Marketing Fragment 6 X 10.Long.T65

Home , Alfonso X of Castile, Charles VII of France, First Carnatic War, Flanders campaign, Leo of Tripoli, Philip VI of France

Cambridge University Press 0521853591 - The Cambridge History of Warfare Edited by Geoffrey Parker Index More information

Index

Abrams, Creighton (American general, aircraft carriers, 251; American (1930s), Vietnam War), 381 320; American (World War II), 356; Actium, battle of (31 BC), 427 Japanese (World War II), 355 Adrianople; battle of (AD 378), 63; Aisne offensive (1918), 283, 305 most fought-over town in history, Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of (1748), 183, 427 184 Aelian (Tactics), 4, 157, 417, 431 Alans, 64 Aemilius Paulus (Roman general), 40 Alba, duke of, 5, 152, 155 Aeschylus on the Persian wars, 23, 25 Alberich (German withdrawal, 1917), Aetius (Roman general), 62, 63 298 Afghanistan’s democratic election. See Alberti, Leon Battista, on angled also al-Qaeda; Laden, Osama Bin, defences, 106 407 Alexander the Great, 3, 71, 98, 418 Agesilaus (Spartan general), 26, 37 Alexius (east Roman emperor), 79 aggression in the western military Alfonso X of Castile (Siete Partidas), 99 tradition, 6, 10, 414, 416, 418, Alfred the Great, 72, 76 425 Algerian War (1954–62), 372–374 Agincourt, battle of (1415), 88, 89 Algonkians, 139 agrarian warfare, 25, 30; Bronze-Age, Aljubarrota, battle of (1385), 85 18; hoplite, 18, 19, 21, 22; Roman Allerheim, battle of (1645), 160 militias, 49 Alma, battle of (1854), 222 air attacks; Gulf War, 392; Six Day War, Almagro, Diego de (Spanish 386; Vietnam War, 377–378, 380, conquistador), 139, 140 381; World War I, 309; World War al-Qaeda, 412. See also Laden, Osama II, 334, 351, 354, 357, 364; Yom Bin, 403; America strikes back, Kippur War, 387 406–412; America under attack, Air Corps Tactical School (USA), 319 403–406; Madrid explosion, 411 air defence,319, 387, 392; British Alvarez de Toledo, Don Fernando. See (1930s), 319; Egyptian (Yom Kippur Alba War), 387; German (World War II), Ambrones, 46 344–346; Iraqi (Gulf War), 391–392 Ambrose, Archbishop of Milan airborne forces, 325, 332, 333, 351, (penance of Theodosius), 414 352, 372 American Civil War, 223–225

491

Index

American War of Independence armoured warfare; British experiments (1775–81), 190–193 (1920–30s), 317; German Americas conquered, 67–71, 131 development (1930s), 316; Six Day Amherst, Jeffrey (British general), 186 War, 386–387; World War II, 325, Amiens; battle of (1918), 309; treaty of 334, 346–351; Yom Kippur War, (1802), 213 387–389 Anastasius (east Roman emperor), 67 arms manufacture, 153–154, 340–341, angled bastions, 106, 108 344, 415 Anglo-Dutch wars, 117, 125, 126, arms race, naval, 124, 127, 128, 267; 427 17th c., 125; before World War I, Anglo-Saxon military organization, 73, 106–114, 268 76 Army of Northern Virginia (American Anna Comnena on Frankish cavalry, Civil War), 227, 229, 230, 231, 232, 79 234 Antietam, battle of (1862), 227, 228, Army of Tennessee (American Civil 246 War), 232 Antigonus Gonatas (Macedonian Army of the Potomac (American Civil general), 40 War), 224, 226, 227, 230, 231, 232, Antioch taken by crusaders (1098), 77 233, 234, 238 Antipater (Macedonian general), 40 Arnhem, battle of (1944), 351 Antwerp, 213; defences (1560s), 107, arquebuses, 132, 134, 144, 145, 156 112; World War I, 281, 283; World arrows, 44, 74, 78, 79, 84, 85, 86, 88, War II, 351, 352 94, 128, 132, 134, 135, 140 Anzac (Australian and New Zealand artillery; 18th c., 194, 197; Flanders army corps), Dardanelles campaign (1917), 300; gunpowder revolution, (1915), 290 89–90, 101–113; Korean War Anzio landing (1944), 342 (1950–53), 370; Kursk (1943), 346; Apache resistance (1880s), 255 naval (16th c.), 125–127, 138; naval Appian; on rise of latifundia, 48 (late Middle Ages), 118–119, Appomattox, Lee’s surrender (1865), 122–124, 128–130; naval 238 (Napoleonic wars), 210–213; Paris aquila (Roman eagle insignia), 52 siege (1870–71), 247; Passchendaele Arab–Israeli wars, 384–389; 1948–49, (1917), 301; Russo-Japanese War 384; 1956 (Suez Crisis), 385; 1967 (1904–05), 260; Spanish New-World (Six Day War), 385–387; 1973 (Yom conquests, 132–134; the Somme Kippur War), 88–89, 387 (1916), 294; Verdun (1916), 292; archery, 44, 97 World War I, 287–288 Archilochus on commanders, 20 artillery fortresses, 108, 110, 111 Ardennes, 282; German counter-attack Aspern-Essling, battle of (1809), 208 (1944), 352; German invasion route Assaye, battle of (1803), 214 (1940), 325, 327 Assize of Arms (England, 1181), 97 Argos versus Sparta, 32 Assyrian warfare, 16 Aridius (Gallo-Roman magnate), 71 Atahualpa (Inca ruler), 138, 141 Aristophanes (war criticism), 414 Athenians, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, Aristotle on decline of the hoplite, 26 35, 36, 418 Arkan, 422 Atlanta, battle of (1864), 234, Armada; Dutch (1688), 125, 137–139; 366–370 Spanish (1588), 119, 122, 123, 124, Atlantic, battle of (World War II), 127, 427 163–166, 343

492

Index

atomic weapons, 364 German (World War I), 295–296, atrocities, Thirty Years War, 57–58, 301–302, 304–305; hoplite, 18–23; 375. See also war crimes, 176, 370 Macedonian, 34–36; Roman, 44–45 attack in depth (World War I), 303 bayonets, 170, 174, 230 Attila the Hun, 10, 62, 94–96 Bazaine, Fran¸coisAchille, (French Augustus Caesar, 54 marshal in the Franco-Prussian War), Austerlitz, battle of (1805), 117–121, 246, 329–330 204 Beachy Head, battle of (1690), 126, Austrian Succession, War of 343–344 (1740–48), 181, 184, 186 Beck, Ludwig (chief of the German Austro-Prussian War (1866), 210–213, general staff, 1930s), 316 241 Bede, the Venerable, on Hadrian’s Ayamores, 139 Wall, 4 Aztecs, 1, 134, 136, 137, 139, 144 Behr, Johann, on decline of the field B-17 bomber, 345 battle, 171 Belgium invaded; (1914), 279–282; B-29 bomber, 359, 360 (1940), 325 B-52 bomber, 383 Belgrade (Balkan War), 396, 401 Badoglio, Marshal Pietro (Italian leader Belgrade bombed (1941), 332 1943–44), 342 Belisarius (Byzantine general), 67, Baghdad captured (2003), 408 68 Bagration (Soviet offensive, 1944), 347 Benedek, Ludwig von (Austrian Balaclava, battle of (1854), 222 general), 241, 243 Balkan Wars, 268–269, 330, 396–399 Bergen-op-Zoom besieged (1622), Balkans campaign; German (1941), 161 48–52, 331; Italian (1940), Berlichingen, G¨otzvon (military 131–147, 330 entrepreneur, 16th c.), 150 Bank of England, 9, 182, 215 Berlin; bombed (1943), 345; taken Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss (Union (1945), 353 general), 232, 233 Berlin Decree (1806), 205 Bannockburn, battle of (1314), 86, 87, Bernhardi, Theodor von (German 416 general), 250 Bar Lev line breached (1973), 387 Berwick-upon-Tweed besieged (1333), Barbarossa (German invasion of the 102 Soviet Union, 1941), 96–98, 333 Bf 109 (Messerschmitt) fighter aircraft, Barcelona taken in 68, 70, 95 446 Barret, Robert (The Theory and Practice Biak, battle of (1944), 357, 370–372 of Modern Wars, 1598), 101 Bicocca, battle of (1522), 155 Barwick, Humphrey (English military biological weapons, 425 writer), 156 Bismarck, Otto von (Prussian bastions, 106, 112, 148–154, 172 statesman), 239, 379–383 battalion attack column, revolutionary Black Hole of Calcutta, 187 France, 197 Black Prince, 89 battering rams, 81; medieval, 80 Black Sea fleet, 395 battle doctrine; British (after World Black Week (Boer War), 257 War I), 317; British (World War I), Blackhawk helicopters, 394 299, 301, 304; French (after World Blair, Tony (British Prime Minister), War I), 317; French (World War I), 407 298; German (1924), 315–316; Blenheim, battle of (1704), 177

