MBUYA PARENTS’ SCHOOL
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POLITICAL SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ORGANISATION STRUCTURE OF LONG AGO AND TODAY
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF PRE -COLONIAL SOCIETIES
What is Pre-Colonial period? This was the period before East Africa was taken over by the British. Majority of people came from neighbouring countries like Rwanda. Others came from Asia especially Indians and Pakistanis. Others came from Europe Political organisation is the way people were ruled before the coming of foreigners
The types of organization include; Centralised states are areas where all power and authority were vested in a single supreme ruler e.g. i) Kingdoms ii) Chiefdoms principalities
How did East Africans rule themselves before the coming of Europeans? i) They ruled themselves under kingdoms. ii) There was a government led by a chief. iii) They ruled themselves in principalities
Why is it not correct to say that there had no government before the British came i) There was governed by a king. ii) There was a governed by a chief. iii) There was a governed by a prince
Before the coming of colonialists the people of East Africa were organised in; Kingdoms (under kings) Chiefdoms (under chiefs) Clans (under clan heads/council of elders)
KINGDOMS IN EAST AFRICA (CENTRALISED SOCIETIES) 1) Kingdoms were centralised societies led by kings.
Examples of kingdoms in East Africa. Uganda Kenya Tanzania Buganda Wanga Karagwe Bunyoro Ankole Tooro
CHARACTERISTICS OF KINGDOMS They have hereditary leaders. They have royal regalia (e.g. royal throne, crown, drum, royal spear, stool) They have centralised administration with one supreme leader called king. They have special titles given to their kings. Each have well established social institutions e.g. clans, lineages. Each expanded by raiding neighbouring villages People were divided into social classes i.e. the royal class and the commoners. All land was under the king’s authority. Each had burial places of kings called royal tombs
Advantages of kingdoms They had well established systems of administration which limited power struggle They promote peace They promote unity All resources were used to develop the kingdom They help to mobilise people for national tasks e.g. immunisation They promote and preserve culture They teach good morals
Disadvantages of kingdoms They promote a class system of administration which limited power struggle There is imbalanced development They encourage dictatorship they promote the interest of the minority which could promote disunity there was unequal distribution of wealth the king had unlimited authority over life and death They mainly favour members of the royal family over the commoners They promote tribalism/sectarianism. Royal regalia are special objects that symbolise leadership e.g.
royal crown royal throne royal stool royal sceptre royal robes royal shield royal spears SOME PRE-COLONIAL SOCIETIES AND TITLES OF THERI LEADERS
society Title of the leader Baganda /Buganda Kabaka Banyoro /Bunyoro Omukama Batooro / Tooro Omukama Banyankore /Ankole Omugabe Luhya /Wanga Nabongo Basoga /Busoga Kyabazinga Nyamwezi Ntemi Iteso Emorimor Acholi Rwot Rwenzururu Omusinga
Titles of traditional rulers
Alur – Rwoth Japadhola – Tieng Adhola INTERLACUSTRINE KINGDOMS
Interlacustrine kingdoms were kingdoms formed between the great lakes of East Africa e.g. Buganda, Ankole, Toro, Buganda, Karagwe, Wanga, Bunyoro – Kitara Kingdoms
NB: The people /tribe of Karagwe kingdom are called the Haya / Abahaya. Examples of centralized kingdoms
Buganda, Bunyoro, Toro
What is a Kingdom?
This is an area ruled by a king.
What is Chiefdom?
This is an area ruled by a chief.
What is an empire?
An area ruled by an emperor
BUNYORO KITARA EMPIRE
It was the earliest pre-colonial kingdom/state in Uganda.
Who were the founders of Bunyoro-Kitara Empire?
