Lebanon country profile pdf

Continue () اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔCountry in the This article is about the country. For other applications , see Lebanon (disambiguation), Liban (disambiguation), and Libnan (disambiguation). Coordinates: 33'50'N 35'50'E / 33.833'N 35.833'E / 33.833; 35.833 Lebanese Republic Arabic) Kullun' li-l-wa'an All of us! For our country! (English) Capitals largest city Bayruth3'54'N 35'32'E / 33.900'N 35.533'E / 33.900; 35.533Official languagesArabic[nb 1]Local vernacularLebanese Arabic[nb 2]Religion 61.1%) ﻛﻠّﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﻃﻦ :al-Jumharaha al-Lubnani Flag Herb Anthem Muslim33.7% Christian5.2% Druze[1](s)LebaneseGovernmentUnitary parliamentary confessionalist constitutional republic[2]• President • Prime Minister Hassan Diab• Speaker of the LegislatureParliamentEstablishment• 1 September 1920• Constitution 23 May 1926• Independence declared 22 November 1943• French mandate ended 24 October 1945• Withdrawal of French forces 17 April 1946• Syrian and Israeli occupations 1976–2005• Israeli troops withdrawn 24 May 2000• Syrian troops withdrawn 30 April 2005 Area • Total10,452 km2 (4,036 sq mi) (161st)• (%)1.8Population• 2018 estimate6,859,408[3][4] (109th)• Density560/km2 (1,450.4/sq mi) (21st)GDP (PPP)2019 estimate• Total$91 billion[5]• Per capita$15,049[5] (66th)GDP (nominal)2019 estimate• Total$58 billion[5] (82nd)• Per capita$9,655[5]Gini 50.7highHDI (2018) 0.730[6]high · 93rdCurrencyLebanese pound (LBP)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)• Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Driving sideright [7]Calling code+961[8]ISO 3166 codeLBInternet TLD.lb Lebanon (/ ˈlɛbənɒn, -hun/ (listen); Arabic: Romanticized: romanticized: al-Jumhara al-Lubnan, Lebanese Arabic pronunciation: lˈʒʊmhuːrijje lˈlɪbneːnijje; French: Republic libanaise or widely mentioned among residents in ,اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔ :Lubnin, Lebanese Arabic pronunciation: lɪbˈneːn),), officially known as the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic French: Liban), is a Middle Eastern country in West . It borders to the north and east and to the south, while is located in the west across the Mediterranean. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arab hinterland contributed to its rich history and shaped the of religious and ethnic diversity. At just 10,452 km2 (4,036 miles2) it is the smallest recognized sovereign state on the continent of continental Asia. (nb 4) The official language, Lebanese Arabic, is the most spoken language spoken by Lebanese citizens. (nb 5) The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back to more than thousands of years, pre-preparing a recorded history. Lebanon was home to the Phoenicians, a maritime culture that flourished for nearly three thousand years (about 3200-539 BC). In 64 BC, the region came under the rule of the Roman Empire and eventually became one of its leading centers of Christianity. The mountain range of Lebanon saw the emergence of a monastic tradition known as the Maronite Church. When Arab Muslims conquered the region, the Maronites held on to their religion and identity. However, a new religious group, the Druze, has also established itself on , creating a religious schism that lasted for centuries. During the Crusades, the Maronites made contact with the Roman Catholic Church and established their communication with Rome. These ties have influenced the region in the modern era. Lebanon was conquered by the Ottomans in the 16th century and remained under their rule for the next 400 years. After the collapse of the empire after World War I, the five provinces that make up modern Lebanon came under the French mandate. The French expanded the boundaries of Mount Lebanon, which was predominantly Maronite and Druze, including more Muslims. After independence in 1943, Lebanon established a unique confessional form of government, with the main religious sects singing specific political forces. President Bechara El Khoury, Prime Minister Riad el-Solh, and Defense Minister Emir Majid Arslan II are considered founders of modern Lebanon and national heroes for their role in independence. Lebanon initially enjoyed political and economic stability, which was shattered by the bloody civil war in Lebanon (1975-1990) between various political and sectarian groups. The war partly led to military occupations in Syria (from 1975 to 2005) and Israel (from 1985 to 2000). Despite Lebanon's small size, Lebanese culture is known both in the and around the world, fed by its large and influential . Before the civil war, the country had a diversified economy that included tourism, agriculture, trade and banking. Its financial strength and stability in the 1950s and 1960s brought Lebanon the name Switzerland of the East, while its capital, , attracted so many tourists that it was known as the of the Middle East. Since the end of the war, considerable efforts have been made to revitalize the economy and restore national infrastructure. Although Lebanon is still recovering from the political and economic consequences of the conflict, it remains a cosmopolitan and developing country with the highest index of human development and GDP per capita in the Arab world outside the oil-rich economies of the Persian Gulf. Lebanon was a founding member of the United in 1945 and is a member of the (1945), The Non-Aligned Movement (1961), the Organization of the Organization Islamic Cooperation (1969) and the International Organization of Francophonie (1973). The etymology of the name of Mount Lebanon comes from the Phoenician root of the lbn (), which means white, presumably from its snow-covered peaks. Cases of the name were found in various Middle Bronze Age texts from the Ebla Library, and three of the twelve tablets of the Gilgamesh Epic. The name is written in ancient Egyptian as Rmnn (), where R stood ﻣﺘﺼﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺟﺒﻞ ...... :Lebanon as the name of the administrative unit (as opposed to the mountain range), which was introduced with the Ottoman reforms of 1861, as Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifat (Arabic . ְל ָבנוֹן for Canaanite L. the name occurs almost 70 times in the Jewish Bible, as ...... دوﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ...... French: Stat du Grand Liban) in 1920, and ultimately in the name of the sovereign Republic of Lebanon al-Jumharaya al-Lubnaya) after independence in 1943. Story Home article: The This section needs additional quotes to verify. Please help improve this article by adding quotes to reliable sources. Non-sources of materials can be challenged and اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔ :Arabic) removed. Find sources: Lebanon - News newspaper book scientist JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message template) The borders of modern Lebanon are a product of the 1920 Sevres Treaty. Its territory was the nucleus of the Phoenician (Canaan) city- state of the Bronze Age. As part of the , it was part of numerous successive empires throughout ancient history, including the Egyptian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Ahemenid Persian, Hellenistic, Roman and Sasanid Persian empires. After the Muslim conquest of the Levant in the 7th century, it was part of the empires of Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid Seljuk and Fatimid. The Crusader state of Tripoli, founded by Raymond IV of Toulouse in 1102, covered much of present-day Lebanon, falling to the Sultanate of Mamluk in 1289 and finally to the in 1516. With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Greater Lebanon came under a French mandate in 1920 and gained independence under President Bechara El Khoury in 1943. Lebanon's history since independence has been marked by interspersed periods of political stability and prosperity, based on Beirut's position as a regional center of finance and trade, interspersed with political upheaval and armed conflict (1948 Arab-Israeli war, The 1975-1990, 2005 Cedar 2006 Lebanese war, 2007 Lebanon conflict, 2006-08 Lebanese protests, 2008 conflict in Lebanon, 2011 Syrian civil war and lebanese protests in 2019-2020). Ancient Lebanon Home article: The History of Ancient Lebanon Map of and Trade Path Evidence, dating from an early settlement in Lebanon was found in , considered one of the oldest permanently inhabited cities in the world. The evidence dates back to an earlier 5000 BC. Archaeologists have discovered the remains of prehistoric huts with shredded limestone floors, primitive weapons and burial jars left by neolithic and Halkolite communities that lived on the shores of the Mediterranean more than 7,000 years ago. Lebanon was part of northern Canaan, and therefore became the birthplace of descendants of The Canaanites, Phoenicians, navigators, which spread across the in the first millennium BC. The most famous Phoenician cities were Biblos, and Tyre, while their most famous colonies were Carthage in present-day Tunisia and Cadiz in modern Spain. The Phoenicians attribute the invention of the oldest proven alphabet, which later inspired the Greek alphabet and Latin. The cities of Phoenicia were incorporated into the Persian Empire of the Achemenids by Cyrus the Great in 539. B.C. Phoenician city-states were later incorporated into the empire of Alexander the Great after the siege of Tyre in 332 BC Maronites, drubbing and crusades The fall of Tripoli to the Egyptian Mamluks and the destruction of the Crusader state, the county of Tripoli, 1289 Region, which is now Lebanon, like the rest of Syria and much of Anatolia , became a major center of Christianity in the Roman Empire during the early spread of the faith. In the late 4th and early 5th century, a hermit named Maron founded a monastic tradition focused on the importance of monotheism and asceticism, not far from the Mediterranean mountain range known as Mount Lebanon. The monks who followed Maron spread his teachings to the Lebanese in the region. These Christians were known as Maronites and moved to the mountains to escape religious persecution by the Roman authorities. During the frequent Roman-Persian wars that lasted for centuries, the Persians of Susanid occupied what is now Lebanon from 619 to 629. In the 7th century, Muslim Arabs conquered Syria, establishing a new regime instead of the Byzantines. Although Islam and Arabic were officially dominant under this new regime, the general nevertheless only gradually moved from Christianity and the Syrian language. The Maronite community, in particular, has managed to maintain a greater degree of autonomy, despite the succession of rulers over Lebanon and Syria. In the 11th century, the Druze religion emerged from a branch of Shiite Islam. A new religion has gained followers in the southern part of Mount Lebanon. The northern part of Mount Lebanon was ruled Druze feudal families in the early 14th century, which was then brought to an end by the invasion of Mamluk. The Maronite population gradually increased in the Northern Mount of Lebanon, and the Druze remained in southern Lebanon until the present era. In southern Lebanon, Jebel Amel, and the Bekaa Valley were ruled by Shiite feudal families under the Mamluks and Ottoman Empire. The major cities on the coast, Acre, Beirut and others, were under the direct control of the Muslim caliphs, and the people became more absorbed in Arab culture. After the fall of Roman Anatolia for Muslim Turks, Byzantines put out a call to the Pope in Rome for help in the 11th century. The result was a series of wars known as the Crusades started by the Franks from Western to reclaim the former Byzantine Christian territories in the Eastern Mediterranean, especially Syria and (Levant). The first crusade managed to temporarily establish the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the district of Tripoli as Roman Catholic Christian states along the coast. These Crusader states exert long-term influence on the region, although their control was limited, and the region returned to full Muslim control two centuries after the Mamluk conquest. One of the most enduring effects of the Crusades in the region was the contact between the Franks (i.e. the French) and the Maroons. Unlike most other Christian communities in the Eastern Mediterranean, which swore allegiance to Constantinople or other local patriarchs, the Maronites pledged allegiance to the Pope in Rome. Thus, the Franks saw them as Roman Catholic brothers. These initial contacts led to centuries of support for the Maronites from France and Italy, even after the fall of the Crusader states in the region. Ottoman Lebanon and the French mandate See also: the Emirate of Mount Lebanon, Sidon Eyalet, and Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate Fakhreddin II Palace, a 17th century 1862 map drawn by the French expedition of Beaufort d'Hautpoul, later used as a template for the 1920 borders of Greater Lebanon. During this period, Lebanon was divided into several provinces: the Northern and Southern Mountains of Lebanon, Tripoli, Baalbek and the Bekaa Valley and Jabal Amel. In southern Lebanon, Fahr al-Din II succeeded Korkmaz in 1590. He soon established his authority as the supreme prince of the Druze in the Shuf area of Mount Lebanon. After all, Fakhr-al-Din II was appointed Sanjakbei (governor) of several provinces of the Ottoman Empire, responsible for tax collection. It has expanded its control over much of Mount Lebanon and its coastal zone, even building a fort as far inland as Palmyra. This over-achievement eventually became too great for the Ottoman Sultan Murad IV, who sent a punitive expedition to capture him in 1633. He was taken to Istanbul, kept in for two years and then executed with one of his sons in April 1635. Surviving members of the Fahra al-Din family ruled the area closer to Ottoman control until the end of the 17th century. After the death of the last Emir Maan, various members of the Shihab ruled Mount Lebanon until 1830. Approximately 10,000 Christians were killed by Druze during inter-world violence in 1860. Shortly thereafter, the Emirate of Mount Lebanon, which lasted about 400 years, was replaced by a mutasarifate on Mount Lebanon as a result of a European-Ottoman treaty called the Organization of Ruglementa. The Baalbek and Bekaa valleys and Jabal Amel were periodically ruled by various Shiite feudal families, especially Al-Ali Alsagir in Jabal Amel, which remained in power until 1865, when the Ottomans took direct rule of the region. The Lebanese nationalist, a Lebanese nationalist, played an influential role in Lebanon's independence in this era. In 1920, after World War I, the Mutasarrifata area, as well as some surrounding areas that were predominantly Shia and Sunni, became part of the Greater Lebanon state in accordance with the French mandate of Syria and Lebanon. About 100,000 people in Beirut and on Mount Lebanon died of starvation during World War I. A map of the French mandate and the states established in 1920 on September 1, 1920, France restored Greater Lebanon after Mutasarrifya's rule removed several regions belonging to the Principality of Lebanon and handed them over to Syria. Lebanon was a predominantly Christian country (mainly Maronite territory with some Greek Orthodox enclaves), but it also included areas with many Muslims and Druze. On September 1, 1926, France formed the Republic of Lebanon. On May 25, 1926, a constitution was adopted, establishing a democratic republic with a parliamentary system of government. Independence from the Place de la Martyrs of France in Beirut during the celebration of the liberation of the French Government of Lebanon from the prison of Rashaya on 22 November 1943, Lebanon received a measure of independence, while France was occupied by Germany. General