Dead Heroes and Living Saints: Orthodoxy

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Dead Heroes and Living Saints: Orthodoxy Dead Heroes and Living Saints: Orthodoxy, Nationalism, and Militarism in Contemporary Russia and Cyprus By Victoria Fomina Submitted to Central European University Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisors: Professor Vlad Naumescu Professor Dorit Geva CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2019 Budapest, Hungary Statement I hereby declare that this dissertation contains no materials accepted for any other degrees in any other institutions and no materials previously written and / or published by any other person, except where appropriate acknowledgement is made in the form of bibliographical reference. Victoria Fomina Budapest, August 16, 2019 CEU eTD Collection i Abstract This dissertation explores commemorative practices in contemporary Russia and Cyprus focusing on the role heroic and martyrical images play in the recent surge of nationalist movements in Orthodox countries. It follows two cases of collective mobilization around martyr figures – the cult of the Russian soldier Evgenii Rodionov beheaded in Chechen captivity in 1996, and two Greek Cypriot protesters, Anastasios Isaak and Solomos Solomou, killed as a result of clashes between Greek and Turkish Cypriot protesters during a 1996 anti- occupation rally. Two decades after the tragic incidents, memorial events organized for Rodionov and Isaak and Solomou continue to attract thousands of people and only seem to grow in scale, turning their cults into a platform for the production and dissemination of competing visions of morality and social order. This dissertation shows how martyr figures are mobilized in Russia and Cyprus to articulate a conservative moral project built around nationalism, militarized patriotism, and Orthodox spirituality. It argues that the public appetite for the radical model of self-sacrifice embodied in these new martyr cults developed in response to the social anomie and perceived erasure of traditional values that bind communities together in the wake of the rapidly changing economic and political organization of everyday life. The contribution of this dissertation is two-fold. First, through a transnational ethnography of martyr veneration, it reveals the formative role the notion of self-sacrifice plays in shaping nationalist and political imaginaries in contemporary nation-states. It develops a typology of communal ethical responses to the figures of victims, martyrs, and heroes and outlines the distinct forms of commemoration they engender. Second, it offers an in-depth account of the heterogeneous Russian and Greek Cypriot nationalist-conservative movements and reconstructs the moral visions at the root of their mobilizations. It demonstrates that the popular appeal of moral conservatism, while not unrelated to economic ills and hostility towards ethnic Others, cannot be entirely reduced to either of these factors. Rather, it represents a collective attempt to imagine a new moral community grounded in religious transcendence and reconstruct a public culture marked by passion, emotionally charged symbols, and militaristic CEU eTD Collection vigor. ii Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the help, guidance, and support of the people who surrounded me during my doctoral studies. I am very grateful to Vlad Naumescu, a considerate and dedicated supervisor, who encouraged me to think past conventional disciplinary boundaries, experiment with different methods and approaches, and develop my own theoretical perspective. His astute comments left a strong impact on this dissertation. Equally, I appreciate the kindness and support Vlad extended to me throughout these years. I also would like to thank Dorit Geva for her support and encouragements, sharp and insightful comments, and for pushing me to strive for clarity and theoretical precision. I am also deeply indebted to the mentorship and help of Dan Rabinowitz. Aaron Kappeler and Alina Cucu have provided an invaluable support and a continuous intellectual dialogue throughout the writing process as well as important theoretical interventions that greatly enriched my work. I am grateful to all the members of the Sociology and Social Anthropology Department for creating a friendly and stimulating intellectual environment. Alexandra Kowalski, Judit Bodnar, Prem Kumar Rajaram, and Jean-Louis Fabiani have offered constructive feedback and posed challenging questions at different stages of my studies. I am also very grateful to my colleagues Volodymyr Artiukh, Ana Chiritoiu, Ezgican Ozdemir, and Rik Adriaans for the endless conversations, exciting debates, and thought-provoking comments. I would like to thank Dan Sperber for an engaging conversation over the years and for encouraging me to pursue my intellectual curiosities beyond the classical anthropological approaches. I also am deeply indebted to Thomas Rooney, whose rigorous comments and dedication to clarity helped me become a better writer. In the Fall of 2018 I spent a semester at the University of Edinburgh, where I greatly benefited from the advice and mentorship of Tom Boylston as well as from conversations and exchanges with the members of Anthropology of Christianity Working Group. This research would not have been possible without the funding generously provided by CEU and the Wenner-Gren Foundation. Some parts of Chapters 2 and 6 have previously appeared in my article “Between Heroism and Sainthood: New Martyr Evgenii Rodionov as a Moral Model in Contemporary Russia,” published in History and Anthropology 29(1): 101-120. My discussion of commemorative practices has greatly benefited from the comments provided by the journal’s anonymous reviewers. CEU eTD Collection iii Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents .................