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Phd Rupprecht Department of History and Civilization Soviet Internationalism after Stalin. The USSR and Latin America in the Cultural Cold War Tobias Rupprecht Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Florence, March 2012 Rupprecht, Tobias (2012), Soviet Internationalism after Stalin: The USSR and Latin America in the Cultural Cold War European University Institute DOI: 10.2870/4048 Department of History and Civilization Soviet Internationalism after Stalin. The USSR and Latin America in the Cultural Cold War Tobias Rupprecht Examining Board: Prof. Stephen Smith (EUI) - Supervisor Prof. Federico Romero (EUI) Prof. Klaus Gestwa (Universität Tübingen) Prof. Nicola Miller (University College London) © 2012, Tobias Rupprecht No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author Rupprecht, Tobias (2012), Soviet Internationalism after Stalin: The USSR and Latin America in the Cultural Cold War European University Institute DOI: 10.2870/4048 Rupprecht, Tobias (2012), Soviet Internationalism after Stalin: The USSR and Latin America in the Cultural Cold War European University Institute DOI: 10.2870/4048 Abstract This thesis, an entangled history of the Soviet Union and Latin America from the 1950s through the 1970s, explores Soviet internationalism as it re-emerged after the self-inflicted isolation of the USSR during late Stalinism. Referring to an idealised notion of pre-Stalin socialism, Soviet politicians and intellectuals, after 1953, revived internationalism as a guiding principle in relation to internal as well as external audiences. De-Stalinization at home happened against the backdrop of the Cold War, which had shifted its focus from Europe to the emerging Third World. Latin America, unlike South-East Asia or Africa with a distinct history of relations with the Soviets from early on, became again a target of Soviet advances. No longer, however, did the Soviets propagate the violent overthrow of governments; they now sought to win over anti-imperialist politicians in office, intellectuals of different political leanings and future elites as friends of the Soviet state. The first chapter analyses a range of activities that were meant to present the Soviet Union to Latin Americans as a technologically and culturally advanced modern state. The chapters three and four examine the surprising successes and some shortcomings of these endeavours with Latin American intellectuals and students respectively. Before that, however, the second chapter looks at the impact that the new internationalist activities had on the Soviet Union itself. It will be argued that the cautious re-opening of the country to the world did not, as is sometimes suggested, immediately undermine Soviet values and spread Western ideas of liberalism and consumerism instead. Contacts with countries of the Global South, which were often less developed than the Soviet Union, and that were in many cases victims of imperialist policies, initially proved to many Soviet politicians and intellectuals the ostensible superiority of their own system, while the majority of the Soviet population enjoyed internationalism through the consumption of a politicised exoticist popular culture. Stalin’s successors announced a return to socialist internationalism, and a number of its most active promoters are presented in the last chapter. But at the same time, the end of isolation also meant a re- integration of the Soviet Union, at political, scientific, intellectual and cultural levels, into a global community under the conditions of the Cold War. I refer to this specific conglomeration of revolutionary and integrative ideals as ‘Soviet internationalism after Stalin’. i Rupprecht, Tobias (2012), Soviet Internationalism after Stalin: The USSR and Latin America in the Cultural Cold War European University Institute DOI: 10.2870/4048 ii Rupprecht, Tobias (2012), Soviet Internationalism after Stalin: The USSR and Latin America in the Cultural Cold War European University Institute DOI: 10.2870/4048 Table of contents Preface 7 Introduction 9 The cautious re-opening of the Soviet Union during the Thaw | The cultural Cold War and Soviet internationalism | In-between South and West. Latin America and the Third World in the 1950s to 70s | A short history of Soviet-Latin American relations and the ways it has been told so far | Scenes from a long distance relationship. Theories, narrative structure and theses Chapter one. A modern image for the USSR. Soviet self-representation towards Latin Americans 49 Cultural diplomacy, propaganda and internationalism. Theories and institutions – A modern idyll. The image of the USSR in Soviet media in Latin America – Don’t mention communism! Technology and highbrow