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Crop Production Guide) Organic Farming (Crop Production Guide) Editors N. Ravisankar A.S. Panwar Kamta Prasad Vipin Kumar S. Bhaskar Network Project on Organic Farming ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research Modipuram, Meerut- 250 110 (Uttar Pradesh) www.iifsr.res.in Organic Farming Crop Production Guide NPOF, ICAR-IIFSR, Modipuram Citation: Ravisankar, N., A.S. Panwar, Kamta Prasad, Vipin Kumar and S. Bhaskar. 2017. Organic Farming Crop Production Guide, Network Project on Organic Farming, ICAR- Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research, Modipuram, Meerut-250 110, Uttar Pradesh, India. p. 586. ISBN No. 978-81-928993-3-6 Edited and compiled by N. Ravisankar, A.S. Panwar, Kamta Prasad, Vipin Kumar and S. Bhaskar Concept, layout and graphics N. Ravisankar, Principal Scientist and National PI, NPOF Kamta Prasad, Former Principal Scientist Technical Assistance Vipin Kumar, CTO (NPOF) Cover design and maps Shri Manoj Kumar, RA, CU Published by Director ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research Modipuram, Meerut-250 110, Uttar Pradesh, India © Director, ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research, Modipuram, Meerut-250 110, Uttar Pradesh, India Printed at M/s Yugantar Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., WH-23 Mayapuri Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi-64 Phones: 011-28115949, 28116018; Mobile: 09811349619, 09953134595 ii Organic Farming Crop Production Guide NPOF, ICAR-IIFSR, Modipuram f=ykspu egkik=] ih,p-Mh- Hkkjr ljdkj ,Q-,u-,] ,Q-,u-,-,llh-] ,Q-,u-,-,-,l- Ñf"k vuqla/kku vkSj f’k{kk foHkkx ,oa lfpo ,oa egkfuns’kd Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn Trilochan Mohapatra, Ph.D. Ñf"k ,oa fdlku dY;k.k ea=ky;] Ñf"k Hkou] FNA, FNASc, FNAAS Secretary & Director General ubZ fnYyh 110 001 Government of India Department of Agricultural Research & Education and Indian Council of Agricultural Research Minsitry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi-110 001 Tel.: 23382629; 23386711 Fax: 91-11-23384773 E-mail: [email protected] FOREWORD Organic agriculture is practiced in 170 countries with total area of 78 million ha (both in the form of cultivated and wild harvest). Emerging from 42,000 ha under certified organic farming in 2003-04, the organic agriculture has grown many folds and by 2014-15, India has brought 4.89 m ha area under organic certification process. Out of this, cultivated area accounts for 1.18 m ha (24.1 %) while remaining 3.71 m ha (75.9 %) is wild forest harvest collection area. Currently, India ranks 10th among the top ten countries having the cultivable land under organic certification. Around 6.50 lakhs organic producers are engaged in the country in various forms. India being a country with different agro-climatic zones, each state produces its own specialty products with differential management practices. Integrated approach of crop management – including integrated nutrient management and inter/mixed cropping – is also considered as “towards organic” approach; and at the same time has been found to increase the use efficiency of all costly inputs especially fertilizers and water, it would be appropriate to adopt it in the food bowl areas contributing major share to the food basket. This approach will also contribute to ‘more crop per drop and less land, less resource/ time and more production’ strategies of the government. Different parts of India have developed their own local or regional systems for ecological agriculture that are now gathered in one umbrella term ‘Jaivik Krishi’ or ‘Jaivik Kheti’. India has a sizable cropped area in different states, which is more prone to weather vagaries; especially those located in rainfed, dryland and hilly areas. Increasing the agricultural productivity and income of the farmers as well as sustaining soil resource in these agricultural iii Organic Farming Crop Production Guide NPOF, ICAR-IIFSR, Modipuram systems has always been a challenging task for researchers and policy planners. Use of fertilizers and pesticides is minimal and much below the national average in these areas. At first instance, these are the areas which need to be targeted for organic production by devising proper strategies and identifying niche crops (crops which yield higher under organic production systems and have adequate market demand). Government of India has promoted organic agriculture through various developmental programmes and schemes which includes National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP), National Project on Organic Farming (NPOF), National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) and Paramparaghat KrishiVikasYojana (PKVY). Considering the importance of Organic Farming, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) launched Network Project on Organic Farming