Henri Dentz, Vichy High Commissioner for Syria and Lebanon, played an important role in the country's independence. Vichy authorities in 1941 allowed Germany to pump planes and cargo through Syria to Iraq, where they were used against British troops. Britain, fearing that Nazi Germany would gain full control over Lebanon and Syria under pressure from the weak Vichy government, sent its army to Syria and Lebanon. Following the end of hostilities in Lebanon, General Charles de Gaulle visited the area. Under political pressure both inside and outside Lebanon recognized Lebanon's independence. On 26 November 1941, General George Catrou announced that Lebanon would become independent under the rule of the Free French Government. Elections were held in 1943, and on 8 November 1943, the new Lebanese Government unilaterally abolished the mandate. The French reacted by imprisoning the new government. In the face of international pressure on November 22, 1943, the French released government officials. The Allies occupied the region until the end of World War II. After the end of the Second World War in Europe, the French mandate was, as can be said, terminated without any formal action by the League of Nations or its successor, the . The mandate was terminated by the declaration of binding power and the new States themselves of their independence, followed by a process of unconditional recognition by other Powers, culminating in formal accession to the United Nations. Article 78 of the UN Charter has completed the guardianship status of any member state: The guardianship system does not apply to the Territories, will become members of the United Nations, the relationship between which must be based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality. Therefore, when the UN officially appeared on 24 October 1945, following the ratification of the Charter by the five permanent members, since both Syria and Lebanon were the founding states, the French mandate for both was legally terminated on that day and full independence was achieved. The last French troops were withdrawn in December 1946. Lebanon's unwritten National Pact of 1943 required its president to be a Maronite Christian, a Shiite Muslim speaker, a Sunni Muslim prime minister, and a Greek Orthodox deputy speaker and deputy prime minister. Beirut in 1950, Lebanon's history since independence, was marked by successive periods of political stability and upheaval interspersed with prosperity built on Beirut's position as a regional centre for finance and trade. In May 1948, Lebanon supported neighbouring Arab countries in the war against Israel. Although some irregular forces crossed the border and staged small skirmishes against Israel, they were left without the support of the Lebanese Government and Lebanese troops did not officially invade. Lebanon agreed to support the forces with artillery fire, armoured vehicles, volunteers and logistical support. On 5-6 June 1948, the Lebanese army, led by the then Minister of National Defence, Emir Majid Arslan, captured Al-Malkia. It was Lebanon's only success in the war. The war has left 100,000 Palestinians fleeing to Lebanon. Israel did not allow their return after the ceasefire. By 2017, 174,000 to 450,000 Palestinian refugees refugee camps (although they often resemble districts decades ago). Palestinians are often unable to obtain Lebanese citizenship or even Lebanese identity cards and are legally denied the right to own property or perform certain activities (including law, medicine and engineering). According to , Palestinian refugees in Lebanon are living in terrible socio-economic conditions. In 1958, in the final months of President Camilla Chamun's rule, an uprising erupted, provoked by Lebanese Muslims who wanted to make Lebanon a member of the United Arab Republic. Chamun sought help and on 15 July, 5,000 Marines were briefly dispatched to Beirut. After the crisis, a new government was formed, led by popular former General Fouad Chehab. Following the defeat of the PLO in , many Palestinian militants moved to Lebanon as a result of their armed campaign against Israel. The relocation of Palestinian bases has also increased sectarian tensions between Palestinians and Maronians and other Lebanese factions. Civil War and Occupation Main Article: The Civil War in Lebanon Green Line that separated the west and east of Beirut, 1982 In 1975, after rising sectarian tensions, greatly contributed to Palestinian resettlement militants in southern Lebanon, a full-scale civil war broke out in Lebanon. Lebanon's civil war has been opposed by a coalition of Christian groups against the PLO's joint forces, leftist Druze and Muslim militias. In June 1976, Lebanese President Elias Sarkis asked the Syrian army to intervene on the side of Christians and help restore peace. In October 1976, the Arab League agreed to establish a predominantly Syrian Arab deterrence force tasked with restoring calm. PLO attacks from Lebanon on Israel in 1977 and 1978 exacerbated tensions between the countries. On 11 March 1978, eleven Fatah fighters landed on a beach in northern Israel and seized two buses carrying passengers on the Haifa-Tel Aviv road, shooting at passing vehicles in the notorious Coastal Road massacre. They killed 37 and wounded 76 Israelis before being killed in a shootout with Israeli forces. Israel invaded Lebanon four days later in Operation Litani. The Israeli army occupied most of the area south of the . The UN Security Council adopted Resolution 425 calling for the immediate withdrawal of Israeli troops and the establishment of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), accused of trying to bring about peace. The UNIFIL base, map 1981, showing the demarcation line of the Blue Line between Lebanon and Israel, established by the UN after Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon in 1978, was withdrawn later in 1978, but retained over the southern region, driving a 12-mile (19-kilometer) security zone along the border. These positions were held The Army of Southern Lebanon (SLA), a Christian-Shiite militia led by Major Saad Haddad, supported by Israel. Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin compared the plight of the Christian minority in southern Lebanon (then about 5% of the SLA population) to that of European Jews during World War II. The PLO regularly attacked Israel during the ceasefire, with more than 270 documented attacks. During these attacks, people in Galilee were regularly evicted from their homes. Documents seized at PLO headquarters after the invasion indicate that they were coming from Lebanon. Arafat refused to condemn the attacks on the grounds that the cease-fire was only relevant to Lebanon. Map showing the balance of power in Lebanon, 1983: Green - controlled by Syria, purple - controlled by Christian groups, yellow - controlled by Israel, blue - controlled by the UN In April 1980, the presence of UNIFIL soldiers in the buffer zone led to the incident in Al-Tiri. On 17 July 1981, Israeli aircraft bombed high-rise apartment buildings in Beirut, which housed the offices of PLO-affiliated groups. A Lebanese delegate to the United Nations Security Council stated that 300 civilians had been killed and 800 wounded. The bombings led to global condemnation and a temporary embargo on the export of American aircraft to Israel. In August 1981, Defence Minister Ariel Sharon began to develop plans to attack the PLO's military infrastructure in West Beirut, home to PLO headquarters and command bunkers. In 1982, PLO attacks from Lebanon on Israel led to an Israeli invasion to support Lebanese forces in the DF.30 million. A multinational force of American, French and Italian contingents (joined by the British contingent in 1983) was deployed to Beirut after the Israeli siege of the city to oversee the evacuation of the PLO. The civil war re-emerged in September 1982 following the assassination of Israeli ally President Bashir Jemayel of Lebanon and subsequent fighting. During this time, there have been several sectarian massacres, such as in Sabra and Shatila, as well as in several refugee camps. The multinational force was withdrawn in the spring of 1984 after a devastating bombing last year. In September 1988, Parliament was unable to elect a successor to President Jemayel because of differences between Christians, Muslims and Syrians. The Arab League summit in May 1989 led to the establishment of a Saudi-Moroccan-Algerian committee to resolve the crisis. On 16 September 1989, the Committee issued a peace plan that was accepted by all. A ceasefire was established, ports and airports were reopened and refugees began to return. In the same month, the Lebanese Parliament agreed to the Taif agreement, which and the formula for Lebanon's de-religious political system. The Civil War ended at the end of 1990 after sixteen years; it has caused massive human and property losses and devastated the country's economy. An estimated 150,000 people were killed and another 200,000 injured. Nearly a million civilians have been displaced by the war, and some have not returned. Parts of Lebanon remained in ruins. The Taif Agreement has not yet been fully implemented, and Lebanon's political system remains divided along religious lines. But the war in Lebanon is not over yet. The quarrels between Israel and the Lebanese resistance continued, leading to a number of difficult events, including the massacres in zana, and to casualties in both groups. In 2000, Israeli forces withdrew from Lebanon. He estimated that more than 17,000 civilians had been killed and more than 30,000 injured. Since then, date 25/May has been considered the Day of Resistance and Liberation in Lebanon for the Lebanese. The main articles: The Syrian occupation of Lebanon and the Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon Demonstrators call for the withdrawal of Syrian troops. In the early 2000s, the internal political situation in Lebanon changed significantly. Following Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon and the death of former President Hafez al-Assad in 2000, the Syrian military presence has faced criticism and resistance from the Lebanese population. On 14 February 2005, former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri was killed by a car bomb. Alliance leaders on March 14 blamed Syria for the attack, while Syria and the Alliance said on 8 March that Israel was behind the killing. Hariri's killing marked the beginning of a series of killings that killed many prominent Lebanese figures. (nb 6) The killing provoked a , a series of demonstrations that called for the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon and the establishment of an international commission to investigate the killing. Under Western pressure, Syria began withdrawing troops, and by 26 April 2005 all Syrian soldiers had returned to Syria. UN Security Council Resolution 1595 calls for a murder investigation. The UN International Independent Commission of Inquiry published preliminary findings on 20 October 2005 in a report by Mehlis, which showed signs that the killing was orchestrated by the Syrian and Lebanese intelligence services. On 12 July 2006, Hezbollah launched a series of rocket attacks and raids on Israeli territory, killing three Israeli soldiers and capturing two others. Israel responded with airstrikes and artillery fire on targets in Lebanon, as well as a ground invasion of southern Lebanon, resulting in The Lebanese war. The conflict was officially ended by UN Security Council Resolution 1701 of August 14, 2006, which ordered a ceasefire. During the conflict, 1,191 Lebanese and 160 Israelis were killed. The southern suburb of Beirut was severely damaged by Israeli airstrikes. Dust rises after two bombs dropped during an Israeli airstrike on Tyra, instability in 2006 and the spread of the Syrian war Main articles: the Syrian civil war in Lebanon, the Lebanese protests of 2011 and 2019-2020 Lebanese protests In 2007, the nahr al-Barid refugee camp became the center of the Lebanese conflict of 2007 between the Lebanese army and Fatah al-Islam. At least 169 soldiers, 287 rebels and 47 civilians were killed in the battle. Between 2006 and 2008, a series of protests led by groups opposed to pro-Western Prime Minister called for the establishment of a national unity government over which predominantly Shiite opposition groups would have a veto. When Emile Lahood's presidential term ended in October 2007, the opposition refused to vote for a successor unless a power-sharing agreement was reached, leaving Lebanon without a president. On 9 May 2008, Hezbollah and Amal forces, triggered by the Government's declaration that Hezbollah's communications network was illegal, seized western Beirut, leading to the 2008 conflict in Lebanon. The Lebanese Government condemned the violence as an attempted coup d'etat. At least 62 people have been killed in clashes between pro-government and opposition militias. On May 21, 2008, the signing of the Doha Agreement put an end to hostilities. As part of the agreement, which ended 18 months of political paralysis, Michel Suleiman became President and a Government of National Unity was established, which granted the right of veto to the opposition. The agreement was a victory for the opposition forces, as the government gave way to all their basic demands. More than 20,000 Syrian and Palestinian refugees live in the Shatila refugee camp on the outskirts of Beirut. In early January 2011, the Government of National Unity collapsed because of the growing tensions caused by the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, which was to indict Hezbollah members for Hariri's murder. Parliament elected Najib Mikati, a Hezbollah candidate, on March 8 as Lebanon's prime minister, making him responsible for forming a new government. Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah insists that Israel is responsible for Hariri's murder. A report published by Al-Akhbar newspaper in November 2010 stated that Hezbollah had drawn up plans to take over the country if the Special Tribunal for Lebanon was indicted against their members. In 2012, the Syrian civil war threatened to spill over into Lebanon, leaving sectarian violence and armed clashes between Sunnis and Alawites in Tripoli. According to UNHCR, the number of Syrian refugees in Lebanon has increased from about 250,000 in early 2013 to 1,000,000 at the end of 2014. In 2013, the Lebanese Forces Party, the and the expressed concern that the country's sectarian political system was being undermined by the influx of Syrian refugees. On 6 May 2015, UNHCR suspended the registration of Syrian refugees at the request of the Lebanese Government. In February 2016, the Lebanese government signed the Lebanese Treaty, revealing at least 400 million euros of support for refugees and vulnerable Lebanese citizens. According to government figures as of October 2016, there are 1.5 million Syrians in the country. 