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Home , Tertiary color, Tints and shades

This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

292 Part 4 The Inside Story Chapter 11 Using Effectively 293 CHAPTER 11 Using Color Effectively

Terms to Learn Chapter Objectives color After studying this chapter, you will be color spectrum able to • analyze the psychological impact primary and meaning of different colors. secondary colors • tertiary colors summarize how color influences human behavior. value • analyze and describe the tint relationships between colors on the shade color wheel. tone • evaluate the use of color harmonies intensity in planning interior designs. complement warm colors Reading with Purpose cool colors On a separate sheet of paper, write down the main headings color harmony from this chapter. Leave space for note-taking under harmony each heading. As you read the chapter, write down three complementary color harmony key points you learn from each section. Then answer the split-complementary color harmony following: How does this information relate to what I already double-complementary color harmony know about color? analogous color harmony triadic color harmony neutral color harmonies

Calico Corners—Calico Home Stores This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

294 Part 4 The Inside Story Chapter 11 Using Color Effectively 295

In the previous chapter, you learned Although there is no single specific system about the elements of design—line, for identifying ways all people respond to LINK TO SOCIAL STUDIES & CULTURE form, space, mass, and texture. In this color, some of the effects for each of the chapter, you will learn about another following colors may include: I • at Work element of design—color. Color is likely is associated with power, danger, Enrich the most important element of design. fire, strength, and passion. It is bold, Color is a vital tool for interior designers because it impacts how people feel. Attend a presentation by an Deciding what color to use is usually aggressive, exciting, and warm. It Vibrant colors, especially oranges and , enliven the seating areas of many fast-food art teacher or local artist who the first decision made when designing demands attention. Red can make discusses and demonstrates restaurants. They tend to stimulate customers’ appetites. a room. It is one of the first things others you feel energetic. However, too much the importance of color in Designers working for clients in various industries use color to achieve other goals. notice about your design. Color sets the red in a room can be overpowering. fine art. Be prepared to ask For example, designers of airplane interiors avoid using large expanses of fast-food mood in a room and leaves a lasting questions. Summarize in one • is hopeful, cheerful, warm, reds and oranges. Their goal is not to stimulate appetites, but to create a relaxing paragraph what you learn. impression with most people. and less aggressive than red. It environment for passengers. Neutrals and muted shades often work well. In hospital Discuss expresses courage and hospitality. It rooms, color is used to create spaces that do not raise anxiety or trigger depression can make a room feel energetic and Do you agree or disagree Understanding Color among ill or injured people. with this sentence from the friendly. Color is an element or property In residential settings, designers often use the color in bedrooms because it first paragraph: Color is • is friendly, happy, and warm. It of . It can help you create certain has a calming and peaceful effect. likely the most important is associated with sympathy, sunlight, element of design. Explain moods in your home by communicat- prosperity, cowardice, and wisdom. your opinion. ing excitement, calmness, mystery, or Yellow rooms are cheerful, light, and • Activity other sensations and emotions. When is fresh, peaceful, and pure. It spectrum. Each distinct color derives airy. However, pure yellow draws you understand the effects of color, you is associated with youth, innocence, from a few basic colors. The Borrow a prism from the attention due to its brightness, so take science department. can use it to make your personal living and faith. White can make rooms in 11-2 is the ideal example in nature of care when using it in large amounts. Experiment with dividing space attractive and satisfying, 11-1. look crisper and livelier. how sunlight can separate into a contin- • uous band of colors, or a spectrum. In the light into its component 11-1 is the color of nature. Conse- People feel most comfortable when colors. The combination The Psychology of Color quently, it is refreshing, friendly, cool, colors in their surroundings reflect case of a rainbow, the raindrops them- of colors used in and peaceful. Additional meanings their personalities. For instance, outgo- selves serve as tiny prisms separating Discuss Each color has certain psychologi- this child’s room include hope, good luck, and envy. ing people might choose bright red or the light. Why do you think a person creates a cheerful cal effects on people and can evoke Green mixes well with other colors and yellow for the main color in a room. The variety of colors possible in feels most comfortable space. certain feelings. Factors that can influ- looks especially good next to white. Shy people might feel awkward in a red nature is virtually limitless. Paint manu- when surrounded by colors Photography Courtesy of ence peoples’ reactions to color include facturers have translated the spectrum that reflect his or her • Blue room. Instead, they might prefer a room Calico Corners—Calico age, gender, culture, and life experiences. is cool, quiet, and reserved. It is into several hundreds of different paint personality? Home Stores that features a soft blue or green. associated with tranquility, serenity, colors, 11-3. and formality. Blue can be soothing When making color decisions for and peaceful. It can be especially your home or the home of a client, pleasing when used with white. consider the preferences of each family However, too much blue in a room member. No single color will satisfy 11-2 can be depressing. everyone. However, the color and design The water droplets of the social area of the home should in a rainbow • is a royal color. It is dignified make all members feel as comfortable separate light into and dramatic. It works well with as possible. Use individual color pref- its many colors. most other colors. erences in personalized sleeping areas • is sophisticated and mysterious. It is and other private work or play spaces. associated with wisdom, evil, and death. Small amounts of black help ground The Color Spectrum a room, or may add a timeless, classic color spectrum elegance. When used in large quantities, The is the full range however, black may be oppressive. of all existing colors. A beam of white light produces spectral colors as it passes through a prism. Although limit- less in number, more than 10 million colors have been identified in the color This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

