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Translating Arabic Wisdom in the Court of Alfonso X, El Sabio

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Translating Arabic Wisdom in the Court of Alfonso X, El Sabio Translating Arabic Wisdom in the Court of Alfonso X, El Sabio Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Robey Clark Patrick, M.A. Graduate Program in Spanish and Portuguese The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Jonathan Burgoyne, Advisor Ethan Knapp Leslie Lockett Lisa Voigt Copyright by Robey Clark Patrick 2015 Abstract This dissertation explores the relationship between the compendios de castigos brought into Castilian during the last years of the reign of Fernando III and the first four years of Alfonso X’s rule and the socio-political milieu in which they were circulated. The first two works are canonical texts of Arabic adab, instructional works for the education and criticism of rulers, and the third work was written in Castilian and modeled on the style of adab literature. For each text, I analyze the formal aspects of the frametales within each collection, and I propose a new method for looking at the didactic content. I first examine the work of Calila e Dimna, which the infante don Alfonso ordered to be translated into Castilian in 1251. Apart from being the first work of prose literary fiction to be made in Castilian, the act of translating this work, I argue, was important for three main reasons: first, for crafting his royal image as a patron of wisdom; second, for laying the foundation for a new model of Castilian monarchy; and third, for changing the goals of conquest from strictly material gains to the acquisition of knowledge, wisdom, philosophy, and science. The second text I look at is the Sendebar, the translation project of Alfonso’s oldest sibling, the infante don Fadrique, who ordered the making of a Castilian version of the work in 1253. Following the same techniques of analysis as implemented in the study of Calila e Dimna, I propose a reception of Sendebar in the context of mid-thirteenth- ii century Castile that challenges the goals of Alfonso’s cultural program and undermines Alfonso’s attempts to further centralize authority under the king. Where Alfonso’s book seeks to legitimize the centralization of power under the wise monarch, Fadrique’s book offers an alternative perspective to that model by offering an example of the dangers of potential abuse from an unchecked authority. The final work studied was also made under the patronage of Alfonso X, most likely between 1255-58, and is titled the Libro de los doze sabios. I contend that the work as a whole also supports Alfonso’s cultural project of redefining the role of the king, crafting a new image for the monarchy in Castile, and re-writing the history of the conquest to make the acquisition of wisdom its primary goal. The application of my conclusions, regarding the process of meaning-making that is involved in these texts, to the socio-historical moment of the translation of Calila e Dimna and Sendebar and the creation of the Libro de los doze sabios, will allow a more nuanced understanding of the way the Alfonsine cultural campaign exercised its power and influence. iii Dedication Dedicated to the members of my family, by birth and by choice; to those living, and in loving memory of those departed. iv Acknowledgments I would like to thank the many institutions and organizations that have assisted in my formation during the process of this project, most notably the Department of Spanish and Portuguese and the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at The Ohio State University for the many years of financial and academic support. I would also like to thank the sponsors of the Alumni Graduate Grant for Research and Scholarship, of the Karpus Fund, and of the Departmental Travel Awards for their assistance in funding my research abroad. I also owe a sincere debt of gratitude to the many participants and organizers of The Kentucky Foreign Language Conference, who have unknowingly critiqued and workshopped each chapter of this project over the course of many presentations given at the annual conference, with a special recognition to Dr. Aníbal Biglieri who forged and has tirelessly maintained a space for the sharing of medieval Iberian scholarship at the conference for many years. Many individuals deserve thanks and recognition, too many for them all to be named. I would like to thank the faculty and staff associated with the Department of Spanish and Portuguese and the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at The Ohio State University. I especially wish to thank Dr. Lisa Voigt, Dr. Leslie Lockett, and Dr. Ethan Knapp for their years of support and encouragement, in addition to their participation as members of the Dissertation Committee. From time past, I would like to v acknowledge