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... vi List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ viii 1. Introduction: Death and Nationalist Mobilization ........................................................... 1 1.1. Martyr Cults and Cultures of Memory in the Historical Context ................................... 6 1.2. Sacrifice and Modern Thought ..................................................................................... 13 1.3. Dissertation Structure and Contribution ...................................................................... 21 PART I Violent Death and Social Activism ......................................................................... 27 2. He Chose the Cross: Soldier Evgenii Rodionov as a Moral Model in Post-Soviet Russia .................................................................................................................................................. 27 2.1. Heroism and Sainthood in Post-Soviet Russia .............................................................. 31 2.2. Mobilizing Around the New Martyr ............................................................................. 37 2.3. The Mother of a Soldier ................................................................................................ 49 2.4. Converging Visions of Morality ................................................................................... 56 2.5. Concluding Remarks ..................................................................................................... 66 3. Anastasios Isaak and Solomos Solomou: Bikers, Heroes, Martyrs ............................... 69 3.1. International Audience: Isaak and Solomou as Martyrs for Democracy and Freedom 73 CEU eTD Collection 3.2. Domestic Audience: Isaak and Solomou as Embodiments of Greek Ethnic Virtues ... 83 3.3. The Rise of ELAM and the Culture of Public Memorial Events in Cyprus ................. 99 3.4. Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................... 109 PART II Transformations: From Social to Spiritual Action ........................................... 111 iv 4. A Holy Warrior: Militarization of Orthodoxy and Spiritualization of Militant Patriotism in Russia ............................................................................................................. 111 4.1. A Military Saint .......................................................................................................... 117 4.2. Parading the Dead ....................................................................................................... 127 4.3. The Moral Pedagogy of Martyrdom ........................................................................... 136 4.4. Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................... 150 5. “Bikers Do Not Forget”: The Initiative in Memory of Isaak and Solomou ............... 153 5.1. The Politics of Bikes ................................................................................................... 155 5.2. Transmitting Historical Memory ...............................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Cyprus Tourism Organisation Offices 108 - 112
    CYPRUS 10000 years of history and civilisation CONTENTS CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 5 CYPRUS 10000 years of history and civilisation 6 THE HISTORY OF CYPRUS 8200 - 1050 BC Prehistoric Age 7 1050 - 480 BC Historic Times: Geometric and Archaic Periods 8 480 BC - 330 AD Classical, Hellenistic and Roman Periods 9 330 - 1191 AD Byzantine Period 10 - 11 1192 - 1489 AD Frankish Period 12 1489 - 1571 AD The Venetians in Cyprus 13 1571 - 1878 AD Cyprus becomes part of the Ottoman Empire 14 1878 - 1960 AD British rule 15 1960 - today The Cyprus Republic, the Turkish invasion, 16 European Union entry LEFKOSIA (NICOSIA) 17 - 36 LEMESOS (LIMASSOL) 37 - 54 LARNAKA 55 - 68 PAFOS 69 - 84 AMMOCHOSTOS (FAMAGUSTA) 85 - 90 TROODOS 91 - 103 ROUTES Byzantine route, Aphrodite Cultural Route 104 - 105 MAP OF CYPRUS 106 - 107 CYPRUS TOURISM ORGANISATION OFFICES 108 - 112 3 LEFKOSIA - NICOSIA LEMESOS - LIMASSOL LARNAKA PAFOS AMMOCHOSTOS - FAMAGUSTA TROODOS 4 INTRODUCTION Cyprus is a small country with a long history and a rich culture. It is not surprising that UNESCO included the Pafos antiquities, Choirokoitia and ten of the Byzantine period churches of Troodos in its list of World Heritage Sites. The aim of this publication is to help visitors discover the cultural heritage of Cyprus. The qualified personnel at any Information Office of the Cyprus Tourism Organisation (CTO) is happy to help organise your visit in the best possible way. Parallel to answering questions and enquiries, the Cyprus Tourism Organisation provides, free of charge, a wide range of publications, maps and other information material. Additional information is available at the CTO website: www.visitcyprus.com It is an unfortunate reality that a large part of the island’s cultural heritage has since July 1974 been under Turkish occupation.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Letter to New York State Senators
