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UNIT-III 1. Middle East Countries 2. Central and Middle Asia 3. China 4
WORLD TOURISM DESTINATIONS UNIT-III 1. Middle East Countries 2. Central and Middle Asia 3. China 4. SAARC Countries A S I A N C O N T I N E N T 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 2 Countries in ASIAN Continent : 48+03+01 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 3 WEST ASIA CENTRAL ASIA SOUTH ASIA 12/11/2020NORTH ASIA Saravanan_doc_WorldEAST ASIA Tourism_PPT SOUTH EAST ASIA4 WEST ASIA 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 5 WEST ASIAN COUNTRIES • Armenia • Lebanon • Azerbaijan • Oman • Bahrain • Palestine • Cyprus • Qatar • Georgia • Saudi Arabia • Iraq • Syria • Iran • Turkey • Israel • United Arab Emirates • Jordan • Yemen • Kuwait 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 6 Armenia 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 7 Azerbaijan 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 8 Bahrain 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 9 Cyprus 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 10 Georgia 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 11 Iraq 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 12 Iran 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 13 Israel 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 14 Jordan 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 15 Kuwait 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 16 Lebanon 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 17 Oman 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 18 Palestine 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 19 Qatar 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 20 Saudi Arabia 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 21 Syria 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 22 Turkey -
US Foreign Policy and the Multinational Force in Lebanon, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-53973-7 256 BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY PRIMARY SOURCE ARCHIVES Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, Simi Valley Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library. Abilene James Earl Carter Presidential Library, Atlanta United Nations Archives and Record Management, New York City The British National Archives, Kew Central Intelligence Agency Freedom of Information Archives, Online Department of State Freedom of Information ‘Released Documents’ Archive, Online PUBLISHED INTERVIEWS Interview with Fawaaz Traboulsi by Lynn Barbee, Published in MERIP Reports, No.61, October 1970, pp.3–5. Interview with Shaykh Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah by Mahmoud Soueid, Published in Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol.25, No.1, 1995. Interview with Yusif al-Haytham, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Published in MERIP Reports, No. 44 February 1976. Speech given by Fawwaz Traboulsi and Assaf Kfoury ‘Lebanon on the Brink’ Lebanese American University, 18 January 2007. Interview with Prince Farid Chehab, Former Director of Public Security, Centre for Arab and Middle Eastern Studies, American University of Beirut, 2007. © The Author(s) 2017 255 C. Varady, US Foreign Policy and the Multinational Force in Lebanon, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-53973-7 256 BIBLIOGRAPHY Interview with Adel Osseiran, President of the Council of Representatives, Lebanon, Centre for Arab and Middle Eastern Studies, American University of Beirut, 2007. Interview with Said Akl, Lebanese Writer and Political Poet, Centre for Arab and Middle Eastern Studies, American University of Beirut, 2007. Interview with Anbara Salam al Khalidi, Conducted by Laila Rostom, Centre for Arab and Middle Eastern Studies, American University of Beirut, 2007. Interview with Raymond Edde, Former Lebanese Presidential Candidate and Former State Ministers, Jan 25 1970, Centre for Arab and Middle Eastern Studies, American University of Beirut, 2007. -
Patience and Comparative Development*
Patience and Comparative Development* Thomas Dohmen Benjamin Enke Armin Falk David Huffman Uwe Sunde May 29, 2018 Abstract This paper studies the role of heterogeneity in patience for comparative devel- opment. The empirical analysis is based on a simple OLG model in which patience drives the accumulation of physical capital, human capital, productivity improve- ments, and hence income. Based on a globally representative dataset on patience in 76 countries, we study the implications of the model through a combination of reduced-form estimations and simulations. In the data, patience is strongly corre- lated with income levels, income growth, and the accumulation of physical capital, human capital, and productivity. These relationships hold across countries, sub- national regions, and individuals. In the reduced-form analyses, the quantitative magnitude of the relationship between patience and income strongly increases in the level of aggregation. A simple parameterized version of the model generates comparable aggregation effects as a result of production complementarities and equilibrium effects, and illustrates that variation in preference endowments can account for a considerable part of the observed variation in per capita income. JEL classification: D03, D90, O10, O30, O40. Keywords: Patience; comparative development; factor accumulation. *Armin Falk acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council through ERC # 209214. Dohmen, Falk: University of Bonn, Department of Economics; [email protected], [email protected]. Enke: Harvard University, Department of Economics; [email protected]. Huffman: University of Pittsburgh, Department of Economics; huff[email protected]. Sunde: University of Munich, Department of Economics; [email protected]. 1 Introduction A long stream of research in development accounting has documented that both pro- duction factors and productivity play an important role in explaining cross-country income differences (Hall and Jones, 1999; Caselli, 2005; Hsieh and Klenow, 2010). -