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The other colors in the middle ring of the color wheel—yellow-green, LINK TO SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY blue-green, blue-violet, red-violet, red- orange, and yellow-orange—are the tertiary colors, or the third level of Visible Light and the colors. Another name for the tertiary Light is a form of energy called electromagnetic radiation. It travels through space colors is intermediate colors. The names as oscillating waves. From crest to trough, these waves range in size from large as a of tertiary colors reflect the names of building to small as a microscopic particle. Wavelength is the distance between the the two colors used to make them—an crests of two adjoining waves. Frequency is the rate at which a wave oscillates or equal mixture of a with fluctuates and is measured in hertz. The chart shows the electromagnetic spectrum a adjacent to it on the arranged according to wavelength and frequency in hertz. As the length of a wave color wheel. Note that their names increases, its frequency decreases. always have the primary color listed Visible Light first. For example, blue-green is correct but not “green-blue.” Name of Radio waves Microwaves Infrared Ultra-violet X-rays Gamma The lightest color on the color wheel wave is yellow and it is always at the top of the Wavelength wheel for that reason. Violet is the dark- (meters) 102 11m1m10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6m10-7m 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 10-12 11-3 est color on the color wheel. It is directly opposite from yellow at the bottom of Visible light makes up a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum and it’s the This fan of only part you can see. Visible light consists of the colors you see in a rainbow—red, different paint The Color Wheel the wheel. orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. These colors form the basis for the color wheel colors represents Color relationships are easy to interior designers use for creating color schemes. a portion of the understand when you learn a few basic Color Characteristics many colors that The spectrum also includes other forms of energy you encounter every day: principles. The standard color wheel Each color has three characteris- exist in nature. infrared, radio waves, microwaves, X-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet rays. Many is the tool used to best illustrate these tics: hue, value, and intensity. Various consumer electronics products utilize the electromagnetic spectrum. Can you identify principles. The color wheel, 11-4, is the tools illustrate these characteristics. a few of them? most commonly used tool to understand For example, the color wheel shows Discuss the basis of all color relationships. It is and some values. Separate scales, made of three concentric rings: an outer, color rendering index What are the dominant such as the (CRI), normal values of others. For instance, instance, burgundy is a shade of red. Reflect middle, and inner ring. The middle colors in the school’s interior show color values more completely as yellow has the lightest normal value Adding black to red creates this shade. Look around the room at the and the sports teams? Why ring of the color wheel consists of three well as color intensity. You will learn of any color in the middle ring of the is a shade of blue and is various colors and note the do you think these colors types of colors: primary, secondary, and array of values of each. more about the color rendering index in wheel. As you move away from yellow created by adding black to blue. Darker were chosen? tertiary. Chapter 17. on the color wheel, the normal values shades require the addition of more Yellow, red, and blue are the primary Discuss Activity of hues become darker. Violet has the black. The outer ring of the color wheel colors. They are the basic colors and Hue How do you create a tint of a darkest normal value. shows the shades. Refer again to the Borrow a palette of paints you cannot create them by mixing other A hue, or color name, is the color in color? How do you create a from the art department. Adding white to a hue makes its color wheel to identify the normal value colors. However, mixing, lightening, or its purest form, with no added black, shade of a color? Notice how they are lighter. The addition of white to a hue of hues, tints, and shades. darkening the primary colors can make gray, or white. It is the one characteris- arranged. Why do you think produces a tint. For instance, is a Adding gray softens the value of a Activity they are in this order? Are all other colors. tic that makes a color unique. It is what tint of red. Adding white to red creates hue, which produces a tone. is a Select a hue. Using tempera all palettes arranged in the Orange, green, and violet are the makes red different from blue and green pink. Adding white to blue creates baby tone of red. Wedgwood blue is a tone paint, create a value, tint, same order? secondary colors. Mixing equal amounts different from yellow. It is the specific, blue, a tint of blue. is a tint of of blue, created by adding gray to blue. shade, and tone of the same of two primary colors produces these individual nature of each color. hue. Vocabulary orange. is a tint of violet. The Note that adding light gray to a hue colors. Orange is a mixture of red and Define hue and value by innermost ring of the color wheel shows causes confusion with a tint. Likewise, yellow. Green is a mixture of yellow and Value using both terms in the the tints. Lighter tints require the addi- adding dark gray to a hue can cause blue. Violet is a mixture of blue and red. The value of a hue is the relative same sentence. tion of more white. confusion with a shade. However, there Look again at the color wheel. Notice or of a hue. The You can make the value of a hue is a difference. Medium grays, of course, each secondary color is located halfway middle ring of the color wheel shows darker by adding black. The addition are the easiest to recognize as tones between the two primary colors used to the normal values of hues. The normal of black to a hue produces a shade. For when mixed with hues. make it. values of some hues are lighter than the This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