    New York State Senate Capitol Building Empire State Plaza, Albany New York, 12224 September 12, 2018 Dear Senators, This letter is in response to a passing of New York State Senate Resolution J4960, commemorating the 4th Annual New York Immortal Regiment March organized by the Russian Youth of America on May 5, 2018. We, the undersigned, American citizens and residents are profoundly concerned by Resolution J4960 passed on May 8, 2018 by the New York State Senate, that commemorates the 4th Annual New York Immortal Regiment March and the Russian Youth of America that organizes this event in New York City. We have all reasons to think that the Immortal Regiment March in the U.S. is backed by the Russian government via financial and informational support. Moreover, it serves as an instrument of the Kremlin’s “soft power” - economic and cultural influence to promote Putin’s agenda in the United States. While the Immortal Regiment March began as a nonpolitical private grassroots initiative in Russia in 2011, it was soon hijacked by the Russian government to serve official propaganda efforts that praises Russian military victories. The aggressiveness and ideological orientation of the marches manifest themselves through effective visual symbols, most recognizably the St. George ribbon. This ribbon has recently became a symbol of Russian backed troops in Eastern Ukraine. As well as pro-Kremlin organizations, such as AntiMaidan, NOD and SERB that attack pro-democracy activists in Russia. Thereafter, the Immortal Regiment March was effectively transplanted abroad via organizations like the Russian Youth of America, and gained popularity in many parts of the U.S., including cities in N.Y.
    [Show full text]
  • The Question of 'Race' in the Pre-Colonial Southern Sahara
    The Question of ‘Race’ in the Pre-colonial Southern Sahara BRUCE S. HALL One of the principle issues that divide people in the southern margins of the Sahara Desert is the issue of ‘race.’ Each of the countries that share this region, from Mauritania to Sudan, has experienced civil violence with racial overtones since achieving independence from colonial rule in the 1950s and 1960s. Today’s crisis in Western Sudan is only the latest example. However, very little academic attention has been paid to the issue of ‘race’ in the region, in large part because southern Saharan racial discourses do not correspond directly to the idea of ‘race’ in the West. For the outsider, local racial distinctions are often difficult to discern because somatic difference is not the only, and certainly not the most important, basis for racial identities. In this article, I focus on the development of pre-colonial ideas about ‘race’ in the Hodh, Azawad, and Niger Bend, which today are in Northern Mali and Western Mauritania. The article examines the evolving relationship between North and West Africans along this Sahelian borderland using the writings of Arab travellers, local chroniclers, as well as several specific documents that address the issue of the legitimacy of enslavement of different West African groups. Using primarily the Arabic writings of the Kunta, a politically ascendant Arab group in the area, the paper explores the extent to which discourses of ‘race’ served growing nomadic power. My argument is that during the nineteenth century, honorable lineages and genealogies came to play an increasingly important role as ideological buttresses to struggles for power amongst nomadic groups and in legitimising domination over sedentary communities.
    [Show full text]
  • 644A Disciple Has Crossed Over by Water': an Analysis of Lawrence
    64 4A disciple has crossed over by water’: an Analysis of Lawrence Durrell’s Alexandria Quartet in its Egyptian Historical and Intellectual Contexts.” Mike Diboll. Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Leicester. University College Northampton August 2000 UMI Number: U139322 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U139322 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 <DIAOI2 AAEEANAPEY2IN Dedicated to Phyllis (1908 - 1994) and Joan (1916 - 2000). Abstract: “ ‘A disciple has crossed over bv water’: Lawrence Diirrell's Alexandria Quartet in its Egyptian Historical and Intellectual Contexts” by Mike Diboll. This dissertation examines Lawrence Durrell's The Alexandria Quartet in its various Egyptian contexts. It contests the idea that the Alexandria of the Quartet is essentially a city of the imagination which bears little or no relation to the real city of history. It argues that various strata of Alexandrian history, from antiquity to the nineteen- fifties, are deeply embedded in Durrell’s Quartet. Of particular interest is the tetralogy’s representation of the history of Egypt's Wafdist independence movement in the years 1919 - 1952, and Britain's responses to it.
