Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileumsfond Annual Report 2006

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Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileumsfond · Annual Report 2006 Report Annual · Jubileumsfond Riksbankens Stiftelsen

Postal adress: Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, Box 5675, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden Visits: Kungsträdgårdsgatan 18. Telephone: +46 (0)8-50 62 64 00. Fax: +46 (0)8-50 62 64 31. www.rj.se. [email protected]. Postal giro: 67 24 03-3, Org.nr 802012-1276 riksbankens jubileumsfond annual report 2006 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond Annual Report 2006 6 the managing director´s 57 Sector Committees commentary The Sector Committee for Research on Culture, Security, and Sustainable 13 activities in support of research Development 57 14 Procedure Collaboration with the Ministry for Foreigen 15 Overhead Expensis Affairs 59 16 Follow-Up Work and Evaluations The Sector Committee for Research on Civil 19 Project Evaluation Society 60 22 Grants for Research Projects and The Sector Committee for Research on Infrastructural Support Public Economics, Management, and 23 Project Visit to the Silver Museum in Leadership 62 Arjeplog The Sector Committee for Research on 24 Grants for Reserarch Initiation Premodernity 67 The Science Fextival 26 69 Collaboration with the Riksdag Nobel Symposiums 27 The Seminar on Tage Erlander´s Diaries 69 Stipends 27 69 International Commitments Research in Art and the Performing Arts 30 The European Foundation Centre (EFC) 69 Cultural Policy Research 32 The EU Commission 72 Stiftelsen Skapande Människa (the Creative The European Cultural Foundation 72 Humanity Foundation) 34 LabforCulture 73 The 2007 Linnaeus Celebration 34 The World Cultures Series 74 Project 2010 35 Collaboration with Robert Bosch Stiftung 74 35 Graduate Schools The Nordic Spaces Programme 74 The Graduate School for Modern Investments for the 1809-2009 Anniversary 75 Languages 35 Collaboration with the University of The Graduate School in Mathematics Bologna 77 Education 36 Euroscience Open Forum 2006 77 The Swedish School of Advanced Collaboration with Institutes for Advanced Asia-Paciﬁc Studies – SSAAPS 40 Research 77 The Nordic Museum Graduate School 42 Tällberg Forum 79 43 Post-Doctoral Initiatives Johns Hopkins University 80 Pro Futura III and IV 43 Visit to the University of Iceland 80 European Foreign and Security The First Bernhard Karlgren Symposium 82 Policy Studies 44 The Post-Doctoral Programme for the 85 anders mellbourn: ABM Sector 45 culture, security, and sustainable development: summary Learning and Memory in Children and from a sector committee Young People 49 85 The Point of Departure Post-Doctoral Stipends for Research in 87 Altered States Germany 55 89 The Main Direction and Activities of the Committe´s Work 91 Enviromental Support 93 Initiatives in Honour of Anna Lindh 94 Closing Reflections 96 Members of the Committees 99 jan-olov johansson: 177 annual report is dan there? 177 Annual Report 100 Childhood The Purpose and Statutes of the 102 The Road to Uppsala Foundation 177 104 The Perfect Job Summary of the Year´s Events 178 105 What Exactly Does a Managing Director Results and Investments Return 181 Do Anyway? Financial Position 184 106 Research Policy in Sweden and EU Financial Results 184 107 Projects 187 Figure 1–4: Financial opearations – ten-year summary 113 alf w johansson: 188 Table 1: Financial result the diaries of tage erlander: 189 Income statement some reflections 190 Balance sheet 113 Meetings with Erlander 192 Cash flow statement 113 Diaries as Sources 194 Accounting and valuation principles 114 The Arbitrariness of the Signifier “Diary” 198 Notes 114 Diaries in International History 214 Auditor´s report 115 Historical Methodology: Revised Drafts 215 Auditor´s report (internal auditor´s report) 116 Awareness of Bias 116 The Genuine, the Real, and the Authentic 216 donations at market value 117 Opinions of People 117 Diaries as a Means of Influencing History 219 Publications by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond 118 Erlander as a Cultural Consumer 223 Board of Directors 118 Erlander as Historical Personage 223 Executive Committee 119 The Uses of the Diaries 223 Finanance Committee 223 Auditing 123 new research programmes 2006 223 Review Panels 124 Knowledge Integration and Innovation in 225 Sector Committees the Globalising Economy 225 Graduate Schools 125 The Quality of Goverment (QoG) 227 Offices Institute at Göteborg University 230 Picture Captions 127 The City, the God and the Sea 232 RJ

131 new research projects 2006 132 Projects 154 Infrastructural Projects 2006

167 statistical information on research grants 172 The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 175 Infrastructure Support The Managing Director’s Commentary

he debate concerning the position and status of the humanities and social sciences, which was given additional impetus in 2005, in the wake of the latest proposed governmental bill Ton research policy, has continued with great intensity in 2006. Riksbankens Jubileumsfond has worked in close co-operation with the Royal Academy of Letters, History, and Antiquities, and the Swedish Research Council’s Humanities and Social Sciences Council during the course of 2006. This co-operation has, on a broad front, been geared towards helping to create a deeper understanding within society at large of the need for advanced academic study on issues which are of importance for the continued development of civilisation. In the Swedish Research Council’s journal Tvärsnitt (#1:06), I suggested, among other things, that “we do not always know in advance when knowledge will be needed, or which particular type of knowledge will be needed. For this reason we need a knowledge bank: a reservoir to draw from in critical situations, but which can also contribute to the continuing development of both the material and spiritual quality of life. Our perspectives need to widen towards that which we might dare to call wisdom”. In the fields of the humanities and social sciences “research can provide an understanding of and possible solutions for pressing contemporary issues. Could the crisis in Iraq, for instance, have been better handled if cultural issues had been more integrated into the strategic analysis?” On Friday 22 December 2006, a jovial EU Commissioner for Science and Research, Janez Potocnik, announced proudly on his homepage that the EU’s 7th framework programme for research and development,

including a European Research Council, was now advertising the availability of research funds amounting to a total of 4 billion euros, divided into 42 specified topics and areas. This was also a happy day for all of us at RJ. For more than five years, we have actively worked to help create a groundswell of public opinion for the establishment of a European Research Council. Our joy was no less when we, at the same time, were informed that Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, in honour of its support for European research, had been awarded the European Academy’s ninth gold medal. We are delighted to receive this great honour, which will be presented on 9 September 2007, at the annual meeting in Toledo, Spain. It is my hope that the European Research Council will inspire and spur on the humanists and social scientists in Sweden to ever greater endeavours, and, whether alone, or together with their Nordic and wider European and global colleagues to increasingly, be able to compete for this important addition to available research funds. An interdisciplinary research orientation will also serve to help in qualatative development and the international connection to above all humanist research needs to be both strengthened and improved. Such a development would also bring to the fore both relevant quality criteria and a new publicising structure, which is better adapted for the humanities and social sciences. My view, however, is that the new framework programme and the member countries’ own national budgets will not, at least within the foreseeable future, be able to create the preconditions for Europe to be able to compete with other comparable knowledge economies, such as

Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

that of the USA, and of the expanding regions in Asia. This requires the development of a different kind of “donation culture” within Europe. In accordance with this, Riksbankens Jubileumsfond has actively participated in an advisory group appointed by the EU Commission, concerning the role of foundations in the financing of Europe’s research and development. The group’s remit has been to identify and define which measures and steps should be taken nationally, and on the EU level, in order to, partly, promote the emergence of more private foundations, and also, to clear the way for additional donations to be made available to those pre-existing foundations which support research and development. The report, entitled “Giving More for Research in Europe” was presented, under the leadership of Com- missioner Potocnik, at a conference in Brussels on 27-28 March 2006. Even in Sweden new impulses are needed for the financing of research, and for research infrastructure, which is tending to become ever more costly. In this context, I would like to remind you that RJ’s tenets do allow for the possibility of additional donations to the foundation. During the past year, RJ’s interdisciplinary orientation has continued apace. The year was begun with a workshop in Rio de Janeiro on 9-10 January, in co-operation with Vice-Chancellor Candido Mendes, of the eponymous university, and came to a close with an international expert symposium, on 6-7 December, in Washington D.C. entitled “Worldviews, International Relations, and Globalisation”. This latter symposium was organised in co-operation with the Ministry for Foreign Affairs at the new ambassadorial building, the House of Sweden (page 59). At the height of summer there was an important initiative designed The Managing Director’s Commentary

to develop co-operation with China. In connection with the Swedish Ship Götheborg’s arrival in Canton (Guangdong), a symposium was arranged on 20-21 July 2006. This was a Bernard Karlgren Symposium which was arranged together with Göteborg University, and SCAS in Uppsala, and, on the Chinese side, the Chinese Academy of Social Science, the Guangdong Academy of Science, and the University of Guangdong. All parties were in agreement that the symposium was a great success. It was therefore agreed that this symposium would be followed-up by an equivalent event in Gothenburg during the forthcoming year. This Managing Director’s Commentary is my final one after 14 years work as Managing Director of Riksbankens Jubileumsfond. Thanks to a considerable input of capital (1.5 billion kronor) for culturally oriented research in 1994, and a very able management of finance during the subsequent years following the foundation’s accession to independent financial management status (in 1988), RJ has been able to play a more active role in the sponsorship of research within the humanities and social sciences. During my first year as Managing Director, in 1993, the foundation’s capital amounted to a total of roughly 2 billion kronor, with a distribution of 60 million kronor, of which only 13 million kronor could be awarded to new projects. At the end of 2006 the Foundation’s total financial resources amounted to 10 billion kronor, and during the past year no less than 327 million kronor were allocated for support for new programmes, projects, and infrastructural investment. Thanks to this propitious increase in resources, the foundation, by means of its different forms of support and special investment, not least 10 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

for younger researchers, has been able to actively improve the quality of Swedish research. It has been a joy to be a part of this development, which lies at the very heart of Swedish society. In this context it has also been self-evident to attempt to increase the forms of international academic collaboration in different contexts. As a result of this work, Riksbankens Jubileumsfond has obtained an increasingly strong position within the international academic community. As I have already indicated in connection with the recent celebrations held in my honour, both in connection with the Board’s meetings in May and October, and at a special reception on 8 December, the foundation’s successes under my leadership would hardly have been possible without the very great support that I have received from my exceptionally able and pleasant associates, and without, throughout all of the past fourteen years, an extremely understanding, supportive, and insightful board of directors. I now hand over the baton to my successor, Göran Blomqvist. In so doing, I would like to extend a very warm thank you to all those with whom I have had the privilege of co-operating during my fourteen years as Managing Director. I would also like to extend my very warmest wishes for future success to my colleague Göran.