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Outer ring = shades of hues Figure 11-5 pictures a value scale. The left hue opposite it on the color wheel. For Discuss Middle ring = normal values of hues column shows the range of tints obtained instance, blue is the complement of by adding greater amounts of white to orange. To lower the intensity of orange, What impact do you think Inner circle = tints of hues color has on attitudes? the blue color. The right column shows you add varying amounts of blue, as Where would you expect to the range of shades obtained by adding shown in 11-6. To lower the intensity see very intense colors? greater amounts of black to the blue. of red, you add small amounts of its complement, green. Examples of high- Art Activity Intensity intensity colors include hot pink and Use tempera paints to Intensity refers to the brightness or fire-engine red. Smoky blue and rust create various intensities of dullness of a hue. The middle ring of are examples of low-intensity colors. a hue with its complement. the color wheel shows the normal inten- Another way to lower the intensity of a Discuss sity of each hue. hue is to add gray, making the color a One way to dull a hue, or lower its tone. How do you make a color less intense? intensity, is to add some of its comple- ment. The complement of a hue is the Neutrals Activity Although neutrals are not really Use tempera paints to colors, they are usually classified as change the intensity of a hue by combining it with a colors when discussing design. Black, neutral pigment. white, and gray are neutrals. Black is the combination of all colors when it exists as a pigment. A pigment is a coloring agent used in paint and printed materi- als. In contrast to black, white used as a pigment has no color. Gray is a combi- nation of . and its are also neutrals. Combining equal amounts of comple- mentary colors forms a brown color. By adding a neutral color to a hue, the value of the hue changes to either a tint or a shade. This makes the hue less intense. With any of these changes, neutralization of the hue occurs. Neutralized hues blend better with other colors.

11-5 11- 6 11- 4 Values for the color blue, ranging from Adding blue to orange reduces the The arrangement in a color wheel provides a basis for all color relationships. tints to shades, are shown on this value intensity of orange, making it a duller scale. color. This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

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Warm and Cool Colors Cool colors are opposite the warm Discuss colors on the color wheel. These include If you wanted a very large Colors can be classified as either blue, green, violet, and the colors near GREEN CHOICES room to feel cozier, what warm or cool. Although the actual them. They are cool colors because they would be a good may be the same through- choice for its walls? Why? remind people of water, grass, and trees. Avoid Greenwashing out an entire home, some rooms may Cool colors are receding colors. They Are “green” products always “green?” Some companies and agencies may be Reflect seem cooler or warmer due to the usage make objects seem smaller and walls less than truthful about the “green” aspects of their products and services. These of certain colors in decorating. seem farther away than they really are. Is there a room in your companies and agencies realize that more consumers are looking for green products school, home, or some Warm colors include yellow, orange, Decorating a small room in cool colors and are easily influenced by terms relating to green features. They may use terms that other place you frequent red, and the colors near them on the can make it appear larger than actuality. mislead consumers and professionals about the “green” features of their products. that always makes you feel color wheel, with red being the warm- Cool colors are quiet and rest- cold? What color is the Some environmental product claims are false while others are misleading. The term est. They are called warm colors because ful. Hospitals often use them to help room? How could a possible for this deceptive way of doing business is greenwashing. change in color help you they remind us of fire and the sun. patients relax and feel calm. They are feel warmer? Warm colors are the advancing colors. also popular for bedrooms. With over- An example of greenwashing involves low- or zero-volatile organic compound Warm-colored objects appear closer to use, however, cool colors may make (VOC) paints. Because they are less toxic to humans and the environment, these Discuss you. Warm-colored walls look closer people feel depressed. paints are catching on quickly with consumers. Several reliable paint suppliers Study the photos of Figure together. For example, a room painted Warm and cool colors create differ- produce these paints. Other companies are putting “green” on the labels, but their 11-7. Why do you think color red, yellow, or orange appears smaller ent moods that make people feel differ- paint may actually be neither low- or zero-VOCs products. makes so much difference than its actual size. ently, 11-7. For example, workers in an Before buying any green products, check a number of Web sites that provide in the feel of temperature in Warm colors attract your attention. a room? office complained their lunchroom information on the validity of products that indicate green features. A few of the Web They can make you feel happy, ener- was always cold. When the employer sites include the following: getic, and full of excitement. Research changed the light blue room to orange, www.greenbiz.com shows the color red actually stimulates the complaints stopped even though the www.edcmag.com the nervous system and can increase temperature never changed. www.greenguard.org 11-7 blood pressure, heartbeats, and breath- By comparing ing rate. Many advertisements use Color Harmonies these two living warm colors to make you notice them. complementary, split-complementary, interest to the color scheme, use accents Discuss Restaurants use warm colors to increase rooms, you can The surest and easiest way to achieve double-complementary, analogous, tri- of neutral colors. Using a monochro- Have you ever bought sense the warmth your appetite. Locker rooms use them success when using color is to follow adic, and neutral. Established color matic color harmony can make a room a product advertised as created by the to generate excitement. Warm colors in one of the standard color harmonies. A harmonies bring colors together in appear larger. It can also unify the “green,” only to find out that use of yellow and homes make household members feel color harmony is a pleasing combination combinations that are very satisfying to furnishings and accessories used in the it wasn’t really “green”? red (A) and the If this happened to you lively and cheerful. An overuse of warm of colors based on their respective posi- the eyes. space. The monochromatic color scheme feeling of coolness colors, however, may make people feel now, what would be your generated by the tions on the color wheel. There are seven is the most restful of all, because it has response? nervous or tense, especially if they are basic color harmonies: monochromatic, Monochromatic Color the least contrast or drama. use of green and full-intensity colors. blue (B). Harmony Reflect Complementary Color What color combinations do A monochromatic color harmony Harmony you wear most often? Why? is the simplest color harmony. It uses a single hue from the standard color Selecting two colors that are directly Enrich wheel. The hue selected for the mono- opposite each other on the standard Attend a presentation by chromatic color harmony in 11-8 is color wheel creates a complementary a paint manufacturer’s green. color harmony. representative who discusses the importance You can achieve variation in a mono- are sometimes called contrasting colors of selecting colors for chromatic color harmony by chang- because they make each other look interiors. Be prepared to ask ing the value and/or intensity of the brighter and more intense. For exam- questions. Summarize what hue. For example, you could use light ple, when using blue next to orange, you learn. blue, gray blue, and navy blue—a tint, the blue looks bluer, and the orange a tone, and a shade of the same hue. A looks stronger. A complementary color paint fan deck will usually show five to harmony can make a room look bright AB seven values of the same hue. To add and dramatic. This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