2019-2020 Crisis Main article: 2019-20 Lebanese protests October 17, 2019, the first of a series of mass civil demonstrations broke out; They were originally caused by planned taxes on gasoline, tobacco and telephone calls on the , such as via WhatsApp, but quickly expanded to the whole country, condemning sectarian rule, stagnant economy, unemployment, endemic corruption in the public sector, legislation (e.g. bank secrecy) that is believed to protect the ruling class from accountability and the government's inability to provide basic services such as electricity and sanitation. As a result of the protests, Lebanon entered a political crisis, Prime Minister resigned and repeated the protesters' demands for an independent government. Other politicians against which protests were directed remained in power. On 19 December 2019, former Education Minister Hassan Diab was appointed as the next Prime Minister, tasked with forming a new cabinet. Since then, protests and acts of civil disobedience have continued, with protesters condemning and condemning Diab's appointment as prime minister. Lebanon is suffering from the worst economic crisis in decades. According to Steve H. Hanke, Professor of Applied Economics at Johns Hopkins University, Lebanon is the first country in the Middle East and to have inflation above 50% for 30 consecutive days. On 4 August 2020, the surrounding area was destroyed in the port of Beirut, Lebanon's main port, killing more than 200 people and injuring thousands. It was later determined that the cause of the explosion was 2,750 tons of ammonium nitrate, which was stored in an unsafe state, and it accidentally caught fire on Tuesday afternoon. Less than a week after the bombing, on 10 August 2020, Hassan Diab, the prime minister appointed less than a year earlier, addressed the and announced his resignation. Geography Article: Geography of the Kadish Valley in Lebanon, a gorge in northern Lebanon, is located in West Asia between latitudes 33 and 35 degrees Celsius and a longitude of 35 and 37 degrees Celsius. Its land is bordered by the north-west Arab plate. The area of the country is 10,452 square kilometers, of which 10,230 square kilometers is land. Lebanon has a coastline and a border of 225 km (140 miles) in the Mediterranean Sea to the west, 375 km (233 miles) of border, along with Syria in the north and east and 79 km (49 miles) long border with Israel in the south. The border with the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights is contested by Lebanon in a small area called . Lebanon from space. The snow cover seen on the western mountain of Lebanon and the eastern anti- Lebanon mountain ranges of Lebanon is divided into four different physiographic regions: the coastal plain, the mountain range of Lebanon, the Bekaa Valley and the anti-Lebanon mountains. The narrow and intermittent coastal plain extends from the Syrian border to the north, where it expands to form the Akkar Plain to Ras al-Naqoura on the border with Israel to the south. The fertile coastal plain is formed from sea sediments and river sediment alluvia, alternating with sandy coves and rocky beaches. The Lebanese mountains rise steeply parallel to the Mediterranean coast and form a limestone and sandstone ridge that runs most of the country's length. The mountain range ranges from 10 km (6 miles) to 56 km (35 miles); it is carved by narrow and deep gorges. The Lebanese mountains peaked at 3,088 meters (10,131 feet) above sea level in Kurnat, like Savda in northern Lebanon and gradually sloped south before again rising to an altitude of 2,695 meters (8,842 feet) in Mount Sannin. The Bekaa Valley is located between the mountains of Lebanon to the west and Anti-Lebanon to the east; it is part of the Great Rift Valley system. The valley is 180 km (112 miles) long and 10 to 26 km (6 to 16 miles) wide, its fertile soil formed by alluvial sediments. The anti-Lebanon range runs parallel to the mountains of Lebanon, its highest peak is in at 2,814 meters (9,232 feet). Lebanon's mountains are drained by seasonal streams and rivers, the main of which is the 145-kilometre Leontes, which rises in the Bekaa Valley west of Baalbek and flows into the Mediterranean Sea north of Tyre. Lebanon has 16 rivers, all of which are not navigable; 13 rivers originate from Mount Lebanon and pass through steep gorges and into the Mediterranean Sea, the other three originate in the Bekaa Valley. Home article: Lebanon's climate Lebanon has a temperate Mediterranean climate. In coastal areas winters tend to be cool and rainy, while summers are hot and humid. In higher areas, temperatures usually drop freezing in winter with heavy snow cover that stays until early summer on higher mountain peaks. Although much of Lebanon receives relatively high rainfall, measured annually compared to its arid surroundings, some areas in north-eastern Lebanon receive little because of the shade of rain created by the high peaks of the western mountain range. Environment Main article: Lebanon's wildlife Lebanon cedar is Lebanon's national emblem. In ancient times, Lebanon was covered with large forests of cedar trees, the national emblem of the country. Thousands of have changed hydrology on Mount Lebanon and negatively changed the regional climate. Compared to 2012, 13.4 per cent of Lebanon's territory was covered by forests; They are under constant threat due to forest fires caused by the long dry summer season. As a result of long-term exploitation, few old cedar trees remain in the forests of Lebanon, but there is an active programme for forest conservation and regeneration. The Lebanese approach has focused on natural regeneration over planting, creating the right conditions for germination and growth. The Lebanese state has established several nature reserves that contain cedar reserves, including the Shuf Biosphere Reserve, the Jaj Cedar Reserve, the Tannurin Nature Reserve, the Ammoaa and Karm Shbat nature reserves in the Akkar area and the God Cedar Forest near Bsharri. In 2010, the Ministry of the Environment drew up a 10-year plan to increase national forest cover by 20%, equivalent to planting two million new trees a year. The plan, funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and implemented by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) as part of the Lebanese Reforestation Initiative (LRI), was unveiled in 2011 by planting cedar, pine, wild almonds, juniper, fir, oak and other seedlings in ten regions of Lebanon. Compared to 2016, 13.6 per cent of Lebanon's forests were covered, while other forest land accounted for another 11%. Since 2011, the Lebanon Reforestation Initiative (LRI) has planted more than 600,000 trees throughout Lebanon, including cedars and other native species. Key environmental issues Main Article: Maritime environmental problems in Lebanon Beirut and Mount Lebanon are facing a serious garbage crisis. Following the closure of the Burj Hammoud landfill in 1997, the Government opened the Al-Naamem landfill in 1998. The al-Naamah landfill planned to contain no more than 2 million tons of waste for a limited period of six years. It was designed to be a temporary solution, while the government would develop a long-term plan. Sixteen years later, al-Naameh was still open and exceeded its capacity by 13 million tons. In July 2015, residents of the district, already protesting against in recent years, forced to close the landfill. The government's inefficiency, as well as corruption within the waste management company Sukleen responsible for managing garbage in Lebanon, led to piles of garbage blocking streets in Mount Lebanon and Beirut. In December 2015, the Lebanese government signed an agreement with Chinook Industrial Mining, partly owned by Chinook Sciences, to export more than 100,000 tons of unprocessed waste from Beirut and its environs. Waste had accumulated in temporary locations following the Government's closure of the county's largest land-filling site five months earlier. The contract was signed jointly with Howa International, which has offices in Holland and Germany. It is reported that the contract cost $212 per ton. Waste that is compacted and contagious must be sorted and is estimated to be sufficient to fill 2,000 containers. Initial reports that the waste was to be transported to Sierra Leone were refuted by diplomats. In February 2016, the government withdrew from negotiations after it became clear that the documents relating to the removal of garbage to Russia were forgeries. On 19 March 2016, the Cabinet reopened the Naameh landfill for 60 days in accordance with a plan adopted a few days earlier to end the garbage crisis. The plan also calls for landfills in Burj Hammud and Costa Brava, east and south of Beirut, respectively. Sukleen trucks began to remove dumped debris from the quarantine and were heading to Naameh. Environment Minister Mohammad Mahnouk told activists that more than 8,000 tons of garbage had been collected in just 24 hours as part of the government's garbage disposal plan. The plan is still being implemented. In 2017, Human Rights Watch found that the garbage crisis in Lebanon, and the open incineration of waste, in particular, endangered the health of residents and violated the state's obligations under international law. In September 2018, Lebanon's parliament passed a law that banned the open dumping and incineration of waste. Despite the penalties imposed in the case of violations, Lebanese municipalities openly burn waste, endangering lives. In October 2018, Human Rights Watch researchers witnessed the open burning of landfills in Al-Santar and Kabrich. Lebanon Forest Fires 2019 Main article: Lebanon Forest Fires 2019 On Sunday 13 October 2019 night, a series of about 100 forest fires in accordance with the Lebanese Civil Defense, broke out and spread to large areas of Lebanon's forests. Lebanese Prime Minister Saad al-Hariri confirmed his contacts with a number of countries to send aid by helicopters and firefighting aircraft, with Cyprus, Jordan, and Greece involved in extinguishing the fires. According to press reports on Tuesday (October 15), the fire has decreased in different places because of the rains, after churches and mosques urged citizens to perform rain prayers. The main articles of government and : Lebanon's Politics and Building of the Lebanese Parliament on Place de l'Totoil One of the many protests in Beirut Lebanon is a parliamentary that includes confessional, in which high offices are reserved for members of specific religious groups. The President, for example, must be a Maronite Christian, a Sunni Muslim prime minister, a Shiite Muslim speaker, a deputy prime minister and vice-speaker of the Eastern Orthodox Church parliament. The system is designed to contain sectarian conflicts and to ensure that the demographic distribution of 18 recognized religious groups in government is fairly represented. Until 1975, Freedom House considered Lebanon one of the two (along with Israel) politically free countries in the Middle East and North Africa. The country lost this status with the outbreak of the Civil War, and has not recovered it since. Lebanon was rated as Partly Free in 2013. Despite this, Freedom House still considers Lebanon one of the most democratic countries in the Arab world. Until 2005, Palestinians were prohibited from working in more than 70 jobs because they did not have Lebanese citizenship. Since the liberalization laws were enacted in 2007, the number of prohibited jobs has been reduced to about 20. In 2010, Palestinians were granted the same rights to work as other foreigners in the country. Lebanon's national legislature is Lebanon's unicameral parliament. Its 128 seats are divided equally between Christians and Muslims, proportionally between 18 different denominations and proportionally between 26 regions. Until 1990, the ratio was 6:5 in favor of Christians; however, the Taifovo Agreement, which ended the civil war of 1975-1990, adjusted that ratio to ensure equal representation to followers of the two religions. Parliament is elected for a four-year term on the basis of a popular vote on the basis of proportional representation on religious grounds. The executive branch consists of the president, the and the prime minister, the head of government. Parliament elects the President for a non-renewable six-year term by a two-thirds majority. The President appoints the Prime Minister after consultations with Parliament. The President and the Prime Minister form a cabinet that must also adhere to the sectarian distribution established by confessional. In an unprecedented move, the Lebanese Parliament has twice extended its term amid protests, the last of which took place on 5 November 2014, and this act directly contradicts democracy and article #42 the Lebanese Constitution, since didn't take place. Lebanon was between May 2014 and October 2016. Finally, national elections were scheduled for May 2018. As of August 2019, the Lebanese cabinet included two ministers directly affiliated with Hezbollah, in addition to a close but not officially minister. The law has 18 officially recognized religious groups in Lebanon, each with its own family law and a set of religious courts. The Lebanese legal system is based on the French system and is a country of civil law, with the exception of issues related to personal status (succession, marriage, divorce, adoption, etc.) which are governed by a separate set of laws designed for each sectarian community. For example, Islamic personal status laws are inspired by Sharia law. For Muslims, these tribunals deal with marriage, divorce, custody and inheritance and will. For non-Muslims, the jurisdiction of personal status is divided: the law of inheritance and will falls under national civil jurisdiction, while Christian and Jewish religious courts are competent in relation to marriage, divorce and guardianship. Catholics can further appeal to the Court of Roth of the Vatican. The most notable set of codified laws is the Code of Obligations and Anti-Sneering, adopted in 1932 and equivalent to the French Civil Code. The death penalty is still de facto used to punish certain crimes, but no longer applies. The Lebanese judicial system consists of three levels: the courts of first instance, the appellate courts and the Court of Cassation. The Constitutional Council will rule on the constitutionality of laws and electoral fraud. There is also a system of religious courts that have jurisdiction over personal status issues within their communities, with rules on issues such as marriage and inheritance. The main article on international relations: Lebanon's foreign policy relations concluded negotiations on an association agreement with the European Union at the end of 2001, and the two sides reached an initial agreement in January 2002. It is included in the European Neighbourhood Policy of the European Union (EPP), which aims to bring the EU and its neighbours closer together. Lebanon also has bilateral trade agreements with a number of Arab states and is working to join the . Lebanon has good relations with virtually all other Arab countries (despite historical tensions with Libya and Syria) and held the Arab League Summit for the first time in more than 35 years in March 2002. Lebanon is a member of the Francophonie countries and hosted the Francophonie Summit in October 2002, as well as the in 2009. Military main article: Soldiers of the Lebanese Army, 2009 Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) There are 72,000 active personnel, including 1,100 in the Air Force, and 1,000 in the Navy. Lebanese armed armed The main tasks include protecting Lebanon and its citizens from external aggression, maintaining internal stability and security, combating threats to the country's vital interests, participating in social development activities and conducting relief operations in coordination with government and humanitarian agencies. Lebanon is the main recipient of foreign military assistance. Since 2005, it has been the second largest recipient of U.S. military aid per capita after Israel. Human rights groups have repeatedly accused the Lebanese army of torture. The main article on LGBT rights: LGBT rights in Lebanon is illegal in Lebanon. Discrimination against LGBT people is widespread in Lebanon. According to a 2013 Pew Research Center survey, 80% of Lebanese respondents believe that ,(ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ :singular muḥāfaẓah, Arabic ;ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎت : should not be accepted by society. Administrative units Of the main articles: Lebanon governorates, areas of Lebanon and municipalities of Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon are divided into eight governorates (muḥāfaẓāt, Arabic -The districts themselves are also divided into several municipalities, each covering a group of towns or villages. Muhafazy and their respective districts are listed below: Akkar North Akkar Minieh .