dan brändström The Managing Director’s Commentary 11

The Incoming Managing Director As the incoming Managing Director of RJ, I realise that it would be all too easy to use tired expressions such as privilege and challenge with regard to my accession to this position. Yet rarely has the need for such phrases been as justified as in the present case. It is a genuine privilege to be able to represent a research foundation that has such a justified public reputation, and which is so highly regarded by the research community. Equally, it is indeed a challenge to attempt to live up to the expectations that rest upon a new managing director of such a prestigious body, both within and without the academic world, as well as in Sweden and the world beyond. During the next few years to come, RJ will continue its efforts to develop its research support network, expand its international activities, and to improve its follow-up work upon research which has already been initiated. It will also strive to invest even more heavily in spreading information about those results that have been attained so far. I hope that, together with the board, and my associates, I will be able to continue to promote the importance and value of research within the humanities and social sciences, and to be able to convince evermore people of the importance of these academic fields, and of their potential. In keeping with my predecessors, I hope to be able to carry out this work with the appropriate blend of perception, empathy – and determination.

göran blomqvist 82 the First Bernhard Karlgren Symposium Activities in Support of Research

iksbankens Jubileumsfond (RJ) is a foundation which supports qualified research, by means of research grants to individual researchers, or to groups of academics. The foun- Rdation plays an active role along a broad front of academic research, and the wide ranging experience of the academics on its board, and on its review panels, reflects this state of affairs. The collective experience of the foundation gives it a great proficiency in a wide variety of academic fields. It also provides it with a unique position as a multi-facetted organisation with a broad range of contacts between different research areas, as well as between academic research and other important aspects of society. Ever since the foundation’s inception, a certain precedence has been granted to research within the social sciences and the humanities, including the fields of law and theology. In particular, in recent years there has been a considerable impetus placed on research within the humanities. In general however, it has been the intention of the foundation to support both the humanities and social sciences in equal measure. In addition to this, the foundation supports research on diseases within the fields of both geriatrics and paediatrics by means of grants from the Erik Rönnberg Trust. In a few cases, the fields of science and technology are supported via collaborative projects within the humanities and social sciences. The foundation is keen to support interdisciplinary research projects in which researchers from different fields, faculties, regions, or countries participate. Many such research projects are to be found listed in the inventory of those who have been given grants.

13 14 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Procedure Riksbankens Jubileumsfond is a research foundation that actively supports research within the humanities and social sciences, including the fields of theology and law. As of 2005 this research has been financed by means of one-off grants to programmes, projects, post-doctoral initiatives, infrastructural support, as well as research initiation. The term programme is here defined as a larger group of experienced researchers who jointly carry out a research task, whilst a project is defined as a more limited research initiative, usually carried out by an individual researcher over a shorter time-frame. There are also particular post-doctoral initiatives dealing with specific issues which are financed by RJ within the framework for project support. The term research initiation refers to RJ’s support of conferences, seminars, and the creation of research networks. It is the foundation’s board of directors which authorises the awarding of grants. The grants for programmes, projects, and infrastructure are announced collectively once a year. Grants for research initiation and conferences can be applied for continuously and are considered by the Board’s Executive Committee. The review process consists of two stages. The first phase consists of a number of applications which are then selected to go forward to a second stage review process. The post- doctoral initiatives are announced and considered in a separate process. Applications for project grants are adjudicated on and prioritised within one or several of RJ’s review panels. Applications for grants for programmes are always considered in turn by at least two review panels. Each of these are comprised of some of the Board’s members and alternates (researchers and members of parliament) as well as by a number of national and international academics. In the second stage review process, the applications are examined by external expertees either within or outside the country. Those research groups which have applied for grants for programmes are called to a hearing within the second stage review process. Each application is judged in terms of qualified scientific criteria, and according to an international standard. Applications involving international collaborations are always given particular priority. In those cases of applications whose research proposals involve ethical concerns, the applications are adjudicated according to the same standards and procedures applied by the Swedish Research Council. In order to catalogue research needs and to stimulate scientific research and information exchange, RJ has established a number of so-called sector committees. These groups consist of academics from the discipline concerned, as well as representatives from the relevant societal field. The procedure is designed to be a qualified preparatory research initiative. Den forskningsstödjande verksamheten 15

In 2000 a sector committee was established for research on culture, security, and sustainable development, and which concluded its work during the past year. In 2003 a sector committee was established for research on civil society; in 2004 a sector committee was established for research on public economics, management, and leadership; and during the past year a sector committee was established for research on premodernity. The individual sector committees’ work is described further on in the annual report.

Overhead Expenses As long ago as the end of 2004, RJ’s board gave notice to the Association of Swedish Higher Education (SUHF) that it intended to withdraw from their mutual agreement concerning overhead expenses. RJ made it clear at that time that it regarded the standard overhead deduction of 35 percent as unreasonably high for non-laboratorial subjects such as those within the humanities and social sciences; when the so-called university value added tax is included, the costs exceed 46 percent. The use of a standard deduction also has substantial drawbacks on the grounds of principle: according to its founding tenets, RJ is obligated to finance research, and can therefore only use its funds to cover the actual costs that a project entails, and not any additional costs which the universities and university colleges might have. RJ’s board also emphasised the importance of the higher educational institutions taking responsibility for the extent to which they are prepared to help co-finance research. There was no reaction from the universities, or from the SUHF, to this initial missive. In May 2006 RJ’s board once again broached the topic, and decided that in future it would only compensate the higher educational institutions with 20 percent of the project costs for overhead expenses, and so-called university value added tax. This decision unleashed an angry response from the university vice chancellors and the SUHF. However, those in charge of the actual projects, the researchers, gave RJ a great deal of support. A directive was then issued from the leadership of the higher educational institutions to the individual heads of departments, and their equivalents, that they were under no circumstances to accept any project funds issued on the terms stipulated by RJ. During the late summer and autumn, RJ and the SUHF intensified their discussions, both in written form, and verbally. The SUHF, for their part, questioned whether RJ had the right to withdraw from the previously mentioned agreement, an argument that RJ rejected as tendentious. After a long period of negotiations, RJ and the SUHF agreed on 19 December 2006 to a temporary solution for 2007, the terms of which 16 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

are that RJ will pay out a total of 30.4% of the overhead costs and university value added tax for research projects. As far as the research support formats Programmes and Infrastructure are concerned, RJ and the SUHF had already come to an agreement. This stipulates that RJ’s contribution to overhead expenses, and other costs, will be decided on a case-by-case basis, as will any possible co-financing by the institutions concerned. The additional costs for RJ entailed by the 19 December agreement will be covered by those cases where researchers have been unable to utilise funds previously appropriated to them, and these funds will now revert to RJ. Also, RJ has agreed to join the SUHF’s working group for complete coverage of costs, in which representatives of the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation are to be found. In conjunction with this, RJ envisions the establishment of a future model for overhead expenses that is based upon actual and accountable costs. Furthermore, the SUHF has, in connection with the recently specified agreement, announced that it accepts that RJ as of 2008 will only finance such costs as are directly connected to the actual projects. Such costs can however both be direct and indirect. As for the distribution of costs between RJ and the higher educational institutions concerned, these will in future be dealt with as part of ongoing negotiations. These negotiations concern how the principle of complete coverage of costs is to be applied.

Follow-Up Work and Evaluations Every project awarded a grant is to be accounted for in accordance with its contractual terms of establishment. This usually means that the grant recipient hands in an academic report summarising the project, and those publications which the project has produced. This summation is to be handed in no later than 15 months after the end of the project. In addition to this, an economic report of the project is also to be handed in, via RJ’s homepage. The reports are followed up by RJ’s personnel. In addition to this formal evaluation of finished projects, there is also a continuous follow-up process and evaluation of current and recently finished projects. This examination comprises reports summarising the current situation of a project, or project visits. The latter are conducted either on-site at the relevant academic institution, or at RJ’s Offices. During 2006 there have been 20 projects which have been subject to special evaluations of this kind: 15 projects within the Jubileum Donation; 3 within the Cultural Donation; and 2 infrastructure projects. The purpose of this follow-up work has been to study the scientific results, and to evaluate the project’s structure and resource allocation. In addition to this, another goal has been, via conversations Activities in Support of Research 17

with chancellors, deans, academics, and research students, to obtain information about how they view the possibilities of current and future knowledge advancement within their relative faculty areas. During the past year, project leaders at the universities in Gothenburg, Lund, Stockholm, Umeå, Uppsala, Växjö, and Örebro have been contacted and been asked to answer questions relating to their projects. These have included: the amount of publications produced by their project; possible new research prospects; the participation of project members at national and international symposiums; invitations that project participants have received from other academic institutions; guest researchers invited to participate within the project; as well as possible educational effects, and research informational aspects, that have been generated by the project. 149 Local mass violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1992-95 Activities in Support of Research 19

Project Evaluation

Local mass violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1992-95 Review Panel 1 visited SCORE, the Stockholm Review Panel 3 chose to invite five projects to Centre for Organisational Research, which is present their results at a meeting at RJ’s Offices run jointly by Stockholm University and the on 21 November 2006. Stockholm School of Economics, on 20 October 2006. The following four projects were presented Professor Jonas Ebbesson during this visit: transnational corporations’ environmental responsibility in international Assistant Professor Claes-Fredrik Helgesson law market and evidence: knowledge and Department of Law organisation in large-scale clinical tri- Stockholm University als. Grant awarded up to and including 2005 Department of Marketing and Strategy Total awarded: 1, 500 000 kronor. Stockholm School of Economics Grant awarded up to and including 2005. Gunnela Björk, Ph.D. Total awarded: 1, 525 000 kronor. olof palme and the medialisation of politics Professor Rikard Forslid Department of Humanities globalisation and business localisation. Örebro University Department of Economics Grant awarded up to and including 2005 Stockholm University Total awarded: 1, 600 000 kronor. Grant awarded up to and including 2004 Total awarded: 1, 670 000 kronor. Assistant Professor Birgitta Ney the costumes of the sketch writer: Professor Daniel Thorburn female reporters’ political columns in modern statistical examination method- the swedish daily press during the early ology: a network. decades of the twentieth century. Department of Statistics Center for Gender Studies Stockholm University Stockholm University Grant awarded up to and including 2005 Grant awarded up to and including 2005 Total awarded: 14, 900 000 kronor. Total awarded: 700 000 kronor.