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Discuss Discuss What could be done in How does the the room in Figure 11-8 to complementary color create a complementary harmony of the room in color harmony? Figure 11-9 prevent a feeling of sharp contrast? Reflect Is a monochromatic color Activity harmony pleasing to you? Research how businesses If you were choosing a A decide what colors to use monochromatic color 11-10 in their interior spaces. Use harmony for a room, on A split-complementary color harmony the keyword what hue would you base it? uses a main color with the colors on to search the Internet. Write an essay on the guidelines A both sides of its complement. Activity you find. Create a brochure showing all of the color harmonies Reflect by using magazine pictures color harmony are all warm, the room Picture the uniforms of or fabric swatches as B will be more restful than one that uses sports teams that you examples. colors from both sides of the color follow. What are the color 11-8 wheel. Figure 11-12 shows an example harmonies of their uniforms? Green is the basis for this monochromatic color harmony. of an analogous color harmony. Photography Courtesy of Kohler An analogous color harmony will look best if you choose one color as the dominant color and use smaller Although such a sharp contrast is Double-Complementary amounts of the others to add interest fine for some rooms, most rooms are and variety. You may also want to use more comfortable with less contrast. Color Harmony a tiny amount of an unrelated color as Varying the values and intensities of Selecting two colors and their comple- an accent. the colors can do this along with vary- ments from the standard color wheel ing the amounts of the colors, 11-9. The creates a double-complementary color Triadic Color Harmony more one color dominates the other, the harmony. In this way, you use four colors A triadic color harmony uses any less noticeable the contrast. to create the color harmony. One exam- three colors that are equally distant from ple of a double-complementary color each other on the standard color wheel. Split-Complementary Color harmony results from pairing red and The triadic color harmony will follow a Harmony green with violet and yellow, 11-11. As pattern of using every fourth color on long as each pair is composed of comple- the color wheel. For example, yellow, Using one hue with the two hues mentary colors, you may use any combi- blue, and red—the primary colors— adjacent to its complement creates a nation of pairs. form a triadic color harmony, 11-13. split-complementary color harmony. For The secondary colors—green, orange, example, if you choose the blue hue first, Analogous Color Harmony and violet—also create a triadic color you would look directly across the color harmony. The two other possible color wheel to find orange, its complement. You Selecting related hues from the stan- combinations are: yellow-orange, red- would then select the colors on both sides dard color wheel creates an analogous violet, and blue-green; or red-orange, of orange to establish your split-comple- color harmony. These are hues that are B blue-violet, and yellow-green. Design- mentary color harmony. The resulting next to each other on the color wheel. ers use great care and skill to achieve color harmony uses blue, yellow-orange, In an analogous color harmony, usually 11-9 pleasing triadic harmonies. Changing and red-orange, 11-10. With this color three to five hues are used. Since they and red are used in values and intensities can lessen the selection, blue will likely be the domi- are related, they blend together well. this contemporary bedroom to create a sharp contrasts. nant color, while yellow-orange and red- One color seems to merge into another. complementary color harmony. orange provide lively contrast. Even when the colors in an analogous This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

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11-11 11-13 A double- Triadic color complementary harmonies are color harmony is often used made of two sets in children’s of complementary bedrooms. color schemes.