The Abatembuzi were the first rulers of Bunyoro. The Batembuzi were the earliest ruling family in Bunyoro-Kitara They were mysterious and believed to be demi- gods because they were capable of performing miracles The first king of Abatembuzi was Ruhanga and his brother was Nkya Examples of Tembuzi kings were Ruhanga, Nkya, Kakama Ntwale, Baba, Ngonzaki, and Isaza. The last king of the Abatembuzi was Isaza. It is believed that they disappeared or went back to heaven at the end of their earthly lives Bunyoro-Kitara covered the whole interlacustrine region.
The Bachwezi replaced the Abatembuzi. The first king of Bachwezi was Ndahura the grandson of Isaza. The last king of the Bachwezi was Wamala. The Bachwezi are believed to have come from Cush in Ethiopia They belonged to the Hamites or Cushites The Bachwezi were displaced by the Luo-Babiito dynasty. Both the Bachwezi and Batembuzi are said to be demi-gods. What is an empire?
This is an area led by an emperor.
State factors which led to the collapsed of Bunyoro Kitara empire i) It was too large to be led by one king. ii) The death of their beloved cow Bihogo. iii) Internal and external wars. iv) The coming of Luo. v) Outbreak of epidemic diseases. vi) Outbreak of famine. i) Shortage of pasture and water ii) Constant drought
Contribution of the Bachwezi Empire Economic contributions. i) They introduced long horned cattle. ii) They introduced iron smelting. i) They introduced bark cloth making. ii) They introduced coffee growing. i) They introduced pottery. ii) They introduced bark cloth manufacture iii) They introduced cow hide sandals iv) They built ditches that attract tourists e.g. Bigobyamugenyi v) They started salt mining in L. Katwe
Political Contributions i) They introduced centralized government. ii) The introduced hereditary rule. iii) They introduced royal regalia. iv) They introduced building of reed palaces. v) They brought the digging of trenches or ditches around the palace for defence
Social Contribution
They introduced new games like Omweso. They introduced the making of earth work fortifications They introduced the skill of building reed palaces or royal enclosures They introduced new culture and rituals e.g. keeping the king’s jaw bone They introduced the idea of building grass – thatched huts
Reasons /factors that led to the decline of Bunyoro – Kitara Weak leaders Constant famine Pests and diseases Coming of Luo Prolonged drought It was too large to be ruled by one king effectively Emergence of independent states e.g. Buganda, Ankole, Toro Misfortunes like the death of their cow Bihogo. Internal conflicts
Qn .How did the size of Kitara lead to its collapse? It was too large to be ruled by one king effectively.
Qn5. How did climate affect Bunyoro Kitara? Long drought seasons led to famine.
Qn. How did the coming of Luo Babiito affect Bunyoro Kitara? It led to the collapse of Bunyoro Kitara.
N.B Bigobyamugenyi was the headquarters of Bachwezi.
Qn. How is Bigobyamugenyi important to Uganda? Attracts tourists who bring income It creates employment. It is used for research purposes. Source of history
Bunyoro Kingdom or Luo- Biito dynasty . The Luo- Bito dynasty was founded by Isingoma Rukidi Mpuga . Mpuga was the son of Kyomya and twin brother of Kato Kimera . The Luo- Bito were a result of intermarriages between the Luo and the Bito clan . They were the successors of Bachwezi
Economic activities in Bunyoro . cattle keeping -crop growing -iron smelting . salt mining in L. Katwe -barter trade
Examples of Luo- Biito kings of Bunyoro
. Isingoma Rukidi Mpuga -Ochaki Rwangira -Oyo Nyimba 1 . Winyi 1 -Olimi 1 -Nyabongo 1 -Winyi 11 . Olimi 11 -Nyarwa -Chwa 1 -Masamba . Kyebambe1 -Winyi 111 -Nyaika -Kamurasi . Solomon Gafabusa Iguru