Rita Bredefelt, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Torbjörn Spaak economics, identity, and tradition in relativism in jurisprudence. jewish women and men, 1920-1970. a gen- Department of Law der dependent assimilation process. Uppsala University Department of Economic History Grant awarded up to and including 2006 Stockholm University Total awarded: 1, 300 000 kronor. Grant awarded up to and including 2002 Total awarded: 1, 658 850 kronor. 20 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Ylva Stubbergaard, Ph.D. Marta Ronne, Ph.D. the importance of the public sector for stylistic elegance. margit abenius as the political inclusion of women immi- researcher, literary critic, and cultur- grants. al authority. a study of gender, canon, Department of Political Science and career strategies in swedish liter- Lund University ary criticism, 1930-1970. Grant awarded up to and including 2005 Center for Gender Research, Uppsala University Total awarded: 1, 000 000 kronor. Grant awarded up to and including 2007. Total awarded: 825 000 kronor.

Review Panel 4 visited Uppsala University Library Ann Öhrberg, Ph.D. on 20 September. The programme began with a rhetoric and anti-rhetoric. presentation of the ABM Projects, connected to rhetorical change in sweden during the trainee appointments, which were recently awar- eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. ded to the University Library and the Institute Department of Literature for Language and Folklore (SOFI): Uppsala University Grant awarded up to and including 2009. Maja Larsson, Ph.D. Total awarded: 2, 700 000 kronor. male authority and embodiment at the turn of the nineteenth century. a study Professor Erik Kjellberg of medicine, power, and intentionality. the düben collection. a european musi- Location: Uppsala University Library. cal treasure trove from the seventeenth century. Anna Fredriksson Adman, Ph.D. Department of Music the influence of classical literature on Uppsala University academic discourse in uppsala disserta- Grant awarded up to and including 2006 tions, 1600-1850. Total awarded: 2, 000 000 kronor. Location: Uppsala University Library.

Lennart Ryman, Ph.D. Review Panel 4 also visited the Swedish Film semantics, syntax, and morphology in Institute and Täby Church on 26 September for names in old swedish and older new swe- presentations of the following projects: dish. Location: The Institute for Language and Managing Director Åse Kleveland Folklore (SOFI). bergman interface Swedish Film Institute Grant awarded up to and including 2009. After this the group received presentations of the Total awarded: 4, 000 000 kronor. following projects: Activities in Support of Research 21

Professor Thomas Hall Professor Daniel Lindmark albertus pictor. a painter of his time. the domesticisation of religion: popu- Department of History of Art lar religious feeling in the nordic Stockholm University sphere, 1600-1800. Grant awarded up to and including 2006. Department of Historical Studies Total awarded: 5, 063 000 kronor. Umeå University Grant awarded up to and including 2005. Total awarded: 2, 160 000 kronor. Review Panel 5 invited the following five projects to RJ’s Offices on 12 October, to present their Professor Kristian Kristiansen findings, and to engage in a discussion with the household, settlement, and territory group: during the late prehistoric era, 2300- 300 bc. a comparative project based at: Professor Sten Lindström monte polizzo, sicily; szazhalombatta, mathematic ontology and knowledge hungary; and tanum and kivik, sweden. theory: a critical analysis of the neo- Department of Archaeology fregean movement in mathematical phi- Göteborg University losophy. Grant awarded up to and including 2007. Department of Philosophy and Linguistics Total awarded: 8, 400 000 kronor Umeå University Grant awarded up to and including 2005. Total awarded: 6, 150 000 kronor.

Assistant Professor Gunlög Fur gender and colonisation in lapland: sami women on lapland councils. The School of Humanities Växjö University Grant awarded up to and including 2007. Total awarded: 1, 352 000 kronor.

Professor Henrik Björck scientific hat parade: the organisation of doctoral research as institution and policy area, 1870-1969. ISAK Göteborg University Grant awarded up to and including 2006. Total awarded: 1, 105 000 kronor. 22 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Grants for Research Projects and Infrastructural Support Riksbankens Jubileumsfond has, during the past year, awarded roughly 327 million kronor in grants for research purposes, which can be seen in the table “Awarded Research Grants 2006 per Trust”, (p.168), and “Statistical Information on Awarded Funds for Research” (p.167). The budgeted level of research has, owing to the favourable financial situation, been able to be increased as compared to the previous year. New grants that have been awarded from the Jubileum Donation are presented on page 169. The grants awarded from the Cultural Donation to programmes as well to continuous applications were the same size as in previous years. The level of applications remains very high. At the time of this year’s application deadline a total of 736 applications for new projects had been submitted, together with 35 applications for large programmes from the Jubileum Trust, which is a total of 104 fewer than the previous year. Out of these applications 39 projects received financing, and 3 programmes were created. The three programmes are presented on page 123 . The grants for the programmes were awarded after a thorough review panel process. Apart from the usual qualitative evaluation by the review panels concerned, and by external expertees, a hearing was also conducted with the eight highest ranking research groups. In terms of the programmes, special agreements were made with the recipient institutions for the payment of overheads. Infrastructural support refers to investment designed to promote future research. Among the new infrastructural investments there are several innovative projects that will have a noticeable effect upon RJ’s research areas. In co-operation with Göteborg University, the National Heritage Board (RAÄ) is working with a project designed to document petroglyphs. The project’s purpose is to create a national archive and register for petroglyphs in Sweden which can be a point of departure for research, preservation, and knowledge sharing. The project consists of two parts: an archival inventory of all documentation of petroglyphs in Sweden, as well as scanning and digitisation of the circa 2000 petroglyphs which have been documented by means of the so-called frottage process during the past ten years. The database will then be placed in RAÄ’s Cultural Portal, and thereby be available for research. It will in all certainty be of great significance for future Nordic research on petroglyphs. In conjunction with the fortieth anniversary of Nelly Sachs’ death, a critical edition of her collected works will be published. Each individual volume will contain a thorough scholarly commentary which will account for sources, reproduce important first drafts of individual texts, as well as provide details of important persons, places, and significant intertexts. In connection with this edition, there will also be a publication Activities in Support of Research 23

of a 250-page document of both text and images detailing her life and works. The Nelly Sachs’ Room at the National Library of Sweden, as well as parts of her estate, will be exhibited at the Literaturhaus Berlin, before moving on to Dortmund, then the Literaturhaus Frankfurt, and finally the Literaturarchiv in Marbach during the period autumn 2009 to summer 2010. The tour will come to a close at the National Library of Sweden. A number of applications for grants for digitisations of catalogues in archives and libraries have been approved. The digitisation of BiSOS (the Compilation of the Official Statistics of Sweden), the most important and thorough archive in Sweden, containing official statistics from the mid-nineteenth century until the the beginning of the twentieth century, will make it searchable by computer, and thus easily accessible. An important and relevant database is the Global Portal on War and Peace, a user-friendly portal dealing with the various conflicts in the world and the corresponding efforts to obtain peace. The portal will function as an encyclopedia on war and peace, and will be created by the Uppsala Conflict Data Programme (UCDP) at Uppsala University. The digitisation project is intended to raise the currently available database to a new level of accessibility and richness of information. Continuing support will also be given to several large international surveys. These include: the World Values Survey, which is a comparative study of people’s basic values; the European Social Survey, which is an attitudinal and behavioural survey, and which has been conducted twice in more than twenty European countries; and the International Social Survey Programme, which is a comparative project aiming to construct and carry out an internationally comparable attitude survey. Six percent of the new applications in the Jubileum Trust were awarded this year. The total proportion of approved research projects from female applicants is somewhat lower this year, as compared to previous years: 39% as compared to 43% in 2006. The foundation has, in addition to these grants, awarded 15 million kronor in grants to research initiation, conferences, and other activities (see below).

Project Visit to the Silver Museum in Arjeplog Over the course of a few cold winter days, between 1-5 March 2006, RJ organised a study trip to the Silver Museum in Arjeplog for a presentation of Assistant Professor Ingela Bergman’s project Cultural Landscapes of Mountains: Internal and External Factors in Saami Landscape Acquistion, 1-1600. The aim of the visit was to enable Managing Director Dan Brändström, together with his German colleagues, Dr. Wilhelm Krull, 24 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

of VolkswagenStiftung, Hannover, and Director Jürgen Regge, of Fritz Thyssen Stiftung, Cologne, to present and discuss similarities between Swedish and German projects within the fields of archaeology and museology. The project visit began on 2 March with a presentation by Professor Thorsten Nybom on the Swedish region “Norrland in the World”. The museum and its research were presented by the Head of the Silver Museum, Ingela Bergman. The research associates Olle Zackrisson, Lars Östlund, and Assistant Professor Lars Liedgren conducted a presentation the following day by the tree-line in Vuoggatjålme. In a temperature of –27c, they conducted a “cool flip- chart presentation” dealing with “research focusing on human activities and ecosystem processes in the high mountain area”. The project visit will in all probability lead to a reciprocal invitation from the German research foundations at a later date. During the visit there was also an opportunity to visit one of the many car testing facilities in the arctic Arjeplog area, which is being run by Robert Bosch GmbH, and by Volkswagen. In addition to this, there was a presentation of many traditional features of Sami culture, and of traditional winter fishing.

Grants for Research Initiation Riksbankens Jubileumsfond has, for a number of years, received an increased level of interest from the academic community for the provision of resources to finance large conferences, smaller seminars, and the construction of scientific networks. The Board sets aside funds earmarked for such purposes on a yearly basis, which are open to application continuously throughout the year. The applications range over a wide field: contributions to international conferences based both in Sweden and abroad; working conferences concerning new research areas; seminar workshops; and the preparation of new research programmes and projects. As part of this research initiation process, RJ regularly organises its own symposiums and seminars, occasionally together with other organisations involved in supporting the academic community, both within and outside the country. RJ also participates in different research informational activities. Examples of these include RJ’s long-term support of the research magazine Forskning och Framsteg, and support for the research society Vetenskap & Allmänhet. The foundation’s Board earmarked 10 million kronor in the budget for 2006 for the support of research initiation. Owing to the forthcoming Linnaeus anniversary celebrations these funds were bolstered by an additional 5 million kronor. During the past year there were 159 applications for research initiation, of which 98 were approved, a Activities in Support of Research 25

proportion in other words of almost two-thirds. Never before have so many research initiation grants been approved. One of the many applications for grants which was authorised was for the Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities’ focus upon archaeological objects from Cyprus, collected under the aegis of the Swedish Cyprus Expedition during the period 1927-31. The title of the conference was “Finds and Results from the Swedish Cyprus Expedition: A Gender Perspective”, and its purpose was to illuminate recent research on the history of Cyprus, which demonstrates that multiculturalism is an important tool for an understanding of the island’s particular cultural environment and status. Cyprus was a central collective port in the eastern Mediterranean, and recent excavations and studies show that this was the cause of the island’s explosive and dynamic development. The island provided a receptive meeting place for the different cultures around the Mediterranean, which resulted in the production of continually renewing hybrid cultures, and thereby an alternative value system. This cultural mix, which provides a key to understanding dynamic cultural development, is an aspect that the museum considers important to convey to a large audience, thereby providing a historical perspective on modern societal debate through the Cyprus collection. During the past year the Department of Philosophy at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm arranged a workshop on “Thomas Reid and Contemporary Philosophy of Mind” in order to discuss Reid (1710-1796) and modern philosophy of consciousness. What can the modern field learn from Thomas Reid and his particular philosophy of consciousness? Reid, who also invented Non-Euclidean geometry, is regarded as being ahead of his time in many areas. Modern theories of cause and effect are also built to a large extent on Reid’s theory and his work is currently undergoing something of a revival. The questions raised by his work are in many ways more relevant today due to the modern ability of cognitive science to investigate consciousness in a more systematic way. In October a conference was held entitled “The Role of Gender for Careers and the Writing of History”. The conference was aimed at gender historians from different disciplines, and was a meeting place for both established and newer academics. Its purpose was to reflect how women’s history and gender history in Sweden has developed during the past three decades. Many of the most prominent women’s historians and gender historians participated in the conference and contributed to a discussion about professions, careers, obstacles, and progress. The conference was arranged by SKOGH (Sweden’s Women’s and Gender Historians) together with the Departments of History and Economic History at Uppsala University. 26 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