Discuss Reflect Does color in clothing set Try to imagine a family room a mood in the same way it decorated in a double- does when used in interior complementary color design? harmony such as pictured in Figure 11-11. How would Discuss it feel? Why are many When people do not family rooms decorated in have adequate funds to monochromatic, analogous, A A completely color-harmonize or neutral color harmonies? their homes, what might they do to change an Activity unharmonious interior into a On one day, ask students to “pulled together” look? bring examples of a single color harmony to class. Activity (Examples may consist Create a checklist to use as of the outfits they wear or a reference when choosing an item they bring, such B colors for a room. as scarves or pictures.) B On the next day, students display their items as the class identifies the color harmonies represented. Neutral Color Harmony LINK TO SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Although black and white are not Discuss hues on the standard color wheel, they The Anatomy of Color In your opinion, what are are the basis for neutral color harmonies. some advantages and Objects absorb and reflect light. The color that you see depends on the disadvantages of neutral Combinations of black, white, and gray color harmonies in a home? create neutral color harmonies. Brown, wavelength and frequency of the reflected waves. Red has the longest wavelength; tan, and can also be used. Some- violet has the shortest. times adding small amounts of other Humans have trichromatic . The key part of the eye responsible for colors to neutral color schemes gives the color vision is the retina. This area, at the back of the eye, contains millions of light- room more interest, 11-14. sensitive nerve cells called rod and cone cells. Rod cells enable you to see in low light. Cone cells enable you to see Retina Cornea Using Color color and detail. The tri in trichromatic refers to the three types of cone cells. Harmonies Each type is sensitive to waves of a different part of the visible light spectrum. “Blue cone cells” react to the shorter waves Lens Now that you have learned about on the blue end of the color spectrum. “Red cone cells” react color and the color harmonies, you 11-12 to longer waves on the red end of the spectrum. “Green cone can begin to use this information to An analogous color harmony using yellow, cells” react to medium-length waves in the green spectrum. Aqueous yellow-orange, orange, red-orange, and create interior design color schemes for When light enters the eyes and hits the retina, it stimulates humor red, gives this room a vibrant appearance. a home. A color scheme is the combi- Optic Nerve nation of colors selected for the design the cone cells and sends electronic impulses to the brain. The signals from the cone cells are transmitted to the brain. In a complex process that researchers are still trying to understand, the human brain collects and processes this and other information to produce a . This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

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or style a person wants, the lifestyle of the family members, the function or the Discuss way the occupants will use the room, After studying the CADD image of Figure 11-16, the items in the room, and the room’s what do you think was the location. inspiration piece from which Moods and Styles all colors were selected? You can create a variety of moods Enrich in a room through the use of color. For Take a virtual tour of a example, you may want a room to feel reputable furniture company restful, or you may want it to appear to view the furniture groupings and color exciting. Choosing cool colors that have harmonies used in them. similar values will create a restful mood Print three room examples in the room, such as in 11-16. Choosing and identify the color warm colors with contrasting values harmonies for the class. will make the room feel exciting. 11-14 You can also choose colors that will of a room or house. When designing a Combinations of create a certain style in a room. Different room, choose colors that you like seeing 11-16 black, gray, and styles, such as southwestern or country, together. The chosen colors probably look By using a CADD program, you can test how a paint color will look in a room to see the white create neutral often suggest the use of specific colors. good together because they conform to warmth or coolness it creates. color schemes. You can use these colors in different Small splashes of an established color harmony. Courtesy of Software by Chief Architect color harmonies to achieve the style you accent colors can A well-planned color scheme will want. add interest. use color harmonies to blend and unify In a southwestern-style room, for the design of the home as you transition Function of the Room the base, or main color. After choosing the example, you may choose warm desert from one room to another. It will also While teens may sleep, study, and base color, use your knowledge of color Reflect colors, such as rust, orange, brick, consider the function of the room. As you socialize in their bedrooms, most adults harmonies, values, and intensities to pick Think about your family and sand. In a country-style room, you will see, even if you love red, it may be a use their bedrooms for rest and relax- colors to go with it, 11-18. lifestyle. How does it affect may choose low-intensity shades of 11-17 poor choice for a bedroom because of its ation. In this case, cooler colors and less You also need to consider the the colors used in your home? reds, , oranges, and . type of used in the room. The The use of primary How do younger siblings or intensity. By following important guide- drama are more conducive to good sleep. colors you select must work well during and secondary older grandparents impact lines, you can create a color scheme that Lifestyles A den or family room where everyone colors in this color choices? will enhance the near environment and meets and socializes is often more appro- both day and night. This means you Some people have active lifestyles child’s room give increase the enjoyment of a home, 11-15. priate in warm colors. For a writer or an must view the intended colors during the room a while others lead quieter lives. The colors accountant that works alone from home, daylight hours in natural light and at feeling of fun and 11-15 you choose depend on the lifestyles of Choosing the Right Colors the home office may be best in cool colors. night under the influence of artificial excitement. Colors found in household members. For instance, with light. Always make your final color In contrast, a salesperson who talks on Photography Courtesy of nature were the The color harmonies you choose for small children, give consideration to the phone most of the day may perform selections in the actual room and under JELD-WEN Windows and inspiration for the the color scheme of a home depend on darker colors and shades that do not Doors best in warm colors. When choosing earthy color scheme several factors. They include what mood show dirt easily. In contrast, a house- colors and color schemes, give thought- in this bedroom. hold of adults may choose lighter colors ful attention to colors that support the for the walls and upholstery because function and purpose of a room. upkeep is less of a concern. The colors you choose for each room Items in the Room also depend upon how they are used. Another way to choose color harmonies Primary and secondary colors of normal is to consider the usage of all items in the intensity are fine for a child’s room, such room plan. For instance, plans for a room as in 11-17. If you use the same hues in may include an area rug, couch, or favorite an adult’s bedroom, however, softer picture. To create a color scheme around tints or tones at lower intensity levels any of these items, you need to select one are preferable. color used in the object. This color becomes This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