Bloggers and the Blogosphere in Lebanon & Syria Meanings And
Bloggers and the Blogosphere in Lebanon & Syria Meanings and Activities Maha Taki A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements by the University of Westminster for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, August 2010 I would like to dedicate this thesis to my mum and dad, Nada Taki and Toufic Taki. 2 DECLARATION I certify that this thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree at the University of Westminster is my own work. 3 ACKNOWLDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank my research committee, Naomi Sakr and Colin Sparks, and the research office for believing in the project and granting me a scholarship without which this PhD would not have been possible. I would like to express my undying gratitude to my director of studies, Naomi Sakr, whose continuous support, insightful comments and broad vision have been invaluable for the completion of this thesis. I would also like to thank friends who have helped me refine my thoughts for my PhD by listening to my ideas and reading drafts of chapters: Layal Ftouni, Adrian Burgess and Bechir Saade. I would like to express my gratitude to friends who have been extremely supportive throughout the past four years, and especially during the last four months of completion, namely Rasha Kahil, Kate Noble, Nora Razian, Nick Raistrick, Simon Le Gouais, Saim Demircan, Lina Daouk-Oyri, my brother and sister Ali and Norma Taki. I am also very grateful towards the project team at the BBC World Service Trust for granting me numerous opportunities to travel to Lebanon and Syria. -
Wazzani Spring
Wazzani Spring Assessment of the present international water conflict between Lebanon and Israel - concerning the Wazzani Spring and Hasbani River - seen within an Arab-Israeli context. BY ANDERS OMBERG HANSEN CAND.SCIENT THESIS IN RESOURCE GEOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF OSLO SPRING 2005 ii Disclaims The denominations used and the line boundaries shown on any maps do not imply any judgment on the legal status of any territories or any endorsements or acceptance of such boundaries. Unless otherwise stated all the interpretations and findings set forth in this publication are those of the author and should not be assumed to reflect the views of any particular persons or organisations. iii iv Foreword The situation in the Middle East has over the last centuries received much attention from the international community. There is a long history of disputes over natural resources like oil and land in the Middle East, and on some occasions these disputes have resulted in warfare among neighboring states. Even though water has always been a source of conflict in the region, it’s only in the recent years that more focus has been placed on the scarce fresh water resources in the region, and the management of them. In the arid Middle East region water is scarce both in terms of the quantity and quality. This constitutes a great challenge for the countries in the region, because water is probably the most fundamental natural resource for humans and the societies in which they live. The fundamental role that water resources play in a society is also the cause of tension between different users of the same water resources. -
Militia Politics
INTRODUCTION Humboldt – Universität zu Berlin Dissertation MILITIA POLITICS THE FORMATION AND ORGANISATION OF IRREGULAR ARMED FORCES IN SUDAN (1985-2001) AND LEBANON (1975-1991) Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil) Philosophische Fakultät III der Humbold – Universität zu Berlin (M.A. B.A.) Jago Salmon; 9 Juli 1978; Canberra, Australia Dekan: Prof. Dr. Gert-Joachim Glaeßner Gutachter: 1. Dr. Klaus Schlichte 2. Prof. Joel Migdal Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 18.07.2006 INTRODUCTION You have to know that there are two kinds of captain praised. One is those who have done great things with an army ordered by its own natural discipline, as were the greater part of Roman citizens and others who have guided armies. These have had no other trouble than to keep them good and see to guiding them securely. The other is those who not only have had to overcome the enemy, but, before they arrive at that, have been necessitated to make their army good and well ordered. These without doubt merit much more praise… Niccolò Machiavelli, The Art of War (2003, 161) INTRODUCTION Abstract This thesis provides an analysis of the organizational politics of state supporting armed groups, and demonstrates how group cohesion and institutionalization impact on the patterns of violence witnessed within civil wars. Using an historical comparative method, strategies of leadership control are examined in the processes of organizational evolution of the Popular Defence Forces, an Islamist Nationalist militia, and the allied Lebanese Forces, a Christian Nationalist militia. The first group was a centrally coordinated network of irregular forces which fielded ill-disciplined and semi-autonomous military units, and was responsible for severe war crimes. -
Awardee: Emily Nasrallah Writer, Lebanon