    [Show full text]
  • Putinism: a Praetorian System?
    Notes de l’Ifri Russie.Nei.Visions 106 Putinism: A Praetorian System? Jean-Robert RAVIOT March 2018 Russia/NIS Center The Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non-governmental, non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. The opinions expressed in this text are the responsibility of the author alone. This text is published with the support of DGRIS (Directorate General for International Relations and Strategy) under “Russia, Caucasus and Eastern Europe Observatory”. ISBN: 978-2-36567-808-7 © All rights reserved, Ifri, 2018 How to quote this document: Jean-Robert Raviot, “Putinism: A Praetorian System?”, Russie.Nei.Visions, No. 106, Ifri, March 2018. Ifri 27 rue de la Procession 75740 Paris Cedex 15—FRANCE Tel.: +33 (0)1 40 61 60 00—Fax: +33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 Email: [email protected] Website: Ifri.org Russie.Nei.Visions Russie.Nei.Visions is an online collection dedicated to Russia and the other new independent states (Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan). Written by leading experts, these policy-oriented papers deal with strategic, political and economic issues. Author Jean-Robert Raviot is a doctor of political science with accreditation to supervise research and professor of contemporary Russian civilization at Paris Nanterre University.
    [Show full text]
  • Ukrainian Orthodox Calendar
    АВОСЛАВ ПР НИ Й THODO Й R X И O К К N C А Ь A A I L Л С N E Е I Н Н N Ї A D Д А R A Р А K 2021 R К Р U У Personal Information - Особиста Iнформацiя Name - Iм’я Address - Адреса Phone - Телефон Parish - Парафiя Published by THE UKRAINIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH OF THE USA PO Box 495 South Bound Brook, NJ 08880 USA 1 From 1950 our Church has published the Ukrainian Orthodox Calendar. It has become not only a source of spiritual nourishment, but also the official directory UOC of the USA of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in the USA. Metropolitan In order to better serve the faithful of the Orthodox Eastern Eparch Church our Calendar features: His Eminence Antony • directories of parishes and clergy • necrology of the clergy of UOC of the USA Consistory President • highlights of the past year Western Eparch • information about business services who His Eminence Archbishop Daniel contribute to the mission of our Church • Calendar Minea in English and Ukrainian languages Office of Public Relations Rev. Ivan Synevskyy The editorial board of the Ukrainian Orthodox Calendar 2021 prays that the readers of our almanac Calendar-Minea Preparation will find in it a true witness to the mission of our V. Rev. Pavlo Bodnarchuk Church in (modern) society. We look forward to receiving spiritual, historical and cultural articles for publication in future calendars. The Ukrainian Orthodox Calendar 2021 is an official publication of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Submissions should be sent to the USA and is distributed only by the Consistory.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of Arabic Heritage Learners and Their Community
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by South East Academic Libraries System (SEALS) “SPEAK AMERICAN!” OR LANGUAGE, POWER AND EDUCATION IN DEARBORN, MICHIGAN: A CASE STUDY OF ARABIC HERITAGE LEARNERS AND THEIR COMMUNITY BY KENNETH KAHTAN AYOUBY Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Education, the University of Port Elizabeth, in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor Educationis Promoter: Prof. Susan van Rensburg, Ph.D. The University of Port Elizabeth November 2004 ABSTRACT This study examines the history and development of the “Arabic as a foreign language” (AFL) programme in Dearborn Public Schools (in Michigan, the United States) in its socio-cultural and political context. More specifically, this study examines the significance of Arabic to the Arab immigrant and ethnic community in Dearborn in particular, but with reference to meanings generated and associated to Arabic by non- Arabs in the same locale. Although this study addresses questions similar to research conducted on Arab Americans in light of anthropological and sociological theoretical constructs, it is, however, unique in examining education and Arabic pedagogy in Dearborn from an Arab American studies and an educational multi-cultural perspective, predicated on/and drawing from Edward Said’s critique of Orientalism, Paulo Freire’s ideas about education, and Henry Giroux’s concern with critical pedagogy. In the American mindscape, the "East" has been the theatre of the exotic, the setting of the Other from colonial times to the present. The Arab and Muslim East have been constructed to represent an opposite of American culture, values and life.
