Tesis Doctoral

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Tesis Doctoral FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID TESIS DOCTORAL “CUENTOS POPULARES Y SOCIEDAD EN LOS OASIS DEL VALLE NUEVO (EGIPTO)” (TOMO I) CELESTE SEOANE MÍGUEZ 2016 Dirección: Nieves Paradela Alonso Camiño Noia Campos Quiero cuentos, historietas y novelas, pero no de las que andan a botón. Yo las quiero de la mano de una abuela que me las lea en camisón. (María Elena Walsh) El trabajo presentado como tesis doctoral está centrado en el estudio de un corpus inédito de cuentos populares orales grabados entre los años 1992 y 2010 en los oasis de la región egipcia del Valle Nuevo. En primer lugar, se ha procedido a realizar una contextualización descriptiva desde diversos ámbitos (histórico, geográfico, social, literario, lingüístico) con el fin de conocer mejor esta tradición literaria desconocida. Los objetivos propuestos en mi trabajo fueron varios: dar a conocer un importante acervo de la cultura oral de un pueblo árabe, desconocida incluso en el resto de Egipto debido a su situación de aislamiento del Valle del Nilo. Y, finalmente, conseguir clasificar los cuentos aplicándoles la tipología del catálogo internacional de Aarne‐Thompson, The Types of International Folktales y del catálogo árabe de Hasan El‐Shamy, mediante el estudio comparativo con versiones semejantes en otras dialectos árabes y en las lenguas europeas. Como trabajo complementario he analizado los temas, motivos y símbolos más representativos y definitorios que subyacen en los etnotextos y que nos ofrecen información concreta sobre la sociedad que los narra. La hipótesis de partida era que los cuentos del Valle Nuevo eran variantes adaptadas al contexto árabe del patrimonio universal de los cuentos orales, en especial de los europeos, cuyas fuentes están esencialmente en el mundo árabe, persa e indio. Como se indica en las conclusiones, considero que la hipótesis de partida se ha convertido en tesis: los cuentos del Valle Nuevo son versiones, con características propias de la cultura del pueblo que los conserva, pero similares a otras difundidas por el mundo árabe y por otros países del mundo. The work presented as a doctoral thesis is focused on the study of an unpublished corpus of oral folktales recorded between 1992 and 2010 in the oases of the Egyptian region of the New Valley. First, it was proceeded to perform a descriptive contextualization from several fields (historical, geographical, social, literary, linguistic) in order to obtain a better understanding of this unknown literary tradition. The objectives proposed in this research were several ones: to provide an important oral culture heritage of an Arab people, unknown even in the rest of Egypt due to their isolation from the Nile Valley. And finally to be able to classify these stories applying to them the typology of international Aarne‐Thompson's catalogue, The Types of international Folktales and Arabic and Hasan El‐Shamy's Arab catalogue, through the comparative study with similar versions in other Arabic dialects and in the European languages. As an additional work I have analyzed the most representative and defining themes, motifs and symbols that underlie the ethnotexts and that give us concrete information about the society that tells them. The hypothesis was that the tales of the New Valley were variants adapted to the Arab context from the universal heritage of oral stories, especially the Europeans ones, whose sources are essentially from the Arabic, Persian and Indian world. As indicated in the conclusions, I consider that the hypothesis has become thesis: the tales of the New Valley are versions, with the own features of the culture of the people that retain them, similar to other ones spread through the Arab world and other countries in the world. Palabras clave: Cuentos, folclore, oralidad, dialecto, Egipto, etnotexto Tomo I Índice: Listado de abreviaturas ____________________________________________________________________ 1 Sistema de transliteración __________________________________________________________________ 2 INTRODUCCIÓN _______________________________________________________________ 5 Agradecimientos _________________________________________________________________________ 8 Estructura de la Tesis ______________________________________________________________________ 9 Los cuentos populares árabes y su influencia en la literatura hispánica _____________________________ 10 El arabismo español y la situación de los estudios sobre literatura popular árabe en España ____________ 15 I. OBJETIVOS Y METODOLOGÍA _________________________________________________ 19 1.1. Objetivos _______________________________________________________________________ 19 1.2. Metodología _____________________________________________________________________ 20 1.2.1. Método