Awardee: Emily Nasrallah Writer, Lebanon Emily Nasrallah is one of the most well-known writers in the Arab world. In her works written for adults and children, she has found a poetic language to describe everyday life in war-torn Lebanon. In this way, she has contributed over the years to reconciliation between the different populations in Lebanon. Besides war, her main themes are the life of village women and migration. Her first novel, Birds of September (1962), is not only read regularly in Lebanon’s schools today, but is also considered a classic of Arabic literature. Born in 1931, Emily Nasrallah grew up in a Christian family in a village in southern Lebanon. After studying education at the American University in Beirut, she worked as a teacher, then as a journalist and freelance writer. In 1962, her debut novel, Touyour Ayloul (Birds of September), was published and went on to receive three Arabic literary awards. In addition to novels, essays and short stories for adults, Nasrallah has also published seven children’s books. Her writings’ mainly focus on village life in Lebanon, women’s emancipation efforts, identity issues in the Lebanese civil war and migration. Many of her books have been translated into other languages, including English, Spanish, Dutch, Finnish, Thai and German. Although her home and possessions were destroyed in various bomb attacks during the Lebanese civil war, Nasrallah refused to go into exile. Together with a group of female writers, described as the “Beirut Decentrists”, the mother of four remained in Beirut, where she still lives today. -
Lebanon Country Profile Pdf
Lebanon country profile pdf Continue (Arabic) اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔCountry in the Middle East This article is about the country. For other applications Lebanon, see Lebanon (disambiguation), Liban (disambiguation), and Libnan (disambiguation). Coordinates: 33'50'N 35'50'E / 33.833'N 35.833'E / 33.833; 35.833 Lebanese Republic Arabic) Kullun' li-l-wa'an All of us! For our country! (English) Capitals largest city Bayruth3'54'N 35'32'E / 33.900'N 35.533'E / 33.900; 35.533Official languagesArabic[nb 1]Local vernacularLebanese Arabic[nb 2]Religion 61.1%) ﻛﻠّﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﻃﻦ :al-Jumharaha al-Lubnani Flag Herb Anthem Muslim33.7% Christian5.2% Druze[1]Demonym(s)LebaneseGovernmentUnitary parliamentary confessionalist constitutional republic[2]• President Michel Aoun• Prime Minister Hassan Diab• Speaker of the Parliament Nabih Berri LegislatureParliamentEstablishment• Greater Lebanon 1 September 1920• Constitution 23 May 1926• Independence declared 22 November 1943• French mandate ended 24 October 1945• Withdrawal of French forces 17 April 1946• Syrian and Israeli occupations 1976–2005• Israeli troops withdrawn 24 May 2000• Syrian troops withdrawn 30 April 2005 Area • Total10,452 km2 (4,036 sq mi) (161st)• Water (%)1.8Population• 2018 estimate6,859,408[3][4] (109th)• Density560/km2 (1,450.4/sq mi) (21st)GDP (PPP)2019 estimate• Total$91 billion[5]• Per capita$15,049[5] (66th)GDP (nominal)2019 estimate• Total$58 billion[5] (82nd)• Per capita$9,655[5]Gini 50.7highHDI (2018) 0.730[6]high · 93rdCurrencyLebanese pound (LBP)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)• Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Driving sideright [7]Calling code+961[8]ISO 3166 codeLBInternet TLD.lb Lebanon (/ ˈlɛbənɒn, -hun/ (listen); Arabic: Romanticized: romanticized: al-Jumhara al-Lubnan, Lebanese Arabic pronunciation: lˈʒʊmhuːrijje lˈlɪbneːnijje; French: Republic libanaise or widely mentioned among residents in ,اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔ :Lubnin, Lebanese Arabic pronunciation: lɪbˈneːn),), officially known as the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic French: Liban), is a Middle Eastern country in West Asia. -
The Politics of Post-Conflict Reconstruction September 2018 Contents
POMEPS STUDIES 30 The Politics of Post-Conflict Reconstruction September 2018 Contents Introduction . .. 3 Seeing Like a State-builder: Replication of Donor Reconstruction Dilemmas in Syria . 8 Frances Z. Brown, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace & University of Oxford Reconstructing Authoritarianism: The Politics and Political Economy of Postconflict Reconstruction in Syria . 14 Steven Heydemann, Smith College & The Brookings Institution Legal Pluralism and Justice in Iraq after ISIL . 22 Jacqueline Parry, Institute for Regional and International Studies, American University of Iraqi Sulaimani Physical and Societal (Re)construction in Nineveh post Islamic State . 28 Dylan O’Driscoll, Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute (HCRI), University of Manchester Postwar Reconciliation and Fragile Peace in Algeria . 34 Caroline Abadeer, Minerva/Jennings Randolph Peace Scholar at the United States Institute of Peace Yuree Noh, Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Harvard University’s Middle East Initiative, Belfer Center Algeria’s Peace Process: Spoilers, Failures and Successes . 38 Dalia Ghanem-Yazbeck, Resident Scholar, Carnegie Middle East Center Lebanon and the fog of reconstruction . 44 Deen Sharp, Earth and Environment Sciences, City University of New York Libya’s Policing Sector: The Dilemmas of Hybridity and Security Pluralism . 51 Frederic Wehrey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Marshalling Order in Yemen: How Reconstruction Will Make or Break the Post-War Order . 56 Peter Salisbury, Chatham House Thinking about Legality: -
Domestic and International Sources of the Syrian and Libyan Conflicts (2011-2020)