(ﻗﻀﺎء :singular: qadāʾ Arabic ;أﻗﻀﻴﺔ :which are further divided into twenty-six districts (Arabic Dannieh Ogart Kura Tripoli Bsharri Batrun Mount Leblanco Kesrvvan Matn Beirut ♦ Baabda Aley Chouf South Jezzin Sydon Tyr Baalbek-Hermel HermelErmel Baalbek Beqaa Rashaya Nabatiya Nabatieh Marjeyoun BintJbeil Corinthian capitals in Baalbek Beirut Beirut Beirut Beirut governorate is not divided into areas and is limited to the city of Beirut Akkar governorate Akkar Baalbek-Hermel governorate Ba Albek Hermel Bekaa governorate Rashaya West Bekaa (Rashaa) al-Bekaa al-Gharbi) Muhafaza zahle Mount Lebanon (Jabal Lubnan/Jabal Lebnen) Aley Baabda Biblos Chuf Keserwan (Keserwen) Matn Nabatie Governorate (Jabal Amel) Bint Jbeil Hasbaya Marjeyoun Nabatieh North Governorate (al-Shamal / Bumblebee) Batrun Bsharri Kura Miniyeh-Danniyeh Tripoli Ofgarta southern governorate (al-Janub / Jnub) Jesin Sidon (Saida) Tyre (Sur) Economy Home article : Lebanon's economy Graphic image of the export of Lebanese products in 28 color categories. The Lebanese Constitution states that the economic system is free and ensures private initiative and the right to private property. Lebanon's economy follows a model of non-intervention. Most of the economy is in dollar terms, and there are no restrictions on the movement of capital across its borders. The Lebanese Government's interference in foreign trade is minimal. (195) The economy has experienced significant growth since the 2006 war, with an average growth of 9.1% between 2007 and 2010. Since 2011, the local economy has been hit by the Syrian civil war, which grew by an average of 1.7% per year between 2011 and 2016 and 1.5% in 2017. In 2018, THE GDP was estimated at $54.1 billion. Public debt in 2010 exceeded 150.7% of GDP, ranking fourth in the world in the percentage of GDP, albeit compared to 154.8% in 2009. At the end of 2008, Finance Minister Mohamad Chata stated that the debt would reach $47 billion this year and increase to $49 billion if the privatization of the two telecommunications companies did not take place. The Daily Star wrote that exorbitant levels of debt slowed the economy and reduced government spending on major development projects. Lebanon's urban population has been marked by its commercial activities. Emigration has given Lebanese commercial networks all over the world. Remittances from Lebanon from abroad amount to $8.2 billion and make up a fifth of the country's economy. Lebanon has the largest share of skilled labour among Arab States. The Lebanese Office of Investment Development was established to encourage investment in Lebanon. In 2001, the Investment Act No.360 was passed to strengthen the organization's mission. The agricultural sector employs 12 per cent of the total labour force. Agriculture in 2011 accounted for 5.9% of the country's GDP. The share of the cult land in Lebanon is the highest in the Arab world, the main products include apples, peaches, oranges and lemons. The commodity market in Lebanon includes significant production of gold coins, but in accordance with the standards of the International Air Transport Association (IATA), they must be declared when exported to any foreign country. Oil has recently been discovered inland and on the seabed between Lebanon, Cyprus, Israel and Egypt, and negotiations are under way between Cyprus and Egypt to reach an agreement on the exploration of these resources. The seabed separating Lebanon and Cyprus is believed to have a significant amount of crude oil and natural gas. Industry in Lebanon is largely confined to small businesses that collect and package imported parts. In 2004, industry ranked second in terms of the workforce, with 26% of the Lebanese working population, and second in terms of contribution to GDP, with 21% of Lebanon's GDP. Almost 65 per cent of the Lebanese labour force is in the services sector. Accordingly, GDP contributes approximately 67.3 per cent of Lebanon's annual GDP. However, dependence on the tourism and banking sectors makes the economy vulnerable to political instability. Lebanese banks liquidity and is known for its security. Lebanon was one of seven countries in the world where the value of stock markets increased in 2008. On 10 May 2013, the Lebanese Minister of Energy and Water Resources clarified that seismic images of the Lebanese seabed explained their contents in detail and that about 10 per cent had been covered so far. Preliminary verification of the results showed, with a probability of more than 50%, that 10% of The exclusive economic zone of Lebanon contained up to 660 million barrels of oil and up to 30×1012 cubic meters of gas. The Syrian crisis has had a significant impact on Lebanon's economic and financial situation. The demographic pressures exerted by Syrian refugees currently living in Lebanon have led to competition in the labour market. A direct consequence of this is that unemployment has doubled in three years, reaching 20% in 2014. There was also a loss of 14 per cent of wages due to the salaries of less skilled workers. Financial difficulties were also felt: poverty had increased and 170,000 Lebanese had fallen below the poverty line. Between 2012 and 2014, government spending increased by $1 billion and losses amounted to $7.5 billion. In the history of real GDP growth in Lebanon in the 1950s, GDP growth was the second largest in the world. Despite the lack of oil reserves, Lebanon, as a banking centre in the Middle East and one of the shopping centres, had a high national income. The 1975-1990 civil war severely damaged Lebanon's economic infrastructure, cut national production in half, and all ended Lebanon's position as a West Asian centre and banking centre. The subsequent period of relative peace has enabled the central Government to regain control in Beirut, start collecting taxes and restore access to key port and government facilities. The financially stable banking system and resilient small and medium-sized producers contributed to the economic recovery, and the main sources of foreign exchange were family remittances, banking services, industrial and agricultural exports, and international assistance. Until July 2006, Lebanon had considerable stability, the reconstruction of Beirut was almost complete, and an increasing number of tourists poured into the country's resorts. The economy has seen growth, with bank capitalizations exceeding $75 billion and market capitalization was also at a once high level, at an estimated US$ 10.9 billion at the end of the second quarter of 2006. The month-long war of 2006 severely damaged Lebanon's fragile economy, especially the tourism sector. According to a preliminary report published by the Lebanese Ministry of Finance on 30 August 2006, as a result of this significant significant Fighting. During 2008, Lebanon rebuilt its infrastructure mainly in the real estate and tourism sectors, leading to a relatively robust post-war economy. The main contributors to Lebanon's recovery are Saudi Arabia (with a pledge of $1.5 billion), the European Union (about $1 billion) and several other Gulf countries with contributions of up to $800 million. Main article on tourism: Arches on the ruins of Anjar Tourism Industry is about 10% of GDP. In 2008, Lebanon managed to attract about 1,333,000 tourists, putting it in 79th place out of 191 countries. In 2009, ranked Beirut first worldwide for its nightlife and hospitality. In January 2010, the Ministry of Tourism announced that 1,851,081 tourists visited Lebanon in 2009, a 39% increase over 2008. In 2009, Lebanon received the largest number of tourists to date, overshadowing the previous record set before the Lebanese civil war. Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Japan are the three most popular countries of origin for foreign tourists in Lebanon. The recent influx of Japanese tourists has led to a recent increase in the popularity of Japanese cuisine in Lebanon. Main article Infrastructure Education: Education at the University of Lebanon's Haigaz University in Beirut. AUB College Hall in Beirut. According to the 2013 World Economic Forum Global Report, Lebanon ranks fourth in the world in mathematics and science and tenth in the overall quality of education. In terms of the quality of management schools, the country ranked 13th in the world. In 2008, the United Nations assigned Lebanon an education index of 0.871. The index, determined by the level of adult literacy and the cumulative primary, average and highest gross registration ratio, ranked 88th out of 177 participating countries. All Lebanese schools are required to follow the prescribed curriculum developed by the Ministry of Education. Some of the 1,400 private schools offer IB programs and may also add more courses to their curriculum with the approval of the Ministry of Education. The first eight years of study are legally compulsory. Lebanon has 41 nationally accredited universities, some of which are internationally recognized. The American University of Beirut (AUB) and st. Joseph University (USJ) were the first English-speaking and first French-speaking universities to open in Lebanon, respectively. Universities in Lebanon, both public and private, are mainly french or English. The best universities in countries are the American University of Beirut (#220 the world, #2 in the Middle East through 2020), the Lebanese-American University (#580s worldwide by 2020 #500), to 2020 worldwide) and the University of the Holy Spirit in Kaslik (#600s worldwide #3 2020). Main Health: Health in Lebanon In 2010, health spending accounted for 7.03% of the country's GDP. In 2009, there were 31.29 doctors and 19.71 nurses per 10,000 residents. Life expectancy at birth in 2011 was 72.59 years, or 70.48 years for men and 74.80 years for women. By the end of the civil war, only one third of the country's public hospitals had been put into operation, each with an average of 20 beds. By 2009, the country had 28 public hospitals, a total of 2,550 beds, while the country now had about 25 public hospitals. In public hospitals, hospitalized uninsured patients pay 5% of the bill, compared to 15% in private hospitals, with the Ministry of Health reimbursing the remainder. The Ministry of Health has contracted 138 private hospitals and 25 public hospitals. In 2011, there were 236,643 subsidized hospitalizations; 164,244 in private hospitals and 72,399 in public hospitals. More patients visit private hospitals than public hospitals because private food beds are higher. According to the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health, the top 10 main causes of reported hospital deaths in 2017 were: malignant bronchial or lung neoplasm (4.6%), acute myocardial infarction (3%), pneumonia (2.2%), exposure to an unspecified factor, unspecified location (2.1%), acute kidney injury (1.4%), intracerebral hemorrhage (1.2%), malignancy of the colon (1.2%), malignant neo pancreatic plasma (1.1%), prostate malignancy (1.1%), malignant bladder neoplasm (0.8%). as a result, the importance of food chain safety in Lebanon has been highlighted. More and more restaurants are looking for information and compliance with the requirements of the International Organization for Standardization. However, no official census has been conducted since 1932 because of the sensitive religious balance between the various religious groups in Lebanon. The definition of all Lebanese as ethnically Arab is a widely used example of pan-ethnicity, since in Lebanese are descendants of many different peoples who are either indigenous, or occupied, invaded, or settled settled a corner of the world, which makes Lebanon a mosaic of closely interconnected cultures. While this ethnic, linguistic, religious and religious diversity may seem to be the cause of civil and political unrest at first glance, for most of Lebanon's history, this multifaceted diversity of religious communities has coexisted with little conflict. The fertility rate fell from 5.00 in 1971 to 1.75 in 2004. Fertility rates vary considerably between different religious groups: in 2004 it was 2.10 for Shiites, 1.76 for Sunnis and 1.61 for Maronites. Lebanon is experiencing a series of migration waves, with more than 1,800,000 people emigrating from the country between 1975 and 2011. Millions of people of Lebanese descent are scattered around the world, mostly Christians, especially in . Brazil and Argentina have a large number of expatriates. (See the ). A large number of Lebanese migrated to West Africa, especially ivory Coast (where more than 100,000 Lebanese are inhabited) and Senegal (approximately 30,000 Lebanese). More than 270,000 Lebanese live in (1999). also has a large , home to some 250,000 to 700,000 people of Lebanese origin. (see ). Another region with a large diaspora is the Persian Gulf, where the countries of Bahrain, Kuwait, , qatar (about 25,000 people), Saudi Arabia and the UAE act as host countries for many Lebanese. As of 2012, more than 1,600,000 refugees and asylum seekers were accepted in Lebanon: 449,957 from Palestine, 8,000 from Iraq, more than 1,100,000 from Syria, 8 x 260 and 4,000 from Sudan. According to the UN Economic and Social Commission for West Asia, 71% of Syrian refugees live in poverty. The UN estimated in 2013 that the number of Syrian refugees was more than 1,250,000. Over the past three decades, the country has been ravaged by long and destructive armed conflicts. Most Lebanese have suffered as a result of the armed conflict; those with direct personal experience include 75% of the population, and most others report suffering a range of difficulties. In total, almost the entire population (96%) have been affected in some way, either in person or because of the wider consequences of armed conflict. Religion Main Article: Religion in Lebanon See also: Christianity, Islam, Non-Religiousness and Secularism in Lebanon Religion in Lebanon (Est. 2012) Christianity (40.5%) Druze (5.6%) Lebanon is the most religiously diverse country in the Middle East. According to 2014 data, according to Cia World Factbook, Muslims 54% (27% Sunni Islam, 27% Of Shiite Islam), Christians 40.5% (includes 21% Maronite Catholics, 8% Greek-Orthodox, 5% small Catholics, 1% Protestants, 5.5% other Christians), Druze 5.6%, very small Jews, Baha'is, Buddhists, Hindus and Mormons. A survey conducted by the Lebanese Information Centre, based on voter registration numbers, shows that by 2011 the Christian population was stable compared to previous years, representing 34.35% of the population; Muslims, including Druze, make up 65.47% of the population. According to the 2014 World Values Survey, the proportion of atheists in Lebanon is 3.3%. Distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups according to the latest municipal election data. Over the past 60 years, the ratio of Christians to Muslims has decreased due to the higher level of Christian emigration and the higher birth rate among the Muslim population. When the last census was conducted in 1932, Christians made up 53% of Lebanon's population. In 1956, it was estimated that the population was 54% Christian and 44% Muslim. A demographic study conducted by the research firm Statistics Lebanon found that approximately 27% of the population is Sunni, 27% Shia, 21% Maronites, 8% Greek Orthodox, 5% Druze, 5% petty and 1% Protestant, and the remaining 6% mostly belonging to smaller non-native Lebanese denominations. Other sources, such as Euronews or La Razon's Madrid diary, estimate the percentage of Christians at about 53%. Since the relative number of confessional groups remains a sensitive issue, the national census has not been conducted since 1932. There are 18 