    [Show full text]
  • Peter Chaadaev: Between the Love of Fatherland and the Love of Truth
    PETER CHAADAEV: BETWEEN THE LOVE OF FATHERLAND AND THE LOVE OF TRUTH BOOK OF ABSTRACTS International Conference Krakow Meetings 2016 June 5–8, 2016 Benedictine Abbey in Tyniec, Krakow, Poland ORGANIZERS: Pontifical University of John Paul II in Krakow Instituto de Filosofia Edith Stein in Granada International Center for the Study of the Christian Orient in Granada HONORARY PATRONAGE: Council of European Bishops’ Conferences INVITED SPEAKERS: Andrzej Walicki (Warsaw) Bernard Marchadier (Paris) Fr. Georgy Orekhanov (Moscow) Regula Zwahlen (Fribourg) ACADEMIC BOARD: Teresa Obolevitch (Krakow) Artur Mrówczyński-Van Allen (Granada) Paweł Rojek (Krakow) CONFERENCE SECRETARY: Olga Tabatadze (Granada) Gennadii Aliaiev Poltava Yuri Kondratuk National Technical University, Ukraine THE TRUTH OF PATRIOTISM OR THE PATRIOTISM OF THE TRUTH What does it make the inner tension of the title question? It is obvious—at least for rational thinking—that the truth is a predicate that describes the universal, as the patriotism is the one that describes the individual or group. There is only one truth, but there are many pa- triotisms. Within this coordinate system, we should rather talk about the patriotism of the truth: as the universal bears greater value than individual, so, first, one should be a patriot of the truth, and only thereafter a patriot of a group (the group is not necessarily a people, a nation, or a state). The patriotism of the truth is the true patriotism, as it comprises in itself or replaces itself (or subordinates under itself) the patriotism of a group as it is com- monly understood. Thus, we can read and interpret the famous words of Peter Chaadaev that the love of the truth is much more beautiful than the love of the Fatherland.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cyprus Sport Organisation and the European Union
    TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................ 2 1. THE ESSA-SPORT PROJECT AND BACKGROUND TO THE NATIONAL REPORT ............................................ 4 2. NATIONAL KEY FACTS AND OVERALL DATA ON THE LABOUR MARKET ................................................... 8 3. THE NATIONAL SPORT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY SECTOR ...................................................................... 13 4. SPORT LABOUR MARKET STATISTICS ................................................................................................... 26 5. NATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING SYSTEM .................................................................................. 36 6. NATIONAL SPORT EDUCATION AND TRAINING SYSTEM ....................................................................... 42 7. FINDINGS FROM THE EMPLOYER SURVEY............................................................................................ 48 8. REPORT ON NATIONAL CONSULTATIONS ............................................................................................ 85 9. NATIONAL CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................... 89 10. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................... 92 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Daughter of a Byzantine Emperor – the Wife of a Galician­Volhynian Prince
    The daughter of a Byzantine Emperor – the wife of a Galician­Volhynian Prince «The daughter of a Byzantine Emperor – the wife of a Galician­Volhynian Prince» by Alexander V. Maiorov Source: Byzantinoslavica ­ Revue internationale des Etudes Byzantines (Byzantinoslavica ­ Revue internationale des Etudes Byzantines), issue: 1­2 / 2014, pages: 188­233, on www.ceeol.com. The daughter of a Byzantine Emperor – the wife of a Galician-Volhynian Prince Alexander V. MAIOROV (Saint Petersburg) The Byzantine origin of Prince Roman’s second wife There is much literature on the subject of the second marriage of Roman Mstislavich owing to the disagreements between historians con- cerning the origin of the Princeís new wife. According to some she bore the name Anna or, according to others, that of Maria.1 The Russian chronicles give no clues in this respect. Indeed, a Galician chronicler takes pains to avoid calling the Princess by name, preferring to call her by her hus- band’s name – “âĺëčęŕ˙ ęí˙ăčí˙ Ðîěŕíîâŕ” (Roman’s Grand Princess).2 Although supported by the research of a number of recent investiga- tors, the hypothesis that she belonged to a Volhynian boyar family is not convincing. Their arguments generally conclude with the observation that by the early thirteenth century there were no more princes in Rusí to whom it would have been politically beneficial for Roman to be related.3 Even less convincing, in our opinion, is a recently expressed supposition that Romanís second wife was a woman of low birth and was not the princeís lawful wife at all.4 Alongside this, the theory of the Byzantine ori- gin of Romanís second wife has been significantly developed in the litera- ture on the subject.