the guidance of previous mentors, official and unofficial, particularly Dr. Adrienne Zihlman and Dr. Daniel Toro Linger at the University of California, Santa Cruz, Dr. William Blue at The Pennsylvania State University, and Dr. Lisa Surwillo at Stanford University, all of whom have enriched me personally and academically. Finally, I wish to thank my advisor, Dr. Jonathan Burgoyne, who has seen me through a decade of life and learning from my initiation into the Masters Program at The Pennsylvania State University to my graduation from the Doctoral Program at The Ohio State University. His mentorship in life and scholarship has been invaluable and is only comparable in worth to his generosity and dedication in friendship. This project could not have been done without him. vi Vita June 1998……………………………………..Placer High School June 2002……………………………………..B.A. Anthropology (Honors), University of California, Santa Cruz May 2006…………………………………….M.A. Spanish, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 2007 to Present……………………………….Graduate Assistant, Department of Spanish and Portuguese and Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, The Ohio State University Publications “Sendebar: A Literary Rebellion”. La corónica, 43.1 (2014). Valor, Magdalena and Avelino Gutiérez, eds. The Archaeology of Medieval Spain: 1100- 1500. American Academy of Research Historians of Medieval Spain. 25 April 2015. http://aarhms.wildapricot.org/ Fields of Study Major Field: Spanish and Portuguese Graduate Certificate: Medieval Studies vii Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………….………………………...ii Dedication………………………………………………………………………………...iv Acknowledgment……………………………………………………………….…………v Vita………………………………………………………………………………………vii Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………………1 Chapter 2: The Act of Framing in Calila e Dimna: The Rhetorical Authority of Narrative Exempla………………………………………………………………………41 Chapter 3: Literary Conquest and Colonization in Medieval Castile: Calila e Dimna...107 Chapter 4: Sendebar: A Literary Rebellion…………………………………………….172 Chapter 5: Harnessing Historiography: Libro de los doze sabios o Tractado de la nobleza y lealtad………………………………………………………..……………217 Chapter 6: Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..285 Works Cited…………………………………………………………………………….300 Appendix A: Praises of Fernando III…………………………………………………...311 viii Chapter 1: Introduction Historical Context Alfonso X, as his uncle Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, was known during his own lifetime as a great patron of the Arts and Sciences. Scholars since his time have even suggested that he was more deserving of the title stupor mundi than his uncle because of Alfonso’s awe inspiring personal intelligence (Burns “Stupor Mundi” 13). Alfonso led one of the greatest projects of translatio studii in the history of the world, translating texts ranging from holy scriptures to astronomical calculations, political training to games of diversion, bringing works from Arabic and Hebrew into the vernacular Castilian language for the enrichment of his culture and subjects. In addition to mere translation, Alfonso had many works expanded and improved upon, such as the Tablas alfonsís which became the most comprehensive astonomical charts for centuries, and also he created original works on an equally impressive variety of topics, such as poetry, statecraft, historiography, and law.1 Scholars still debate the extent of Alfonso’s role in the direct 1 Robert I. Burns provides a helpful overview of the Alfonsine cultural project in his essay “Stupor Mundi: Alfonso X of Castile, the Learned”. See Charles Burnett for a history of translation projects carried out in medieval Spain. O’Callaghan discusses the 1 translation or composition of these projects, but consensus tends to favor the belief that he approved the codices being made in his royal scriptoria, and that with many, if not all, he personally revised and contributed to their final versions. Historians believe the monarch directly supervised a select collection of projects, and for some, such as his poetic works, critics consider Alfonso as the ‘author’ (while still recognizing that he was one of many authors and laborers involved in creating the final codex). The patronage of these cultural projects which made Castile and the Castilian language an important locus of knowledge in the thirteenth century also led posterity to name Alfonso X the father of the Castilian language and el rey sabio. Posterity, however, often looks at the culmination of the deeds, the collective force of all the projects accomplished over the course of a lifetime, and frequently ignores the smaller details of particular choices made within specific historical contexts. My objective is not to challenge the labeling of Alfonso X as el rey sabio, or stupor mundi, but
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