Measuring Athletic Mental Energy (AME): Instrument Development and Validation
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 06 December 2018 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02363 Measuring Athletic Mental Energy (AME): Instrument Development and Validation Frank J. H. Lu 1, Diane L. Gill 2, Cynthia M. C. Yang 3, Po-Fu Lee 1, Yi-Hsiang Chiu 1, Ya-Wen Hsu 4 and Garry Kuan 5* 1 Department of Physical Education, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan, 2 Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC, United States, 3 Graduate Institute of Physical Education, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, 4 Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, National Chia-Yi University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, 5 Exercise and Sports Science, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia Although considerable research indicates that mental energy is an important factor in many domains, including athletic performance (Cook and Davis, 2006), athletic mental energy (AME) has never been conceptualized and measured. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conceptualize and develop a reliable and valid instrument to assess AME. In Edited by: Costantino Balestra, Study 1, a focus group interview established the initial framework of AME. Study 2 used Haute École Bruxelles-Brabant a survey to collect athletes’ experiences of AME and develop a scale draft titled “Athletic (HE2B), Belgium Mental Energy Scale (AMES).” In Study 3, we examined the psychometric properties and Reviewed by: the underlying structure of AMES via item analysis, internal consistency, and exploratory Diogo Monteiro, Escola Superior de Desporto de Rio factor analysis (EFA). In Study 4, we used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine Maior, Instituto Politécnico Santarém, AMES’s factorial validity; and examined concurrent and discriminant validity by examining Portugal Luis Cid, correlations with athletes’ life stress, positive state of mind, and burnout.
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