Reasons for the growth of Bunyoro Kingdom i) able leaders e.g. Kabalega ii) well trained standing army called Abarusura iii) Fertile soils iv) Favourable climate v) It traded with Buganda vi) Acquisition of guns from Khartoumers
Things Buganda got from Bunyoro Kingdom
. salt -iron tools -vines
Things Bunyoro got from Buganda Kingdom
. bark cloth -bananas
BUGANDA KINGDOM v) It is believed that Buganda kingdom was founded by either Kintu according to the Ganda legend or Kato Kimera according to the Nyoro legend. vi) It the beginning it was a small state made up of three counties namely; Busiro Mawokota Kyadondo vii) Buganda expanded mainly by attacking her neighbours especially Bunyoro. By the time of the coming o the colonialists, Buganda was the most powerful kingdom in the interlacustrine region. Buganda kingdom started as a very small kingdom on the northern shores of Lake Victoria. It broke away from Bunyoro Kitara. It was surrounded by forests and people who practiced agriculture. According to the legends, it’s said that the founder of Buganda kingdom was Kato Kimera
Economic activities carried out in Buganda -Fishing -trade -bark cloth manufacture -farming
Examples of kings of Buganda -Kato Kimera -Mawanda -Junju -Kateregga -Ssemakokiro -Ssuuna -Mutesa 1 -Mwanga -Chwa 11 Mutesa 11 -Mutebi
FACTORS FOR THE GROWTH AND EXPANSION OF BUGANDA KINGDOM 1. Buganda had enough food due to presence of fertile soils and good climate 2. Buganda has a well organized decentralised system of administration with a hierarchy of leadership from the Kabaka to Mukungu i.e. village chiefs 3. Buganda acquired guns from foreigners (Arabs) which they used to expand the kingdom. 4. The coming of the Europeans (British) helped Buganda to acquire more land from Bunyoro. 5. Buganda’s strategic location near L. Victoria provided a natural defence against the enemies. 6. Buganda participated in the Long distance trade which enabled her to gain more wealth. 7. Had strong leaders. 8. Had a strong army called Abatabazi 9. its small size made it easier to govern 10. introduction of palace guards i.e. Abambowa made the Kabaka very secure 11. It was given a special position by colonialists 12. good administrative tactics especially by Kabaka Muteesa
NB: The capital/headquarters of Buganda were at Mengo.
ANKOLE KINGDOM Ankole kingdom was formed in South Western Uganda. Founded by Ruhinda around the 15th century Started from the present day Rwampara and was called Karo Karungi It traces the origin of the period of Batembuzi. British colonialists added other principalities together to Ankole.
Examples of such principalities were? i) Mpororo. ii) Buhweju. i) Igara. ii) Kajara iii) Bunyaruguru It then got its new name Ankole Its king was called Omugabe
Economic activities carried out include Pastoralism -iron smelting -carpentry Crop farming -pottery
Examples of its kings are -Ruhinda -Kahaya -Gasyonga Ntare
Social classes in Ankole Abahima (pastoralists) Abairu (crop farmers)
TOORO KINGDOM It is one of the kingdoms that broke away from Bunyoro - Kitara kingdom. Prince Kaboyo founded in 1830, Kaboyo was the eldest of the Omukama..
Economic activities carried out Pastoralism crop growing
Examples of its kings Kaboyo 1 -Kasagama -Rukidi 11 Olimi Kaboyo
Reasons why Toro broke away from Bunyoro The Batoro felt that they were being neglected by Bunyoro king and they were far away from the capital Kaboyo was ambitious and impatient to become king
Reasons why Omukama Kasagama of Toro welcomed Captain Fredrick i) He wanted to be restored to his throne. ii) He wanted protection against his enemies. How did Omukama Kasagama benefit from the coming of Captain Fredrick Lugard? i) He restored him to his throne. ii) He got protection against Omukama Kabalega. iv) He drove Kabalega out of Toro kingdom.