histórico-geográfico y comparativista ____________________________________________ 21 1.2.2. Estudio lingüístico __________________________________________________________________ 28 1.2.2.1. Los cuentos populares como actos de habla _________________________________________ 28 1.2.3. Estudio etnográfico _________________________________________________________________ 30 II. EL VALLE NUEVO EN SU CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO, GEOGRÁFICO y SOCIAL ______________ 33 2.1. El-Qasr (Dajla) y Barís (Jarga) ________________________________________________________ 36 2.1.1. El-Qasr (Dajla) ______________________________________________________________________ 36 2.1.1. Barís (Jarga) _______________________________________________________________________ 38 2.2. Las rutas caravaneras ______________________________________________________________ 41 2.3. El agua _________________________________________________________________________ 45 2.4. Relación con el valle del Nilo y otros pueblos ___________________________________________ 47 2.5. Contexto físico cotidiano y doméstico ________________________________________________ 52 2.5.1. La vivienda ________________________________________________________________________ 55 2.5.2. La ropa ___________________________________________________________________________ 56 2.5.3. Los alimentos ______________________________________________________________________ 58 2.5.4. Los utensilios ______________________________________________________________________ 59 2.6. Contexto social ___________________________________________________________________ 60 2.6.1. Tradiciones y celebraciones ___________________________________________________________ 61 2.6.1.1. La boda _______________________________________________________________________ 62 2.6.1.1.1. La boda tradicional wahatí ___________________________________________________ 63 2.6.2. Los valores morales, sociales y religiosos ________________________________________________ 66 2.6.2.1. El honor y la hospitalidad_________________________________________________________ 68 2.6.3. Jerarquía y autoridades locales ________________________________________________________ 69 III. LA NARRATIVA ORAL. LA NARRATIVA ORAL ÁRABO-ISLÁMICA _____________________ 73 3.1. La narrativa oral en Egipto __________________________________________________________ 78 3.1.1. Géneros narrativos y poéticos de tradición oral en Egipto __________________________________ 83 3.1.1.1. Las canciones (al-'agānī) _________________________________________________________ 83 3.1.1.2. Las alabanzas o panegíricos religiosos (al-madā'iḥ ad-dīniyya) ___________________________ 84 3.1.1.3. Las letanías religiosas (al-'ibtihālāt ad-dīniyya) _______________________________________ 84 3.1.1.4. El conjuro mágico (ar-ruqā) _______________________________________________________ 85 3.1.1.5. Los refranes (al-'amṯāl) __________________________________________________________ 85 3.1.1.6. Expresiones y dichos ( at-taʿābīr wa-l-al-ʾaqwāl ) ______________________________________ 87 3.1.1.7. Anuncios de vendedores ( nidā'āt al-bāʿa ) ___________________________________________ 87 3.1.1.8. Adivinanzas (al-'algā z) ___________________________________________________________ 87 3.1.1.9. Chistes ( an-nukat ), anécdotas ( an-nawādir ) y parodias ( al-qiṣaṣ al-fukāhiyya ) ______________ 87 3.1.1.10. Obras dramáticas (al-'aʿmāl ad-dirāmiyya ) _________________________________________ 88 3.1.1.10.1. Teatro de sombras (jayāl aẓ-ẓill) ______________________________________________ 88 3.1.1.10.2. Las marionetas ('ārāǧōz) ____________________________________________________ 88 3.1.1.10.3. Representaciones teatrales (at-tamṯīlāt) _______________________________________ 88 3.1.1.11. El mawwāl ___________________________________________________________________ 89 3.1.1.12. La leyenda y el mito o usṭūra _____________________________________________________ 90 3.1.1.13. La biografía épica en verso ( malḥama ) o prosa ( sīra )__________________________________ 90 3.1.1.14. Ḥikāya y ḥaddūta ______________________________________________________________ 92 IV. LOS CUENTOS DEL VALLE NUEVO: ANÁLISIS LINGÜÍSTICO Y TRADUCCIÓN ____________ 95 4.1. Descripción de los textos ___________________________________________________________ 95 4.2. Aproximación al dialecto del Valle Nuevo _____________________________________________ 96 4.2.1. Fonología ________________________________________________________________________ 101 4.2.1.1. Sistema consonántico __________________________________________________________ 101 4.2.1.1.1. El fonema hamza __________________________________________________________ 101 4.2.1.1.2. Los fonemas dentales e interdentales__________________________________________ 102 4.2.1.1.3. El fonema
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