during 2004 with 13 centres covering 12 states to study the changes in crop productivity and soil health and also to develop scientific package of practices for organic production of crops in cropping/farming systems perspective.The results of the study clearly indicates that adoption of scientific organic farming practices are essential to keep the crop productivity at comparable or higher level and these practices needs to be adopted in the developmental schemes. I congratulate the editors for bringing out the publication on “Organic Farming Crop Production Guide” having scientific package of practices for organic production of crops in cropping/farming systems perspective. I hope that the book will be highly useful for all the stake holders involved in organic farming. (T. Mohapatra) iv Organic Farming Crop Production Guide NPOF, ICAR-IIFSR, Modipuram PREFACE Backed by continued science led technological innovations in the agriculture sector, India’s food grain production has more than doubled over the decades to a record 264 mt in 2014. The country has 11.3 % of world arable landwith one-fourth of the world population depending on agriculture living in India. Inspite of technological advancements, the lower productivity prevails in paddy, maize, pulses and soybean to the extent of 18 to 53 % compared to world average productivity which is mainly attributed to large dependency on rainfall and other climatic conditions for good yield. The irrigated area produces about 56% of total food requirement of India. The remaining 44% of the total food production is supported by rainfed agriculture. Most of the essential commodities such as coarse cereals (90%), pulses (87%), and oil seeds (74%) are produced from the rainfed agriculture. These statistics emphasise that rainfed regions play a major role in ensuring food for the ever-growing population. The rainfed regions are predominantly marked by low cropping intensity, relatively low organic matter status, poor soil physical health and low fertility. Further, moisture stress accompanied by other soil related constraints also results in low productivity of crops. As per FAO definition, food security is not only the ability to produce but also to access food. According to the data put out by international agencies, 70 % of world’s food is produced by small holders and 30 % by the agri-business sector. A report by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), found that organic agriculture is more conducive to food security and is more sustainable in the long term. There are two significant areas where organic systems have higher yields than conventional systems. These are under conditions of climate extremes and in small holder systems. Both these areas are critical to achieving safe food security for future in India. Organic farmers grow a variety of crops and livestock in order to optimize competition for nutrients. This results in less chance of low production, improved availability and positively impact local food security. Studies by national and international agencies have proved the three different aspectsin organic agriculture systems. They are 1. organic systems may decrease yields depending on intensity of inorganic inputs used before conversion; 2. In irrigated lands, conversion to organic agriculture may lead to almost identical yields over a period of time and 3. In low- input, traditional/rainfed agriculture, conversion to organic agriculture has potential to increase yields.Hence, having 53.6 % area under rainfed and rainfall extremes in various parts of the country, promotion of organic agriculture in niche areas and crops is essential for having safe food security in future. Organic farming systems are very much native to Indian Agriculture. Traditionally, precisely before dawn of the green revolution, crops and livestock have been reared together in all the farm households. And, as of now also, in more than 85% of the farm-households field crops + livestock farming system is prevailing. The total factor productivity (TFP) growth score prepared by National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research v Organic Farming Crop Production Guide NPOF, ICAR-IIFSR, Modipuram has revealed that technology-driven growth has been highest in Punjab and lowest in Himachal Pradesh. It implies that some of the states like Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand and north-eastern region of India have not been influenced much by the modern inputs of agriculture like chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Moreover, despite all technological advancements, the nutrient use efficiency is on lower side (33% for N, 15% for P and 20% for K and micronutrients). On the other hand it has been proved scientifically and convincingly that integrated use of organic manures with chemical fertilizers
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