RJ has approved funds for the project “The Countryside in Japan and Sweden” to be conducted at Umeå University. The purpose of this workshop is to deepen the scientific analysis of the development of the countryside. Its broader goal is to illuminate research as to how a new developmental paradigm can be constructed for the countryside in industrialised countries with considerable urbanisation. In both Sweden and Japan a concept such as “social capital”, allied together with traditional concepts such as “infrastructure”, “environmental quality”, “work availability”, and “knowledge”, can provide important new perspectives on the subject. Japan and Sweden have similar empirical experiences, but exhibit differences of perspective which provide a rich vein of material available to be mined in any research collaboration between the two countries. The issues which will be examined include social capital and its development, volunteer work, growth, partnership, sustainable development, decision making, and the harnessing of natural resources. A final example of grants approved for initiation research isa conference in legal anthropology which is to be held at Lund University. Legal anthropology is a fast-growing research field in Europe, North America, and Asia. Several new academic journals have been established on the subject, which connects researchers from several related fields, such as social anthropology, legal sociology, law, developmental research, sociology, and political science. The conference will deal with legal anthropology and its primary aim is to strengthen European legal anthropological research. The event is to be organised in the form of a collaboration between the Department of Social Anthropology and the Centre for Legal Sociology, together with the Department of Social Anthropology at Edinburgh University, and the London University Birkbeck Law School. The aim is to strengthen the international network, and thereby develop the research field. The theme of the conference is legal culture, human rights, family law, legal questions in developmental aid, multiculturalism, and legal systems.

The Science Festival In the past few years the Science Festival in Gothenburg has established itself as perhaps the most important manifestation of popular science in Sweden. The aim of the festival is to create a positive general attitude towards research, and to highlight its great importance for all aspects of society. This is to be achieved by means of an extensive programme of activities in both traditional and unconventional academic environments. Business Region Göteborg, Chalmers University of Technology, the business group Göteborg & Co, Göteborg University, the Knowledge Foundation, and the Swedish Research Council have so far been the main sponsors of this event. During the period 2005-07 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, together with the Royal Swedish Academy Activities in Support of Research 27

of Engineering Sciences, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Royal Academy of Letters, History, and Antiquities, and the Swedish Academy have all joined as sponsors of the Science Festival.

Nobel Symposiums Riksbankens Jubileumsfond has participated in the financing of the Nobel Foundation’s symposiums since 1966. To begin with this took place in the form of yearly grants. Nowadays the symposiums are entirely financed by means of the interest generated by a special symposium trust within the Nobel Foundation. This trust was initiated in 1979 by a founding donation comprising a three-year grant from Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, by means of subsidies and royalties from the Nobel Foundation’s own informational activities, as well as by four annual bursaries from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. The symposiums are organised by a committee composed of representatives from the five Nobel Committees, the Economics Award Committee, Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, and the Wallenberg Foundation, with the managing director of the Nobel Foundation serving as chairperson. So far there have been 134 Nobel Symposiums. They have been devoted to cutting edge academic fields of great cultural and social import, and are internationally recognised as being of significance.

Stipends One of the phrases of RJ’s tenets specifies that “there is no hindrance towards extra funds being donated to the foundation by private individuals”. The foundation received such a private donation in 1992 from the estate owner Erik Rönnberg, of Fagerdal in Hammerdal, who passed away in 2000. The donation is now part of RJ’s wealth trust, and is managed together with other assets. The value of the donation at the end of 2006 was estimated to be circa 20 million kronor. The interest will be paid out by RJ “in the form of three-year research stipends (so- called post-doctoral stipends) to younger researchers at the Karolinska Institute (KI) in Stockholm for the scientific study of geriatric and geriatrically-related diseases”. Angel Cedaz-Minguez is the stipend recipient for the period 1 January 2006-31 December 2008. Another private donation was received by the foundation from Erik Rönnberg at the end of 1994, with an additional supplement received at the end of 1996. The new donation was valued at 2.5 million kronor, and will be, as with previous donations, a part of RJ’s wealth trust, and be managed along with RJ’s other assets. The collected market value was estimated at the turn of the year to be 6 million kronor. The interest accrued from the new donation is to be distributed by RJ “in the form of three-year research stipends (so-called post-doctoral stipends) to younger researchers at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm for scientific studies of paediatric illnesses”. Kajsa Bohlin is the receipient of the stipend for the period 1 January 2006-31 December 2008. 28 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Nils-Eric Svensson’s Trust was founded in 1993, and is to last, according to a decision made by the Board of Directors, until the end of 2015. In accordance with the Board’s decision, RJ is to set aside an annual sum so that at least 150 000 kronor, in the value of 1994’s currency, can be paid out to researchers. The objective of Nils-Eric Svensson’s Trust is, by means of stipends, to promote a mutual research exchange programme within Europe. Nils- Eric Svensson’s Trust is to provide the possibility for younger Swedish post-doctoral researchers to travel to, and for a shorter period have a residency in, an advanced European research environment, as well as for younger European researchers to have an equivalent residency at a Swedish research institute. The jury which selected the Swedish stipend recipients consisted of Professors Eva Österberg (chairperson), Claes G. Alvstam, Christina Garsten, Eva Haettner Aurelius, and Rutger Lindahl, whilst Managing Director Dan Brändström presented the reports. The third stipend recipient is to be selected subsequent to suggestions from independent European research foundations associated with the so-called Hague Club. The latter’s board nominates a candidate annually, whereupon RJ’s Presidium takes the formal decision to award the stipend. However, no nomination was received from the Hague Club during the past year. At an awards ceremony in the riksdag on 23 March 2006, two recipients of stipends from the Nils-Eric Svensson Trust were singled out. The stipends were awarded to: Martin Svensson Ekström, Ph.D., of Stockholm University. He intends to travel to Paris and conduct research at the Centre Louis Gernet in order to complete his comparative project on Classical, Chinese, and Greek Literature and Metaphor Theory. Åsa Wetterberg, Ph.D., of Karlstad University. She is to be a researcher at the European University Institute in Florence. She aims to conduct a comparative study of asylum recipience in three European cities: Bologna, Glasgow, and Gothenburg. The stipends (of 100 000 kronor each) were awarded by Ulla Kalén- Svensson, widow to the late Nils-Eric Svensson. In recent years, RJ has begun to acquire a similar foundational structure to that of larger foundations in countries such as Finland, France, and Germany. This is a result of the donations which, during recent years, have been left to RJ for management, and which today are managed along with its basic fund. The form of joint management which these trusts give rise to contributes to an effective wealth management, at the same time as a professional distribution of grants for academic research is guaranteed. A critical edition of Nelly Sachs collected works in four volu- 158 mes, including a documentation of her life and works 30 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Research in Art and Assistant Professor Henrik Karlsson was appointed as a consultant for the Performing Arts RJ in order to follow research development within the field of art and the performing arts. This consultative position has also involved acting as RJ’s representative in Stiftelsen Skapande Människa (the Creative Humanity Foundation) stipend committee. He has also been an additional member of the foundation’s Board of Directors (see page 34). On 30 November – 1 December, RJ organised a seminar together with the Swedish-Finnish Cultural Foundation and the House of Design in Hällefors, with 120 participants under the title: “Strategic Design: Sustainable Development, Design, and New Material”. The starting point was the Swedish-Finnish Cultural Foundation’s successful bilateral stipend project “Designers in Dialogue”, a project that has now come to an end. Nine of the project’s 24 stipend recipients participated in the seminar. Apart from presentations of the stipend projects, the seminar focused on new materials (wood, textiles, and glass), on design for sustainable development, and on contacts between researchers, financiers, and designers. The majority of the participants were professionally active in the field as designers, teachers, and material developers. In addition to this, a group of about 30 students participated from the design courses in Hällefors. Henrik Karlsson supervised the planning of the seminar, assisted by Lena Holger of the Swedish-Finnish Cultural Foundation and the National Museum, and Lars Wieselgren from the House of Design. The second part of the seminar was introduced and moderated by Dan Brändström. During the year Karlsson has made an inventory of the doctoral projects currently in progress at art schools and schools for the performing arts. He found about 70 doctoral dissertation projects with explicit artistic and practical elements. Six of the doctoral candidates concerned acquired their doctorates during 2006. Karlsson notes in his report to RJ that the dissertation topics in the majority of cases are clearly interdisciplinary, both in their subject matter and in their methodology, and that the dissertations, owing to formal criteria (the right of examination) have had to be put forward within one specific university department, in every case with only a single opponent. At a couple of public defences this has led to the opponent, being limited to their own specialised field of expertise, only being able to touch upon half or less of the dissertation’s actual content. The examining committees have been composed from a wider academic spectrum, but the choice of opponent is decisive if there is to be the possibility of initiating a qualified academic discussion, and of evaluating a new field of research. As a consequence, Henrik Karlsson has concluded that a single faculty opponent is insufficient to the task. In addition, under the current system, he believes that academic dissertations are being inadequately examined. This is because they are not being discussed in their entirety Activities in Support of Research 31