308 Part 4 The Inside Story Chapter 11 Using Color Effectively 309

using the newer and more energy effi- a color harmony that uses warm colors. 11-18 cient lighting such as compact fluores- A southern exposure receives the most A neutral base cent lighting (CFL), light-emitting diodes sunlight and generally makes colors color and (LED), and fiber optic lighting. Incan- appear bright and warm. Sometimes harmony in this room provide descent lighting can bring dullness to cool colors are preferred for rooms with a backdrop for some colors and fluorescent lighting can southern exposures, 11-20. the existing art completely distort color. Incandescent You cannot assume, however, the collection. lighting generally makes colors appear quality of light entering a room from a warmer. Fluorescent lighting makes specific direction is always the same. The colors appear warmer or cooler depend- light entering a bedroom with a north- Reflect ing on the color of the lightbulb or tube. ern exposure will change significantly, What direction does your In general, most fluorescent lighting will for example, if it reflects off a bright room face at home? Do warm make colors appear cooler compared to white house next door. Also, a room or cool colors predominate? incandescent lighting. Halogen lighting with a southern exposure will not be What color would you prefer renders the truest presentation of colors. sunny if a covered porch overhangs the for your room? Compact florescent lighting affects colors windows and doors. Even the light that Discuss in various ways depending on the color filters through trees outside a window 11-20 to the room. Since yellow is the base Because this Determine the type of rating of the bulb. The chart, 11-19, shows can change the quality of sunlight enter- bedroom has lighting present in your the impact of various lighting types on ing the room. Consequently, the best rule color of all the harmonies in both rooms, a southern classroom after studying the colors. You will learn more about types of thumb is to view a color sample in the it provides a smooth transition. exposure, the chart in Figure 11-19. How of lighting in Chapter 17. actual room at different times of day and There is an exception to the rule of does the lighting impact the blending colors in adjoining rooms. In designer chose night to examine all lighting factors. cool colors to room colors? Location of the Room homes using contemporary design, the When considering location, you also decorate the room. the lighting conditions where you will walls of adjoining rooms may intention- Enrich The direction the room faces—north, need to think about the colors used in These colors keep use them. Many people experience south, east, or west—must be taken into adjoining rooms. The new colors you ally have different, bold colors. Devote this room looking Visit a library to review books disasters after selecting a paint color in on using color in interior consideration when choosing the base choose should blend with those used in special care, however, to applying the serene, light, and design. Do any recommend a retail store under lighting that differs color and color harmony. If a bedroom adjoining rooms. In general, color should basic rules of color harmonies so the airy. a color selection process from the actual lighting in their space. is located on the north side of a house, not change abruptly from room to room. abrupt transitions result in good design. other than using the system of Most homes have some combination the subdued light of the northern expo- Instead it should make a gradual transi- color harmonies? Report your of natural, incandescent, and fluorescent sure may make colors appear cooler. To tion from one space to another. Using Color Correctly findings. lighting. However, some homes now are make the room appear warmer, choose Reflect If the location of a dining room is next As you work with color, the following to the living room, you can use the same Study the natural lighting in a guidelines will help you use color well: room at home. Is it direct, filtered, Color and Artificial Lighting base color in both rooms. You might use • Applying colors to large areas makes or reflected? What lighting type 11-19 an analogous color harmony with yellow Colors change Type of Artificial Yellow Orange Red Blue Green them appear to gain intensity. Because is used most often? as the base color of the color scheme in when viewed Lighting of this, a color you select from a paint Vocabulary under different both rooms. In the living room, consider chip may appear too intense or dark Standard Warms Strengthens Enriches Dulls Darkens selecting yellow as the dominant color Describe what a smooth types of artificial Incandescent when painted on all four walls of a light. with the other analogous hues play- transition means in room. At other times, a paint chip that reference to the color Tungsten-Halogen Warms Strengthens Enriches Dulls Darkens ing secondary roles. Then use the same appears soft and easy on the eye will Incandescent slightly slightly analogous color harmony in the dining schemes of several fade to nothing when you apply it to adjoining rooms. Deluxe Cool- Enriches and Close to true Warms Enriches Brightens room but expand the harmony from the four walls of a room. It is advisable White Fluorescent intensifies hue three to five hues and add interest by to paint a large swatch of the color on Discuss changing the tints or shades of the hues Deluxe Warm- Brightens Strengthens Enriches Darkens Enriches the wall or piece of foam board to Have you been in public selected. You might also choose to have White Fluorescent and help visualize how a paint color will buildings that use abrupt yellow play a less-dominant role in the appear on a wall. color changes to send a enriches special message or convey dining room than it did in the living • Cool-White, Enriches and Close to true Warms Enriches Brightens room. Introducing a color in the split- Using contrasting colors draws atten- a certain feeling? Name some examples and give Bright-White CFL intensifies hue complementary color harmony with tion. For example, a white sofa against a dark wall will draw more attention your opinions for the use of Warm-White, Soft- Warms Strengthens Enriches Dulls Darkens yellow as an accent will add excitement abrupt color changes. White CFL than a white sofa against a white wall, This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

