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An Auditory, Acoustic, Articulatory and Sociophonetic Study of Swedish Viby-I

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An Auditory, Acoustic, Articulatory and Sociophonetic Study of Swedish Viby-I Westerberg, Fabienne E. (2016) An auditory, acoustic, articulatory and sociophonetic study of Swedish Viby-i. MPhil(R) thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7382/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] An auditory, acoustic, articulatory and sociophonetic study of Swedish Viby-i Fabienne E. Westerberg Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of MPhil School of Critical Studies College of Arts University of Glasgow June 2016 Abstract The study investigates the acoustic, articulatory and sociophonetic properties of the Swedish /iː/ variant known as 'Viby-i' in 13 speakers of Central Swedish from Stockholm, Gothenburg, Varberg, Jönköping and Katrineholm. The vowel is described in terms of its auditory quality, its acoustic F1 and F2 values, and its tongue configuration. A brief, qualitative description of lip position is also included. Variation in /iː/ production is mapped against five sociolinguistic factors: city, dialectal region, metropolitan vs. urban location, sex and socioeconomic rating. Articulatory data is collected using ultrasound tongue imaging (UTI), for which the study proposes and evaluates a methodology. The study shows that Viby-i varies in auditory strength between speakers, and that strong instances of the vowel are associated with a high F1 and low F2, a trend which becomes more pronounced as the strength of Viby-i increases. The articulation of Viby-i is characterised by a lowered and backed tongue body, sometimes accompanied by a double- bunched tongue shape. The relationship between tongue position and acoustic results appears to be non-linear, suggesting either a measurement error or the influence of additional articulatory factors. Preliminary images of the lips show that Viby-i is produced with a spread but lax lip posture. The lip data also reveals parts of the tongue, which in many speakers appears to be extremely fronted and braced against the lower teeth, or sometimes protruded, when producing Viby-i. No sociophonetic difference is found between speakers from different cities or dialect regions. Metropolitan speakers are found to have an auditorily and acoustically stronger Viby-i than urban speakers, but this pattern is not matched in tongue backing or lowering. Overall the data shows a weak trend towards higher-class females having stronger Viby-i, but these results are tentative due to the limited size and stratification of the sample. Further research is needed to fully explore the sociophonetic properties of Viby-i. 2 Table of contents 1. Introduction........................................................................................................................5 1.1. Aim and research strategy...........................................................................................5 1.2. Research questions.....................................................................................................6 1.3. Structure of thesis.......................................................................................................6 2. Theoretical background......................................................................................................7 2.1. Theories of vowel production.....................................................................................7 2.1.1. The vowel space..................................................................................................7 2.1.2. The role of the tongue in vowel production........................................................9 2.1.3. Variations in the vocal tract...............................................................................11 The lips...................................................................................................................11 The oral cavity........................................................................................................12 The pharyngeal cavity............................................................................................13 Summary................................................................................................................13 2.1.4. Articulatory trade-off and hidden articulations.................................................14 Flipped vowels.......................................................................................................14 Postvocalic /r/ in the Scottish Central Belt.............................................................15 2.1.5. Section summary...............................................................................................15 2.2. Swedish phonology and sociolinguistics..................................................................16 2.2.1. Swedish dialects and sociolects........................................................................16 2.2.2. Socioeconomic class in Sweden.......................................................................18 2.2.3. Swedish vowels.................................................................................................20 Diphthongisation and end-frication........................................................................22 Realisation of /ɛː/ and /øː/......................................................................................23 Realisation of /ɑː/...................................................................................................23 Summary................................................................................................................24 2.2.4. Viby-i................................................................................................................24 Phonemic and phonetic properties.........................................................................24 Geographic distribution..........................................................................................25 Early auditory studies.............................................................................................27 Acoustic properties.................................................................................................27 Published articulatory studies.................................................................................29 Unpublished articulatory study..............................................................................32 Social evaluation and distribution..........................................................................33 Similar sounds in other languages..........................................................................34 3. Method..............................................................................................................................37 3.1. Participants...............................................................................................................37 3.1.1. Recruitment strategy.........................................................................................37 3.1.2. Participant sample.............................................................................................39 3.1.3. Materials...........................................................................................................42 Picture description..................................................................................................42 Midsagittal word list..............................................................................................42 Coronal word list....................................................................................................43 Questionnaire.........................................................................................................43 3.2. Equipment and recording procedure.........................................................................44 3.2.1. Ultrasound tongue imaging...............................................................................44 How UTI works......................................................................................................45 Probe stabilisation and standardisation..................................................................46 Recording software................................................................................................48 3 Lip recordings........................................................................................................50 Coronal tongue recordings.....................................................................................50 Benefits and drawbacks of UTI..............................................................................50 3.2.2. Recording equipment and set-up......................................................................52 3.2.3. Recording procedure.........................................................................................53 3.2.4. Ethics.................................................................................................................55 Participant safety....................................................................................................55
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