493

Index

blind bombing system (World War II), Bradley, Omar (chairman of the 330 American joint chiefs of staff, Korean Bloch, Ivan (Is War Impossible? 1899), War), 368 272 Bragg, Braxton (Confederate general), blockades; American Civil War, 225, 231, 232, 234 235; Anglo-French (1939), 323; Breeds hill (battle of Bunker hill), Calais (1346–47), 95; Napoleonic 190 wars, 205 Breitenfeld, battle of (1631), 153, Blücher,Gebhard Leberecht von 159–160 (Prussian general, Napoleonic wars), Brest-Litovsk, peace of (1918), 209 302 Blucher¨ , World War II German heavy Brétigny,treaty of (1360), 89 cruiser, 324 Britain, battle of (1940), 329–330 Bock, Fedor von (German general, British Expeditionary Force, 268; World War II), 322, 327, 328 World War I, 282, 283, 287, 294, Boeotia plain (Greek battleground), 299, 300, 304, 309; World War II, 25, 27, 36 327, 328 Boer uprising (1880–81), 254 broadsides, 117, 122, 123 Boer War (1889–1902), 256–259 bronze weapons, 134–137 Bohemia, Hussite revolt, 90 Brooke, Rupert (World War I poet), Bologna defences (1381), 105 312 Bolshevik Revolution (1917), Brooke, Sir Alan, chairman of the 302–303 Chiefs of Staff, 431 bombards, 101, 103 Brunswick, duke of (Prussian general, Bomber Command (Royal Air Force, French revolutionary wars), 198 World War II), 318, 344, 345, 360 Brussels taken; (1914), 309; (1940), bombing; 1930s doctrine, 319; battle 328 of Britain (1940), 329–330; Brussilov, Alexei (Russian general, Germany (World War II), 344–346, World War I), 297 351–352; Iraq, 389–392; Japan Budapest, battle of (1944), 348 (1945), 359–361; Pearl Harbor Bueil, Jean de (Le Jouvencel, 1466), (1941), 354–355; Vietnam, 360, 96 381, 383 Buell, Carlos (Union general), 228, Bonaparte; Joseph, 205; Napolean. See 229 Napolean Bulgaria; Germany ally (1941), 331; Borodino, battle of (1812), 206–207 surrender to Soviets (1944), 348 Bosnia, 400 Bulge, battle of (1944), 352 Bosnia-Herzegovina (civil war), 396 Bull Run; first battle of (1861), 225, Bosnian Muslims, 396, 398 226; second battle of (1862), 227 Bosnian rebellion (1876), 255 Buller, Redvers (British general, Boer Bosnian Serb group (Arkan), 422 War), 257, 258 Bosnian Serb offensives, 396, 398 Bülow, Karl von (German general, Boston besieged (1775–76), 190 World War I), 282 Boulogne taken by Germans (1940), Bunker hill, battle of (1775), 190 328 bureaucracy of war, 55–56 Bourges taken by Pepin I (762), 70 Burghal Hidage, 73 bows, 85–88 Burgoyne, John (British general, War Boyle, Roger, earl of Orrery, 148, of American Independence), 192 153 burgs, Anglo-Saxon, 72, 74, 76

494

Index

Burma; occupied by Japan (1942–43), Carnot, Lazare (military leader, French 355; recaptured by Britain revolutionary wars), 198 (1944–45), 358–359 Carolingian dynasty, 4, 68, 70, 71, 75, Burnside, Ambrose (Union general), 76, 80 227 carracks, 128 Bush, George H, W. (US President), Carrhae, battle of (53 BC), 45, 53 392, 429 Cartier, Jacques, on Algonkians, 133 Bush, George W. (US President), 406, Casablanca meeting (1943), 342 408 Cassel, battle of (1328), 86 Butler, Benjamin Franklin (Union castles, 77, 95, 104, 415 general), 232, 233 casualties, civilian, 399–401; 20th-c. Buxar, battle of (1764), 188 civil wars, 421–424; Algerian War, Byng, John (British admiral), 373; Belgium (1914), 281; Belgrade 211 (1941), 332; Boer War, 259; Byzantine warfare, 74–75 Hamburg (1943), 344; Japan cadet schools (France, 1700s), 195 (1945), 361; Leningrad (World War II), 336; Rotterdam (1940), 327 Cadiz raid (1596), 124 casualties, military; 20th-c. civil wars, Caesar, Julius (Roman general), 4, 53, 421; British (1918), 309; French 54, 62, 63, 93, 98, 101, 418 (1915), 287; German (1918), 308; Cairo (Union riverboat), 224 Italian (World War I), 291; Calais blockaded (1346–47), 95 Napoleonic wars, 210; native caltrops, 79 American (16th–17th centuries), Camberley staff college, 250 141–142; Okinawa landing (1945), Cambodia invaded; by Americans 359; Passchendaele (1917), 301; (1970), 381; by Vietnamese (1978), Soviet (World War II), 363; 383 Stalingrad (1942–43), 340; the Cambrai, battle of (1917), 301–302 Somme (1916), 295; Verdun Camden, battle of (1780), 193 (1916), 293; World War I, 311–312 camp followers, 87, 154, 161 catapults, 31, 102 Camperdown, battle of (1797), 211, cavalry, 79; 16th–17th centuries, 149, 427 154, 159; battle of Omdurman Campo Formio, treaty of (1797), 200 (1896), 252; charge of the Light Cannae, battle of (216 BC), 4, 45, 158, Brigade (1854), 222; Greek, 26; 273, 431 Louis XIV’s, 170; Macedonian, 32, cannon. See artillery 33, 34, 35, 37, 38; medieval, 76, Canturino, battle of (1363), 87 77–80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, Cap Colonna, battle of (982), 78 91, 92, 93; Napoleonic, 201; Cape St Vincent, battle of (1797), 211, Roman, 56, 76; World War I, 300 212 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Capet, Hugh, king of France, 76, 80 447; Vietnam, 383 Capital ships, 117, 120–124, 125, 126, centre-of-gravity concept (Clausewitz), 355 110–111 Caporetto, battle of (1917), 303 centurions, 42, 43, 446 caravels, 128 Chaeroneia, battle of (338 BC), 35, 36, Carcassonne; raided (1355), 89 427 Carlos II of Spain, 177 chain-mail armour, 84 Carnatic War; first (1744–48), 183; challenge-and-response dynamic, 6–10 second (1749–54), 183 Chˆalons,battle of (AD 451), 62, 63

495

Index

Chamberlain, Joshua (Union general), Churchill, John. See Marlborough 230 Churchill, Winston, 310; Dardanelles Chamberlain, Neville (British prime campaign (1915), 288, 290;on minister, 1937–40), 321, 322, 324, battleship numbers, 268;on 329 outbreak of World War I, 266;on Champagne offensive (1915), 287 World War I stalemate, 287; World Chancellorsville, battle of (1863), War II, 324, 329, 341, 342, 361 229–231 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency Charlemagne, 67–71 Cimbri, 46 Charles I of England, 152 city walls, 16, 18, 27, 47, 56, 58, 61, Charles II of England, 171 64, 66–67, 71–73, 76, 79–81, Charles Martel, 68, 70 89–90, 102–109, 112, 123, 138, Charles of Lorraine, 185 146–147, 172 Charles the Bald, 70 civil war, 421–424, 425; American, Charles the Bold of Burgundy, 98, 223–225; Bosnia-Herzegovina, 396; 105, 149 Lebanese, 423; Spanish, 321 Charles V, Holy Roman emperor, 100, Civitavecchia defences (1515), 106 108, 112, 113, 119, 151, 161, 173 Clark, Mark (American general, World Charles VII of France, 90, 99, 103 War II), 343 Charles VIII of France, 154, 155, 162 Clausewitz, Carl von (On War), 5, Charles XII of Sweden, 110, 174, 175 110, 389 Charles, Archduke (Austrian general, Clemenceau, Georges (French premier, Napoleonic wars), 203, 207 World War I), 299, 311, 428, 431 Charleston, battle of (1766), 192, Clinton, Bill (US President), 394, 396, 193 402 chassepot rifle, 244 Clinton, Sir Henry (British general, Chˆateau-Thierry,battle of (1918), War of American Independence), 307 192–193 Chattanooga besieged (1863), 231, Clive, Robert (East India Company 232 soldier), 187 Chechen Wars, 394–396 Clovis (Merovingian king), 71, 415 Chelmsford, Baron Frederick Augustus clubs, South American weapons, 135, Thesiger (British general, Zulu War), 137, 140 253 Coalition forces, 392, 409 chemical weapons, 393, 425 Coen, Jan Pieterzoon, on trade and war Cherbourg; besieged by Henry V, 89; in 17th-c, Asia, 11 taken by Americans (1944), 349 Cohen, Eliot A., 429, 430 chevauch´ee, 88, 90 cohorts (Roman legion), 49–51 chevaux-de-frises, 447 Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 168–169 Chickamauga, battle of (1863), 231, Cold War, 58, 348, 362, 365, 232 369–370, 389, 425 China; attacked by Japanese (1937), Collingwood, Cuthbert (British 353; early artillery at sea, 118; admiral at Trafalgar), 212 gunpowder weapons, 101; siege Cologne bombed (1942), 344 warfare, 417 colonial empires, 362, 363 chivalry, 82, 92, 98 colours, regimental, 152 Christine de Pisan (Les Faits d’Armes et Columbus, Christopher, 129, 131–133 de Chevalerie, 1409), 99, 102 Combined Bomber Offensive (World Churchill Winston, 290 War II), 341, 344, 346, 363