during public defences; in other words, that their interdisciplinary aspects are not being addressed. Furthermore, Karlsson has found that in no cases have the qualitative aspects of the dissertations been discussed at public defences. This is remarkable given that considerable elements, and a growing proportion of the dissertations, consist of artistic production (such as artefacts, films, and exhibitions), or practical aspects. The artistic elements in the dissertations however, were fewer than expected. In some cases they were added as a supplement to the main dissertation text (in the form of a CD, for instance); in others as a separate exhibition at a different location. Several of the dissertations could easily have been presented within other existing disciplines as entirely adequate textual dissertations, such as within the fields of cultural studies, gender studies, ethnology, and so on. Such an arrangement might perhaps also be an advantage, since it might lead to the conventional dissertation format within the humanities being renewed and developed. Henrik Karlsson believes that the fields of research in art, and research in the performing arts, should be consolidated as a preparatory measure. This needs to be done before the next proposed government bill on the organisation of university research, not least because of the expansion and the investment that is taking place internationally within these artistic fields. In this context the evaluation of the Swedish Research Council’s grants for the research and development of art and the performing arts 2001-05, which is to be presented at the beginning of 2007, will be of great import. Karlsson’s report goes on to say that, if the Swedish art schools and schools for the performing arts began to co-operate more intensively, and abandoned their traditional territorial concerns, rooted as they are in professional roles and artistic forms that are becoming increasingly outdated, a Swedish embryo of research in these fields could begin to be developed. The beginnings of a more flexible attitude are starting to show that do not merely copy the “academisation” that the field has developed in British universities, and such beginnings can be seen also in Finland and Denmark. The development and consolidation of a particular Swedish variant could possibly generate both more interesting research and more interesting art and performing arts. This presupposes, however, that the art schools, schools for performing arts, colleges, and projects, all jointly make an effort to themselves produce the “corpus” of texts and documents that the fields so desperately need, and to identify, and clarify their own “paradigm”. Yet this in turn presupposes that the art schools and schools for performing arts, and their respective art forms, immediately begin to co-operate with the aesthetic disciplines for mutual support, exchange, and inspiration. Karlsson emphasises that the artistic subjects need the humanities in order to receive assistance with writing and analysis, and 32 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

that the humanities is a more suitable field with which to co-operate than the fields of medicine, technology, and science. The humanities in turn need to co-operate with the field of art, and the performing arts, in order to escape the endless theorising and ivory tower syndrome that is all too often characteristic of the former’s field, and which has petrified the aesthetic subjects which most closely approximate the fields of art and the performing arts. The development of both research projects and forms of presentation would benefit from such an interaction.

Cultural Policy University education in the humanities, both on an undergraduate Research and a post-graduate level, is, as a matter of course, of fundamental importance for knowledge accumulation within the cultural sphere. It plays a similar role to the so-called ABM institutions (archives, libraries, and museums) which are responsible for the documentation, preservation, and illumination of cultural materials, and which possess a certain degree of research and investigative activities of their own. However, there is a considerable lack of communication between research conducted within the universities, and that conducted at these public institutions, and a certain degree of mistrust as to what can be “produced” by the respective areas. For many years now, RJ has devoted considerable resources to the ABM institutions, by, for instance, grants for infrastructure and projects, but also by means of participation in the production of reports, and the holding of debates and conferences to do with the acquisition of knowledge within the field. RJ has had a long co-operation with the Royal Academy of Letters, History, and Antiquities concerning, among other things, the Graduate School at the Nordic Museum, and the post-doctoral trainee programme at different institutions within the cultural domain (page 45), the latter of which started during the past year. By means of its international activities, RJ has come into close contact with so-called cultural policy observers, a type of network institute for dialogue and communication concerning, for example, cultural statistics and research for participants in society at large. Several of the country’s leading cultural researchers have, in different contexts, argued that Sweden requires a new collective initiative for knowledge acquisition within the cultural sphere. This is especially important owing to the fact that Sweden has now declined from the internationally leading position it occupied in the cultural sphere in the 1980s and 1990s. Since no initiatives from the government or the state authorities have materialised with regard to this, RJ decided during autumn 2005 to initiate a broad discussion surrounding the need for, and purpose of, a cultural policy institute. Based on the opinions expressed at, for instance, an international seminar concerning these questions, the Board of Directors decided on 8 December 2005 to assign Activities in Support of Research 33

the task of planning and establishing an institute (SweCult) for, among other things, research co-operation, research communication, and the initiation of practical grassroots level research, to Professor Svante Beckman of Culture Studies (Tema Q), at Linköping University. The work began in spring 2006. Beckman and his associates have had a large number of co-operative discussions with relevant research environments in Sweden, including the closely related organisations: Nordicom (Nordic Information Centre for Communication and Media Research) in Gothenburg; the Centre for Cultural Policy Research in Borås; the Centre for Cultural Economics in Kalmar; the Service Management Programme in Helsingborg; the Stockholm School of Economics; the School of Arts and Communication (K3) at Malmö University; and the Advanced Cultural Studies Institute of Sweden in Linköping, as well as other organisations. The employer perspective has been discussed at sessions with: the Swedish National Council for Cultural Affairs; Sweden’s municipalities and county councils; the Arts and Business Sweden foundation; and the Swedish Joint Committee for Artistic and Literary Professionals (KLYS), as well as other interest groups within this field. A collaboration has been established with leading Nordic institutes in the cultural policy sphere, such as: CUPORE (the Foundation for Cultural Policy Research) in Helsinki; the Centre for Cultural and Sports Studies at Telemark University College, Norway; and the Centre for Cultural Policy Studies at the Royal School of Library and Information Science in Copenhagen. A European collaboration has also been established with ERICarts (the European Cultural Policy Research Institute) by means of SweCult, together with the Swedish National Council for Cultural Affairs, taking on responsibility for the annual update of ERICarts’ and the Council of Europe’s compendium on trends in European cultural policy. Thirty- five countries are participating in this project, which is the best and most well-established network for cultural policy information exchange in Europe. As one of its first initiatives, SweCult has established a collaboration with an international network for cultural statistical information exchange, initiated by Sten Månsson. SweCult was presented at the conference “Cultural Observatory Retreat” in Budapest at the end of November. SweCult has also established an agreement with the European Cultural Foundation (ECF) to take on the review panel process for the presentation of the annual “Cultural Policy Research Award”. A number of international research contacts have been established, by means of, for instance: Tema Q’s research programme “Culture Unbound”; Tema Q’s project on Marie Curie concerning European museum policy; and the ESF conference “Cities and Media”, which was conducted under the aegis of Tema Q in October 2006. 34 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

During 2007 SweCult will be starting a Swedish research database, developing a homepage together with many external links, issuing an information folder, as well as organising a large national seminar for researchers and field workers in the cultural policy sphere. In addition to this a journal is to be launched entitled Contemporary Culture in Sweden [“KulturSverige”]. This will be published on a regular basis, and aims to provide a broad perspective on and critical discussion of contemporary trends within the cultural domain. SweCult has already established itself as an important protagonist in both the national and international cultural policy sphere, in terms of research collaboration as well as more policy oriented activities. Sweden has been lacking a central medium in this regard, and Tema Q is able here to contribute with its own organisational experience as well as with its broad network of contacts. The board has therefore decided to award the project 3 million kronor for period 2007-2009.

Stiftelsen Skapande The board of Stiftelsen Skapande Människa decided in 2004 to cease its Människa (the activities as of the tenth year of its existence (2006) and to hand over its Creative Humanity “spiritual and material inheritance” to RJ. The last awards ceremony was Foundation) arranged together with Uppsala University on 17 October, on the topic “Creativity: The Meeting of Art and Science”. For this event a 62-page richly illustrated anniversary publication was produced, containing the text and images of all 27 stipend recipients, and a number of articles within the fields of art and science. At the closing of the eventMs Birgitta Dahl, Chairperson of the Foundation, entrusted its ”material and immaterial capital” to Managing Director Dan Brändström. The official handover of the Foundation’s capital will take place together with the annual accounts for 2006.

The 2007 Linnaeus In 2007 it will be the three hundredth anniversary of Carl Linnaeus’ Celebration birth in Stenbrohult in Småland. He was one of Sweden’s most versatile and internationally influential scientists, particularly within the field of botany. RJ has, in addition to earlier commitments, such as, for instance, the publication of Linnaeus’ letters, set aside 5 million kronor for different events and projects to mark the anniversary. Uppsala university has received a contribution of 500 000 kronor for the upgrading of Linnaeus’ legacy: the Linnaeus Garden, Linnaeus’ Hammarby, and Linnaeus’ Orangery and Baroque Garden. This contribution will also cover various activities throughout the year, in particular the celebration on 23 May, Linnaeus’ birthday. The national organisation for the 2007 Linnaeus Celebrations has been awarded 2, 500 000 kronor. This is to be used to fund a photographic exhibition by Mattias Klum entitled “In the Footsteps of Linnaeus’, and a Linnaeus exhibition at the Chelsea Flower Show in London, among other things. Contributions have Activities in Support of Research 35

also been made for symposiums on “Plants and Animals as Sources of Cures” (KVA), “Linnaeus’ Scientific Correspondence”, and “Linnaeus and Homo Religious”, the latter two of which will both take place at Uppsala University. RJ has also awarded grants for a critical edition of Diarium Surinamicum, Linneaus’ disciple Daniel Rolander’s report from Surinam, with a cultural and natural historical commentary, which will be edited by Professor Arne Jönsson, of Lund University. Other examples of funding include a science history study of Linneaus’ influence, to be conducted by Per Frankelius, Doctor of Economics at Örebro University, as well as a new edition of Linnaeus’ Öland and Gotland Journey, edited by Marita Jonsson, Ph.D.

Project 2010 In last year’s Annual Report (on page 42) there was a mention of two exploratory projects concerning the future higher educational system. One project, the University of the Future, was initiated by the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, and was completed at a seminar on 8 June 2006. The other university project came about as the result of an initiative by the Swedish Research Council and RJ, and was entitled University 2010. Managing Director Dan Brändström was the Chairperson and Lars Ekholm was the Secretary of the project. The work was completed on 26 April 2006, without a final summary report owing to the appointment of Dan Brändström as Chairperson of the Committee on Resource Allocation to Higher Educational Institutions. The Project 2010 investigations ordered by Vice-Chancellor Eskil Frank and the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education have however been submitted.