THE NYAMWEZI Were called so by coastal traders because they came from the West where the new moon appears from. The word Nyamwezi means people of the moon They live on the southern shores of L. Victoria in Tanganyika. Each chiefdom was headed by a chief called Mtemi (Ntemi in plural)
Duties of Ntemi He appointed officials to assist him in his work. He settled difficult disputes among his subjects. He could lead his subjects to war He was consulted on various issues e.g. trade He carried out religious ceremonies He was helped by a council of elders called Wanyampala e.g. priests, rain makers, councillors, herdsmen There were many Nyamwezi chiefdoms. However, from time to time, one of the Nyamwezi chiefs would become more powerful and join more chiefdoms into an empire. Examples of Nyamwezi rulers are Mirambo, Nyungu ya Mawe
CHIEF MIRAMBO He was one of the most famous Ntemi of Nyamwezi He started as a ruler of a small chiefdom of Ugowe He extended his territory by raiding nearby chiefdoms
QN. What name was given to Mirambo’s army/warriors in Nyamwezi Empire? The Ruga Ruga
QN. Who was the founder of the Nyamwezi Empire in central Tanzania? Chief Mirambo
QN. A part from Mirambo, mention any other famous ruler of the Nyamwezi Empire. Nyungu ya Mawe.
REASONS FOR THE GROWTH AND EXPANSION OF MIRAMBO’S EMPIRE Mirambo was a hardworking and wise ruler. It had strong and able leaders e.g. Mirambo Mirambo was loved and liked by many of his subjects He forced traders padding through his empire to pay taxes He hired special well trained warriors called Ruga Ruga He used new military tactics he learnt from the Ngoni and Arabs
Reasons for decline of Mirambo’s empire Death of Mirambo Weak leaders like Mpandasholo Lack of a standing army since the Ruga-Ruga could be hired by anyone who had money. The people were not united
NYUNGU YA MAWE He was a ruthless and fearless He developed a centralised system of government by dividing his empire into provinces .He controlled his army with a firm hand His capital was at Kiwele He raided caravans and sold slaves and ivory He controlled the trade routes to L. Tanganyika, Ankole, Bunyoro-Kitara and Buganda. His kingdom declined after he died and was succeeded by his daughter Mgalula.
QN. Who was the famous king of Karagwe kingdom that directed John Speke and James Grant to Buganda? King Rumanika
WANGA KINGDOM It was located near the Uganda-Kenya border on the Eastern shores of L. Victoria. it was the only kingdom in Kenya It acquired its name Wanga from one of its leaders known as King Wanga. It had one hereditary ruler at a time called Nabongo It was formed by the Abaluhya. It began when five Luhya clans settled on Imanga Hills. Later another group of Luyia clans led by Wanga came from Western Uganda. Wanga belonged to the Shitsetse clan. He deposed Muhima and became theNabong and later called the Kingdom after himself. Other Nabongs included Nabong Wamukoya Netya and his son Osundwa. Nabongo Mumia was a British Collaborator. He was too weak to rule the kingdom, so it became part of British East Africa.
KARAGWE KINGDOM It was located south of the Ankole Kingdom on the Southern border of L. Victoria. It was founded by Ruhinda. It was founded with two clans Nyambo and Sita. The Nyambo left Karagwe and settled in Bunyoro where they lived among the Chwezi. When they returned, they brought new pastoralist skills they had learnt from Bachwezi. They mixed Bantu farming and new pastoralists made them successful. The Sita became the leading clan with Ndagara as their most successful leader around 1820 to 1855. It became weaker in the second half of the 19th Century due to succession disputes. King Rumanika welcomed the first Europeans in his Kingdom. He had promised to pay tribute to Buganda in order to become king. After his death, more disputes erupted forcing many people to live the kingdom and settle in other areas coz the new king was not popular. When Germans came, they could not resist. Their last King was Nono.
QUESTIONS 1. Which was the only Bantu Kingdom in Kenya? 2. Which group of people formed Wanga Kingdom? 3. What title was given to the Kings of Wanga? 4. Name the only Bantu Kingdom that was formed in Tanzania. 5. Who were the Ruga-Ruga? 6. Identify two reasons for the decline of Mirambo’s empire. 7. Why did Wanga Kingdom decline? 8. Name any one famous ruler of Nyamwezi. 9. What two factors contributed to the growth of Mirambo’s empire? 10. What does the name Nyungu ya Mawe mean?