496

Index

commandos; Boer, 256, 257; German, Corinth, Mississippi, Halleck’s advance in Soviet Union, 333 on (1862), 229 commercial advantage; motive for war, Corinthian warfare, 32 178, 181–184; power-base for war, corned powder, 103 213–216 Cornwallis, Charles (British general, commissars (French Revolution), 164, War of American Independence), 197 193 commissions purchased, 195 Coroneia; (394 BC), 29; battle of Committee of Public Safety (French (447 BC), 25 Revolution), 198 corps system introduced, 208 Compagnie des Indes, 187 Cortés,Hernán(conquistador), Compagnies d’Ordonnance, 99 133–134, 139, 140, 144 companion cavalry (Macedon), 32 costs of war, 84, 90, 111 computer revolution (1980s), 365 cotton armour, 140 concentration camps (Boer War), 259 Courtrai, battle of (1312), 86, 416 Concerning Military Matters, see Crassus (Roman general), 45, 53 Vegetius Craterus (Macedonian general), 39 Concord, battle of (1775), 190 Crazy Horse (Sioux leader), 254–255 Condé,Louis Prince de (Louis XIV’s Crécy,battle of (1346), 88, 89, 104 general), 171 credit mobilized for war, 168 condotta (late-medieval military Crete invaded (1941), 332–333 contract), 96 Crimean War (1854–55), 221–223 Conduct of the Defensive Battle (1916), criticism of war, 408 296 Croats, 396, 398 Congress of Vienna (1815), 220 Cronje, Piet (Boer commander), 258 conquistadors, 130 crossbows, 84, 94, 105, 118, 131, 142, Conrad von Hötzendorf,Franz 144 (Austrian general, World War I), cross-channel invasion plans for 237, 286, 296, 297 341, 342 conscription, 64, 65, 174, 180, 196, cruise missiles, 365, 391, 404, 426 201, 210, 252; American (Vietnam crusaders, 75, 77 War), 379–380; and drill, 417; Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 431 French (Algerian War), 373 culverins, 104, 118, 119 Constantine (Roman emperor), 58 Cunaxa, battle of (401 BC), 36 Constantinople, 67; besieged (1453), Custer, George Armstrong (American 104; defended by Byzantine fleet, cavalry commander, Indian wars), 74–75; Roman walls, 71–72; Russian 254 threat (1877), 256; sacked by Cuzco besieged (1536–37), 137, 138, crusaders (1204), 75 141, 144 containment-of-communism policy, Cyprus taken by Turks (1570–71), 365 121 Continental System (Napoleon), Cyrus II (Persian emperor), 36 205–207 Czechoslovakian crisis (1938), 316, Continentals (War of American 321–322 Independence), 190, 193 convoys (battle of the Atlantic, World Daladier, Edouard (French premier), War II), 343–344 321 copper weapons in the New World, 134 Damian of Tarsus, 75 Coral Sea, battle of (1942), 355 Danish War (1864), 240–241

497

Index

Dardanelles campaign (1915), Dordrecht (Dutch East India Company 288–290 ship), 129 Darius I (Persian emperor), 23 Dorylaeum, battle of (1097), 79 Daun, Leopold von (Austrian marshal, Douhet, Giulio (Italian general, Seven Years War), 186 1930s), 318 Davout’s, Louis Nicolas (French Dowding, Sir Hugh marshal, Napoleonic wars), 204 (commander-in-chief, Fighter De Bello Gallico (Julius Caesar), 98 Command, 1936–40), 318, 319, de Gaulle, Charles (French president, 329 1958–62), 374 draft. See also conscription; Vietnam De Regimine Principum (Giles of War, 380 Rome, 13th c.), 99 dragoons, 170 defence in depth; British (World War Drake, Sir Francis, Caribbean raid I), 304; German (1917–18), 296, (1585–86), 146 298, 303, 308; medieval, 72–74, 79, Dreadnought; British battleship (1906), 80–81; Roman, 57–58, 61–63 268; English capital ship (16th c.), Delium, battle of (424 BC), 20 124 demographic growth, 76, 425 dreadnoughts, 251 Demosthenes; on old-fashioned dress, military, 151–153 warfare, 30; on Philip of Macedon, drill; French revolutionary wars, 197; 35 musketry, 156–159; War of Denain battle of (1712), 178 American Independence, 191; Desert Storm. See Operation Desert western military tradition, 2, 3, 4, Storm 417–418 desertion, 28, 97, 149, 194, 199, 237 drill books, 157, 194, 197, 208 deterrence of Soviet aggression, 362, dromons, 74 365 Dudley, Thomas (English colonial Devolution, War of (1667–68), 171 leader), 158 Diem, Ngo Dinh (South Vietnamese Dumouriez, Charles (French general, dictator), 375–377 revolutionary wars), 198 Dien Bien Phu, battle of (1954), 372 Duncan, Adam (British Admiral, Dieppe raid (1942), 348 Napoleonic wars), 211 Dijon defences (1417), 105 Dunkirk (evacuation of British Dio Cassius (Roman historian), 55 Expeditionary Force, 1940), 328 Diocletian (Roman emperor), 58, 61, Dupleix, Joseph (governor of French 63 India, 1741–54), 183 Dipaea, battle of (471 BC), 25 Dutch Armada (1688), 125, Directory (French Revolution), 199, 137–139 201 Dutch East India Company, 129 discipline, 2; German storm troops Dutch Revolt, 111, 156 (1918), 305; hoplite, 21; medieval, Dynamo (evacuation of British 97–98; Prussian, 180; Roman, 57, 58 Expeditionary Force, 1940), 328 disease in conquest of the Americas, eagle insignia (Roman legion), 151 144–145 Dithmarschen, battle of (1319), 87 early warning systems, 329 Djerba, battle of (1560), 120 East India Company, English, 183, D¨onitz, Admiral Karl (U-boats 187, 188, 214 commander, World War II), East Roman empire. See Byzantine 343–344 warfare

498

Index

Eastern Front; World War I, 286, 296, Falklands War (1982), 418 340; World War II, 338, 346–348 Fall, Bernard (expert on Vietnam), economic power; after World War II, 377 363, 391; British (Napoleonic wars), fatwa (religious edict), 403, 404 213–216; late 19th c., 249–252; Fayttes of Armes and of Chyvalrye Union (American Civil War), 224; (William Caxton, 1490), 99 World War I, 311, 312; World Ferdinand, Archduke Franz, War II, 260, 343, 344 assassinated (1914), 271 Edict of Emancipation (Prussia 1807), feudal military obligation, 82, 84, 85, 208 92, 96 Edirne. See Adrianople Fighter Command (RAF), 319, 330 Edward I of England, 7, 81, 86, 93 finance, 9, 168, 169, 182, 215, 417 Edward II of England, 86 Finland invaded (1939), 322, 324 Edward III of England, 89, 93, 94 firearms, 3, 61, 92, 101, 105, 131, Eisenhower, General Dwight; 142, 145, 153, 154, 155, 156, 170, (commander of Normandy invasion, 260, 416, 417 1944), 348, 349; American president firepower; Americans in Vietnam, 377, (1952–60), 369, 375 378, 379, 380; battle of Lepanto, El Alamein (1942), 340, 341 122; French in Vietnam, 371, 372; electronic warfare, 391 gunpowder revolution, 101–113; elephants, 40, 41, 233 Korean War, 366, 368, 369; Elizabeth, empress of Russia, 186 musketry, 156–159; Russo-Japanese Emancipation Proclamation (USA War, 265; World War I, 278, 294, 1862), 227 303, 304; World War II, 334, Eniwetok, battle of (1944), 357 346–348 Entente Cordiale (1904), 268 fireships (17th c, China), 117 epidemics in conquest of the Americas, First Carnatic War (1744–48), 183 144–145 Fisher, Sir John (British first sea lord, Eritrea invaded (1940), 331 1904–10, 1914–15), 268 Essai gen´ eral´ de tactique (Jacques de Five Forks, battle of (1865), 233, 238 Guibert, 1772), 194, 195 Flanders campaign (1917), 300–302 Essex class aircraft carriers, 356 Flavius Merobaudes (Roman general), ETA (Basque separatist organization, 62 Spain), 426 Fleurus, battle of (1794), 199 gas warfare, 321 FLN (Front de Liberation´ Nationale) Ethiopia invaded (1935), 321 Algerian National Liberation Front, ethnic cleansing, 396, 400, 401 373–374 Etruscan phalanx, 41 Foch, Ferdinand (Allied supreme Eugene of Savoy (Austrian general, commander, 1918), 305, 308 17th c.), 166, 177 foot soldiers. See infantry Eumenes (Macedonian general), 39 foot-companions, Macedonian, 32 Euripides (war criticism), 414 foraging, 47, 202, 203, 206 extermination camps, 352 Forest, Jean de (17th-c. soldier) on F6F ‘Hellcat’ fighter aircraft, 356 Indian casualties in Guyana, 141 Fornovo, battle of (1495), 154 Falaise besieged by Henry V, 89 Fort Donelson taken by Grant (1862), Falkenhayn, Erich von (chief of 228 German general staff, World War I), Fort Douaumont battles (1916), 292 283, 287, 288, 291–297 Fort Eben Emael taken (1940), 327