Peer-reviewed Article International Security After the Arab Spring: Domestic and International Sources of the Syrian and Libyan Conflicts (2011-2020) EFE CAN GÜRCAN Asst. Prof. Department of International Relations, İstinye University Efe Can Gürcan is Associate Dean of Research and Development for the Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences at İstinye University. He is also Chair of the Department of Political Science and Public Administration and a faculty member in the Department of Inter- national Relations, İstinye University. He serves as Research Associate at the University of Mani- toba’s Geopolitical Economy Research Group. Gürcan completed his undergraduate education in International Relations at Koç University. He received his master’s degree in International Studies from the University of Montréal and earned his PhD in Sociology from Simon Fraser University. He speaks English, French, Spanish and Turkish. His publications include three books as well as more than 30 articles and book chapters on international development, international conflict and international institutions, with a geographical focus on Latin America and the Middle East. His latest book is Multipolarization, South-South Cooperation and the Rise of Post-Hegemonic Governance. BRIq • Volume 1 Issue 2 Spring 2020 ABSTRACT The so-called Arab “Spring” may be considered as the most significant geopolitical event and the largest social mobilization that have shaped Greater Middle Eastern politics in the post-Cold War era. The present article examines how this process turned into an Arab “Winter”, having led to the world’s largest humanitarian crises since World War II. Using a geopolitical-economy framework guided by narrative analysis and incorporated comparison, this article focuses on the countries where the Arab Spring process led to gravest consequences: Syria and Libya. -
Lebanese Reconciliation Through Youth Graffiti Art
Murals for Hope: Lebanese Reconciliation through Youth Graffiti Art By © 2017 Katelyn M. Bronell B.A, Marquette University, 2015 Submitted to the graduate degree program in Global and International Studies and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Chair: Marike Janzen Erik R. Scott F. Michael Wuthrich Date Defended: 30 November 2017 ii The thesis committee for Katelyn M. Bronell certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: Murals for Hope: Lebanese Reconciliation through Youth Graffiti Art Chair: Marike Janzen Date Approved: 13 December 2017 iii Abstract Lebanese history contains both violence and sectarian tension which permeates Lebanese society and hinders reconciliation for the many ethnic groups in the country. Although the older generation lives with the memories of the civil war, the younger generation has instead developed memories of the war with perspectives that normalize both the social tension and lingering past stories. However, these negative perspectives are transmuted as the younger Lebanese generation reflects their hopes and dreams of the world through the public domain using graffiti as a medium. Although criminalized globally in the past, graffiti art has the potential to repaint walls of society with opinions and art, especially in the Middle East. This textual analysis paper examines the graffiti artwork of five young Lebanese artists, who did not experience the civil war, but grew up in its aftermath and whose perspective add the religious and social aspects needed to authenticate a reconciliation narrative. Using theoretical discussion of both reconciliation and of Ricœur’s hermeneutic phenomenology one can interpret the Lebanese narratives of reconciliation through the images of acknowledgment and acceptance of a collective past, the image of reparation of destroyed relationships through similar cultural symbols, and a commitment to a future of coexistence and peace. -
The Promise and Failure of the Zionist-Maronite Relationship, 1920-1948
The Promise and Failure of the Zionist-Maronite Relationship, 1920-1948 Master’s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies Ilan Troen, Graduate Advisor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Master’s Degree by Scott Abramson February 2012 Acknowledgements I cannot omit the expression of my deepest gratitude to my defense committee, the formidable triumvirate of Professors Troen, Makiya, and Salameh. To register my admiration for these scholars would be to court extravagance (and deplete a printer cartridge), so I shall have to limit myself to this brief tribute of heartfelt thanks. ii ABSTRACT The Promise and Failure of the Zionist-Maronite Relationship, 1920-1948 A thesis presented to the Department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts By Scott Abramson Much of the historiography on the intercourse between Palestinian Jews and Lebanese Maronites concerns only the two peoples’ relations in the seventies and eighties. This thesis, in contrast, attempts a departure from this scholarship, joining the handful of other works that chart the history of the Zionist-Maronite relationship in its earliest incarnation. From its inception to its abeyance beginning in 1948, this almost thirty-year relationship was marked by a search of a formal alliance. This thesis, by presenting a panoptical survey of early Zionist-Maronite relations, explores the many dimensions of this pursuit. It details the Zionists and Maronites’ numerous commonalities that made an alliance desirable and apparently possible; it profiles the specific elements among the Zionists and Maronites who sought an entente; it examines each of the measures the two peoples took to this end; and it analyzes why this protracted pursuit ultimately failed.