THE ROLE OF KINGS IN KINGDOMS i. They served as supreme judges. ii. They served as commanders in chief of the army. iii. They were responsible for appointing and dismissing senior officials in the kingdom.
DECENTRALISED STATES
These were areas where power was given to a group of elders instead of one person 1. These were societies where political power was not given to a single individual. Examples of decentralised states include; Karimojong, Lugbara, Bakiga,
Roles of clan leaders They were political leaders of their clans They led their subjects to war they performed religious ceremonies and rituals on behalf of their clans They settled disputes between clan members They advised and guided the rest of their clan members They punished any of their subjects who misbehaved
Why some tribes never formed kingdoms?
They did not have permanent settlement
1. Examples of decentralized societies in East Africa. Uganda Kenya Tanzania Busoga Nandi Chagga Iteso Masai Hehe Acholi Gusii Sukuma
Chiefdoms were areas ruled by chiefs.
Busoga was chiefdom. The title given to a chief is Kyabazinga
KADHUMBULA WILBERFORCE
He was the Kyabazinga of Busoga at the time of Uganda’s independence in 1962. He mobilized his people to support the struggle for independence. He later became Uganda’s first vice president. of Uganda
SOCIAL ORGANISATION AND CULTURE This is the way people lived and related to each other
Social organization of people refers to the language they speak, their food, religion, education and their beliefs. Clans shared the same totems and taboos. The children belong to the clans of their fathers. On the side of religion, people believed in ancestral spirits’ power to punish or bless their relatives They offered sacrifices at sacred places and shrines to bring peace Traditional religious leaders such as rain makers, medicine men and fortune tellers got a lot of respect. Informal education was passed through stories, proverbs, riddles .Subjects taught included behaviors, respect, and domestic work. v) roles for girls included cooking ,washing, fetching water, collecting firewood, digging , caring for young children vi) roles for boys included hunting, grazing, wrestling, raiding other villages, vii) They had language, names, customs, clans, totems, values, games, viii) The family was the basic unit of social organization in all societies. ix) Marriage and family were very important xii) Tasks and roles were organised on age and gender basis xiii) marriage between members of the same clan was prohibited xiv) old men led the families and clans xv) young boys looked after cattle xvi) women cooked and fetched water xvii) Some ethnic groups had age sets so that all boy or girls xviii) of the same generation who were initiated art the same time came together to share important ceremonies and develop brotherhood xix) people believed in a creator god but they expressed their beliefs in different ways and gave him different names xx) religious values and moral ideas were passed on through stories and ceremonies xxi) they had different social activities that brought people together in good or bad times xxii) customs were to direct members on what to do or not to do social organisation helped to bind society together bring up children as responsible society members passing on skills from one generation to ensure continuity of knowledge age sets promoted co-operation and peace and train leadership skills taboos and customs helped to promote good morals Clans and lineages united people together
CULTURE / BELIEFS / CUSTOMS
1. This is the acceptable way of life among a particular group of people in a society.
1. What does the term culture mean? The customs, beliefs and way of life (norms) of a particular society
2. Examples of culture in our society. Language Way of dressing Food Religion Funerals Initiation ceremonies Marriage ceremonies 3. Importance of culture in our society. It promotes morals It helps to group people, Gives prestige to a given society It helps to identify a given group of people, It helps to instill good discipline, It helps to understand and appreciate the differences among people
It promotes peace among people. It promotes unity among education. Culture promotes informal education.
