MBUYA PARENTS’ SCHOOL PRIMARY SIX HOLIDAY WORK FOR TERM 1 2020 - WEEK 11 SST NAME _____________________________STREAM _______________ POLITICAL SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ORGANISATION STRUCTURE OF LONG AGO AND TODAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF PRE -COLONIAL SOCIETIES What is Pre-Colonial period? This was the period before East Africa was taken over by the British. Majority of people came from neighbouring countries like Rwanda. Others came from Asia especially Indians and Pakistanis. Others came from Europe Political organisation is the way people were ruled before the coming of foreigners The types of organization include; Centralised states are areas where all power and authority were vested in a single supreme ruler e.g. i) Kingdoms ii) Chiefdoms principalities How did East Africans rule themselves before the coming of Europeans? i) They ruled themselves under kingdoms. ii) There was a government led by a chief. iii) They ruled themselves in principalities Why is it not correct to say that there had no government before the British came i) There was governed by a king. ii) There was a governed by a chief. iii) There was a governed by a prince Before the coming of colonialists the people of East Africa were organised in; Kingdoms (under kings) Chiefdoms (under chiefs) Clans (under clan heads/council of elders) KINGDOMS IN EAST AFRICA (CENTRALISED SOCIETIES) 1) Kingdoms were centralised societies led by kings. Examples of kingdoms in East Africa. Uganda Kenya Tanzania Buganda Wanga Karagwe Bunyoro Ankole Tooro CHARACTERISTICS OF KINGDOMS They have hereditary leaders. They have royal regalia (e.g. royal throne, crown, drum, royal spear, stool) They have centralised administration with one supreme leader called king. They have special titles given to their kings. Each have well established social institutions e.g. clans, lineages. Each expanded by raiding neighbouring villages People were divided into social classes i.e. the royal class and the commoners. All land was under the king’s authority. Each had burial places of kings called royal tombs Advantages of kingdoms They had well established systems of administration which limited power struggle They promote peace They promote unity All resources were used to develop the kingdom They help to mobilise people for national tasks e.g. immunisation They promote and preserve culture They teach good morals Disadvantages of kingdoms They promote a class system of administration which limited power struggle There is imbalanced development They encourage dictatorship they promote the interest of the minority which could promote disunity there was unequal distribution of wealth the king had unlimited authority over life and death They mainly favour members of the royal family over the commoners They promote tribalism/sectarianism. Royal regalia are special objects that symbolise leadership e.g. royal crown royal throne royal stool royal sceptre royal robes royal shield royal spears SOME PRE-COLONIAL SOCIETIES AND TITLES OF THERI LEADERS society Title of the leader Baganda /Buganda Kabaka Banyoro /Bunyoro Omukama Batooro / Tooro Omukama Banyankore /Ankole Omugabe Luhya /Wanga Nabongo Basoga /Busoga Kyabazinga Nyamwezi Ntemi Iteso Emorimor Acholi Rwot Rwenzururu Omusinga Titles of traditional rulers Alur – Rwoth Japadhola – Tieng Adhola INTERLACUSTRINE KINGDOMS Interlacustrine kingdoms were kingdoms formed between the great lakes of East Africa e.g. Buganda, Ankole, Toro, Buganda, Karagwe, Wanga, Bunyoro – Kitara Kingdoms NB: The people /tribe of Karagwe kingdom are called the Haya / Abahaya. Examples of centralized kingdoms Buganda, Bunyoro, Toro What is a Kingdom? This is an area ruled by a king. What is Chiefdom? This is an area ruled by a chief. What is an empire? An area ruled by an emperor BUNYORO KITARA EMPIRE It was the earliest pre-colonial kingdom/state in Uganda. Who were the founders of Bunyoro-Kitara Empire? The Abatembuzi were the first rulers of Bunyoro. The Batembuzi were the earliest ruling family in Bunyoro-Kitara They were mysterious and believed to be demi- gods because they were capable of performing miracles The first king of Abatembuzi was Ruhanga and his brother was Nkya Examples of Tembuzi kings were Ruhanga, Nkya, Kakama Ntwale, Baba, Ngonzaki, and Isaza. The last king of the Abatembuzi was Isaza. It is believed that they disappeared or went back to heaven at the end of their earthly lives Bunyoro-Kitara covered the whole interlacustrine region. The Bachwezi replaced the Abatembuzi. The first king of Bachwezi was Ndahura the grandson of Isaza. The last king of the Bachwezi was Wamala. The Bachwezi are believed to have come from Cush in Ethiopia They belonged to the Hamites or Cushites The Bachwezi were displaced by the Luo-Babiito dynasty. Both the Bachwezi and Batembuzi are said to be demi-gods. What is an empire? This is an area led by an emperor. State factors which led to the collapsed of Bunyoro Kitara empire i) It was too large to be led by