499

Index

Fort Fisher taken by Union forces galeasses, 119 (1865), 237 Galicia campaign: (1914), 286; (1915), Fort Henry taken by Grant (1862), 228 288 Fort Vaux battles (1916), 293 galleys, 95, 118–120 fortifications; Greek, 21, 29; Gallipoli campaign (1915), 290–291 gunpowder revolution, 101–113; Gamelin, Maurice (commander-in- medieval, 73, 74, 80; New World, chief of the French army, 1939–40), 138, 145–147; Roman, 58, 61, 62, 317, 325, 328 63, 72; Vauban’s, 171; World War I, Gatacre, Sir William (British general, 279, 414, 416 Boer War), 257 Francesco Laparelli (16th-c. military Gates, Horatio (patriot general, War of architect), 106 American Independence), 192, 193 Franco, Francisco (Spanish general and Gaugamela, battle of (331 BC), 37 dictator), 321, 423 Gaul, Caesar’s campaigns (58–51 BC), Franco-Burgundian wars, 92 53, 54 Fran¸coisKellermann (French general, Gaza Strip, 400 revolutionary wars), 198 Gaza taken by Alexander (332 BC), 39 Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), Geneva Peace Accords (1954), 375 244–247 Geoffrey Plantagenet, count of Anjou, Franklin, battle of (1864), 236 4 Franks, 79, 415 German High Seas Fleet (World War I), Frederick I of Prussia, 179 310 Frederick II, the Great, of Prussia, German navy, World War II, 320, 324, 178–181, 184–185, 205 329 Frederick William I of Prussia, 179 German unification, 239, 242, 266 Frederick William of Brandenburg, Germany first (American World War II 179–180 strategy), 341 free companies (late medieval Italy), 87 Geronimo, Apache leader (1880s), 255 free-fire zones (Vietnam War), 379 Gettysburg, battle of (1863), 225, French and Indian War (1754–63), 186 229–231 French Revolution, 195–199 Giap, Vo Nguyen (Viet Minh military French, Sir John (commander of the commander), 371, 372, 380 British Expeditionary Force, gladius (Roman sword), 42, 43, 44, 1914–15), 287 52 Friedensturm offensive (1918), 308 glider-borne infantry, 327 frigates, 126, 201 Glorious First of June, battle of (1794), Fritsch, Werner von (commander-in- 210, 212 chief of the German army, 1933), Gneisenau, August von (Prussian 316 officer), 250 Froissart, Jean (chronicler of Hundred Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, on the Years War), 94, 118 battle of Valmy, 198 Frontinus on Macedonian logistics, 38, Golan heights; defended by Israel 99 (1973), 388; taken by Israel (1967), Fronto on idle legionaries, 56 386 Fulk Nerra (987–1040), count of the Goldwater, Senator Barry (American Angevins, 76 presidential candidate, 1964), 377 Fuller, J, F, C. (British military goths. See Visigoths commentator), 317 Gough, Hubert (British general, World full-rigged ship, 120, 123 War I), 300, 304, 305

500

Index

Gracedieu (English warship, 1418), Malaya (1948–54), 374–375; Robert 120 the Bruce (14th c.), 85, 416; South Granada taken by Castile (1492), 99 Africa (Boer War), 258; Spain Grand Alliance against Louis XIV, 177 (Napoleonic wars), 206; Vietnam grand strategy; Charlemagne’s, 68, 70; (1945–73), 371; Yugoslavia (World Imperial Defence Plan (Japan), 353; War II), 332 late Roman, 61; Plan XVII (France), Guibert, Jacques de (Essai gen´ eral´ de 281; Schlieffen plan (Germany), 269, tectique, 1772), 194, 195 275 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964), Grande Armee´ , Napoleon’s, 203–205 379 Grandson, battle of (1476), 92 Gulf War (1991), 365, 401, 402, 426 Granicus, battle of (334 BC), 37 Gumbinnen, battle of (1914), 285 Grant, Ulysses S. (Union general), 5, gunports, 106, 117, 122 228–237 gunpowder weapons, 101–113 Gravelotte, battle of (1870), 246, 247 Guns of August (Barbara Tuchman), Graziani, Rudolfo (Italian general, 431 World War II), 331 Guntram of Burgundy, 66 Great Company of Montr´eal Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, 110, d’Albarno, 87 158, 159, 161 Great Harry (English warship, 1512), Habsburg hegemony, 113 122 Great Michael (Scottish warship, Hadrian (Roman emperor), 56 1511), 122 Haider Ali (ruler of Mysore, 1759–82), Great Northern War (1700–21), 166, 214 174, 175 Haig, Sir Douglas (commander, British Greece; attacked by Italy (1940), 331; Expeditionary Force, 1916–18), hoplite warfare, 17–23, 30–31; 294, 299–311 invaded by Germany (1941), 331; halberds, 174 Macedonian warfare, 32–41; Halder, Franz (German general World Peloponnesian War, 26–28; Persian War II), 325, 335, 336 wars, 23–25 Halicarnassus taken by Alexander (334 Greek fire, 74 BC), 39 Greene, Nathanael (patriot general, Halleck, Henry (Union general), 229, War of American Independence), 231 193 Hamburg bombed (1943), 344 Grenada invaded (1983), 389 Hamilton, Sir Ian (British general Gribeauval, Jean Vacquette de (French leading Gallipoli expedition), 265, artillery system reformer, 1770s), 290 194 Hampden, John, on taxes and war Grivas, George (Cypriot guerrilla (1692), 430 leader), 422 Hannibal (Carthaginian general), 4, 10, Grozny. See Chechen Wars 98, 101, 158, 431 Guadalcanal, battle of (1942), 356 Harfleur in the Hundred Years War, Guderian, Heinz (German general, 89, 95, 96, 103 World War II), 327, 328, 334, 336 Harkins, Paul (American general, guerrilla warfare; Afghanistan (1980s), Vietnam War), 377 423; Algeria, 372–374; American Harlech castle, 7 Civil War, 225; Cyprus (1950s), Harold II of England, 76 422; Franco-Prussian war, 247; Harper’s Ferry, battle of (1862), 227

501

Index

Harrier jet fighter aircraft, 413 Hoffman, Max von (German general Harris, Arthur (commander-in-chief of staff officer), 265, 285 Bomber Command, RAF, 1942–45), Hohenlinden, battle of (1800), 201 318 Honorius (Roman emperor), 64 hasta (Roman lance), 52 Hood, John Bell (Confederate hastati (Roman legion first line), 43, general), 234, 236 51 Hooker, Joseph (Union general), 229 Hastings, battle of (1066), 76 hoplite warfare, 2, 3, 5, 18, 19, 21, 22, Hawkwood, Sir John (14-c 30, 31, 32, 36 free-company commanderin Italy), Hopton, Sir Ralph (royalist 87 commander, English Civil War), 153 hedgehogs (German fortified areas on horses in warfare. See also cavalry; the Eastern Front, World War II), chivalry; horse artillery (French 338 revolutionary wars), 197; horse Heinmot Tooyalaket (Chief Joseph of transports, Norman, 75, 79; the Nez Perc´e), 255 Xenophon, 19 helicopters; Algerian War, 374; Howe, Sir William (British general, Vietnam War, 379 War of American Independence), Hellcat fighter aircraft, 356 191, 192 Henry II of England, 112 Huaitar´a,battle of (1536), 138 Henry the Fowler, king of Germany, Hundred Days, Napoleon (1815), 209 73, 79, 80 Hundred Years War (1337–1453), Henry V of England, 88, 89, 93, 94, 88–89, 387 95, 120 Hung-Wu (first Ming emperor of Henry VIII of England, 122 China), 117 hetairoi (aristocratic Macedonian Huns, 62 cavalry), 32 Hurons, 139 Hindenburg plan, 311 Hussein, Saddam, 393, 402, 407, 408 Hindenburg, Paul von (German Hussites, 90, 93 general and statesman), 285, 286, Hutu killers, 422 288, 295, 311 Hydaspes, battle of (326 BC), 37 Hiroshima bombed (1945), 360, 420 hypaspists (‘shield bearers’ – Historia Augusta, 63 Macedonian light infantry), 32, 38 History of the Peloponnesian War Hysiae, battle of (669 BC), 29 (Thucydides), 4, 20, 22, 23, 27, 28, 272, 414, 417 Imperial Defence Plan (Japan), 353 Hitler, Adolf; chancellor of Germany, impis (Zulu formations), 253, 254 315, 320; Czechoslovakian crisis, Incas, 125, 137–139 321, 322; Eastern Front, 96–98, incendiaries, medieval, 74 333, 346–351; rearmament, 316; Inchon landing (1950), 367 suicide, 353; Western Front (1940), indentures (late-medieval military 323–324, 325–327; Western Front contracts), 25, 96 (1944), 348–351; World War soldier Independence-class light aircraft I, 283 carriers, 356 Hitlerjugend¨ Waffen SS division, 349 India (nuclear power), 424 Hittite warfare, 15 India, Europeans in, 128, 129, 183 Ho Chi Minh (Vietnamese Indian resistance in conquest of the revolutionary), 370, 371, 376, 377 Americas, 133, 184 Ho Chi Minh Trail, 376 Indian wars (American west), 254–256

502

Index

Indo-China; after World War II, Isocrates’ criticism of commanders, 57–58, 176, 370, 375; colonized by 32 French, 370–371; occupied by Issus, battle of (333 BC), 37 Japanese (1940–41), 354 Italian Somaliland invaded (1940), Indonesia occupied by Japan (1942), 331 355 Italian-style defence, 106–114, 268 industrial power; 19th c., 214, Iwo Jima landing (1945), 359 223–224, 239, 249; Cold War, Jackson, Thomas ‘Stonewall 362–366; World War I, 289, 296, (Confederate general), 227, 229, 310, 311; World War II, 340, 352, 234 415 infantry. See also marines; trench James II of England, 166 warfare; Bronze-Age, 15–17; Greek James II of Scotland, 104 phalanx, 17–23, 31–32; lines and James peninsula expedition (1862), columns, 157–160, 194, 201; 226 Macedonian phalanx, 32–34, 39–41; Jankow, battle of (1645), 160 medieval primacy, 77–80, 82, 85–88, javelins, 30, 43, 44, 134, 140 92–94; Roman legion, 41–45, Jena-Auerstadt, battle of (1806), 203, 48–52, 57–58, 375 208, 239, 245 infrastructure; Macedonian, 38–39; Jerusalem taken (1099), 77 Roman, 47, 61; satellite, 428; Jervis, John (British Admiral, southern, destroyed by Union troops Napoleonic wars), 211, 212 (American Civil War), 237 Joffre, Joseph (French general, World Inkerman, battle of (1854), 222 War I), 281, 282, 297, 310 innovation in western warfare, 2, 4 John III of Poland (Jan Sobieski), 172 insignia, 151 John of Austria, Don. See Don John of inspection of troops, late medieval, 97 Austria intelligence; battle of the Atlantic John of Nassau-Siegen, 157 (World War II), 343; Boer, 258; Johnson, Lyndon (American president, British in Crete (1941), 332; 1963–69), 377, 378, 379, 380 Byzantines, 75; CIA in Vietnam, Johnston, Albert Sydney (Confederate 383; Luftwaffe’s in battle of Britain, general), 228, 232, 234 329; Magic, 355, 358; Ultra (World Joseph (Heinmot Tooyalakel, chief of War II), 330, 332, 349, 355 the Nez Perc´e), 255 Intifada, 400 Josephus on Roman military Iphicrates ((Athenian general), 33 preparedness, 57 Ipsus, battle of (301 BC), 40 Jourdan law (France, 1798), 201 Iran–Iraq War (1979–88), 389–391, jousts, 97 424 Julian (Roman emperor), 63 Iraq, 392, 408–409, 429. See also Julianus (Roman general), 55, 56 Hussein, Saddam junks, Chinese military (17th c.), 117 Irish Republican Army (United Justinian (east Roman emperor), Kingdom), 426 67–71, 131 iron weapons in conquest of the Jutland, battle of (1916), 117, 427 Americas, 131 Iroquois, 135, 139, 141, 192 Kalkhin Gol, battle of (1939), 354 Is War Impossible (Ivan Bloch, 1899), kamikaze attacks (World War II), 359, 272 360 Isandhlwana, battle of (1879), 253 Kashmir dispute (2002), 424