state-recognized religious sects: four Muslim, 12 Christian, one Druze and one Jewish. Sunni residents mostly live in Tripoli, West Beirut, the southern coast of Lebanon and northern Lebanon. Shiite residents live mainly in southern Beirut, the Bekaa Valley and southern Lebanon. The Maronites live mainly in East Beirut and the mountains of Lebanon. They are the largest Christian community in Lebanon. Greek Orthodox, the second largest Christian community in Lebanon, mostly lives in Kura, Beirut, Rachaia, Matna, Aleia, Akkara, in the countryside around Tripoli, Hasbaya and Marjeyoun. They are a minority of 10% in the Hall. Greek Catholics live mainly in Beirut, on the eastern slopes of the Lebanese mountains and in the Hall, where Greek Catholics predominate. In the Christian village of Hadat, there is a municipal ban on the purchase or rental of property by Muslims. This is said to be due to the main fear of mixing with each other's salvation, since the village of Hadat was predominantly Christian for three decades. The Lebanese Government generally considers its Druze citizens to be part of its Muslim population. The language See also: Lebanese Arabic, modern standard Arabic and French in Lebanon Article 11 of the Lebanese Constitution states, Arabic is the official . The law defines when French will be used. Most Lebanese speak Lebanese Arabic, which is grouped into a larger category called Levantine Arabic, while modern Standard Arabic is mainly used in magazines, newspapers and official media. Lebanese sign language is the language of the deaf community. Almost 40 per cent of Lebanese are considered french-speaking and another 15 per cent are considered partial French speakers, and 70 per cent of Lebanese secondary schools use French as a second language of instruction. By comparison, English is used as a medium language in 30% of Lebanon's secondary schools. The use of the French language is a legacy of France's historical ties with the region, including its league of mandate over Lebanon after World War I; as of 2005, about 20% of the population used French daily. The use of Arabic by Lebanese youth is declining, as they tend to prefer to speak French and, to a lesser extent, English, which are considered more fashionable. The English language is increasingly used in science and business interaction. Lebanese citizens of Armenian, Greek or Assyrian descent often speak their first languages with varying degrees of fluency. Compared to 2009, there were about 150,000 , or about 5% of the population. The main article Culture: The Temple of Bacchus in Lebanon is considered one of the best preserved Roman temples in the world, circa 150 AD Ruins in the port of Biblos. Lebanon's culture reflects the heritage of various civilizations spanning thousands of years. Originally home to the Phoenician Canaanites, and then subsequently conquered and occupied by the Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Fatimids, Crusaders, Ottoman Turks and most recently French, Lebanese culture has evolved over the millennia by borrowing from all these groups. Lebanon's diverse population of different ethnic and religious groups has made an additional contribution to the development of festivals, musical styles and literature, as well as the country's cuisine. Despite the ethnic, linguistic, religious and religious diversity of the Lebanese, they share an almost general culture. Lebanese Arabic is spoken everywhere, while food, music and literature are deeply rooted in the broader Mediterranean and Arab Levantine norms. The artistic marble statue of the royal child, painted by a Phoenician from the Shrine of Ashmun, circa 400 BC In the visual arts Mustafa Farroukh was one of the most prominent artists of Lebanon of the 20th century. Formally studied in Rome and Paris, he exhibited on the platforms from Paris to New York and Beirut during his career. Many other contemporary artists are now such as Waleed Raad, a contemporary media artist currently living in New York. [285] [285] in the field of photography, the Arab Image Foundation has a collection of more than 400,000 photographs from Lebanon and the Middle East. Photos can be seen at the research center and various events and publications have been prepared in Lebanon and around the world to promote the collection. Literature in Literature, Khalil Gibran is the third best-selling poet of all time, after Shakespeare and Laosi. He is particularly known for his book The Prophet (1923), which was translated into more than twenty different languages and is the second bestseller in the 20th century behind the Bible. Amin Rihani was a major figure in the Mahjar literary movement developed by Arab emigrants in and an early theorist of Arab nationalism. Mikhail Naima is widely recognized as one of the most important figures in modern Arabic writing and one of the most important spiritual writers of the 20th century. Several contemporary Lebanese writers have also achieved international success; including Elias Khoury, Amin Maalouf, Hanan al-Sheikh and George Shehadeh. Music Home Article: Lebanon's Music FairuzWhile Traditional Folk Music remains popular in Lebanon, modern music reconciling Western and traditional Arab styles, pop, and fusion is rapidly growing in popularity. Lebanese artists such as Faruz, Wadich el-Safi, Sabah, Julia Boutros or Najwa Karam are widely known and appreciated in Lebanon and the Arab world. The radio stations have a variety of musical, including traditional Lebanese, classical Arabic, Armenian and modern French, English, American and Latin melodies. The Beytheddin Palace, the venue for the Beiteddin Media and Film Festival of Lebanon, according to film critic and historian Roy Armes, was the only cinema in the Arabic-speaking region other than the Egyptian one that could make up the national cinema. Cinema in Lebanon has existed since the 1920s, and the country has released more than 500 films. The Lebanese media are not only a regional production centre, but also the most liberal and free in the Arab world. According to Reporters Without Borders on press freedom, the media have more freedom in Lebanon than in any other Arab country. Despite its small population and geographical size, Lebanon plays an important role in the production of information in the Arab world and is at the heart of a regional media network with global implications. Holidays and Festivals Home article: Public holidays in LebanonLebanon celebrates national and both Christian and Muslim holidays. Christian holidays are celebrated according to the Gregorian calendar and the Julian calendar. Greek Orthodox (with the exception of Easter), Catholics, Protestants and Melkytian Christians follow the Gregorian calendar and thus celebrate Christmas on December 25. Armenian Apostolic Christians Christmas is January 6 as they follow the Julian calendar. Muslim holidays follow the Islamic lunar calendar. Muslim holidays that are celebrated include Eid al-Fitr (three-day feast at the end of the month of Ramadan), Eid al-Adha (Feast of Sacrifice), which is celebrated during the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, and celebrates Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son to God, the birth of the Prophet Muhammad, and Ashura (Shia Day of Mourning). Lebanon's national holidays include Workers' Day, Independence Day and Martyrs' Day. Music festivals, often held in historical places, are a common element of Lebanese culture. Notable highlights include the Baalbek International Festival, the Biblos International Festival, the Bateeddin International Festival, the Junia International Festival, the Broumana Festival, the International Batrun Festival, the Ehmej Festival, the Dhour Chwer Festival and the Tyre Festival. These festivals are promoted by the Lebanese Ministry of Tourism. Lebanon hosts about 15 concerts from international performers each year, ranking 1st in nightlife in the Middle East and 6th in the world. The main article of Cuisine Main: is similar to that of many countries of the Eastern Mediterranean, such as Syria, Turkey, Greece and Cyprus. Lebanese national dishes - kibbe, meat pie from finely chopped lamb and bhugula (crack wheat), as well as tabbouleh, parsley salad, tomatoes and burgula. The national drink is arak, a strong liqueur with the aroma of anise, made from fermented grape juice. It is usually drunk with water and ice, which turns the pulp liquid milky white, and usually accompanies food. Arak is a strong spirit, similar to The Greek Ouzo and Turkish Crayfish. Lebanese restaurant dishes start with a wide range of mezze - small salty dishes such as sauces, salads and pastries. Mezze is usually followed by a choice of fried meat or fish. In general, the dishes are over finished with Arabic coffee and fresh fruit, although sometimes a selection of traditional sweets will be offered as well. M'Juhdara, a thick stew of onion, rice and lentils, is sometimes considered a poor fare and is often eaten around Lent by people in the Lebanese diaspora. Beirut and its surroundings contain many restaurants of different national origins. At the same time, wine is growing in popularity and a number of vineyards now exist in the Bekaa Valley and elsewhere. Beer is also very popular and Lebanon produces a number of local beers, of which almaza is perhaps the most popular. Sports Home article: by Kamil Chamoun Sports City Stadium in Beirut. Lebanon has six ski resorts. Thanks to the unique , in the morning you can ski, and in the afternoon and swim in the Mediterranean. At a competitive level, and football among Lebanon's most popular sports. Canoeing, cycling, rafting, , , and caving are among the other common recreational sports in Lebanon. The Beirut Marathon is held every autumn, attracting the best runners from Lebanon and abroad. is a relatively new but growing sport in Lebanon. Lebanon's national team competed in the 2000 Rugby World Cup and missed out on qualifying for the 2008 and 2013 tournaments. Lebanon also took part in the 2009 European Cup, where, after nearly qualifying for the final, the team defeated Ireland to finish third in the tournament. , who was born in Tripoli, will always be considered the greatest Lebanese man ever to play the game. He immigrated to Sydney, Australia from Lebanon in 1988. He became the greatest scorer in National Rugby League history in 2009, scoring himself 2,418 points while playing for an Australian club, the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, where he also holds the record for most first-class appearances for a club with 317 games and most tries for a club with 159 attempts. At international level, he also holds records as a top try scorer with 12 tries and a top-point scorer with 136 points for Lebanon. Lebanon participates in basketball. The Lebanese national team qualified for the FIBA World Cup three times in a row. The dominant basketball teams in Lebanon are Sporting Al-Riyadi Beirut, who are the reigning champions of arab and Asian countries, the Sagesse club, which previously earned Asian and Arab championships. Fadi El Khatib is the most decorated player in the Lebanese National Basketball League. Football is also one of the most popular sports in the country with the Lebanese Premier League, whose most successful clubs are Al Ansar Club and Nejmeh SC, with notable players of the genus Antar and Youssef Mohamad, the first Arab captain of the European Premier League team. In recent years, Lebanon has hosted the AFC Asian Cup and the Pan-Arab Games. From 27 September to 6 October, Lebanon hosted the 2009 Jeux de la Francophonie and participated in all Olympic Games since independence, winning a total of four medals. Famous Lebanese bodybuilders include Samir Bannut, Mohammad Bannut and Ahmad Haidar. Water sports have also shown their activity in recent years in Lebanon. Since 2012, and with the advent of the NGO Lebanese Water Festival, more attention has been paid to these sports, and Lebanon has been pushed forward as a destination for water sports internationally. They host various competitions and water show sports that encourage their fans to participate and win big. Scientific and technological Lebanon is a source for scientists, many famous scientists came from Lebanon, Hassan Kamel al-Sabba, Rammal Rammal Edgar Choueiri ... In 1960, a science club from the University of Beirut began with the Lebanese space programme, thus The Lebanese Rocket Society was established. They achieved great success until 1966, when the program was stopped due to war and external pressure. See also the Lebanese portal Asia portal Index of Lebanon-related articles Notes - Article 11 of the Lebanese Constitution states: Arabic is the official national language. The law defines cases in which French can be used. See: French in Lebanon - Also simply called Lebanese or Arabic, it is the daily spoken language of the vast majority of the local population. It also has a novelized written form used in informal communications. The Republic of Lebanon is the most common phrase used by Lebanese government agencies. The phrase Lebanon is a literal translation of official Arabic and French names that are no longer used. Lebanese Arabic is the most common language spoken by Lebanese citizens. Except for the partially recognized . Cyprus, Brunei, Bahrain, Singapore and maldives, while less than Lebanon and considered part of Asia, are entirely on the islands, and therefore from the Asian continental mass. Also simply called either Lebanese or Arabic, it is the daily spoken language of the vast majority of the local population. It also has a novelized written form used in informal communications. 2005: Bussel Flayhan, Lebanese legislator and Minister of Economy and Trade; Samir Kassir, columnist and leader of the Democratic Left Movement; George Xavi, former head of the Lebanese Communist Party; Gibran Tueni, editor-in-chief of The Nahar newspaper. 2006: Pierre Gemayel, Minister of Industry. 2007: Waleed Eido, MP; Antoine Ghanim, MP. Links quotes - Central Intelligence Agency. World Fact Book. Central Intelligence Agency. June 16, 2020. Received on September 26, 2020. b The Lebanese Constitution (PDF). Presidency of Lebanon. Archive from the original (PDF) dated January 19, 2012. Received on August 20, 2011. a b World Population Perspective - population division. population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Received on November 9, 2019. a b Total Population - World Population Perspectives: 2019 Revision (xslx). population.un.org (user data obtained through the website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Received on November 9, 2019. b c d Lebanon. International Monetary Fund. Received on October 20, 2019. Report on Human Capacity 2019 (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. December 10, 2019. Received on December 10, 2019. Driving in Lebanon. adcidl.com archive from the original on January 17, 2013. Received on January 17, 2013. a b c d e f f World Fact Book. Central Intelligence Agency. Lebanon (Lebanon) meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary. Received on June 29, 2020. LIVO POVENTION: Lebanon is Arab in its identity and identity. It is a founding member and active member of the Arab League and abides by its covenants and covenants. (PDF). (PDF) . Missing or empty name (help) - Profile of the country of Lebanon. May 14, 2018. Received on September 23, 2019. Lebanon calls on the Arab League to read Syria in the run-up to the regional summit. France 24. January 19, 2019. Received on September 23, 2019. McGaven, Afaf Sabeh (1989). Historical situation. In Collelo, Thomas, D.C., Country Study. OCLC 18907889. Received on July 24, 2009. Chekhaytli, Karma (June 16, 2015). Lebanon: a small country with a lot going on - Solvay Student Review. Archive from the original on February 2, 2017. Received on August 22, 2016. The smallest countries in the world by area. www.countries-of the-world.com. Archive from the original dated August 19, 2016. Received on August 22, 2016. b Dumpler, Michael; Bruce E. Stanley; Abu Lugod, Janet L. (2006). Cities in the Middle East and North Africa. ABC-CLIO. page 104. ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5. Archaeological excavations in Biblos show that this object has been permanently inhabited since at least 5000 BC - Profile of the Lebanese country. BBC News. August 24, 2011. Archive from the original on October 16, 2018. Received on June 21, 2018. b c d e Background Note: Lebanon. U.S. State Department. March 22, 2010. Received on October 4, 2010. Mubayeda, Sami (September 5, 2007). Lebanon is shoeed by a terrorist fire. Asia Times. Archive from the original july 8, 2008. Received on October 27, 2009. a b Johnson, Anna (2006). Lebanon: Tourism depends on stability. Archive from the original on January 13, 2012. Received on October 31, 2006. And more Lebanon. Canadian Agency for International Development. The Government of Canada. May 28, 2009. Archive from the original (government) May 30, 2008. Received on August 24, 2009. Statistics application World Economic Situation and Perspectives (WESP) : Country Classification (PDF). un.org. received on 28 September 2020. The Room, Adrian (2005). Names of places in the world: origins and meanings of names for 6,621 countries, cities, territories, natural features and historical objects (2nd place). McFarland. 214-216. ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7. Archive from the original september 5, 2015. Received on June 20, 2015. Metzger, Bruce M.; Michael D. Coogan (2004). Oxford guide to the people and places of the Bible. Oxford University Press. page 178. Isbn Ross, Kelly L. Pronunciation of ancient Egyptian. Works of frisian school, the fourth series. Frisian school. Archive Archive January 25, 2009. Received on January 20, 2009. Bjerkovsky, Peter; Alan Ralph Millard (2000). Dictionary of the ancient Middle East. University of Pennsylvania Press. page 178. ISBN 978-0- 8122-3557-9. Stefan, winter (October 25, 2012). Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman rule, 1516-1788. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 0-220. ISBN 1107411432. How it all began is a brief history of Lebanon. almashriq.hiof.no. received on 3 October 2020. Sullivan, Helen. Making the October Revolution in Lebanon. A New Yorker. Received on October 5, 2020. Archaeological virtual tours: Biblos. Destinationlebanon.gov.lb archive from the original on February 23, 2008. Received on October 14, 2008. Lebanon in ancient times. About.com April 13, 2012. Archive from the original on May 11, 2011. Received on January 17, 2013. b Sorenson, David S. (November 12, 2009). Global Security Watch-Lebanon: Handbook: Handbook. ISBN 9780313365799. Archive from the original on October 12, 2017. Received on December 25, 2014. Dalrymple, William (1997). From the Holy Mountain: A Journey Among the Christians of the Middle East. Vintage books (Random House). page 305. ISBN 9780307948922. Archive from the original september 5, 2015. Received on June 20, 2015. Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003). Colonialism. ISBN 9781576073353. Archive from the original on October 12, 2017. Received on December 25, 2014. Hillenbrand, Carol (2000). Crusades: Islamic perspectives. Psychology Press. 20-21. ISBN 978-1-57958-354-5. Archive from the original september 5, 2015. Received on June 20, 2015. Hakeem, Carol (2013). The origins of the Lebanese national idea, 1840-1920. University of California Press. page 287. ISBN 978-0-520-27341-2. Archive from the original on June 21, 2013. Received on April 2, 2013. Firro, Kais (February 8, 2003). The invention of Lebanon: nationalism and the state under mandate. I.B.Taui. 18. ISBN 978-1-86064-857-1. Archive from the original on June 21, 2013. Received on April 2, 2013. - Tetz Rooke (2013). Writing the border: Hitat al-Shim Muhammad Kurd ʹAli. In Hiroyuki. ISBN 978-1-136-18453-6. His research shows that the modern map in some cases predicted the nation, not just recorded it; instead of describing existing boundaries, it created a reality that was supposed to be portrayed. The power of the map over reason was great: Could a nation resist hiring if a nineteenth-century map predicted this? in the Middle East, Lebanon seems to be setting an example. When the idea of Greater Lebanon in 1908 was expressed in the book of Bulus Nujaim, a Lebanese maronite who writes under the pseudonym M. Juplain, he suggested that natural boundaries were exactly the same as drawn in 1861 and 1863 maps of the personnel of the French military expedition to Syria, maps that added territory on the northern, eastern and southern borders, and the city of Beirut, in the Mutasarrifiyya mountains of Lebanon. In this case, it appears that the existence of a European military map has also created fact on the ground. Gorton, T.J. (April 25, 2013). The Emir of the Renaissance. Book quartet. 160-161. ISBN 9780704372979. Gorton, T.J. (April 25, 2013). The Emir of the Renaissance. Book quartet. 195-210. ISBN 9780704372979. Lebanon. Library of Congress Country Studies. December 1987. Archive from the original on July 31, 2018. Received on April 14, 2019. Yusef KARAM, I b. May 1823, April 7, 1889: The Family Tree of Ehden. www.ehdenfamilytree.com archive from the original dated March 29, 2019. Received on April 10, 2019. Saadi, Abdul-Ilah (February 12, 2008). The dream of Greater Syria. . Archive from the original on May 13, 2011. Received on April 26, 2011. Begjiani, Chorbisop Styli. Aspects of Maronite history (part eleven) of the Twentieth Century in West Asia. Stmaron.org. Archive from the original on June 29, 2006. Received on January 17, 2013. Abiaab, Malek (2016). Martin, Richard K. (1st Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World). ISBN 978-1-84983-903-7. OCLC 990782374.CS1 maint: several names: list of authors (link) - Mandates, dependencies and guardianship, H. Duncan Hall, Carnegie Endowment, 1948, page 265-266 - The history of the United Nations. United Nations. Archive from the original on January 27, 2012. Harb, Imad (March 2006). Lebanon's confessional: problems and perspectives. USIPeace briefing. Institute for Peace of the United States. Archive from the original july 9, 2008. Received on January 20, 2009. Background note: Lebanon. Bureau of Middle East Affairs. U.S. State Department. January 2009. Received on January 31, 2010. Morris 2008, page 524. Morris 2008, page 259. Morris 2008, page 260. a b Lebanon is expelled and suffering: Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. Amnesty International. 2007. Archive from the original on December 11, 2013. Received on October 18, 2013. Al-Issawi, Omar (August 4, 2009). Palestinian refugees of Lebanon. Al Jazeera. Archive from the original july 15, 2009. Received on August 21, 2009. Andrew Lee Butters is ed by Andrew Lee Butters on August 26, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Palestinians in Lebanon: The Forgotten People, February 25, 2009, Time magazine. Toaldo, Mattia (2013). The origins of the U.S. war on terror: Lebanon, Libya and U.S. intervention in East. Routledge. page 45. ISBN 978-0415685016. Received on June 14, 2015. b c Country Profile: Lebanon. Uk Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archive from the original on January 17, 2013. 133 Statement of the Prime Minister Begin on the massacre of Israelis on Haifa - Tel Aviv Road March 12, 1978, Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1977-79 - Smith, op. cit., 355. Gillian Becker, PLO, (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1984), page 202, 279. Smith, op. cit., page 376. Bombing of Beirut. In the Journal of Palestinian Studies. 11 (1): 218–225. 1981. doi:10.1525/jps.1981.11.1.00p0366x. Smith, op. cit., page 377. Fisk, Robert (November 28, 2001). Sabra and Chatila massacre after 19 years, right, finally?. A counterpunch. Archive from the original on August 17, 2011. Received on July 1, 2013. Camp War, Palestinian Studies Journal, Volume 16, No. 1 (Autumn, 1986), page 191-194 - Wood, Josh (July 12, 2012). After two decades, the scars of Lebanon's civil war block the path to dialogue. The New York Times. Archive from the original on February 18, 2017. Received on February 19, 2017. Lebanon: A hideout for foreign fighters. UN IRIN News. May 17, 2007. Archive from the original on September 10, 2011. Received on January 17, 2013. Salem, Paul (November 1, 2006). The future of Lebanon. Council on Foreign Relations. Archive from the original on November 8, www.aljazeera.net (in Arabic). Received on October 4, 2020. Haberman, Clyde (June 3, 1994). Dozens killed in Israeli attack on a camp in .ﻟﺒﻨﺎن.. ﺳﻨﻮات اﻟﺤﺮب واﻟﺴﻼم ^ .Received on January 17, 2013. She's making a grim story again. July 31, 2006. Received on October 4, 2020 .2006 Lebanon. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Received on October 4, 2020. Fighting erupts in Lebanon after rockets hit the Jewish state. Jewish Telegraph Agency. June 5, 1997. Received on October 4, 2020. New details emerge 20 years after Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon. Middle .www.aljazeera.net (in Arabic). Received on October 4, 2020. The numerous weaknesses of the Israeli regime make its collapse undeniable: Nasrallah. Mehr news agency. September 24, 2019 .ﺳﻨﻮات اﻟﺤﺮب واﻟﺴﻼم .East Monitor. April 29, 2020. Received on October 4, 2020. I'd like to Received on October 4, 2020. Resistance and Liberation Day in Lebanon in 2021. Office vacations. Received on October 4, 2020. On the occasion of Resistance and Liberation Day, the Commander of the Armed Forces, General Joseph Aoun, delivered the Order of the Day to the troops. Received on October 4, 2020. Mue, Bassem (March 13, 2011). Lebanese uprising against the domination of Syria. Deseret News. Archive from the original on January 20, 2013. Received on January 17, 2013. Ross, Oakland (October 9, 2007). The language of .اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﺶ اﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻧﻲ murder makes it clear. Toronto Star. October 16, 2007. Received on February 2, 2009. Like a wound that just won't heal, a large patch of fresh asphalt is still the mottled gray surface of Ryu Minet el-Hosn, where the street veers west around St. George's Bay. The patch marks the exact spot where a massive truck bomb exploded on February 14, 2005, killing Prime Minister Rafik Hariri and 22 others and dri jars a deep crater on the road. A recent background about Syria's presence in Lebanon. CBC News Indepth. January 30, 2007. Archive from the original on November 19, 2012. Received on January 17, 2013. Syria begins the withdrawal of troops from Lebanon. BBC News. March 12, 2005. Archive from the original on March 8, 2008. Received on December 11, 2006. The last Syrian troops are leaving Lebanon. Archive from the original july 26, 2008. Received on January 17, 2013. SC/8353 press release (press release). The United Nations is the Security Council. April 7, 2005. Archive from the original on January 22, 2009. Received on January 19, 2009. - Hodge, Warren (October 20, 2005). Syria is involved in the assassination of Lebanon's former prime minister, according to a UN report. The New York Times. Archive from the original on December 18, 2014. Received on February 19, 2017. Mehlis, Detlev (October 19, 2005). A report by the International Independent Commission of Inquiry, created in accordance with Security Council Resolution 1595. The United Nations information system on the question of Palestine. Archive from the original on February 28, 2008. Received on February 2, 2009. The Commission considers that the murder of 14 February 2005 was committed by a group that has extensive organization and considerable resources and capabilities. [...] Based on the findings of the Commission and the Lebanese investigations to date and on the basis of the material and documentary evidence and leads that have been pursued so far, there is convergence of evidence indicating both Lebanon and Syria's involvement in this terrorist act. Report of the International Independent Commission of Inquiry, created in accordance with Security Council Resolution 1595 (2005) S/2005/662 on 20 October 2005. Received on April 9, 2008. Report of the International Independent Commission of Inquiry, established in accordance with Security Council Resolution 1595. United Nations. Archive from the original on April 14, 2012. Received on May 5, 2012. - Moir, Greg; Stephen Erlanger (July 12, 2006). Clashes spread to Lebanon as Hezbollah raids Israel - Africa and the Middle East - International Herald Tribune. The New York Times. Archive from the original dated July 1, 2017. Received on February 19, 2017. The Security Council calls for an end to the fighting between Hezbollah and Israel. UN - Security Council, Department of Public Information. August 11, 2006. Archive from the original on January 30, 2009. Received January 19, 2009 Lebanon under siege. 27 27 2006. Archive from the original on September 27, 2006. Received on May 5, 2012. Conflict between Israel and Hezbollah : victims of rocket fire and IDF casualties in July-August 2006. Mfa.gov.il archive from the original on June 24, 2009. Received on May 5, 2012. Israeli warplanes struck a suburb of Beirut. Cnn. July 13, 2006. Archive from the original on April 29, 2007. Received on January 6, 2012. Life will be more difficult for the refugees from Nahra al-Bard. UN IRIN News. November 5, 2008. Archive from the original on September 22, 2011. Received on January 17, 2013. b c Ruff, Abdul (June 1, 2008). Lebanon has returned to normal life?. Global politician. Archive from the original on June 28, 2011. Received on October 19, 2009. Beirut street clashes turn deadly. France 24. May 9, 2008. Archive from the original on December 4, 2010. Received on May 9, 2008. Beatrice Martinez; Francesco Volpicella (September 2008). A walk on the rope wire - Talks about the Lebanese crisis in May 2008. Transnational Institute. Archive from the original on March 23, 2010. Received on May 9, 2010. a b c Worth, Robert; Nada Bakri (May 16, 2008). Hostile political camps in Lebanon agree to talk about ending the impasse. The New York Times. Archive from the original on December 11, 2008. Received on October 19, 2009. Abdallah, Hussein (May 22, 2008). Lebanese rivals intend to elect a president after the historic agreement. Daily star. Archive from the original on March 5, 2009. Received on October 19, 2009. Hezbollah and its allies are overthrown by the Lebanese unity government. Bbc. January 12, 2011. Archive from the original on January 13, 2011. Received on January 12, 2011. Bakri, Nada (January 12, 2011). The resignations deepen the crisis for Lebanon. The New York Times. Archive from the original on November 10, 2012. Received on January 12, 2011. Hezbollah chief: Israel killed Hariri. Cnn. August 9, 2010. Archive from the original on January 16, 2013. Received on January 17, 2013. Hezbollah threatens to blow up Beirut over the tribunal. Stratfor. Archive from the original on November 10, 2013. The Cave, Damien (August 23, 2012). The Syrian war is playing out along a street in Lebanon. The New York Times. Archive from the original dated July 1, 2017. Received on February 19, 2017. b Syria's Regional Response to Lebanon. Unhcr. Archive from the original on June 26, 2013. Received on August 9, 2013. Kai (February 14, 2013). The refugee factor. Garden. Archive from the original on October 29, 2013. Received on February 14, 2013. Janmir, Maya (March 16, 2018). UNHCR and the response to Syrian refugees: status negotiations and registration in Lebanon. International Journal of Human Rights. 22 (3): 393–419. doi:10.1080/13642987.2017.1371140. ISSN 1364-2987. Gerasimos (May 4, 2019). The Syrian refugee crisis and foreign policy decisions in Jordan, Turkey. In the Journal of Global Security Research. 