Jyotimala Sahu and Aayush Yadav Agriculture 13 Nutritional Practices of Laboratory Animals 761-766 Dr. R. S. Tomar, Ph.D Aayush Yadav, Ashutosh Dubey, Rajkumar Gadpayle,AnupamSoni, SudheerBhagat, UpasanaVerma, SandhyaKashyap and Kiran Kashyap Veterinary Science 14 Biofortified wheat: food security along with nutritional quality 767-769 Dr. P. SenthilKumar, Ph.D. Suresh, Antim and Ashish 15 Farmer field school on improved animal husbandry practices: a report 770-774 Home Science Dr. S. Senthilkumar Dr. Mrs. Surabhi Singh, Ph.D. 16 Seaweed – An Alternative Source of Plants Nutrients in Agriculture 775-779 Ankita Begam and Dulal Chandra Roy Horticulture 17 Nabothian cyst in animals and humans-a review 780-786 Thangamani A, B. Chandra Prasad and Manda Srinivas Dr. S. Ramesh Kumar, Ph.D 18 Toxicity of Common Toxic Plants and Poisoning in Farm Animals 787-794 I. Subhedar and S. Umap 19 Anthocyanin pigments role in plants and its health benefits 795-801 S.Sheelamary and Sujayanand G.K 20 Sustainable disposal of livestock waste for ecofriendly environment for forthcoming gen- 802-806 erations Suresh.C and Sujatha.V 21 Salt Production-Major Livelihood Security of Farmer’s in Coastal Odisha 807-811 R. Srinivasan, Rajendra Hegde and M. Chandrakala 22 Toxicological aspects of common plant poisoning in ruminants 812-822 Haritha C. V., Khan Sharun, Manjusha K. M. and Amitha Banu S. 23 Lethal genes types and classification 823-827 Savalia, K. B., Ahlawat, A.R., Verma, A.D., Odedra,M. D and Dodiya P.G. (Note: ‘Indian Farmer’ may not necessarily subscribe to the views expressed in the articles published herein. The views are expressed by authors, editorial board does not take any responsibility of the content of the articles) Indian Farmer 6(11):697-701; November-2019 Thilagam and Manivannan Eutrophication- a threat to aquatic ecosystem V. Kasthuri Thilagam1 and S. Manivannan2 1Scientist, 2Principal Scientist ICAR – Indian Institute of Soil & Water Conservation, Regional Centre, Udhagamandalam –643004, Tamil Nadu *Corresponding Author: [email protected] ater pollution is now becoming one of the most challenging environmental threats in the world. Nutrient enrichment in water bodies due to natural and W anthropogenic practices are the major causeof water pollution. This process of nutrient accumulation or enrichment in water bodies is called Eutrophication.The word ‘eutrophic’ comes from the Greek word “Eutrophos” meaning well-nourished. This nutrient enrichment will results in excessive growth of algae or cyanobacteriae, and aquatic plants whichcreatesevere problems in the aquatic ecosystem. Phosphorus and nitrogen are the major nutrient which are responsible for aquatic plant and algae growth.These nutrients also supports the native aquatic life when they are in optimum. However, an over-abundance of these nutrients can over-stimulate plant and algae growth such that they create water quality problems. Fig 1: Water body infected with the plants 697 | P a g e Indian Farmer 6(11):697-701; November-2019 Thilagam and Manivannan SOURCES OF NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT: Untreated industrial wastes and the domestic sewage are the major sources of nutrient enrichment from the urban areas. Indiscriminate use of chemical inputs for agriculture, soil erosion and runoff also responsible for the nutrient overload in the water bodies. Green Revolution in agriculture has introduced many high yielding varieties which requires higher amount of nutrients forincreased agricultural production. Hence the usage of chemical inputs particularly chemical fertilisers has increased many folds. The excess chemicals left in the soil will be carried along with water and soil during the process of soil erosion and deposited in the water bodies which eventually increases the nutrient concentration of the water bodies. EUTROPHICATION PROCESSES There are two kinds of eutrophication processes one is natural and another one is anthropogenic process. Natural eutrophication: This process depends only on the natural factors like local and natural features of the area. Over centuries, the nutrients and organic materials will built-up in the water bodies due to excess soil erosion and runoff and they are able to support more living organisms, including algae and other water living plants. The length of this process depends on the characteristics of the catchment area of the waterbody, topography and other climatic factors. Anthropogenic or Cultural eutrophication: This process is mainly associated with human activities which accelerate the eutrophication process (e.g. domestic and industrial sewage water, application of more quantity of fertilizers to the agricultural fields). Human-caused increase in biological productivity of aquatic ecosystem also referred as cultural eutrophication. It is also reported that aapproximately 15% of the Indian population contributes phosphorus- containing wastewater effluents to rivers and lakes, resulting in eutrophication.Phosphorus is the nutrient that can stimulate the algae growth in water bodies. Soil erosion caused by the mismanagement of lands, urbanization, deforestation and agriculture without proper soil conservation measures in sloppy lands. Trophic status of the water body: By assessing the ‘Trophic status’ of the water body we can know the level of eutrophication and water pollution. The total amounts of phosphorus and nitrogen, chlorophyll a and water transparency are usedas key-parameters in the detection of changes in an aquatic environment due to eutrophication. The following terms are used to describe the trophic status [Walmsley, 2000]. Oligotrophic -Nutrient concentrations will be very low to support aquatic animal and plant life. Mesotrophic - Nutrient concentrations in intermediate levels, fairly productive in terms of aquatic animal and plant life and showing emerging signs of water quality problems. 698 | P a g e Indian Farmer 6(11):697-701; November-2019 Thilagam and Manivannan Eutrophic -Rich in nutrients, very productive in terms of aquatic animal and plant life and showing increasing signs of water quality problems. Hypertrophic -Nutrient concentrations will be very high, the plant growth is determined by physical factors. In this condition water quality problems will be serious and almost continuous. Table 1.The amount of total N and P in various eutrophicated water bodies S.No Eutrophic status TP (µg/L) TN (µg/L) TNI 1 Oligotropic 5-10 250~600 0~30 2 Mesotrophic 10-30 500~1100 31~60 3 Eutrophic 30-100 1000~2000 61~100 4 Hypereutropic >100 >2000 >100 (Source :Xiao-e YANG et al.,2008) TN: Total nitrogen; TP: Total phosphorus, TNI: Total nutrient status index THE CAUSESOF EUTROPHICATION Point sources:Point sources are definitive, localized sources of nutrients and sedimentary pollution. Here the sources of nutrients are very close and they directly flows in to the water body eg: Waste water from industries, municipalities and Aquaculture. Non point source / Diffuse sources:Nonpoint sources are diffuse sources of nutrients and sedimentary pollution. A primary nonpoint source of eutrophication includes runoff from domestic areas,Agriculture, forestry, Atmospheric deposition and Natural background load. SOIL EROSION AND NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT Though soil erosion is a natural process but intensity of erosion in agricultural land is many times higher than the natural conditions, and are often much higher than rates of soil formation (Edwards, 1988). Soil erosion neither caused by natural agents or induced by the anthropogenic activities will cause both on-site and off-site effects which are dangerous to all living things in the earth. 1. On-site effects like loss of fertile top soil which in turn leads to reduction of crop productivity. 2. Off-Site effects like increased siltation in the water bodies that reduces the storage capacity of the water bodies. Along with the sediment soil nutrients also deposited
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