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Page 1/40 JAYSALIAN NOTES Page 1/40 1. Colour & Colour Identification Colour: Color or colour is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, blue, yellow, green and others. Color derives from the spectrum of light (distribution of Light power versus wavelength) interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of thelight receptors. Color categories and physical specifications of color are also associated with objects, materials, light sources, etc., based on their physical properties such as light absorption, reflection, or emission spectra. By defining a colour space, colors can be identified numerically by their coordinates. Colour Knowledge: Light, eyes and brain are necessary for the perception of colours. All the colours in nature —the multicoloured flowers, leaves, birds, animals, butterflies as well as the alluring colours of the sunrise and sunset- exist for us only because of light. Without light we cannot see them. However, eyes and brain are equally important in this process. Light Visible light (commonly referred to simply as light) is electromagnetic radiation that is visible to thehuman eye, and is responsible for the sense of sight. There is no explicit definition of Light but lots of scientists investigated some rules. The one and only origin of natural light is "Sun" and sometimes we can see light because of the dust particles in the atmosphere. Light has very towering position in life and because of Light we can identify colours. Light rays of some wavelengths are absorbed and some are re-emitted by an object, depending upon the texture of that object. Those re-emitted light rays go into our eyes and we can recognize the colour and form of that object. Rules of Light 1. The Light rays go in the straight direction. 2. The Light rays even can go in circular direction, 3. The Light rays can be reflected. 4. The Light rays can split, Eye Because of precise structure of the human eye, we can judge the colour. Internally in the middle of the retina and also surrounding of it, there are approximately 13 crores and 70 lakhs extremely minute cells. These cells are responsible for the judgments of the colours. These cells are of two types:- 1) Rods, 2) Cones. JAYSALIAN NOTES Page 2/40 1) Rods: These cells are called rods because of their cylindrical shape. These cells are responsible for intensity of Light. Weak or inactive rods may cause night-blindness. 2) Cones: These cells are of cone-shaped and further subdivided into two types as 'type A' and 'type B'. Type A includes the sensation of yellow and blue colours: while B type of cells are responsible to sense red and green colours. If cones become inactive or are varied in numbers then it may cause colour- blindness. Diagram of an Eye JAYSALIAN NOTES Page 3/40 Mind Mind and psychological effects on mind are important while considering colours from psychological point of view. Colours are cheerful. When we look at colour, our mind is full of emotional waves like happiness, cheers, soul, control, silence, stability, instability, anger etc. Their mental and deep feeling change the human mind and because of this change the colours get symbolic and systematic meaning. Likewise there is deep interrelation between colour and emotional state of mind. Hence mind is an imoortent factor for colour knowledge. Colour Knowledge Usually, an object reflects the waves of some coloured lights, depending upon the texture of its surface. Here, image of the object is placed always opposite into our eyes and then turns into straight. These reflected rays then enter into our eyes through the iris in the cornea. The lens situated behind the cornea allows only the desired amount of light rays into the inner eye chamber and thus an image of the respective object is projected on the retina. On the retina, the light rays stimulate the rods and cones. As they are connected to the brain through the optical nerves, the visual cortex of the brain immediately registers the coloured object. JAYSALIAN NOTES Page 4/40 The light coming from the sun is invisible. It becomes visible due to dust particles. These light waves travel near about 1, 86,000 miles per second. This is the incredible speed of the light waves. As above, the light which falls on objet gets reflected. These reflected waves of different length go into our eyes and due to that the detection of COIQUI from brain is nothing but the colour. These different waves are responsible for visibility of colours. Newton created the colour- palette by splitting up the colour. Here Newton focused on the mixture of light ray and colour factor and didn't think about liquid form of colour. Light and colour factors both are two different things and hence Light-Colour theory and actual colour-factor theory differ from each other. Colour Pigment (Definition) : Colour factors are made up of plants, animals and minerals. Maderlake is made up of plant roots, Caramine is from one type of insect, Lapis Lazuli and Male Chile from specific stone (from minerals), Occur, Ciyanna and Amber from clay and Sepia is made up of fish. All these colour-actors are mostly in form of powder. This powder will be mixed with liquid form to create the colours. If the dry powder is mixed with linseed oil then oli paints are made and if the powder is mixed with water then water colour is formed. Water colour and oil paint are mixed with each other after separate preparation of the same. Nowadays in the foreign countries acrylic colour is used to mix up. The speciality of this colour is if we mix this colour in oil then oil paint is made and if this oil paint directly mixed with water then water colour is formed. Pigment — the original definition has been arrived from the latin word "Pigmetum", the meaning of this word is paint. Newton's Theory of Light: Near about in 1660, Sir lssac Newton, an Scientist, analyzed that a beam of white light is composed of rays of different colours. To demonstrate this , Newton allowed a narrow beam of sunlight to pass into a dark room through a narrow slit, and passed it through a prism. When this white light is passed through the prism,it splits into different colours, forming a band of colours-as in rainbow on the white screen placed on the other side of the prism. This band is known as colour spectrum. Definition: When a ray of light enters a denser medium from a rarer medium, it changes its path. This is called refraction of light. When it enters into a rarer medium from denser one, it again changes its path and bends towards the base. As shown in the figure, Newton could split the white colour into only six colours as Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Purple, Indigo, the seventh colour was included after. Later on other scientists proved that these seven rays of different colours are mixed together then white light is formed. JAYSALIAN NOTES Page 5/40 2. Colour Theory Artists, Physcisits and Psychologists put the different colour theories according to their angles in their areas. Different physicists and psychologists, in a different way experimented about the colours. From those experiments 3 different main colour theories are introduced as follows: 1. Physicist’s colour theory 2. Psychologist's colour theory 3. Artist's colour theory Artist's Pigment or subtractive colour theory 1. David Buster invented this, hence it is also known as "David Buster Method". 2. It comprises 3 primary colours, red, yellow and blue. 3. These 3 primary colours when mixed together then black colour is formed. 4. Red + Yellow + Blue Black 5. If two of the primary colours are mixed the resulting secondary colour is less intense. That's why it is called as "Subtractive Theory". E.g. yellow + blue is mixed then green colour is obtained which is comparatively less intense than Yellow and Blue co/ours. 6. When Red + Green colours are mixed then gray colour is obtained. This means when one primary colour and its contrast colour factor is mixed then gray colour is obtained. This gray colour is very much dull as compared to primary colour and that's why it is called as "Subtractive Theory JAYSALIAN NOTES Page 6/40 7) Red + Yellow = Orange Yellow + Blue Green Blue + Red Purple (2 primary colours are mixed then above secondary colours are obtained.) 8) From these coloured pigments, artist's colours are formed. As these are 3 primary colours it is called as Artist's colour theory or 'Triad Colour- scheme'. Physicist's Colour Theory (Light colour theory, Additive Colour theory) 1) Dr. Wunch invented this colour theory. 2) It comprises of 3 colour-rays of light, Red, Green and Blue-purple. 3) When these 3 primary colour rays are mixed then white light is obtained. 4) Red + Green + Blue-Purple = White. 5) In this when 2 primary colour rays of Light are mixed then resulting colour is more intense or brighter that primary colour, hence it is called as "Additive Theory". 6) In this, when red + green light colours are projected together on a white screen, they blend to form "yellow" light. So this yellow light ray is more brighter than the primary colour and therefore it is called as "Additive Theory'. JAYSALIAN NOTES Page 7/40 7) Red + green = Yellow Green + blue-purple = cyanine blue Blue-purple + red = crimson Magneta (two primary light rays when mixed together above secondary light rays are obtained and these secondary light rays are brighter than primary light rays).
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