310 Part 4 The Inside Story Chapter 11 Using Color Effectively 311

11-21. While you may want to avoid a and warm hues that have advancing hues that have receding qualities Enrich totally neutral room, remember too qualities make a room appear smaller. make a room look larger. Obtain a paint sample of many strong contrasts in a room can • a favorite hue from a paint If a room is small, color can make Choosing the right colors, creating store or home improvement be confusing and tiring. the room appear larger. Tints, low- color harmonies, and following the color store. Examine the color • Color harmonies are easier on the intensity colors, a monochromatic guidelines is important, 11-23. This will in at least three locations: eye when one color, the base color, or analogous color scheme, or cool help you make color work well for you, near full sunlight, in a dark dominates. The dominant color your home, or your customer. corner or hallway, and under fluorescent lighting. How should cover about two-thirds of does the hue change under the room area. When you use equal various lighting conditions? Is amounts of two or more colors in a 11-23 it your favorite in all lighting? room, your color selections can become Using the color a distraction and appear cluttered as guidelines to Discuss each color competes for attention. choose the right How does color help to create colors and create • When choosing colors for large areas, a focal point in the room pleasing color shown in Figure 11-22? such as walls and floors, select low- 11-21 harmonies is intensity colors. If you use high- Color harmonies look best when your important for you Activity intensity colors in large amounts, they base color dominates the room. or a client. Using the guidelines in the text, can become overpowering. Instead, create a checklist that would Photography Courtesy of use high-intensity colors in small Calico Corners—Calico help people use color correctly. amounts as accent colors in accessories fabrics, it is important to have samples Home Stores Activity or small pieces of furniture. of the fabrics you are matching. For Review several Web sites, • Heavily textured surfaces make colors example, if you are matching drapery such as those of paint appear dark. This is because the light fabric to carpet, make sure you have Discuss manufacturers and interior strikes the surface at different angles, samples of the carpet with you. If a home’s interior uses design magazines, to making the item appear to have greater • If a room is very large, consider color in a way that reflects identify the current , 11-22. When trying to match choosing colors that will make it look the members’ preferences trends for housing. Report and lifestyles, should the your findings to the class. smaller. Shades, high-intensity colors, occupants be concerned about incorporating color trends?

11-22 Enrich The cabinetry and Research the colors wicker seating use associated with housing the same green interiors and exteriors during color, but the chair a specific period in U.S. texture makes the history. Describe the colors room look darker. used inside and outside a Lexington Furniture fashionable home. Industries Note For researching color schemes, have students explore www. housebeautiful.com.

Note For researching color trends, have students explore www. benjaminmoore.com. This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

312 Part 4 The Inside Story Chapter 11 Using Color Effectively 313

Summary CAREER FOCUS Color is one of the most important elements of design. It can create and communicate different moods. Color has it own physiological and psychological effects on people. Color Designer The basis of all color relationships is the color wheel. Colors in the middle ring of the color wheel are primary, secondary, or intermediate colors. Color has three If you share some of the following interests, you characteristics—hue, value and intensity. The cool colors are located on one side of may want to consider a career as a color designer. the wheel, and the warm colors are on the other. Talents and Skills: Do you like to experiment with When colors are used together in a pleasing manner, color harmonies are the colors of your clothing and accessories? Do you created. They may be monochromatic, complementary, split-complementary, double- realize that color plays an important role by having complementary, analogous, triadic, or neutral. Neutral colors are black, white, gray, tan, a positive or negative impact on emotions? Do you beige, and brown. enjoy being in spaces where the colors give you a When choosing a color harmony for a personal color scheme, first choose the right sense of peace? Have you found enjoyment working colors for a home and the lifestyle of the occupants. Then following certain guidelines with colors and paint throughout your education? will coordinate the colors you select into good design. Skill requirements for a color specialist include: an excellent eye for color; thorough understanding of Review the Facts color psychology, the color wheel, and how to use 1. What factors influence the psychological impact color has on people? Answer Key different color harmonies; and the ability to organize 1. age, gender, culture, details and research information. In addition, excellent 2. Summarize the feelings each of the following colors evokes in people: red, green, and life experiences speaking, writing, and listening skills are needed to and violet. Photography Courtesy of the 2. Red conveys power, communicate with a client. 3. Name the secondary colors. What primary colors, in what proportions, are used to danger, strength, Career Snapshot: Color designers work with manufacturers and interior designers. make each? excitement, and They provide many different design services as well as marketing. A color designer 4. Which color name is listed first in the name of a ? boldness. Green Reflect must have a strong combination of the two. They consult manufacturers about colors conveys nature, 5. Contrast value and intensity of color. peace, friendliness, In your career journal, respond that will work best for trends in new furniture, paint, wall coverings, fabrics, rugs, and and coolness. Violet to the following question: other accessories. For example, a color designer may work for a textile firm and may 6. What are the differences between a tint, shade, and tone? conveys royalty, dignity, Would you be interested in a recommend yarn colors that will be the most popular and marketable. Color designers 7. Summarize how to neutralize a hue. and drama. career as a color designer? must be able to recognize very subtle differences in colors. They must stay current in Why or why not? 8. Name two warm colors and two cool colors. 3. orange—equal amounts their research to predicting color trends. of yellow and red; 9. Identify an example of each of the seven color harmonies. Education/Training: A bachelor’s or a master’s degree is preferred. Courses include green—equal amounts , psychology of color, art, art history, interior design, and computer programs. 10. What factors influence the way color harmonies are used in planning an interior of yellow and blue; design? violet—equal amounts Licensing/Examinations: No license required. of red and blue 11. Summarize the guidelines for using color correctly in a room design. Professional Associations: The Color Marketing Group (CMG) 4. primary color (www.colormarketing.org/), The American Society of Interior Designers (ASID) (www.asid.org), the International Interior Design Association (IIDA) (www.iida.org), the Think Critically Inter-Society Color Council (ISCC) (www.iscc.org) 12. Draw conclusions. No two people perceive color in exactly the same way and 5. Value is the lightness Job Outlook: The many career possibilities for a color designer in interior design will indeed some people are unable to distinguish between certain colors at all. How or darkness. Intensity grow faster than average through 2018. Color designers may work for a large firm could these behaviors pose an obstacle to an interior designer’s presentation is the brightness or that specializes in color design, an interior designer specializing in color design, or an to a committee in charge of finalizing selections for new corporate offices? dullness. individual company as a consultant. Some choose freelance work for projects of interest. Draw conclusions about what techniques the designer could use to overcome 6. Adding white to a hue objections. makes it lighter, which produces a tint. Adding 13. Identify alternatives. Assume you are working with two clients who want to black makes the value redesign the master bedroom in their home. The room has a northern exposure darker, which produces with little natural lighting. One client prefers warm, intense hues while the other a shade. Adding gray prefers cool hues. In addition to sleeping, your clients also use the room for softens the value, which produces a tone. reading. What color alternatives would you suggest that both clients will find pleasing? How can lighting impact your color choices? This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