    [Show full text]
  • GENERAL ELECTIONS in CYPRUS 22Nd May 2016
    GENERAL ELECTIONS IN CYPRUS 22nd May 2016 European Elections monitor Cyprus: first general elections after the end of the rescue plan Corinne Deloy Abstract: 542,915 Cypriots are being called to ballot on 22nd May next to appoint the 56 members of the Vouli antiprosopon (House of Representatives), the only house of parliament. 494 people from twelve different parties (5 of which have been created recently) are officially standing in this election. According to the polls undertaken by PMR&C the Sampson’s government, together with the Greek army, Democratic Rally (DISY) led by the present President managed to maintain the Turks behind a line (that then Analysis of the Republic Nicos Anastasiades is due to win the became the Green Line) before collapsing four days election with 31.5% of the vote. The Progressive later. But Turkey refused to leave the territory it was Workers’ Party is due to follow this (AKEL) with a occupying even after the fall of Nikos Sampson. On forecast of 31.5% of the vote. The Democratic Party 30th July 1974, Turkey, Greece and the UK established (DIKO) is due to win 14.3% of the vote and the a buffer zone guarded by the UN’s Blue Berets and Movement for Social Democracy (EDEK), 6% of the acknowledged the existence of two autonomous vote. administrations. On 13th February 1975 the Turkish leader Rauf Denktash proclaimed an autonomous, Around 17% of the electorate are not planning to go secular, federal State of which he was elected President to vote on 22nd May next (it is obligatory to vote in in 1976.
    [Show full text]
  • Women and Martyrdom in Soviet War Cinema of the Stalin Era
    Women and Martyrdom in Soviet War Cinema of the Stalin Era A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2019 Mozhgan Samadi School of Arts, Languages and Cultures CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES 5 ABSTRACT 6 DECLARATION 7 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT 7 A NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION 8 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS 9 THE AUTHOR 10 Introduction: Background and Aims 12 Thesis Rationale: Female Role Models and Soviet Identity-Building 15 Literature Review: Existing Scholarship on Women and Martyrdom in Stalinist War Cinema 20 Aims, Objectives and Research Questions of the Thesis 26 Original Contribution to Knowledge 28 Structure of the Thesis 29 Chapter One: Historical and Ideological Context 1.1 Introduction 32 1.2 Russian Orthodox Political Culture 33 1.2.1 Russian Orthodoxy and the Values of Suffering and Martyrdom 33 1.2.2 Orthodox Princes: The Role Models of Sacrificing the Self for Faith and the ‘Holy’ Lands of Rus’ 35 1.3 The Ideas of ‘Holy’ Rus’ and Russian Messianism and the Adoption of the Russian Orthodox Traditions of Suffering and Martyrdom in the 19th Century 38 1.4 Soviet Reinterpretation of Russian Orthodox Values of Suffering and Martyrdom 44 1.4.1 Resurrection of the Idea of Russian Messianism under the Name of 2 Soviet Messianism 44 1.4.2 The Myth of the Great Soviet Family 51 1.5 Conclusion 54 Chapter Two: Theory and Methodology 2.1 Introduction 57 2.2 Women and Martyrdom in Russia and the Soviet Union 57 2.2.1 The Russian Orthodox Valorisation of Suffering and Female Believers 57
    [Show full text]