2. List the two types of culture i. Material culture ii. Non material culture iii. 3. Give examples of material culture All physical things e.g. dressing, crafts, weapons, occupation
4. Mention examples of non-material culture Language, taboos, security, naming, values
3. Give examples of culture Bride price, rituals, land demarcation, burial of the dead, removal of front teeth
4. Which tribes circumcise? Bagisu, Bakonzo, Kikuyu, Masai, Kisii, Meru
5. Why do some tribes circumcise? It symbolises maturity, bravery, cultural identity, ability to cope up with challenges of the world.
6. List tribes that remove the front teeth from the lower jaw. Acholi, Lugbara, Luo
7. Why do some tribes remove the front teeth? It is a sign of beauty, cultural identity,
8. How is culture important? 9. Mention examples of traditional values
Ethnic groups and their identities.
Language Names Customs Games eg Omweso
VALUES These are desired behaviours in society.
Types of values Personal values Family values Community values
Examples of values
Respect, honesty, faithfulness, cleanliness, God fearing, love for work, trust
Importance of social norms.
Helps us to know what is right and wrong. Help us to keep society together. Help us to live peacefully Helps us to know how to behave and get along with others easily. Relationships The way people interact with each other.
Types of relationships Blood relationships. Marriage relationships. Peer relationships.
Importance of relationships
Relationships help us to; Reduce conflicts. Promote peace. Create teamwork. Solve problems.
1) How the people of East Africa were socially organized during the pre-colonial era? They were organized in clans under clan heads.
2) What are customs? These are the accepted ways of behavior in a society.
Examples of customs Kneeling of girls while greeting among the Baganda. Women not eating chicken/grass hoppers (food taboos) Decent dressing Development of economic organization of pre-colonial people This is the work people carried out to earn a living People grew their own food. People reared their animals. People practiced barter trade e.g. barks cloth, salt, metal tools, spears and shields, animals, grain food. People made their clothes from the bark of trees and animal clothes, animal’s skin and hides. Trade developed on craft materials, salt and keeping domestic animals.
BARTER TRADE This is exchange of goods for goods or goods for services. Exchange of goods for goods without the use of money. Early traders in East Africa used barter trade. ADVANTAGES i) It promotes a friendship ii) It enabled people get goods they couldn’t produce. iii) It promotes unity among people
DISADVANTAGES Involves cheating Difficult to determine the value and quality of goods Double coincidence of goods is difficult. Was difficult to get a trade partner. It was difficult to balance the value the items. It was difficult to transport bulky goods for long distances.
Barter trade in kingdoms included items like: Bark cloth. Salt. Bananas
How were ethnic groups organized?
1- Politically – kingdoms, clans/ chiefdoms. 2- Socially – They were in clans/believed in ATR Had common languages, cultural activities like customary marriage, funerals, etc. 3- Economically – Farming, cattle keeping, trading (barter trade)
ROUND UP EXERCISE 1. What is meant by interlacustrine kingdoms of East Africa? ______2. What was the earliest kingdom in the interlacustrine region? ______3. Why were the Bantu able to form kingdoms in East Africa? i)______
ii)______4. Why didn’t some tribes like the Masai form kingdoms? ______5. What title was given to the traditional leaders of the following societies? a- Wanga ______b- Nyamwezi ______c- Busoga ______d- Acholi ______6. How can traditional leaders promote economic development in a country? i)______
ii)______7. How did the coming of the Arabs help in the growth and expansion of Buganda kingdom? i) ______ii) ______8. Mention any two characteristics of kingdoms. 9. How can kingdoms be disadvantageous in a country? 10. What is culture? 11. Identify one value of culture in a society. 12. Mention two ways the Western world has influenced the African culture. a- The way of worship in modern/religion/Christianity. b- Introduction of foreign languages e.g. English 13. Name the Bantu kingdoms that existed in each of the following; a- Kenya b- Tanzania 14. Name the first and last king of the Bachwezi. a. First b. Last 15. Why is barter trade not commonly practiced today? 16. Which type of trade replaced barter trade? 17. What was barter trade? 18. How was trade important during the pre-colonial period? 19. Mention three economic activities that were carried out dur.ng the pre-colonial period