503

Index

Kasserine Pass, battle of (1942), 342 La Rochelle, battle of (1372), 95 Kellermann, Fran¸cois(French general, Laden, Osama Bin. See also al-Qaeda, revolutionary wars), 198 403; America strikes back, 406–412; Kemal, Mustafa (Turkish officer, World America under attack, 403–406 War I), 290 Ladysmith; besieged (1899), 257; Kennedy, John F (American president, relieved (1900), 258 1961–63), 376, 377, 431 Laffargue, Captain André(French Kharkov battles (1942–3), 339, 346, tactician, World War I), 293 347 lances, 52, 79, 85, 143 Kharzai, Hamid, 407 Lanrezac, Charles (French general, Kiggell, Launcelot (British general, 1914), 282 World War I), 300 Laos invaded by Vietnam (1978), 383 Kim Il-Sung (North Korean dictator), latifundia (Roman agricultural estates), 366, 367 47 Kimberley; besieged (1899), 257; Laudonnière,René,on Timucua relieved (1900), 258 Indians, 133 King George’s War (1743–48), 184 laws of war, 5, 163–166, 343 King Philip’s war (1675–76), 142 Le Baker, Geoffrey, on the battle of King William’s War (1689–97), 176 Sluys (1340), 94 Kitchener, Horatio (British general); Le Jouvencel (Jean de Bueil, 1466), 96 Boer War, 258; Sudanese campaign, Le Tellier, Michel (Louis XIV’s 252 secretary of state for war), 168 KLA. See Kosovo Liberation Army League of Augsburg, War of Kluck, Alexander von (German general, (1688–97), 176 World War I), 282 Leavenworth staff college, 250 knights, 82, 86, 87, 154, 416 Lebanese Civil War, 423 Königgrätz,battle of (1866), 241 Lebanon, 426 Korea; occupied by Soviet and US Lechfeld, battle of (AD 955), 3, 11, 77 forces (1945), 366; seized by Japan Lee, Robert E. (Confederate general), (1905), 261 5, 226, 227, 229, 230, 233, 237, Korean War (1950–53), 234, 238 366–370 legions, Roman, 4, 45, 46, 51, 53, 55, Kosovo, 400, 401, 402, 423 57–58, 375 Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), 400 Leipzig, battle of (1813), 209 Kriegsakademie (Prussian war college), Lenin, Vlamidir Ilyich (Russian 239 revolutionary), 302 Kriegsmarine. See German navy, World Leningrad besieged (1941–44), 336, War II 347 Krupp armaments, 281 Leo of Tripoli (Muslim admiral), 75 Kurds, 393 Leon Battista Alberti (On the Art of Kuropatkin, Alexal (Russian general, Building), 106 Russo-Japanese War), 261, 262 Leopold of Austria, 87 Kursk, battle of (1943), 346 Lepanto, battle of (1571), 120, 122, Kutusov, Mikhail (Russian general, 406, 427 Napoleonic wars), 204, 206, 207 Les Faits d’Armes et de Chevalerie Kuwait, 393. See also Hussein, Saddam, (Christine de Pisan), 99, 102 392, 393 lettres de retenue (late medieval military Kwajalein, battle of (1944), 357 contracts), 96 Kyushu (1945 landing plan), 360 Leuctra, battle of (371 BC), 29

504

Index

Leuthen, battle of (1757), 185 Lucullus (Roman general), 53 levees´ en masse; Franco-Prussian War, Ludendorff bridge taken (1945), 353 247; French Revolution, 196 Ludendorff, Erich von (German general Lexington, battle of (1765), 190 and strategist), 250; army spending Leyte Gulf, battle of (1944), 358 (1912), 269; war plans (1913), 276; Liaoyang, battle of (1904), 262 World War I, 269, 281, 285, 286, Libya invaded (1940), 331 288, 295–296, 298–299, 302–311 Liddell Hart, B, H. (British military Luftwaffe (German air force); 1930s, commentator), 317 319; air defence, 345; battle of Liègetaken by Germans (1914), 281 Britain (1940), 329, 330; Belgrade Light Brigade, charge of (1854), 222 bombing (1941), 332; Dunkirk Lincoln, Abraham (American president, evacuation, 328; invasion of Crete 1861–65), 224–233, 236, 237 (1941), 332; North Africa, 342 line ahead naval formation, 123–125, Lützen, battle of (1632), 160, 162 211, 212 Lysimachus (Macedonian general), 40 line formations for infantry, 157–159, Lysistrata (Aristophanes), 414 194, 201 Little Boy, 420 MacArthur, General Douglas; Livy; on the Macedonian phalanx, 42 American commander in the Pacific Lloyd George, David (British prime (World War II), 356, 357–359; minister, 1916–22), 301, 311 commander-in-chief of United Locke, John, on excesses of war, 165 Nations forces in Korea, 366–370 logistics, 415; Eastern Front (1941), Macedonian warfare, 32–41 333, 335, 336, 337; Louis XIV’s, Machiavelli, Niccolò; on artillery, 105; 168, 169, 170; Macedonian, 38–39, on towns as artillery fortresses, 107 41; Napoleon’s, 202, 203, 207; Mackensen, August von (German Normandy landing (1944), 349, general World War I), 288 351; Schlieffen plan, 275, 279, 283 MacMahon, Patrice Maurice (French Lombard kingdom, 68, 70 marshal, Franco Prussian War), 245, London; bombed in World War II, 246, 247 330 MACV (Military Assistance Command longbows, 84, 85, 101 Vietnam), 378–379 Longstreet, James (Confederate Madrid, bomb explosions in (2004), general), 227, 230, 231 411 Loos, battle of (1915), 287 Mafeking besieged (1899), 257 Lothair I, emperor of the West, 70 Magdeburg sacked (1631), 163 Louis the German, 70 Magersfontein, battles (1899–1900), Louis XI of France, 99 257–258 Louis XIV of France, 109, 126, 166, Magic intelligence (World War II), 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 355, 358 176–178 Maginot line, 314, 325 Louis XV of France, 186 magnates, medieval, 65, 66, 70, 72, 76, Louis XVI of France, 195 80 Louisbourg taken; (1745), 184; Magyars, 77, 78 (1758), 186 Mahan, Alfred Thayer (naval power Louvain bombarded (1914), 281 theorist), 267 Louvois, Fran¸coisLe Tellier, Marquis Mahdi, (Mohammed Ahmed, Sudanese de (Louis XIV’s war minister), 168, fundamentalist ruler, 1883–85), 171 252–254

505

Index

Malakoff stormed by French (1855), Masséna,André(French marshal, 223 Napoleonic wars), 203 Malaya; communist insurgency Massu, Jacques (French paratroop (1948–54), 374–375; taken by Japan general, Algerian War), 373 (1941–42), 355 Maurice of Nassau (Dutch leader), 4, Malplaquet, battle of (1709), 178 156–8, 419, 420 Malta, battle of (1565), 120 Mayflower, 158 Malvern Hill, battle of (1862), 226 McClellan, George (Union general), Manchuria; occupied by Soviet Union 226–227, 232 (1945), 261–265; taken by Japan McNamara, Robert Strange (American (1931), 353 secretary of defence, Vietnam War), Manco (Inca leader), 139 376–377 Manhattan defences (17th c.), 146–147 Meade, George (Union general), 230, Manhattan Project, 7 233 maniples (Roman legion), 42–45, 49 Mechelen; defences (1360s), 105 manoeuvres sur les derrieres` , 202 medieval warfare, 65–69, 84–100, Manstein, Erich von (German general, 101–106 World War II), 325, 334, 339–340, mêléenaval tactics, 211–212 346 men-at-arms, 85, 86, 93 Mantineia, battle of (362 BC), 29, 31 mercantilism, 178 manuals of warfare, 158 mercenaries, 28, 35, 38, 40, 53, 64, Mao Tse-tung (Chinese revolutionary), 76, 91, 96, 99, 150, 151, 174 371 merchant shipping; Allied (World Mapuche Indians, 141 War II), 344, 415; Japanese (World Maratha War, second (1803–05), 214 War II), 358 Marathon, battle of (480 BC), 23 Messines Ridge, battle of (1917), 299 Mardonius (Persian general), 24 Metellus (Roman general), 53 Marengo, battle of (1800), 201 Methuen, Paul (British general, Boer Maria Theresa, empress of Austria, 181, War), 257 185 Metz; besieged (1552), 108; French Marianas air battle (1944), 357, 358, encircled (1870), 246 359 Meuse-Argonne, battle of (1918), 309 Marignano, battle of (1515), 155 Mexico. See Tenochtitlán Marius, Gaius (Roman general), Michael offensive (1918), 305, 308 48–53 Middle Service Class cavalry (17th-c, Marius’s mules, 51, 58 Russia), 174 Market Garden (Montgomery’s Midway, battle of (1942), 355 advance on Arnhem, 1944), 351 Milanese military organization, 81, 99 Marlborough, John Churchill, duke of military academies. See war colleges (British general), 177–178 Military Assistance Command Vietnam Marne counter-offensive (1918), 308 (MACV), 378–379 Marne offensive (1918), 307 militias; Boer, 256; Confederate, 224; Marne, battle of (1914), 282 French revolution, 196; French Marshall Plan, 364 Revolution, 196; Greek, 30; Marshall, General George C., on medieval, 76, 87; Prussian, 208, 209; Thucydides, 4 Roman, 65, 67; War of American Mars-la-Tour, battle of (1870), 246 Independence, 190, 194 Marston Moor, battle of (1644), Milosevic, Slobodan (Serb leader), 396, 153 398, 400, 401