4 (4): 464–481. 464–481. ISSN 2057-3170. Document - Lebanon Crisis Response Plan (LCRP) 2017-2020 - full version. Archive from the original on December 30, 2018. Received on January 12, 2019. Fadi Tawil (October 17, 2019). Protests have spread across Lebanon over proposed new taxes. Washington Post. Ap. Received on October 18, 2019. Protests erupt over taxes as the government races to wrap up the budget. Daily star. October 18, 2019. Received on October 18, 2019. Lebanon scraps WhatsApp tax as protests rage. October 18, 2019. Received on October 18, 2019. The Lebanese government charge USD 0.20 per day for WhatsApp calls. Daily star. October 17, 2019. Received on October 18, 2019. Protests are erupting in Lebanon over plans to introduce new taxes. aljazeera.com October 18, 2019. Received on October 18, 2019. Lebanon: WhatsApp tax causes mass protests Dw. Deutsche Halle. October 10, 2019. Received on October 18, 2019. a b Lebanese protesters found strength in unity, abandoned sectarianism. Report syndication. October 27, 2019. Protesters march from Al-Nour Square to the Central Bank in Tripoli. MTV Lebanon. October 22, 2019. Received on October 26, 2019. Protesters block the karakul Road of Druze-Mar Elias. MTV Lebanon. October 22, 2019. Received on October 26, 2019. - Hraic, Dana (October 17, 2019). National protests erupt in Lebanon as the economic crisis deepens. Bloomberg News. Received on October 18, 2019. The961, News (November 1, 2019). Lebanese protesters urged President Aoun to demand that he be president. the961.com. Received november 24, 2019. Lebanon protests: Hassan Diab University professor nominated for prime minister The asks Hassan Diab to form a government. Al Jazeera. December 19, 2019. Received on January 2, 2020. Roadblocks across Lebanon as anger rises over Diab's pick as PM. Al Jazeera. December 20, 2019. Received on January 2, 2020. Day 76: New Year's Eve Revolution. Daily star. December 31, 2019. Received on January 2, 2020. Lebanon looks to China as the U.S., Arabs refuse to help in the crisis. Diplomat. July 16, 2020. The lights went out on Lebanon's economy as the financial crash accelerated. The Washington Post on July 19, 2020. News, A. B.C. Lebanon becomes the first country in the Middle East and North Africa to enter hyperinflation. ABC News. Received on July 29, 2020. Beirut bombing: what we know so far. BBC News. August 11, 2020. Received on October 1, 2020. Egyptian Journal of Geology - Volume 42, Issue 1 - Page 263, 1998 - b c d Etheredge, Laura S (2011). Syria, Lebanon and Jordan - Middle East: a region with a transition economy. Rosen's publishing group. 85-159. ISBN 978-1-61530-414-1. Alan Philps (June 19, 2000) Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon, given THE approval of the UN. The Daily Telegraph. Archive from the original on February 22, 2009. Received on January 17, 2013. ECODIT (October 2005). The National Action Plan to reduce pollution in the Sea from land sources (PDF). Lebanese Ministry of Environment. Received on January 31, 2012. (Constant dead bond) (Bonechi et al.) (2004) The Golden Book of Lebanon, page 3, Florence, Italy: Casa Editrice Bonechi. ISBN 88-476-1489-9 Lebanon - Climate. The country is studying the United States. Archive from the original on January 16, 2013. Received on January 17, 2013. Lebanese cedar - Cedrus Libani. The blue planet of Bioma. Archive from the original on January 17, 2013. Received on January 17, 2013. Greipsson, Sigurdur Ph.D. Environmental Restoration, Jones and Bartlett Learning, Kennesaw State University, 2011, p. 279 - World Bank (2012). Lebanon Data. Country data. The World Bank. Archive from the original on January 13, 2012. Received on January 13, 2012. Alamy, Mona (July 30, 2009). Global warming is making evil worse. Inter's press office. Archive from the original on June 12, 2010. Received on January 13, 2012. Talhoek, S.N. Suraik, S. 2003. Conservation of conifers in Lebanon. Acta Hort. 615: 411-414. Seman, M. and Haber, R. 2003. At the site of conservation at Cedrus libani in Lebanon. Acta Hort. 615: 415-417. Khaldoon Baz (August 10, 2011). Cedars of the Lebanese reserve. Shoufcedar.org archive from the original on May 19, 2012. Received on May 5, 2012. b Lebanon is launching an iconic reforestation campaign. Daily star. November 26, 2011. Archive from the original on January 16, 2013. Received on January 17, 2013. Restoration of forests and landscapes in Lebanon. Sundance Institute. April 29, 2016. Archive from the original on May 25, 2018. Received on May 24, 2018. Restoration of Lebanon's cedar forests. Share America. January 10, 2017. Archive from the original on May 25, 2018. Received on May 24, 2018. I chronicle.fanack.com. Republic Garbage. fanack.com archive from the original dated September 3, 2015. Received on August 12, 2015. The January 8, 2016, Wayback export archive was Lebanon's only option. 's Minister of Corruption defends himself against corruption allegations. Archive January 10, 2016 on Wayback Machine Lebanon garbage is not suitable for fuel production - Export Firm Archive 9 January 2016 at Wayback Machine Environmentalists - Keep trash here. Sierra Leone denies agreeing to accept Lebanon's waste. The Daily Star - Lebanon. January 10, 2016. Archive from the original january 11, 2016. Received on January 10, 2016. - The Daily Star (Lebanon) February 16, 2016. Thrach arrives in Naameh under an army escort. Daily star. Archive from the original on November 25, 2018. Received on December 8, 2018. Esperance Ghanem (March 21, 2016). Will a short-term solution help Lebanon solve the garbage crisis? Archive from the original on April 11, 2016. Received on December 8, 2018. The United States. Human Rights Watch. Hrw.org. Archive of the original on 2 2018. Received on December 8, 2018. Lebanon: no action to enforce the new waste law. Human Rights Watch. Received on October 18, 2018. Massive fires devouring Lebanon's forests, Aljazeera.com, published October 15, 2019, entered October 16, 2019. Fires in Lebanon are falling after sporadic rains, AlYom AlSabea, published October 15, 2019, entered October 16, 2019. Rain is involved in extinguishing fires in Lebanon, AlYom, published October 15, 2019, introduced On October 16, 2019. Civil Prayer: O Allah, do not leave the skies of Lebanon, Al-Kabas, published October 15, 2019, introduced on October 16, 2019. Country Report on Human Rights Practices - 2002: Lebanon. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labour. March 31, 2003. Received on January 17, 2013. a b Lebanon's confessional: problems and perspectives. Institute for Peace of the United States. March 22, 2009. Archive from the original on March 22, 2009. Received on January 17, 2013. Marie-Joel zahar. Chapter 9 Power Division in Lebanon: Foreign Defenders, Internal Peace and Democratic Failure. Archive from the original on June 13, 2011. Received on January 17, 2013. Liphart, A Hurd (1969). The Constitution of Democracy. World politics. 21 (2): 207–225. doi:10.2307/2009820. JSTOR 2009820. Liphart, A hurd. Multi-ethnic democracy, in S. Lipset, Encyclopedia of Democracy. London, Routledge, 1995, Volume III, page 853-865 ISBN 0871878887. a b Freedom in the world, country rankings by region, 1972-2013. Freedom House. Archive from the original on October 21, 2013. Received on February 10, 2013. Bakri, Nada (August 17, 2010). Lebanon grants new rights to the Palestinians. The New York Times. Archive from the original june 10, 2017. Received on February 19, 2017. Aspiring the Lebanese race to the polls to cast their votes. Alarabbia. Archive from the original on January 17, 2013. Received on January 17, 2013. Democratic governance, elections, Lebanon. Undp. Archive from the original on July 18, 2011. Received on January 17, 2013. Oliver Holmes (November 5, 2014). The Lebanese parliament extends its term until 2017 amid protests. Reuters. Archive from the original on July 6, 2017. Received on July 1, 2017. Results of the second round of the presidential : Michel Aoun - 83 (winner); empty voices - 36; other/cancelled - 8. Daily star. Archive from the original on October 31, 2016. Received on October 31, 2016. Archived on January 11, 2016, in Wayback Machine Daily Star (Lebanon) January 11, 2016 , Will Lebanon's new electoral law end the impasse? Al Jazeera. June 15, 2017. Archive from the original on September 3, 2017. Received on September 2, 2017. Lebanon's new cabinet: before the call?. It's a snoo's good. Archive from the original on February 6, 2019. Received on February 4, 2019. Women in Personal Status (PDF) Laws. Archive (PDF) from the original 10 Received on March 26, 2013. And b with El Samad, Firas. Lebanese legal system and research. Nyulawglobal.org archive from the original on January 17, 2013. Received on January 17, 2013. Chibby Mallat. Lebanese legal system (PDF). Archive from the original (PDF) dated May 16, 2011. Received on January 17, 2013. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Arab political systems: basic information and reforms - Lebanon. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archive from the original july 25, 2009. Received on July 4, 2009. The magazine requires magazine (help) Lebanese Armed Forces, CSIS (Page 78) (PDF). February 10, 2009. Archive (PDF) from the original August 5, 2012. Received on January 7, 2012. a b Stinson, Jeffrey (August 1, 2006). Lebanese forces can play a more important role in the war. USA TODAY. Archive from the original on May 21, 2010. Received on August 22, 2009. Mission LAF. Lebanese Armed Forces. Archive from the original on August 8, 2004. Received on May 19, 2009. Lantome, Sylvie (August 4, 2009). U.S. military aid is at stake in Lebanon's elections. Agence France-Presse. Archive from the original on May 23, 2012. Received on August 22, 2009. David Schenker (October 3, 2008). The future of U.S. military assistance to Lebanon. Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Archive from the original on August 26, 2009. Received on August 9, 2009. The United States. Lebanon: death, alleged torture of Syrians in the army in custody. Hrw.org archive from the original dated August 4, 2018. Received on December 8, 2018. The United States. Human Rights Watch. Hrw.org archive from the original on January 31, 2017. Received on December 8, 2018. The United States. Human Rights Watch. Hrw.org archive from the original dated July 29, 2017. Received on December 8, 2018. Annual Report 2017-Human Rights Situation in Lebanon (PDF). alefliban.org archive (PDF) from the original on November 30, 2018. Received on November 29, 2018. Lebanon: Further investigations are needed into the deaths of Syrian refugees in detention. Amnesty.org archive from the original on November 30, 2018. Received on December 8, 2018. Countries where homosexuality is still illegal. Week. June 12, 2019. Archive from the original on November 28, 2019. Received on November 22, 2019. Lebanon: No Excuse for LGBT Crackdown. Human Rights Watch. February 11, 2019. The human rights group calls on Lebanon to repeal the anti-LGBT law. Pbs. April 1, 2019. The global divide in homosexuality. Pew Research Center. June 4, 2013. World Information Book for Lebanon, Administrative Departments. Central Intelligence Agency. Archive from the original september 10, 2017. Received on May 15, 2007. a b c d Doing business in Lebanon. Export.gov archive from the original on January 16, 2013. Received on January 17, 2013. b GDP growth (annual). 2019. Year. World factbook-Lebanon. Central Intelligence Agency. Archive from the original september 10, 2017. Received on May 6, 2018. Bayumi, Yara (January 2, 2009). RPT-UPDATE 1-Lebanon public debt at $89 billion at the end of 2008-minister. Reuters. Received on October 18, 2009. IMF: Lebanon's debt is alarming. Daily star. Center for Democracy and the Rule of Law. May 20, 2004. Archive from the original on May 11, 2011. Received on October 18, 2009. Headline: People, 4th paragraph. U.S. State Department. Archive from the original on February 10, 2007. Received on January 17, 2013. Reference note: Lebanon (PDF). washingtoninstitute.org archive from the original (PDF) of March 25, 2009. Received on January 17, 2013. Lebanon - facts and figures. Iom.int archive from the original on June 11, 2008. Received on January 17, 2013. Facts about Lebanon's economy. Reuters. Received on January 17, 2013. United Nations Population Fund. An archival copy of the Portuguese Web Archive (July 21, 2009). Investment law No.360. Archive from the original on July 21, 2011. Received on July 29, 2011. a b c Jean Hayek et al, 1999. The structure, real estate and the main pillars of the Lebanese economy. In the science series on geography, 11th grade, 110-114. Beirut: Dar Habib. Agriculture, value-added (% of GDP). The World Bank. Archive from the original on June 5, 2013. Received on February 10, 2013. Federal Research Department of the Library of Congress, USA 1986-1988. Countrystudies.us on June 13, 1978. Archive from the original on January 16, 2013. Received on January 17, 2013. IATA - Lebanese Customs, and Airport Tax Details Rules. www.iatatravelcentre.com archive from the original dated February 3, 2014. Received on February 1, 2014. The next big Lebanese-Israeli outbreak: gas. April 6, 2011. Archive from the original on April 10, 2011. Received on April 14, 2011. Lebanon is immune to the financial crisis. BBC News. December 5, 2008. Archive from the original september 30, 2009. Received on January 28, 2010. Katherine Cooper (October 5, 2008). Where can you make a dignified return?. The Sunday Times. London. Archive from the original on May 25, 2010. Basil: The oil dream became a reality, and we made all the main steps in record time). Lebanonfiles.com archive from the original on November 10, 2013. Received on May 28, 2013. a b) ﺣﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺻﺎر واﻗﻌﺎ وأﻧﺠﺰﻧﺎ ﻛﻞ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ : .Received on January 28, 2010 Fanak. Lebanon: Syrian refugees cost the economy $4.5 billion each year. Fanack.com archive from the original dated July 14, 2015. Received on July 14, 2015. Baten, Yarg (2016). The history of the world economy. From 1500 to the present. Cambridge University Press. page 231. ISBN 9781107507180. CIA World Factbook 2001 (PDF). Archive from the original (PDF) June 14 Received on January 17, 2013. Reconstruction of Beirut deconstruction: 1990-2000. Center for environmental studies. Archive from the original on July 25, 2011. Received on October 31, 2006. b Lebanese Economic Report: 2nd quarter of 2006 (PDF). Audi Bank. Archive from the original (PDF) dated November 23, 2008. Received on January 17, 2013. The impact of the July attack on public finances in 2006 (PDF). Lebanese Ministry of Finance. Archive from the original (PDF) dated March 25, 2009. Received on January 17, 2013. Joseph S. Mayton (September 28, 2007). Saudi Arabia is a key contributor to Lebanon's reconstruction. Cyprus news. Archive from the original on September 28, 2007. Received on January 17, 2013. Donors promise More than $940 million to Lebanon. Reliefweb.int. August 31, 2006. Archive from the original on January 12, 2012. Received on January 17, 2013. The custodian of the two holy mosques considers the situation in Lebanon with the Jordanian king... Ain al-Yaqin. Archive from the original on October 20, 2006. Received on January 17, 2013. a b Lebanese tourists: can they be lured back?. Economist. January 11, 2013. Archive from the original dated July 1, 2017. Received on July 13, 2017. Statistics of tourist arrivals - Countries by comparison. NationMaster. Archive from the original on October 30, 2011. Received on November 4, 2011. zack Wise; Miki Meek (January 11, 2009). 