Graduate Schools The Graduate Thirty doctoral students, studying English, French, and German, have School for Modern participated in Riksbankens Jubileumsfond’s Graduate School for Languages Modern Languages, which started in autumn 1999. The joint activities within the Graduate School have since come to an end. Nineteen of the doctoral students had completed their studies by the end of 2006, which is a satisfactory result. The Co-Ordinator of the Graduate School, Professor Lars-Gunnar Andersson of Göteborg University, estimates that an additional 5 students will have gained their doctorates by the end of the 2006-07 academic year. During the autumn of 2007, RJ will be organising a conference for the participants in the Graduate School, together with the teachers and supervisors, in order to follow-up its results. 36 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

The Graduate School During 2006 the Graduate School in Mathematics Education has pro- in Mathematics duced its first eight doctorates, entirely according to schedule. This year Education also saw the closure of the Graduate School after a five-year span of activities. In order to mark the closure of the Graduate School there was an external conference on 25-26 October 2006, at Linköping University. The purpose of the Jubilee Conference, which was inaugurated by Dan Brändström, was primarily to present a general picture of the research conducted at the Graduate School. Mathematics education specialists, mathematicians, teacher trainers, doctoral students, teachers, and other interested parties from across the country participated in the conference, apart from the doctoral students and supervisors from the Graduate School itself. The eight candidates from the Graduate School who had recently gained their doctorates, or who were about to do so, participated with short presentations and subsequent discussions about their research. The internationally prominent researchers in mathematics education, Gilah Leder from La Trobe University, Australia, and Anna Sierpinska from Concordia University, Canada, both gave well- received lectures on graduate education and on research in mathematics education. They have both also served as external supervisors for the Graduate School. The Educational Research Committee at the Swedish Research Council has supported the Graduate School with two large donations, and its Chairperson, Professor Ulf P. Lundgren, participated in the Jubilee Conference. The Graduate School organised a conference entitled “Leadership, Career Paths, and Academic Qualifications” for the doctoral students for two days in March. The Vice-Chancellor of the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Margareta Bergendahl Norell, participated at this conference, as did several of the Graduate School’s supervisors. The majority of the doctoral candidates completed their course work in 2004, which was why the Graduate School did not organise a joint course for 2006. During autumn 2005 Professor Ole Skovsmose, of Aalborg University, carried out an evaluation of the Graduate School, at the Graduate School’s own request. His starting point was the doctoral dissertations which had been put forward at that time. His report was published in 2006 (Ole Skovsmose, Graduate School in Mathematics Education, Research Report in Mathematics Education. No. 1, 2006. The Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University). Twenty doctoral students in total have participated in the Graduate School during 2006, each of whom belong to one of the ten different University Colleges or Universities which participate in the Graduate School project, from Luleå in the north, to Kristianstad in the south. The majority of doctoral students applied to their respective educational Activities in Support of Research 37

seats as doctoral students, and began in the Graduate School at its inception in August 2001. In January 2004 an additional three doctoral students began at the Graduate School. For those doctoral students who began their research careers at the inception of the Graduate School in 2001, the 2005-06 academic year was their fifth and final year with a doctoral post. Eight of them had successful public defences in 2006: the first was Kristina Juter of Kristianstad University College in April, and the last two were in December. The opponents have all been well-established academics with a mathematics education background, and came from Sweden, Denmark, Israel, the United Kingdom, and Canada. The examining committees have in every case been composed of both mathematicians and mathematics education specialists. All eight graduates gained employment soon after graduation in jobs related to the subject matter of their dissertations, at universities and university colleges, as well as within government authorities or local school authorities. In addition two doctoral students have obtained the Swedish licentiate´s degree during 2006. For these two students the licentiate´s degree represents the completion of their doctoral studies for the time being at least. The remaining ten doctoral students have, variously, been accepted to the doctoral programme at a later date, taken time off for maternity or paternity leave, or been delayed in their academic pursuits by reason of illness. These will be continuing their studies, aiming for a doctoral or licentiate´s degree at a later date. Four of them have already obtained a licentiate´s degree, as a partial step towards obtaining a doctoral degree. These ten doctoral students’ posts will continue to be financed with funds from the original RJ grant. The Graduate School has continued to finance the doctoral students’ positions during 2006, and also supplied financial assistance to their departments for supplemental costs, such as supervision and travel. The Management Board has had meetings on four occasions in 2006 in order to make decisions on the organisation, budget, and annual accounts. The Co-Ordinator completed his management remit at the end of 2006, and has, as his final task, to write the summary report of the Graduate School’s activities. This report will be completed by early 2007, and will be made available either via the internet or as a published report. RJ has decided that the remaining funds for the Graduate School are to be managed by the Mathematics Department of Stockholm University as of 2007. These funds are earmarked for the remaining doctoral students’ positions.

Valuing the public goods of the agricultural landscape 136 40 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

The Swedish School of Research on Asia belongs to the most international aspects of the Advanced Asia-Pacific humanities and the social sciences. RJ has been collaborating with the Studies (SSAAPS) Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (STINT) since 2001, and together they have invested resources in order to bolster the academic level in Sweden in this field. Their joint investment during the past five years amounts to 30 million kronor in total, covering a graduate school, post-doctoral posts, guest researcher programmes, international conferences, the initiation of new research, and network building between Swedish academic environs and the international research community. Its guiding light has been the goal of obtaining the highest possible levels of academic achievement as well as the greatest possible support for Swedish research in an international context. Professor Thommy Svensson has been the Co-Ordinator since 1 July 2003, while firstly Malin Flobrink, and subsequently Katarina Wiberg, both of STINT, have served as administrative resources. RJ’s representative has been research secretary Kjell Blückert, who has been an additional member of the Management Board. STINT has been represented by Managing Director Roger Svensson. There have been nine doctoral students in the SSAAPS’ Graduate School, who were selected in national applicant rounds during 2002 and 2003. The doctoral student posts have been financed on a 50-50 basis together with the universities. The graduate school has supplied external supervisors, funds for travel in Asia, a supervisory boarding school, and research courses that have also been open to other doctoral students. During 2006 there was an intensive three-day research retreat with international expertise, during which all currently active research projects were discussed. A similar retreat had been organised the previous year. The first of the doctoral students to gain his Ph.D., Patrik Ström, of Göteborg University, was awarded one of RJ’s Pro Futura stipends in 2005. Since then both Yun Lihong of Örebro University, and Kristina Göransson of Lund University have graduated. There are expected to be an additional two graduations in 2007. It is estimated that almost all the doctoral dissertations will be completed within the stipulated time-frame. The programme supports the most promising young researchers by means of three post-doctoral posts of two years duration, after which the post is renewed for an additional two years. This four-year time frame includes an obligatory year abroad at one of the leading academic centres in the field. The recipients have spent their year abroad at, variously: the Center for Chinese Studies at the University of California at Berkeley (Maria Heimer, Uppsala); the Southeast Asia Program at Cornell University (Johan Lindquist, Stockholm); and the China Center for Economic Research at Peking University (Christer Activities in Support of Research 41

Ljungwall, Göteborg). All three recipients have ensured their ability to continue to conduct research before their time at SSAAPS runs out by means of faculty or research council grants, or by financial assistance from the private sector. The Swedish research community has recently been organised by means of national conferences and disciplinary get-togethers which have been held with the aim of developing co-operation between academic institutions. A two-day seminar dealing with the future of research on China within the field of economics, is to be followed by a similar seminar with academic representatives from the fields of peace studies and international politics in early 2007. The aim is to promote Asia as a field of study within the standard university curriculum and in the courses offered by individual departments. SSAAPS’ international workshop programme encompassed a total of six workshops in 2006: Lund in March; Stockholm in May; Mölle in June; Guiyang, China in September; Uppsala in October; and Stockholm in November. These all examined the various problematics involved in contemporary research, with a particular emphasis on different aspects of the rapid development in China. These gatherings have both strengthened research networks, and are also expected in several cases to result in publications in international journals. SSAAPS is part of the European Alliance for Asian Studies, together with: the School of Oriental and African Studies in London; the Science-Po in Paris; the International Institute of Asian Studies in Leiden, Holland; and the German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Institut für Asienkunde, in Hamburg. SSAAPS contributes within this framework to the financing of the advanced Asia-Europe Workshop Series, together with the Asia-Europe Foundation in Singapore. There were seven specialised workshops organised within this series during 2006. These took place in Singapore, Hanoi, Berlin, Brussels, and Hamburg, as well as two in Thailand. All of these workshops focused upon joint contemporary issues in Europe and Asia. SSAAPS’ winter conference in October 2005 in Beijing on “Economic Development and Social Policy”, gathered roughly 30 Swedish professors, post-doctoral researchers, and doctoral students, together with important Chinese academics at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences as well as the universities in the Beijing region. Following this conference, SSAAPS has begun a strategic support of contemporary research on China. This support encompassed during 2006 the financing of a handful of Chinese guest researchers at Swedish university departments, seed money for the advancement of Swedish-Chinese research projects, and workshops dealing with, among other things: media and journalism; migration and social exclusion; legislation and the justice system; as well as anomalies in 42 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

China’s financial system. In September 2006, SSAAPS arranged a large international conference entitled: “New Asian Dynamics in Science, Technology, and Innovation”, which was held in Denmark, together with the Nordic Institute of Asia Studies, and other collaborative partners. Its goal is to give a strategic impetus during the forthcoming year to increased research on the rapid development of science, technology, and research and development in, for example, Japan, China, Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore. The SSAAPS programme was evaluated during 2006, and the results it has achieved were judged to be successful. As a direct result, STINT has decided to increase its financial support by an additional 7.5 million kronor for the coming three years. RJ has also decided to award 6 million kronor to finance two three-year post-doctoral posts during the same period. The ambition is to enable SSAAPS to branch out into other research areas, as well as to strengthen its collaboration with other important organisations focusing on Asia outside the academic sphere. The programme can be studied in detail at: www.stint.ssaaps.se The Nordic Museum Graduate School The Nordic Museum’s Graduate School for Museum Employees was started in autumn term 2002, and is currently in its fifth year. The Graduate School is jointly financed with the Royal Academy for Letters, History, and Antiquities, with RJ as the main financial sponsor. The total financial sponsorship from RJ for the Graduate School amounts to 26 million kronor, and the first six public defences are expected to take place during the 2007-08 academic year. In addition to the eleven doctoral students who were originally accepted to the programme, another two students joined as of spring term 2005. The programme has been successful and has elicited positive reactions and expectations within the entire ABM sector. It has also been singled out in the Riksdag’s 2005 decision on research policy. The Riksdag’s decision was based on the latest proposed government bill on research policy, emanating from the Department of Education and Culture. Both those in charge of the Graduate School, as well as its financial backers, have on several occasions emphasised to the Riksdag, and also to the Department of Education and Culture, the continuing need for initiatives of this kind, designed to improve the academic level in the field. A series of important arguments regarding this issue have been highlighted in the journal Research & Museums [Forskning & Museer] (2006), which have been authored by Assistant Professor Sten Rentzhog, the Chairperson of the Graduate School’s Management Board. During 2006, the Graduate School has had meetings based around thematic reading courses and presentational seminars. During the period 15-18 May, it gathered for a retreat in Vaxholm for a theoretical seminar Activities in Support of Research 43

featuring, among others, Professors Henry Glassie and Pravina Shukla of Indiana University, as well as the doctoral student Ana Iuga, from the university in Cluj, Rumania. Professor Glassie held two seminars, one of which was a collaboration with the Graduate School and Stockholm University. On 27 September the annual planning day was held at the Nordic Museum, together with the doctoral students, the employers, and the supervisors. One of the issues discussed was: “How can the university retain contacts with the individual doctoral student and the museum in the future?” Professor Birgitta Skarin-Frykman and Senior Lecturer Thomas Germundsson held the opening address. On 27-29 November, a theoretical seminar was held at a retreat in Mariestad on the subject “The Cultural Landscape”. The event was planned together with the Department of Conservation at Göteborg University, and was the Graduate School’s final major gathering. The seminar participants included Professors Lars Arvidsson and Ola Wetterberg, as well as researchers from the Department of Conservation. In addition to this, the graduate school was visited by the Head of Tanzania’s National Heritage Board, D.M.K. Karamba, who lectured on the maintenance of cultural inheritance in a postcolonial perspective. The Graduate School is run by a Management Board appointed by RJ and the Nordic Museum. Its members are composed of: the Chairperson, Asst. Professor Sten Rentzhog; Professor Janken Myrdal, of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Professor Ulf Sporrong from the Royal Academy of Letters, History, and Antiquities; Professor Birgitta Svensson of the Nordic Museum and Stockholm University; Professor Eva Österberg of Lund University; Management Leader Christina Mattson of the Nordic Museum; Research Director Mats Rolén from RJ; and Ulrich Lange, Ph.D., of the Nordic Museum, who serves as Secretary and Co-Ordinator.