506

Index

miniébullets, 221 Muslims, in suicide missions, 426 Missiles of October, the, 431 Mussolini, Benito (Italian dictator), Mithridates, 46, 53, 54 315, 321, 330–331 Mladic, Ratko, 398, 399 mustard gas; Ethiopia (1935), 321 Mnesimachus (Philip, c.350 BC), 34 muster and review (Hundred Years Mohacs, battle of (1687), 173 War), 97 Mohawks, 132 mutinies; British (1797), 211; French Moltke, Helmut, Count von (chief of (1917), 297; Spanish (1571), 156 the Prussian, then German, general My Feuds and Disputes (Götzvon staff, 1858–88), 239, 241, 243, 246, Berlichingen), 150 271 My Lai massacre (1967), 379 Moltke, Helmuth, the younger (chief Mysore War, third (1789–92), 214 of the German general staff, Nagasaki bombed (1945), 360 1906–14), 271, 275, 276, 281, 285 Monluc, Blaise de, on siegecraft, 148 Nancy, battle of (1477), 92 Monro, Robert (17th-c, Scottish Naples, citizen army, 99 colonel); Monro His Expedition with Napoleon Bonaparte, 198–210 the Worthy Scots Regiment Called Napoleon III, emperor of France, 4 Mackays, London (1637), 162;on Narses (Byzantine general), 67, 68 distance marched, 152 Narva besieged (1700), 174 Mons Meg (15th-c. bombard), 104 Narvik, battle of (1940), 324 Mons, battle of (1914), 282 Nassan, counts of, see John, Maurice, Mons-en-Pévèle,battle of (1304), 86 William Louis Montcalm, Marquis Louis Joseph de Nasser, Gamal Abdel (Egyptian (18th-c, French general), 186–187 president, 1954–70), 385 Montezuma (Aztec emperor), 133 National Guard (French Revolution), Montgomery, Viscount Bernard Law 196, 379 (British Eighth Army commander, nationalism; Algerian, 372; French, North Africa), 341 189, 195; German, 240; Hungarian, Montréald’Albarno (leader of the 220; Malay, 375; Serbia, 270, 271; ‘Great Company’ in 14th-c, Italy), Vietnamese, 370 87 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Morat, battle of (1476), 92 Organization), 364, 398–399, Moreau, Jean (French general, 400–401, 402, 405, 408, 423, 424 Revolutionary wars), 201 Naupactus, battle of (Peloponnesian Morgarten, battle of (1315), 87 War), 427 Moscow, battle of (1941), 336 naval air forces; 1930s, 319; World Mueller, John (political scientist), War II, 344 429 naval warfare, 427; American Civil War, Mühlberg, battle of (1547), 155 224; armed with gunpowder mujahideen, 403 weapons, 117–121, 204; Byzantine, Mukden, battle of (1905), 263 74; dreadnought arms race, Munda, battle of (1905), 54 268–269, 330; medieval, 62, 94–96; Mundy, Peter (English traveller, Napoleonic wars, 200, 210–213, 17th-c, China), 117, 118 241; Russo-Japanese War, 260, 263; Munro, Hector (East India Company World War I, 319; World War II, soldier), 188 343–344, 356, 357, 358 musketry, 1, 157, 420, 431 needlegun, 240, 244 Muslim warfare, 67, 75, 77 Neerwinden, battle of (1693), 177

507

Index

Nelson, Horatio (British admiral, officers; American Civil War, 224, 233; Napoleonic wars), 210–213 British, 253, 259, 317; English naval Nemea, battle of (394 BC), 29 (17th c.), 127; French (17th c.), New Atlantis, 419 168; French (18th c.), 195; French new formation regiments (Russia, 17th revolutionary, 195–197, 210; century), 174 German, 250, 269; Prussian (18th New Guinea campaign (World War II), c.), 180, 181; Prussian (19th c.), 355 208, 239; Roman, 44; Russian, 334; New World conquests, 131–147, 330 Russian (17th c.), 174 New York taken by Howe (1776), 190 oil; German shortages (World War II), Nez Perc´eresistance (1870s), 255 324; Japanese shortages, 354; Nieuwpoort, battle of (1600), 158, OPEC, 388; Organization of 159, 420 Petroleum Exporting Countries Nijmegen, treaty of (1678), 171 (OPEC), 388 Nile, battle of the (1798), 200 Oinophyta, battle of (457 BC), 25 Nimitz, Admiral Chester (American Okinawa landings (1945), 359 naval commander in the Pacific, Oliveira, Fernando (The Art of War at World War II), 356, 357, 358 Sea, 1555), 123 9/11 attacks, 406, 407. See also Ollantaytambo besieged, 138, 139 al-Qaeda; Laden, Osama Bin, 405 Olympic (invasion plan for Japan, Nivelle offensive (1917), 297–298 1945), 360 Nivelle, Robert (French general, World Omaha beach (Normandy landings, War I), 293, 308 1944), 349 Nixon, Richard M. (American Omdurman, battle of (1896), 252 president, 1968–75), 381–383 On the Art of Building (Leon Battista N¨ordlingen, battle of (1634), 110, Alberti, 1440s), 106 160 On War (Carl von Clausewitz), 5, 110, Normandy invasion (1944), 346, 347, 389 348, 349 onagers, 451 Normans, 75 Onasander, on Macedonian phalanx, 33 North African campaign (1942–43), Operation Desert Storm, 392 340, 341, 342 ordre mince, 194 North Atlantic Treaty Organization ordre mixte, 194, 201 (NATO), 364, 398–399, 400–401, ordre profond, 194 402, 405, 408, 423, 424 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Northern Virginia, Army of (American Countries (OPEC), 388 Civil War), 227, 229, 230, 231, 232, Ostrogoths, 63, 66, 67, 68 234 Otto I, the Great, emperor of the West, nuclear weapons, 362, 365, 370, 405, 77 416, 424, 425 Otto II, emperor of the West, 77, 78 Nuremberg bombed (1944), 345 P-51 ‘Mustang’, 345 OAS (Organisation de l’Armee´ Secrete` ), Paardeberg, battle of (1900), 258 374 Pacific War (World War II), 355, 359, obsidian weapons, 135 418 Octavian. See Augustus Caesar Pactus Drepanius on Theodosius, 64 Oeconomicus (Xenophon), 18 Pakistan (nuclear power), 424 offensive doctrine, German (World panzer divisions developed (1930s), War I), 302 316, 317

508

Index

paratroops; Crete (1941), 332; Dien Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, 99 Bien Phu, 372; Suez crisis, 385; Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, 92 Western Front (1940), 325 Philip VI of France, 93 Parcos, battle of (1536), 138 Philippines; invaded by Americans Paris besieged (1870), 247 (1944), 357–358; taken by Japan Paris Peace Accords (1973), 383 (1941), 354 Paris, treaty of (1783), 193 Phocylides on the city-state, 18 Passchendaele, battle of (1917), 300, Pickett, George (Confederate general), 301, 309 225, 230 Paullu (Inca leader), 139 pikes; 16th c., 148; 17th c., 159, 169; Paulus, Friedrich (German general, Macedonian, 33, 38; mediaval, 91; World War II), 339, 340 medieval, 92, 104 Pavia; battle of (1525), 155; taken by pilum (Roman javelin), 42; improved Charlemagne (774), 70 by Marius, 52 peace dividend, 425 Pizarro brothers (conquistadors), 138, Pearl Harbor bombed (1941), 260, 139, 140 354–355 Plains of Abraham, battle of (1758), Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), 20, 187 21, 26 Plan XVII (French World War I plan), Peninsular War (1807–14), 206, 209 281 Peñón de Vélez,battle of (1564), 121 Plassey, battle of (1757), 11, 187 Pepin I (Carolingian king), 70 Plataea, battle of (479 BC), 3, 25, 427 Pequot War (1638–39), 141 plate armour, 84, 87, 92, 156 Perdiccas (Macedonian general), 39 Plato on Salamis, 25 Persian Gulf, 393 Plevna besieged (1877), 256 Persian wars (490, 480–478 BC), 23–25 Plumer, Sir Herbert (British general, personal armed followings, medieval, World War I), 299, 301, 304, 305 64, 65, 70, 72, 76 Poitiers, battle of (1356), 88, 89, 100 Pertinax (Roman emperor), 55 Polaris submarines, 365 Perugia arsenal (1364), 105 Poltava besieged (1709), 176 Pétain, Philippe (French general, World Polyaenus on Macedonian logistics, 39 War I), 292, 299, 305, 307 Polybius; on hoplites, 22;onthe Peter I, the Great, of Russia, 173 Macedonian phalanx, 33, 34, 42;on Peter III of Russia, 186 the Roman gladius, 42 Petersburg, battle of (1865), 234, 238 Pompey (Roman general), 53, 54, 98 Petrarch on English raiding in France, Pondichery; besieged (1746), 183; 88 surrendered (1760), 187 pezetairoi (‘foot companions’, Pope, John (Union general), 227 Macedonian heavy infantry), 32 Port Arthur besieged (1904), 261–265 phalanx warfare, 32–34 Portuguese naval warfare (15th–16th Pharnaces defeated by Caesar (47 BC), centuries), 120, 123, 125, 128 54 Potomac, Army of (American Civil Pharsalus, battle of (48 BC), 54 War), 224, 226, 227, 230, 231, 232, Philadelphia, battle of (1777), 191–192 233, 234, 238 Philip II of Macedon, 32 pressed men in the English navy, 127 Philip II of Spain, 111, 119, 122, 124, Prevesa, battle of (1538), 120 149, 163, 164 Prince Royal (British warship, 1610), Philip IV (the Fair) of France, 94 124 Philip of Anjou, 177 Princeton, battle of (1777), 191