44 Places to go in 2009 - Interactive Graphics. The New York Times. Archive from the original on April 22, 2009. Received on December 21, 2010. Ministry of Tourism :: Direction of Lebanon. Lebanon-tourism.gov.lb archive from the original on January 11, 2010. Received on January 7, 2012. Lebanon says 2009 was the best on record for tourism. ABC News. The Associated Press. January 19, 2010. Archive from the original january 22, 2010. Received on February 1, 2010. Tamara Siblavi (July 16, 2011). Revenue from hospitality fell 40 percent in 2011. Daily star. Archive from the original on July 16, 2011. Received on November 4, 2011. Lebanese cuisine with Japanese twist. Japanese Embassy in Lebanon. September 12, 2012. Archive from the original on December 27, 2012. Received on December 12, 2012. Global Information Technology Report 2013 (PDF). World Economic Forum. Archive (PDF) from the original August 11, 2013. Received on July 1, 2013. Indicators of Lebanon's human development. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports. Archive from the original on October 22, 2008. Received on November 17, 2008. Aid groups are struggling to repair buildings; Fill backpacks before the school bells ring. Samidun. Archive from the original on January 17, 2013. Received on January 17, 2013. Business information. Lebanon's capabilities. Archive from the original on September 14, 2013. Received on January 17, 2013. Decrees. Lebanese catalogue of higher education. 11 2007. Archive from the original on December 11, 2007. Received on January 17, 2013. Country Report: Lebanon. Received on December 14, 2006. eIFL.net Seminar (2005) Dead Connection - 125 Years of History - Chronology. St. Joseph's University. July 6, 2006. Archive from the original july 6, 2006. Received on January 17, 2013. Yala! Students. June 18, 2008. Archive from the original on June 18, 2008. Received on January 17, 2013. American University of Beirut (AUB) Rankings. The best universities. Lebanese-American University. The best universities. July 16, 2015. Ranking of St. Joseph's University of Beirut (USJ). The best universities. Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. The best universities. July 16, 2015. Health. SESRIC. Archive from the original on October 5, 2013. Received on February 2, 2013. Demographics. SESRIC. Archive from the original on March 7, 2013. Received on February 2, 2013. b Health reform in Lebanon: key achievements at first sight (PDF). Ministry of Health. Archive from the original (PDF) dated November 4, 2013. b Statistical Bulletin 2011 (PDF). Ministry of Health. Archive from the original (PDF) dated June 12, 2013. From kebabs to fattoush - keeping Lebanon's food safe. That. That. Archive from the original on March 20, 2015. Received on March 19, 2015. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Lebanon : Review of the group International. World catalogue of minorities and . Archive from the original on January 17, 2013. Received on January 17, 2013. a b Jamie Stokes (June 2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East: L to Z. Infobase Publishing. page 406. ISBN 978-0-8160-7158-6. Archive from the original on October 19, 2013. Received on December 11, 2011. a b c d Lebanese Demographic Reality (PDF). Lebanese Information Centre Lebanon. January 14, 2013. Archive (PDF) from the original on May 31, 2013. Received on February 16, 2013. Senior seminar: transnational migration and diaspora. Hamlin University. Archive from the original on January 15, 2009. Received on January 17, 2013. Successful diaspora in the world. Management today. Archive from the original on January 15, 2013. Received on January 17, 2013. Arabs of Latin America. Nation. July 12, 2017. Perseverance and risk - Lebanese in West Africa. BBC News. January 10, 2010. Archive from the original on December 2, 2012. Received on October 23, 2012. Ivory Coast is the Levantine community. Countrystudies.us. Archive from the original on June 29, 2011. Received on January 17, 2013. Schwartz, Naomi. Lebanese immigrants are boosting West African trade. Archive from the original on November 18, 2008. Received on January 17, 2013. Price, Charles. Australian population: ethnicity (PDF). Archive of (PDF) of July 19, 2011. Received on January 17, 2013. The population of the country is by . Archive from the original on December 21, 2014. Received on December 21, 2014. Iraqi refugees in Lebanon left behind, forgotten: charity. Reuters. October 21, 2014. Registered Syrian refugees in neighbouring states have tripled in three months. UNHCR - United Nations Refugee Agency. October 2, 2012. Archive from the original on October 10, 2012. Received on October 10, 2012. Lebanon, Opinion Poll 2009 (PDF). ICRC and Ipsos. Received on January 17, 2013. World Information Book - Central Intelligence Agency. www.cia.gov archive from the original dated September 10, 2017. Received on May 15, 2007. Dralonge, Richard N. (2008). The economy and geopolitics of the Middle East. New York: Nova Science Publishers. page 150. ISBN 978-1-60456-076-3. Lebanon, with a population of 3.8 million, has the most religiously diverse society in the Middle East, consisting of 17 recognized religious sects. World Information Book - Central Intelligence Agency. www.cia.gov archive from the original dated September 10, 2017. Received on May 15, 2007. The study shows a stable Christian population in Lebanon. Daily star. February 7, 2013. Archive from the original on April 15, 2013. Received on April 13, 2013. WVS database. An overview of world values. Institute for Comparative Studies. March 2015. Archive from the original on January 5, 2016. Received on January 8, 2016. Based on data published by the Lebanese Demographics. Archive from the original on January 22, 2013. b c d Lebanon. International Report on Religious Freedom 2010. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labour. Received on June 24, 2017. El santo padre sigue de visita en el l'bano Archive on April 27, 2014 in Wayback Machine Euronews. El papa viaja Magnana al-Lubano en media de la Tensi'n que vive la zona Archive 5 November 2012 in Wayback Machine La Razon. Consultado el 15 de septiembre de 2012. a b c d McGowen, Afaf Sabeh (1989). Glossary. In Collelo, Thomas, D.C., Country Study. OCLC 18907889. Received on September 30, 2010. The Lebanese city prohibits Muslims from buying, renting property. A Lebanese city that banned Muslim settlers. National. Received on June 27, 2019. - Lebanon Country Guide to Study Volume 1 Strategic Information and Events. March 3, 2012. ISBN 9781438774824. Professor Dr. Axel Schnenscher, LL.M. Article 11 of the Lebanese Constitution. Servat.unibe.ch archive from the original on January 16, 2013. Received on January 17, 2013. a b Jean-Beno't Nadeau, Julie Barlow (2008). The history of the French language. Mcmillan. page 311. ISBN 978-0-312-34184-8. Archive from the original on May 11, 2011. December 14, 2010. Lebanon. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2011. Archive from the original on December 29, 2008. Year. October 19, 2008. Campaign to preserve the Arabic language in Lebanon. Bbc. Archive from the original July 29, 2010. Received on June 24, 2010. Arabic is a dying language? France 24. Archive from the original on June 7, 2011. Received on June 25, 2010. - Jean-Benoit Nado, Julie Barlow (2006). Plus a shift. Robson. page 483. ISBN 978-1-86105-917-8. Received on January 26, 2010. Hodeib, Mirella (January 19, 2007). English takes on greater importance in the Lebanese language universe. Daily Star (Lebanon). Received on July 1, 2013. Antelava, Natalia (April 16, 2009). Armenians will jump over the lebanese border. BBC News. Archive from the original on December 2, 2012. Received on January 17, 2013. B Stokes, Jamie. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, File Facts, 2009, page 406 ISBN 0816071586 - Mustafa Farroukh. Kaftoun.com July 2, 2010. Archive from the original on March 7, 2012. Received on May 5, 2012. Media Art Pure Raad, Waleed: Biography. Medienkunstnetz.de archive from the original on April 30, 2012. Received on May 5, 2012. Joan Acocellla (December 31, 2007). The motive of the Prophet. Archive from the original on March 16, 2019. Received April 14, 2019 - through www.newyorker.com. It's called life. Hindu. Archive from the original august 12, 2010. Received on January 17, 2013. Sean Sheehan; Latif zavia (August 30, 2007). Art. Lebanon. Cultures of the world (2 ed.). Marshall Cavendish's children's books. page 105. ISBN 978-0-7614-2081-1. Received on September 19, 2009. Mackenzie, Robert. Media comparison from around the world, Pearson / Alyn and Bacon, 2006, page 372 ISBN 0-205-40242-9 - Kamalipur, Yahya; Rampala Kuldip (November 15, 2001). Between globalization and localization. Media, sex, violence and drugs in the global village. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p.265. ISBN 978-0-7425-0061-7. Received on September 19, 2009. Roy Arms (August 23, 2010). Arab filmmakers of the Middle East: dictionary. Indiana University Press. page 26- ISBN 978-0-253-35518-8. Archive from the original on October 18, 2013. Received on December 11, 2011. Intensive Knowledge Industries: Four Case Studies of Creative Industries in Arab Countries (PDF). The World Bank. page 16. Archive (PDF) from the original january 17, 2013. Received on January 17, 2013. Milorino, Nicola (2008). (Re) The construction of Armenia in Lebanon and Syria: ethnocultural diversity and the state after the refugee crisis. Berghon Books. page 122. ISBN 978-1-84545-352-7. Archive from the original on June 20, 2013. Received on December 11, 2011. Lebanon Profile - Overview. BBC News. August 24, 2011. Archive from the original on November 2, 2011. Received on November 4, 2011. Dale F. Eikelman; John W. Anderson (July 1, 2003). New media in the Muslim world: the emerging social sphere. Indiana University Press. 63-65. ISBN 978-0-253- 34252-2. December 11, 2011. a b Sheehan, Sean; Latif (August 30, 2007). Leisure. Lebanon. Cultures of the world. 13. Marshall Cavendish's children's books. page 123. ISBN 978-0-7614-2081-1. Terry Carter; Dunston Lara (August 1, 2004). Getting started. Syria and Lebanon. A guide to the series. Humphreys Andrew (2nd Lonely Planet. page 11. ISBN 978-1-86450-333-3. Lebanese summers and winter festivals. Lebanese Ministry of Tourism. Archive from the original on July 22, 2011. Received on January 17, 2013. David Aikman (August 14, 2009). The Mirage of Peace: Understanding the endless conflict in the Middle East. Gospel Light Publications. page 48. ISBN 978-0-8307-4605-7. Archive from the original on June 21, 2013. Received on February 2, 2013. About BMA Marathon. Beirutmarathon.org on October 19, 2003. Archive from the original on February 22, 2011. Received on May 28, 2013. Hadfield, Dave (October 24, 2000). Lebanese rugby league team in a storm for funny stuff - Rugby League - More Sport. Independent. Archive from the original on November 10, 2012. Received on May 28, 2013. Samoa beats Lebanon to be the last team in the World Cup. The Courier-Mail. November 14, 2007. Archive from the original on January 31, 2014. Received on May 28, 2013. Lebanon's bid for the Rugby World Cup ends in a draw with Sport, Rugby. Daily star. October 31, 2011. Archive from the original on June 19, 2013. Received on May 28, 2013. 2009 Rugby League European Cups Flashback. Planet Rugby League. Archive from the original on May 21, 2013. Received on May 28, 2013. Hazem El Masri. www.rugbyleagueproject.org April 21, 2015. Archive from the original on July 26, 2015. Received on August 5, 2015. The profile of the Lebanese team - FIBA Asian Championship 2011 FIBA.COM. London2012.fiba.com August 23, 2011. Archive from the original on May 29, 2013. Received on May 28, 2013. Profile of the Lebanese team - FIBA World Cup 2010. Fiba.com archive from the original on November 10, 2013. Received on May 28, 2013. FIBA Asia - Trila in Manila Part II: Riyadh down Mahram again, this time in the final video. Fiba.Com archive from the original on November 10, 2013. Received on May 28, 2013. Asian Nations Cup 2000. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Fund. March 4, 2011. Archive from the original on April 1, 2015. Received on May 28, 2013. 2nd Pan-Arab Games. goalzz.com archive from the original on November 5, 2013. Received on May 28, 2013. Football - Competition : Pan-Arab Games 1997. Footballdatabase.eu. 27 July 1997. Archive from the original on November 10, 2013. Received on May 28, 2013. Nine days of sport and culture in Beirut. FRANCE 24. September 27, 2009. Archive from the original on October 21, 2012. Received on May 28, 2013. Athletes Heroes. International Olympic Committee. June 26, 2012. Archive from the original on May 29, 2013. Received on May 28, 2013. Lebanon Festival. lebanonwaterfestival.com archive from the original dated August 17, 2015. Received on August 19, 2015. Past festivals of the Lebanese Water Festival. lebanonwaterfestival.com archive from the original dated September 5, 2015. Received on August 19, 2015. Ago, M. Sruret People 2 years (March 15, 2019). 6 Lebanese geniuses who make us proud. The961. Received on October 14, 2020. Rammal Award award award of the Euroscience Foundation. web.archive.org January 5, 2009. Received on October 14, 2020. Staff Laboratory of Electric Motion and Plasma Dynamics. alfven.princeton.edu. received on 14 October 2020. Richard Hooper (November 14, 2013). Lebanon's forgotten space programme. BBC News. Received on October 14, 2020. A tale of the first space program in the Middle East. Smithsonian magazine. Received on October 14, 2020. The work is cited by Morris, Benny (April 2008). 1948: History of the first Arab-Israeli war. ISBN 978-0-300-12696-9.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Common Links Arkadiusz, Plock. L'ide de lange libanaise d'apr's Saad 'Aql, Paris, Goetner, 2004 (French) ISBN 2-7053-3739-3 Firzli, Nicola Y. al-Baath wa Lubnin (Arabic only) (Baath and Lebanon). Beirut: Dar al-Talia Books, 1973 Fisk, Robert. Regret the nation: Kidnapping of Lebanon. New York: Books of the Nation, 2002. Glass, Charles, with Flags: Dangerous Passage Through Chaos in the Middle East, Atlantic Monthly Press (New York) and Picador (London), 1990 ISBN 0-436-18130-4 Gorton, T.J. and Fegali Gorton, AG. Lebanon: through the eyes of writers. London: Eland Books, 2009. Hitty Philip K. History of Syria, including Lebanon and Palestine, Volume 2 (2002) (ISBN 1-931956-61-8) Norton, August R. Amal and Shiites: Fighting for the Soul of Lebanon. Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1987. Sobelman, Daniel. New rules of the game: Israel and Hezbollah after leaving Lebanon, Jaffey Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University, 2004. Riley-Smith, Jonathan. Oxford is an illustrated history of the Crusades. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Saliby, Kamal. The house of many mansions: The history of Lebanon is revised. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. Schlicht, Alfred. The role of foreign powers in the history of Syria and Lebanon 1799-1861 in: Journal of Asian History 14 (1982) George Korm, Le Liban contemporain. Histoire et soci't (La d'couverte, 2003 et 2005) External links Lebanonath sister projectsDefigen from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotes from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibookbooks Travel Guide from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Official Government Lebanon Information Site Lebanon. World Fact Book. Central Intelligence Agency. Lebanon web resources provided by GovPubs at the university The Colorado Boulder Library of Lebanon profiles people and institutions provided by the Arab Solution Project Lebanon in the Curlie Wikimedia Atlas of Lebanon extracted from the lebanon country profile world bank. lebanon country profile 2019. bbc country profiles lebanon. country gender profile lebanon

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