one king. ii) The death of their beloved cow Bihogo. iii) Internal and external wars. iv) The coming of Luo. v) Outbreak of epidemic diseases. vi) Outbreak of famine. i) Shortage of pasture and water ii) Constant drought Contribution of the Bachwezi Empire Economic contributions. i) They introduced long horned cattle. ii) They introduced iron smelting. i) They introduced bark cloth making. ii) They introduced coffee growing. i) They introduced pottery. ii) They introduced bark cloth manufacture iii) They introduced cow hide sandals iv) They built ditches that attract tourists e.g. Bigobyamugenyi v) They started salt mining in L. Katwe Political Contributions i) They introduced centralized government. ii) The introduced hereditary rule. iii) They introduced royal regalia. iv) They introduced building of reed palaces. v) They brought the digging of trenches or ditches around the palace for defence Social Contribution They introduced new games like Omweso. They introduced the making of earth work fortifications They introduced the skill of building reed palaces or royal enclosures They introduced new culture and rituals e.g. keeping the king’s jaw bone They introduced the idea of building grass – thatched huts Reasons /factors that led to the decline of Bunyoro – Kitara Weak leaders Constant famine Pests and diseases Coming of Luo Prolonged drought It was too large to be ruled by one king effectively Emergence of independent states e.g. Buganda, Ankole, Toro Misfortunes like the death of their cow Bihogo. Internal conflicts Qn .How did the size of Kitara lead to its collapse? It was too large to be ruled by one king effectively. Qn5. How did climate affect Bunyoro Kitara? Long drought seasons led to famine. Qn. How did the coming of Luo Babiito affect Bunyoro Kitara? It led to the collapse of Bunyoro Kitara. N.B Bigobyamugenyi was the headquarters of Bachwezi. Qn. How is Bigobyamugenyi important to Uganda? Attracts tourists who bring income It creates employment. It is used for research purposes. Source of history Bunyoro Kingdom or Luo- Biito dynasty . The Luo- Bito dynasty was founded by Isingoma Rukidi Mpuga . Mpuga was the son of Kyomya and twin brother of Kato Kimera . The Luo- Bito were a result of intermarriages between the Luo and the Bito clan . They were the successors of Bachwezi Economic activities in Bunyoro . cattle keeping -crop growing -iron smelting . salt mining in L. Katwe -barter trade Examples of Luo- Biito kings of Bunyoro . Isingoma Rukidi Mpuga -Ochaki Rwangira -Oyo Nyimba 1 . Winyi 1 -Olimi 1 -Nyabongo 1 -Winyi 11 . Olimi 11 -Nyarwa -Chwa 1 -Masamba . Kyebambe1 -Winyi 111 -Nyaika -Kamurasi . Solomon Gafabusa Iguru Reasons for the growth of Bunyoro Kingdom i) able leaders e.g. Kabalega ii) well trained standing army called Abarusura iii) Fertile soils iv) Favourable climate v) It traded with Buganda vi) Acquisition of guns from Khartoumers Things Buganda got from Bunyoro Kingdom . salt -iron tools -vines Things Bunyoro got from Buganda Kingdom . bark cloth -bananas BUGANDA KINGDOM v) It is believed that Buganda kingdom was founded by either Kintu according to the Ganda legend or Kato Kimera according to the Nyoro legend. vi) It the beginning it was a small state made up of three counties namely; Busiro Mawokota Kyadondo vii) Buganda expanded mainly by attacking her neighbours especially Bunyoro. By the time of the coming o the colonialists, Buganda was the most powerful kingdom in the interlacustrine region. Buganda kingdom started as a very small kingdom on the northern shores of Lake Victoria. It broke away from Bunyoro Kitara. It was surrounded by forests and people who practiced agriculture. According to the legends, it’s said that the founder of Buganda kingdom was Kato Kimera Economic activities carried out in Buganda -Fishing -trade -bark cloth manufacture -farming Examples of kings of Buganda -Kato Kimera -Mawanda -Junju -Kateregga -Ssemakokiro -Ssuuna -Mutesa 1 -Mwanga -Chwa 11 Mutesa 11 -Mutebi FACTORS FOR THE GROWTH AND EXPANSION OF BUGANDA KINGDOM 1. Buganda had enough food due to presence of fertile soils and good climate 2. Buganda has a well organized decentralised system of administration with a hierarchy of leadership from the Kabaka to Mukungu i.e. village chiefs 3. Buganda acquired guns from foreigners (Arabs) which they used to expand the kingdom. 4. The coming of the Europeans (British) helped Buganda to acquire more land from Bunyoro. 5. Buganda’s strategic location near L. Victoria provided a natural defence against the enemies. 6. Buganda participated in the Long distance trade which enabled her to gain more wealth. 7. Had strong leaders. 8. Had a strong army called Abatabazi 9. its small size made it easier to govern 10. introduction of palace guards i.e. Abambowa made the Kabaka very secure 11. It was given a special position by colonialists 12. good administrative tactics especially by Kabaka Muteesa NB: The capital/headquarters of Buganda were at Mengo. ANKOLE KINGDOM Ankole kingdom was formed in South Western Uganda.