509

Index

principes (second line in Roman Remagen bridge taken (1945), 353 legion), 43, 51 Remnants of War, the, 429 prisoners of war; Canadian (1944)th, Rennenkampf, Paul (Russian general, 349; Soviet (World war II), 336 World War I), 285–286 Probus (Roman emperor), 47 reparation payments, German, 315 professionalization; 17th c., 106, Representatives on Mission (French 148–154; 18th c., 195, 196; 19th c., Revolution), 197 208, 239, 250; medieval, 96–98, Reques´ens,Don Luis de (16th-c, 333; Roman legion, 47, 48–52, 331 Spanish general), 110 Ptolemy (Macedonian general, ruler of reserve system, Prussian, 245 Egypt), 40 Reunions (Louis XIV’s 1681 and 1684 Punic wars, 46. See also Cannae acquisitions), 172, 176 Pusan enveloped (1950), 366–368 Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), Pydna, battle of (168 BC), 40 418, 419, 421 Pyramids, battle of the (1798), 200 Rhee, Syngman (South Korean leader), Pyrrhus, king of the Epirus, 41 366 Quebec taken by Wolfe (1758), Rheims; German offensive (1918), 308; 186–187 in Hundred Years War, 89 Rhodes taken by Turks (1522), 121 Queen Anne’s War. See Warofthe Riade, battle of (933), 79 Spanish Succession Richelieu, Cardinal, on provisions, 161 radar early warning systems, 319, 329 Ridgway, Matthew B. (American RAF. See Royal Air Force general, Korean War), 368 railways; American Civil War, 223, 224; rifled muskets, 221, 222, 228 Prussia, 239; Sudan (1896), 252; Rimpler, George (17th-c. engineer), Trans-Siberian, 260 172 Ramillies, battle of (1706), 177 RMA. See Revolution in Military Affairs rams, 80 Robert Bruce (Robert I of Scotland), Rangoon captured (1945), 358 85, 86 Rawlinson, Sir Henry (British general, Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste (French World War I), 294, 295, 299 commander, War of American Raznjatovic, Zeljko (‘Arkan’), 422 Independence), 193 Reagan, Ronald (American president, Rolling Thunder (American bombing 1981–89), 389, 394 campaign against Vietnam, 1965), rearmament, German (1933), 316, 321 378 recruitment. See also conscription; levees´ Roman warfare, 46–58 en masse; medieval, 65, 72, 76, 93, Romano-German armies, 65–67 96; Roman legions, 49, 51, 54, 57, Rome sacked (AD 455), 65 63–65 Rommel, Erwin; Afrika Korps Red River Valley campaign (1951), 371 commander, 331; German officer, Redoutable (British ship at Trafalgar), World War I, 303; Inspector of 213 Coastal Defences (1943), 341; Regensburg bombed (1944), 345 panzer commander (1940), 327 Regino of Pr¨umon untrained levies, 78 Roosebeek, battle of (1382), 86 Reichswehr (German army in the Roosevelt, Franklin; American president 1920s), 315 (World War II), 329, 341, 354, 356 Reinsurance Treaty (1887), 266 Roosevelt, Theodore, 265 religious wars, 164, 333 Rorke’s Drift, battle of (1879), 253

510

Index

Rosecrans, William Starke (Union satellites, 419, 428 general), 231, 232 Savannah taken by British (1778), 192, Rossbach, battle of (1757), 185 193 Rotterdam bombed (1940), 327 Savo Island, battle of (1942), 356 Rouen besieged (1415), 89, 96 Saxe, Maurice de, on good officers, rowers, 26, 74 195 Royal Air Force. See also Bomber Saxe-Weimar, Bernard of (17th c. Command; battle of Britain, 246, mercenary entrepreneur), 150 329–330; Crete (1941), 332; Scharnhorst, Gerhard von (Prussian Falklands War (1982), 418; Gulf army reformer), 208, 250 War (1991), 418 Schleswig-Holstein seized by Prussia Royal Navy; 18th c., 187, 211; 1930s, and Austria (1864), 240 319, 320; early modern, 122, 123; Schlieffen plan, 269, 273, 275, 276, staff college (1911), 250; World 281, 283, 284, 327 War I, 267–268, 290; World War II, Schlieffen, count Alfred von (German 324, 343 strategist), 4, 250, 273, 275, 279, Ruhr; bombed (1943), 344; occupied 281, 282, 283, 431 by France (1923), 315 Schola Militaris (Siegen, Germany, Rundstedt, Gerd von (German general, 1616), 157 World War II), 323, 349 Schweinfurt bombed (1944), 345 Rupert of the Rhine, 152 Scipio (Roman general), 101 Rupprecht of Bavaria, 281 Scottish navy, 122 Russo-Japanese non-aggression pact scutum (Roman shield), 42, 44 (1941), 354, 360 Sealion (German plan to invade Britain, Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), 1940), 329 259–265 search-and-destroy missions (Vietnam Rwanda, 394, 422 War), 378, 379 Sacred Band (Thebes), 36 Sebastopol besieged (1854–05), 222, 223, 261 Sacsahuaman besieged (1536), 138 Second Carnatic War (1749–54), 183 Sadat, Anwar (Egyptian president, Second Maratha War (1803–05), 214 1970–81), 387 Sedan, battle of (1870), 247 sails, 95, 119, 120, 123, 125, 126, 251 Seeckt, Hans von (German Saint-Mihiel offensive (1918), 309 commander-in-chief 1920s), 315 Saipan, battle of (1944), 357, 358 S´egur law (France, 1781), 195 Salamis, battle of (480 BC), 11, 24, 25 Seleucus (Macedonian general), 40 Salerno, battle of (1943), 342 Seoul; in Korean War (1950–51), 367, Samsonov, Alexander (Russian general, 368, 369; taken by Japan (1904), World War I), 285 261 San Lorenzo (Spanish Armada galeass), sepoys, 183, 187, 188, 214 119 Serbia, 400 San Martın´ (Spanish Armada galleon), Sertorius (Roman general), 53 123 Seven Years War (1756–63), 184–188 San Stefano, treaty of (1878), 256 Severus Alexander (Roman emperor), Sarajevo, 396, 398 49, 63 Saratoga, battle of (1777), 192 Sha-Ho, battle of (1904), 262 Sarmatians, 64 Shaka (Zulu leader), 253 Sassoon, Siegfried (World War I poet), Sheridan, Philip (Union general), 237, 313, 414 238, 254

511

Index

Sherman, William T. (Union general), submarines, 320; American (World 232, 233, 234, 236, 237 War II), 357; battle of Atlantic Shiloh, battle of (1862), 228, 229 (World War II), 126, 343–344; short-war scenario, 273, 276 nuclear, 365 Sicily invaded (1943), 342 Sudan, US Cruise missile firing on, Sidi Barrani, battle of (1940), 331 404 siege warfare, 105, 134, 177; 16th c., suicide missions, Muslim, 426 148, 149, 156; 17th c., 149, 163, Sun-Tzu (Chinese theorist), 1 170–172; Greek, 22, 28–29, 32–33; supply lines, 77, 202, 231, 236, 247, Macedonian, 39, 40; medieval, 70, 258, 288, 367, 368 72, 77, 80–81, 83, 89–90, 101–113 surveillance systems, 428 Siegfried Line breached (1918), 309 Svensksund, battle of (1790), 120 Siete Partidas (Alfonso X of Castile), 99 Swiss pikemen, 6 Sigismund (Holy Roman emperor), 93 swords, 7, 43–44, 45, 95, 131, 132, Singapore taken by Japan (1942), 355 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 159 singleton techniques, 420 Syracuse campaign (415–413 BC), 28 Sioux resistance (1870s), 255 Szigeth besieged (1566), 109 Six Day War (1967), 386, 387 Tacitus (war criticism), 47, 414 skirmishing, 22, 29, 43, 156, 208, 262 Taginae, battle of (552), 68 Slim, Field Marshal the Viscount Tainos Indians, 132 William (British commander in Taliban, 406, 423. See also al-Qaeda; Burma, World War II), 341, 358 Laden, Osama Bin, 404 Sluys, battle of (1340), 94, 95 Tanagra, battle of (457 BC), 25 Smolensk, battle of, (1812), 206 tank warfare. See also armoured warfare, Sobieski, Jan (John III of Poland), 172 81; World War I, 301, 309; World Social War (90–89 BC), 52 War II, 335, 346–348; Yom Kippur Somalia, 402 War, 388 Somalia peace-keeping mission Tannenberg, battle of (1914), 285 (1993–94), 393 Tapia, Gonzalo de (conquistador), Somme, battle of, 1916, 293, 294–297 138 sonar, 319 Tarawa, battle of (1943), 357 Soult, Nicolas (French marshal, taxation and war, 96, 112, 169 Napoleonic wars), 199, 204 technology of war, 2–3, 250–252 South Korea invaded (1950), 366 telegraph communications; Crimean Sovereign of the Seas (English warship, War, 221 1637), 124 Tel-el-Kebir, battle of (1882), 252 Spain (bomb explosions in Madrid Tennessee, Army of (American Civil 2004), 411 War), 232 Spanish Civil War (1936–39), 321, Tenochtitl´anbesieged (1521), 133 423 ten-year rule (British war planning), Spanish High Seas fleet, 124 425 Srebrenica, 398, 399 tercios (permanent regiments), 156 Standish, Miles, English colonial leader, terrorism, 384, 400, 407, 426 158 Testi, Fulvio, on soldiers, 149 staff system; German model, 250; Tet offensive (1968), 380–384 Prussian, 239, 244, 245 Thapsus, battle of (46 BC), 54 stealth technology, 426 The Art of War at Sea (Fernando steam-powered navies, 221 Oliveira, 1555), 123