Post-Doctoral Initiatives Pro Futura III and IV Pro Futura is a post-doctoral programme which provides particularly promising young researchers with an extended period of financing for pure research, as well as residencies at advanced international academic environments. The stipends are thus able to provide their recipients with significant opportunities to advance within their chosen field of research. RJ has also established a three-year post-doctoral research post earmarked for premodern or early modern history, history of ideas, or church history. In order to pay tribute to RJ’s Chairperson, Professor Eva Österberg, who will be stepping down as Chair of the foundation, RJ has elected to establish a post-doctoral research post in her name. This award was unveiled at the banquet for RJ’s Board of Directors at the Nordic Museum on 26 October, at which time the post was symbolically handed 44 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

over to her. To honour Dan Brändström, and thank him for his 14 successful years as Managing Director of the foundation, the board has decided to establish two three-year post-doctoral fellowships in his name for younger researchers specialising in global management and international organisations. The posts were symbolically handed over to him by the foundation’s Chairperson Daniel Tarschys at the reception the Board had arranged to mark Dan Brändström’s retirement at the end of 2006. The reception took place on 8 December. European Foreign and Security Policy Studies In 2004 RJ established a post-doctoral programme, together with the Italian foundation Compagnia di San Paolo, and the German foundation VolkswagenStiftung, dedicated to the memory of Anna Lindh. The programme is four years in duration and aims to finance about one hundred young researchers within the fields of foreign and security policy. Riksbankens Jubileumsfond has set aside 20 million kronor for this programme. The programme, entitled “European Foreign and Security Policy Studies”, has recently issued a call for applications from all over Europe for the third successive year. The aim of the programme is to enable young researchers, either of a European background, or who are based within Europe, to spend time in another European research environment for a period of up to two years. Groups of 20-25 stipend recipients are appointed annually. For those accepted to the programme, joint networking activities in the form of conferences and summer schools are held on a regular basis. Riksbankens Jubileumsfond’s representatives in the programme have been: former Board member Professor Christer Jönsson and present Board member Professor Rutger Lindahl; as well as Research Secretary Fredrik Lundmark, from RJ’s Offices. The period of applications for the third year expired at the end of September, and the three foundations received a total of 89 applications. Of these, 36 candidates will be invited to participate in the programme’s third so-called Young Faces Conference, where the final round of selection will take place. This time the conference will be held in Turin in February 2007, and be hosted by Compagnia di San Paolo. The conference is entitled “ESDP Seven Years On: Back to the Future”. Within the framework of this programme there is also an award for the best contribution made by a researcher or writer within the field. The award was established to honour the memory of Foreign Minister Anna Lindh, who died so tragically on 11 September 2003, and for whom the post-doctoral programme was inaugurated. The prize is entitled “The Anna Lindh Award”, and was handed out for the first time at a ceremony in Brussels on 14 September. The award, in the amount of 20,000 euros, was presented jointly by Dr Wilhelm Krull, Activities in Support of Research 45

of VolkswagenStiftung and Managing Director Dan Brändström to Professor Helene Sjursen, of ARENA at Oslo University. Speakers at the award ceremony included Under-Secretary of State Hans Dahlgren and European Commissioner Margot Wallström. The Post-Doctoral Programme for the During the latter half of the 1990s, Riksbankens Jubileumsfond devoted ABM Sector resources to promoting the role of archives, libraries, museums, and institutions of higher learning, in order to support research on Swedish cultural history, and also to highlight the importance of these organisations for establishing historical perspectives that see beyond current concerns. The foundation has, among other things, arranged conferences to discuss the role of research in relation to these institutions, and aims to follow the strategic development in this area, by means of, for instance, the new sector committee which is to focus research on premodernity. The various investments that RJ has made in this field by means of so-called infrastructural support, not least through all the investment in establishing the digitisation of archives and creating new databases, has been a way to clearly emphasise the importance of these institutions for research within the humanities and social sciences. The foundation has also responded to the need to heighten the academic level of museum employees, and thereby provide an impetus for increased research on primary sources located within museum collections. This was the aim behind the establishment of a research programme for museum employees: the Nordic Museum Graduate School, in collaboration with the Royal Academy for Letters, History, and Antiquities. On 2 June 2004 a discursive seminar was held on so-called long-term research within the cultural sphere, organised by the Royal Academy of Letters, History, and Antiquities, together with Riksbankens Jubileumsfond. The participants included the then Minister for Culture, Marita Ulvskog, and her Under-Secretary of State, Gunilla Thorgren, as well as a number of representatives from the institutions of higher learning, the main ABM institutions, and affected government departments. The impetus to organise the meeting came from “… problems concerning projects with long-term goals, such as organising research material in museums and archives. These projects often experience great difficulty in obtaining acceptable working conditions, as well as finding sustainable financial resources”, which were the phrases used in the invitation to the seminar. The opening address at the seminar took the form of two lectures given by, respectively, the research secretary Kjell Blückert, of RJ, and Professor Ulf Sporrong, of the Royal Academy of Letters, History, and Antiquities. The subsequent discussion focused on the main problems which lay behind the seminar. A relatively large consensus was established concerning 46 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

the importance of these questions, and it was generally agreed that the discussion should be continued and concretised, a fact with which the government Minister was in agreement. The network which was formed as a result of the seminar received the working title: “The 2 June Movement”. The institutions which were originally invited to the seminar were: the Museum of National Antiquities in Sweden; the National Library of Sweden; the National Museum; the Nordic Museum; the National Heritage Board; the Institute for Language and Folklore, in Uppsala; the Swedish National Archive of Recorded Sound and Moving Images; and Uppsala University Library. The Museum of National Antiquities in Sweden, and the Swedish National Archive of Recorded Sound and Moving Images, have subsequently decided not to participate further in this network. Lund University Library however, has latterly joined it. As a result of these discussions, and from submissions concerning urgent projects, there were a few recurring themes which RJ and the Royal Academy picked up on when formulating the proposal submitted to the concerned institutions for reflection. These concerned questions regarding raising the level of general academic qualifications, the passing on of experience from generation to generation, as well as the possibility of utilising existing collections for internal research within the institutions. During spring 2005 the sponsors put forward a proposal for a post- doctoral investment along the lines of the trainee model. All of the concerned parties were positive about this proposal, and submitted a series of constructive suggestions as to how it should be organised. In order to contribute to the recruitment of post-graduate personnel within the institutions concerned, the sponsors suggested the establishment of a post-doctoral programme. Each respective institution would contribute resources to the programme sufficient to finance two posts for a five-year period. These posts would be paid at the rate of 75% of a full-time salary, and be earmarked for research purposes, via personnel with doctoral degrees, who would be especially recruited for the task. It was stipulated that such personal should primarily be externally recruited. The remaining 25% of the full-time post would be utilised for work within the institution concerned, and be financed by the said institution. The various research projects were to be based upon local needs of collating and organising the collections, which the respective organisation is responsible for storing, in the form of libraries, book depositories, and archives. Supervision in how to deal with the daily activities of the institution, including an introduction to the collections themselves, is to take place by means of the trainee system. Such supervision is to take place under the aegis of an experienced clerk, preferably one with academic experience. It was further stipulated that Activities in Support of Research 47

the institution is responsible for all overheads related to such training. An evaluation is to take place at the end of the first period of employment, whereupon a further period of employment can commence, lasting for three years. The evaluation will consist of, in the first place, a written report from the researcher, and in the second place, an evaluation from the institution. During the subsequent period of employment the posts will shift onto tenure track employment. If the researcher during the five-year period of employment should attain a level of proficiency equivalent to assistant professor, and also exhibit proficiency in their other employment activities, the post, after a second evaluation, should be able to be converted to one of tenure at the institution, comprising both research and developmental work as part of its job description. This programme was initiated during 2006, and 14 of the 16 posts were filled. One of the posts at Lund University Library, in bibliometrics, was advertised again in December, and is expected to be filled during spring 2007. The following researchers have been accepted to the programme:

The Institute for Language and Folklore in Uppsala Susanna Karlsson, Ph.D.: “The Dialect Situation in Värmland: Levelling Out or Regionalisation?” Lennart Ryman, Ph.D.: “The Semantics, Syntax, and Morphology of Names in Old Swedish and Older New Swedish.”

The National Library of Sweden Otfried Czaika, Dr.Theol.: “Philipp Melanchton and His Influence on Swedish Society in the 16th and 17th Centuries”. Jonas Nordin, Ph.D.: “Libels and Popular Print – Religious Comfort, Common Distraction and the Bourgeois Public Sphere”

Lund University Library Håkan Håkansson, Ph.D.: “Religion and Science during Scandinavia’s Age of Greatness, circa 1600-1700.”

The National Museum Carina Fryklund, Ph.D.: “Seventeenth Century Flemish Paintings”. Martin Olin, Ph.D.: “The Tessin Collection.”

The Nordic Museum Ulrika Torell, Ph.D.: “Sweet Pastries and the Mass Market: The Culture of Consumption Surrounding Sugar and Sweet Things in Sweden from the End of the 19th Century to the Present Day.” Anna Dahlgren, Ph.D.: “The Book of Your Life. The Photo Album: Memory, Time, and Identity.” 34 The 2007 Linneaus Celebration Activities in Support of Research 49

The National Heritage Board Ola W. Jensen, Ph.D.: “To Preserve or Not to Preserve: On the History of Swedish Preservation Ideology.”