culture in Soviet self-representation – Courting the world’s youth. The image conveyed to young Latin Americans – Space: the inner periphery as stencil. Time: Stalinist legacies Peace and friendship. Soviet self-representation and internationalism from the 1950s Chapter two. Moscow learns the Mambo. The topos Latin America and internationalism in Soviet popular culture 95 The end of isolation. Soviet culture after the death of Stalin – Ivan’s window on the world. Latin America in Soviet cinemas and concert halls – Soviet intelligentsia abroad. Exoticism and revolutionary romanticism in travelogues – ‘Magic’ ousting ‘Socialist’ Realism. Latin America in Soviet belles lettres – Heroes of their time. Fidel, Che and the Cuban Revolution in Soviet perception Exoticism and internationalism. Latin America in Soviet arts and its reception Chapter three. Paradise Lost and Found. Latin American intellectuals in and on the Soviet Union 145 Communist pilgrims and (fellow) travellers to Moscow – Latin American intellectuals and the socialist revolution – Committed and compromised. Latin American left intellectuals and de-Stalinization – Making new friends. Indigenous authors, conservatives and Catholics – The liberal flirtation with illiberalism A complex disenchantment. Soviet internationalism, intellectuals and new socialist horizons iii Rupprecht, Tobias (2012), Soviet Internationalism after Stalin: The USSR and Latin America in the Cultural Cold War European University Institute DOI: 10.2870/4048 Chapter four. From Russia with a diploma. Latin American students in the Soviet Union 203 Education as a battlefield of the Cold War. Soviet higher education for foreigners, Western fears and global reactions – Latin American students at Soviet universities, facts and figures – The flagship of Soviet internationalism. The Patrice Lumumba University in Moscow – The students’ point of view: Motivation, selection, arrival | Education | Spare time | Contacts with Soviet realities | Sex and the Cold War | Race and the Cold War | Frictions | Judgments of the Soviet Union | Returns, careers and memories The successes and shortcomings of Soviet internationalism in the field of education Chapter five. Desk revolutionaries. Soviet Latin Americanists and the banner of internationalism 241 Area studies in the Cold War and the role of specialists in the post-Stalinist Soviet Union – Old internationalists. The ‘father figures’ of Soviet Latin Americanistics – New institutions and a new generation of professional internationalists – Differentiation of regional expertise and the impact on Soviet politics – The fall of Allende and the return of open academic debate to Soviet area studies With the Gorillas or with the Guerrillas? The meždunarodniki as banner-bearers of Soviet internationalism after Stalin Conclusion 297 Soviet internationalism and Latin America in the cultural Cold War | Excursus: The bear in the backyard. US reactions to Soviet-Latin American interactions | Empire and Pragmatism in the 1970s | Russia’s globalisation Postface 315 Archival sources and bibliography 317 iv Rupprecht, Tobias (2012), Soviet Internationalism after Stalin: The USSR and Latin America in the Cultural Cold War European University Institute DOI: 10.2870/4048 Preface: grazie, danke, spasibo, gracias, cheers! A number of people have accompanied the roughly five year long genesis of this PhD thesis. Thanks go out first and foremost to i miei in and around Augsburg. Klaus Gestwa in Tübingen has been a supporter from the very beginning; for his personal and enthusiastic commitment, especially in the dire straits of the early phase, I am very thankful. Ute Planert’s lively seminar on transnational history was the first inspiration for this project. Jannis Panagiotidis provided the link from Tübingen to Florence, where Steve Smith was a great academic supervisor and a very generous donator of many a pranzo. Dietrich Beyrau, Sebastian Conrad, Kiran Klaus Patel, Philipp Ther, Federico Romero, Antonella Romano and Daria Bocharnikova all gave, at various stages of the process, useful advice. Edurne Iraizoz and Maria-José Chousal were wonderful language teachers, Ruth Gbikpi and Alex Howarth from the EUI library dedicated hunters for all kinds of hard-to-find literature; Phil Jakes took over the big task of proofreading and moulding the language of this thesis into something akin to idiomatic English. José Guillermo Londoño gave a very precious hint about Latin American alumni from Soviet universities and was, together with his wife Lucero, a fantastic host in Medellín. Antonella Fazio provided the Florence-Bogotá link; her family put me up, kept me fed and very safe in Colombia. I am deeply indebted to Hugo
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