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Community Links Design Practice 7. by adding white, gray, or 14. Model home tour. Visit a model home and observe the use of color. Record 21. Color consulting. Imagine you are a professional color consultant who has black your observations. Did the colors match your preferences? Did the colors reflect been hired to help select the room colors for a new community center in your 8. (List two warm colors:) current trends? How were colors used to create mood in various rooms? Identify neighborhood. Based on your knowledge of the psychological effect color has on yellow, orange, red, or several psychological impacts the colors may have on some people. Summarize people, what colors would you use in each of the following spaces? Why? other colors near them your findings in a brief report to the class. • on the color wheel; (List children’s recreation room two cool colors:) blue, 15. Analyze color. Analyze the color scheme of your bedroom or other room in your • reading room for older adults green, violet, or other home, or in the home of someone you know. Which of the colors used is your • hospitality room with a snack bar colors near them on the favorite? How long has this room had this appearance? What color scheme was • color wheel used before? If you could redecorate next week, what colors would you select? small nature museum room 9. (Student response. See What do you think your reveal about your personality? Take • drama room for theatrical rehearsals pages 298–302 of the one or more pictures of this room with a digital camera to place in an electronic 22. Portfolio. Continue the storyboard for the elements of design you started in text.) presentation. Include examples and colors you might want to use in the future. Chapter 10. Add color as a design element and provide samples of all color 10. moods and styles, Share your electronic presentation with the class. harmonies, labeling the colors used. Keep a copy of your storyboard in your lifestyles, function of the portfolio. room, items in the room, 16. Color comparison. Locate a home or business in the community whose exterior location of the room has a pleasing combination of colors. Identify the colors used and how they were used. Also, identify a building’s exterior that represents the opposite of pleasing to 11. (See pages 309–311 of the text.) you. What colors are used? Which colors would you change if you had the job of Leading the Way with Color updating the look of the building on a budget? Do you find the psychology of color fascinating? Are your interested in the impact of color on overall room design? If you are, consider joining forces with a Academic Connections community organization, such as Rebuilding Together®. Such groups repair and modify homes for people with limited incomes, including older adults, people 17. Social studies. Search the Internet for current color trends in residential design. with disabilities, and veterans. For an FCCLA Community Service project, consult What cultural influences, elements of nature, or other factors inspire the new color a leader in the organization about working with one or more clients to create a trends? How strongly does culture influence color? Which of the new color trends functional and aesthetically pleasing color palette for a room or entire home. do you find most appealing? Share your findings during a small group discussion. Use the FCCLA Planning Process and the Community Service Project Sheet 18. Science. Use Internet or print resources to investigate how light reflectance value to plan, carry out, and evaluate your project. See your adviser for information as (LRV) can influence an interior designer’s choice of colors for a room design. needed. How might LRV influence the aesthetics and function of a room design? Write a summary of your findings to share with the class.

Technology Applications 19. Analyze color harmonies. Use a digital camera to take pictures of 10 rooms that display good interior design. (Perhaps some are in your home or in historical homes that you have visited.) For each room, identify the type of color harmony that predominates. Also, analyze possible reasons for the color harmonies selected, given the purpose of each room. Using presentation software, combine your photographs and explanations to share with the class. 20. Computer design project. Using CADD or another popular interior-design software program, create two small rooms of the same dimensions. Cover the walls of one room with light, dull, cool colors. Cover the walls of the other room with dark, bright, warm colors. Analyze which room looks larger and which looks smaller. Why? Print a copy of the room colors for each room. Write a brief report summarizing your analysis.