512

Index

The Theory and Practice of Modern Wars Trenchard, Viscount Hugh Montague (Robert Barret, 1598), 101 (chief of the British air service staff, Thebans, 31, 35, 36 1919–29), 318 Theodoric the Great (Ostrogothic Trenton, battle of (1776), 191 king), 63 triarii (third line, Roman legion), Theodosius I, 64 43–44, 51, 52 Thermopylae, battle of (480 BC), 24 Tricameron, battle of (535), 67 Third Coalition against Napoleon triplex acies (Roman battlefield order), (1805), 203, 215 43, 49, 51 Third Mysore War (1789–92), 214 triremes, 26 Thirteen Years War (1654–67), 174 Trojan Women (Euripides), 414 Thirty Years War (1618–48), 150 Truman, Harry S. (American president, Thomas, George (Union general), 232, 1945–53), 364, 366, 368, 369, 380 236 trunnions, 91, 105 Thucydides (History of the Truppenfuhrung¨ (German doctrinal Peloponnesian War), 4, 20, 22, 23, manual, 1924), 316 27, 28, 272, 414, 417 Tsushima Straits, battle of (1905), 263 Tigers (Bosnian Serb Group), 422 Tuchman, Barbara (Guns of August), Tiglath-Pileser (Assyrian king), 16 431 Tilly, Jan Tserklaes, count of (first Tugela river battles (1899–1900), 257, commander of the Catholic army, 258 Thirty Years War), 159, 163 Tunis battles (16th c.), 113, 120, 121 Tilsit, treaty of (1807), 205, 208 Tupac Amaru (Inca leader), 138 Timucua Indians, 133 Tupi warriors, 135 Tippoo, Sultan of Mysore, 214 Turenne, Henri de la Tour d’Auvergne, Tirpitz, Alfred von (German admiral, vicomte de (17th-c, French general), World War I), 267–268 171 Tlaxcalans, 134, 139, 140 Turnhout, battle of (1597), 158, 159 tokens of allegiance, 39, 49, 84 Tutsis minority, 394, 422 Tokugawa shoguns, 259 Typhoon (German advance on Tokyo bombed (1945), 360 Moscow, 1941), 337 Tora Bora mountains, 407, 423 Tyre taken by Alexander (332 BC), 39 Torsion catapults, 31 Tyrtaeus, on hoplite warfare, 20 Toulon, battle of (1793), 108, 198 U-boats, 319, 320, 343–344 Tourcoing, battle of (1794), 198 trace italienne (angled defences), 106, Ulm manoeuvre, Napoleon’s (1805), 109, 110 203 Trafalgar, battle of (1805), 124, Ultra intelligence (World War II), 330, 212–213 332, 349, 355 training, 3, 21, 44, 47, 53, 57, 78, 80, uniforms, 151 81, 82, 91, 150, 157, 180, 181, 186, United Nations forces, 369; Korean 195, 222, 224, 226, 228, 259, 263, War (1950–1953), 368; Sinai 283, 290, 303, 304, 309, 323, 371, (1956), 385 381, 385, 392, 403, 404, 405, 421 United States Air Force strategic trebuchets, 80, 90, 102 bombing; nuclear deterrence, 365;of trench warfare; 16th–17th centuries, Germany (World War II), 345; 109, 149, 156; American Civil War, Vietnamese war, 378 229; World War I, 283, 295, 304, Uranus (Stalingrad counter-attack, 308 1942), 339

513

Index

V-1 and V-2 weapons (World War II), Wall Street; 17th-c. fortifications, 147; 345 financial crisis (1929), 315 Vaal Kranz, battle of (1900), 258 walled towns; after gunpowder Valentinian (Roman emperor), 64 revolution, 7, 414; medieval, 66 Valerius Maximus on Marius, 52 Wallenstein, Albert of (17th-c. Valmy, battle of (1792), 198 mercenary entrepreneur), 150 Valutino, battle of (1812), 206 Wallhausen, Johann Jakob von Vandals, 63, 65, 66, 67 (director, Schola Militaris), 157 Varus’s legions destroyed (AD 9), 53 war colleges, 5, 58; French (Ecole Vauban, S´ebastienle Prestre de (Louis superieur´ de guerre), 317; Prussian, XIV’s engineer), 109, 170, 172, 208, 239 177, 198 war crimes; German (World War II), Vegetius (Concerning Military 361; Italian (World War II), 361; Matters), 3, 4, 57, 61, 80, 99, 417 Japanese (World War II), 361 velites (Roman skirmishes), 51 war junks, 117 Venetian warfare, 94, 107, 118, 121 War of 1812 (1812–14), 206–210 Verdun, 198, 309; battle of (1916), War of American Independence 292–293; treaty of (843), 70, 71 (1775–81), 190–192 Versailles, treaty of (1919), 314, 320 War of Devolution (1688–97), 171 Vespasian (Roman emperor), 58 War of the Austrian Succession Vicksburg; siege of (1863), 229, 230, (1740–48), 181, 184, 186 231 War of the League of Augsburg Victory (Nelson’s flagship), 212 (1688–97), 176 Vienna; siege of (1683), 3, 172–173; War of the Spanish Succession taken by Napoleon (1805), 203–205 (1701–14), 176, 177, 184 Viet Cong (Viet Minh), 376, 379, 380, Warsaw uprising (1944), 347 381 Wartgelt (mercenary retainer), 150 Vietnam; American intervention Washington, George (patriot (1965–73), 239, 379–383; commander, War of American colonized by French, 370; French Independence), 4, 190–193 war with Viet Minh, 357, 370–372; Watergate affair (1972–75), 383 occupied (1945), 371 Waterloo, battle of, 209–210 Vikings, 71, 72, 73, 76 Ways and Means (Xenophon), 30 Vilcabamba (Inca stronghold), 139 Weapons of Mass Destruction (Iraq’s), Villars, Claude de (18th-c, French 408 general), 178 Weissenburg, battle of (1870), 245 Villeneuve, Pierre (French admiral, Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, duke of, Napoleonic wars), 212 214 Virginia Capes, battle of (1813), 193 West Bank taken by Israel (1967), 386 Virginia Company, 158 Western Front; World War I, 284, 286, Visigoths, 62–64 287, 294, 299, 300, 310, 313; Vitoria, battle of (1813), 206, 215 World War II, 348–351 volley fire, 4, 157, 158, 180, 417, 420 westernization, 173 Voltaire on French attack style, 194 Westmoreland, William (American general, Vietnam War), 378–379, Wagenburgen (Hussite fortified 380, 381 wagons), 90 Weygand, Maxime (French general, Wagram, battle of (1809), 208 World War II), 328

514

Index

White Company (15th-c. mercenaries), women’s role in war, 312 87 World Trade Center, attack on, 405 Widukind on Henry the Fowler’s World War I, 278–307 garrisons, 74 World War II, 338–351 Wiener Neustadt military academy, 186 Xenophon (Greek historian and military Wilderness, battle of (1864), 229, 233 theorist), 18, 19, 21, 23, 29, 30, 31 Wilhelm I of Prussia, 240 Xerxes (Persian emperor), 10, 23, 24, Wilhelm II of Germany, 266 25, 26 William I of England, the Conqueror, 179, 180 Yalu river; battle of (1904), 261;in William III, ruler of the Dutch Korean War, 368 Republic, king of England, Scotland, Yamashita, Tomoyuki (Japanese and Ireland, 126, 127, 166, 177 general, World War II), 358 William III’s War (1689–97), 127 Yom Kippur War (1973), 388–389 William Louis of Nassau, 157, 158, Yorktown besieged (1781), 193 420, 431 Yugoslavia, 396, 401 William of Orange (1533–84), leader of Dutch Revolt, 155–6 Zela, battle of (47 BC), 54 Wingate, Orde (British commander, Zero (Japanese fighter aircraft in World World War II), 384 War II), 355, 356 Winthrop, John, English colonial Zhukov, Georgi (Soviet general, World leader, 158 War II), 338, 354 Wolfe, James (18th-c, British general), Zitadelle (German offensive against 186–187 Kursk salient, 1943), 346 Wolseley, Sir Garnet (British general at Zizka, John (Hussite general), 90–91 Tel-el-Kebir, 1882), 252 Zulu War (1877), 253–254

515