The National Archives and the Regional Archives Marie Lennersand, Ph.D.: “The Swedish Committees, 1600-1900.” Peter Ullgren, Ph.D.: “In the Drawing Room of the Estate: Servants on Estates in Skåne and Halland, 1740-1940”.

Uppsala University Library Anna Fredriksson Adman, Ph.D.: “The Influence of Classical Literature on Academic Discourse in Uppsala Dissertations, 1600-1850.” Maja Larsson, Ph.D.: “Male Authority and Embodiment around 1800.” Learning and Memory in Children and Teaching on all levels has become evermore important for the Swedish Young People educational system. Recent research in psychology, cognitive science, and neuroscience has provided an understanding of children’s learning skills, how they are motivated, how they create concepts, and how they memorise. Information via the internet and other interactive teaching and learning programmes has become increasingly important for schools. Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), and the Swedish Research Council’s Educational Science Committee (UVK) has decided to finance a programme entitled: “Learning and Memory in Children and Young People”. The goal is to support and create one or several research projects in Sweden of a high international standard within the field of children’s learning and memory. The research project aims to provide a greater understanding of the possibilities and limitations surrounding children’s learning and memory skills, and to result in better strategies for teaching at day-care centres, nurseries, schools, universities, and other educational institutions. The research area is defined according to three precepts: Emotion and Motivation; Concept Formation and Concept Development; and Interactive Learning Processes. The research will encompass, among other fields, neurology, psychology, cognitive science, and pedagogics. The collaboration will last for three years with a possible extension of an additional two years, within a financial framework of 72.5 million kronor. The availability of these funds was publicly announced at the end of January. The final date of application was 20 March 2006 and a total of 18 applications were received. A council for the programme consisting of representatives for the sponsors, and five academics representing different aspects of the learning process selected a number of applications for a further review 50 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

panel process, together with the assistance of expert evaluations and interviews. After a careful consideration of its own evaluations, the evaluations of international experts, and information produced by the interviews, the Programme Council unanimously decided to award the following researchers grants for three years (see below). After an evaluation there will be the possibility of obtaining a grant for an additional two years.

Professor Stefan Samuelsson Linköping University. Total awarded: 5, 000 000 kronor.

International Longitudinal Twin Studies of Early Language, Reading, Mathematics and Attention

The project involves an international longitudinal investigation of twins, encompassing their early linguistic and cognitive development, the development of their reading and writing skills, the development of their mathematical skills, and their ability to pay attention. The project is a collaboration partly with research groups in the USA (at Colorado University), in Australia (at New England University), and Norway (the university in Stavanger), and partly a collaboration with another research group from the USA (at Pennsylvania State University). The overarching purpose of the project is to study the genetic and environmental influence on children’s early learning of reading and writing skills, linguistic and mathematical ability, and capacity for attention. The project will also produce important practical implications, related to both social and educational considerations, in particular for the development of guidelines for pedagogical work with languages, reading, and mathematics in pre-school, and primary school. In order to answer theoretical and empirically guided questions, with a focus upon the genetic and environmental influence on language, reading, and writing development, as well as the ability to pay attention, the project will: • conduct extensive testing and observations of a total of 1142 five-year- old identical and fraternal twins from Sweden, Norway, Australia, and the USA, with tests that are designed to measure early linguistic and cognitive abilities, and early written language skills, which are considered to be of importance for early reading and writing development; • conduct repeated observations and tests of all the twin pairs in all four countries with a focus upon linguistic and cognitive abilities related to reading and writing, and of the actual reading and writing development in pre-school, and the first and second years of primary school; Activities in Support of Research 51

• increase the testing up to the fourth year of primary school, with a greater focus upon reading and hearing ability; • conduct observations and estimations of behaviour that is related to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). These estimations will be made by parents, teachers, and test supervisors, and are designed to study phenotypical and genotypical connections between individual variations in attention on the one hand, and reading and writing development on the other hand; • study phenotypical connections between different environmental conditions, linguistic and cognitive development, as well as reading and writing development, between observations made at a certain age, and between observations made at different ages; • compare similarities between identical twins and fraternal twins in order to study the influence of genes and environment on early linguistic and cognitive development, and the beginnings of reading and writing development, as well as behaviour between observations at a certain age, and between different ages; • apply multivariant statistics to determine the genetic and environmental influence on connections between linguistic and cognitive abilities in pre-school, and the learning of reading and writing in the first years of primary school; and • study the similarities and differences between the results generated in the different countries which are participating in the survey, partly to study the effects of different school systems, and partly to study the effect of different writing systems.

In order to answer theoretical and empirically motivated questions, with a focus upon the genetic and environmental influence on mathematics, the project will:

• conduct tests on a total of 520 eight-year-old identical and fraternal twins from Sweden and the USA, with tests that are designed to measure mathematical skills; • compare similarities between identical and fraternal twins in order to study the influence of genes and environment on mathematical skills in the second year of primary school; and • study the genetic and environmental influence on different compo- nents of mathematical skills. 52 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Professor Roger Säljö Göteborg University Total awarded: 13, 000 000 kronor.

Learning, Interactive Technologies, and Development of Narrative Knowing and Remembering

The aim of the project is to study how our ways of learning, memorising, and organising information and knowledge are changing due to the use of digital technology. In a historical perspective the development of writing, text, and text-based information (such as tables, graphs, and other forms of representation) has meant that information could be stored outside of the human mind. In societies which employ writing, which can be termed document societies, learning and memorising is assisted by, and is intimately connected with, such tools. People who are literate have access, at least to a certain extent, to the experiences and knowledge that have been collected in society, experiences which hugely exceed that which can be stored by any one individual. Thus, digital technology is resulting in the construction of a vast collective memory. The challenge, if this development is examined from the perspectives of teaching, knowledge, and memory, is to enable people to make use of such resources. The joint theoretical and practical interest in this project is to study the interaction between how we learn, remember, and utilise such external digital resources. Digital technology can be seen both as an extension of the traditional utilisation of writing, and other types of representation, and as a resource which leads towards new methods of learning, remembering, and communicating. An interesting aspect of this development is that digital technology to a large extent “solves” problems by storing information and making it available in ever more situations. This means that learning, to an increasing extent, is becoming a question of being able to use, adapt, and revise earlier knowledge and experience, and to a lesser extent merely to repeat it. These general conceptions of learning, memory, and technology will be expanded in five interlinked studies:

• The Development of Inquiry Based Learning (IBL) in Science. This project studies how IBL methodology for the learning of and working with science is implemented in the classroom, and how young people learn not just science, but also how such research is conducted, and how scientific information is organised. • Research as a Metaphor for Teaching: Organising New Teaching Practices and Developing New Forms of “Literacy”. This project deals with how students learn to learn, and also how they learn to organise information (that is, remember) in project based work. Activities in Support of Research 53

The key issue is to study how people develop cognitive and communicative skills in a digital information culture. • Games and the Playing of Games as Environments for Teaching. This project examines two issues: I) what type of teaching is supported by digital games; and, II) an attempt to construct inclusive digital domains where groups who risk marginalisation due to disabilities can participate on equal terms. • Linguistic Learning in Classroom Interaction: Role-Playing, Project Work, and Digital Media. The key question here is how digital technologies and the Internet can be used to support the acquisition of advanced English language skills by means of offering the individual student new, varied, and more demanding communicative environments in which to learn. • Interactive Technologies, Teaching, and Memory in Early Childhood. New technologies (such as digital video, for instance) offer the possibilities of documenting, and thereby also analysing, various activities. This development means that, among other things, it is possible to document how children learn and remember in different contexts, at home, and in school. This project will study how such technology can be used to support children’s development during the first year of primary school.

The project is a interdisciplinary national collaboration which is to be located at the universities of Göteborg, Linköping, and Uppsala, as well as at the Stockholm Institute of Education. It will be conducted in close co-operation with teacher training activities.

Professor Juha Kere The Karolinska Institute Total awarded: 12, 000 000 kronor.

The Biological Mechanisms Behind Dyslexia: The Genetic Factors and Their Regulation.

Difficulties in reading and writing, known as dyslexia, are generally seen in one in twenty children during, or after, the first year of primary school. Dyslexia leads to problems in learning to read and write, but otherwise dyslexic children’s progress at school is of the same standard as fellow pupils of the same age. Undiagnosed dyslexia can lead to social problems, whilst dyslectic children who receive the appropriate teaching support usually do well at school, and in their later professional lives. The causes of dyslexia are largely biological, and often there is more than one person with this disability within the family. Nowadays there is an awareness that dyslexia has a complex background, and that many 54 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

genes play a role in the development of reading and writing difficulties. The first “dyslexia gene” was discovered in 2003 by the research group. Today four genes have been identified. Another five genes are expected to be soon ascribed a function in the biological causes behind dyslexia. It is remarkable that research in so many countries, encompassing so many different languages, have lead to identical and repeatable genetic discoveries. In recent years the first process of the brain’s development which can lead to dyslexia has been identified. This new knowledge is merely the beginning; in the long run knowledge of the biological background will be important for helping children with dyslexia. The overarching aim of the project is to explain the neurobiological background of dyslexia. In order to do this, it will be necessary to begin with the genetic code, in other words DNA. This involves identifying genes, and the variants of genes, which eventually result in dyslexia. Further, there will be an attempt to discover the network of gene products, known familiarly as proteins, which are necessary for the ability to learn to read and write, as well as to develop a functioning language. Finally, it is believed that such knowledge will result in a more thorough diagnosis, more effective support, and a lessened burden for dyslectics. This type of research conjoins different scientific fields and requires co-operation between specialists within genetics, neurobiology, clinical neuroscience, and pedagogics in order to merge knowledge towards the same goal.

The project is divided into four parts:

1) identifying the biochemical mechanisms behind dyslexia; 2) defining the dyslexic genes which can improve the diagnosis of dyslexia and similar disabilities; 3) finding the connections between genes and functions in the brain; and 4 spreading knowledge of dyslexia research to society at large in a comprehensible and representative fashion.

The research group at the Karolinska Institute consists of six specialists within the fields of molecular biology and biostatistics. In order to achieve the goals of the study, they have established a collaboration with international experts within the field of dyslexia research. The research group is a part of NEURODYS, a large three-year project financed by the EU, in which 13 research groups from ten countries are analysing the genetics behind dyslexia. In addition to this, there is a collaboration with researchers from the following institutions: Helsinki University and Jyväskylä University (Finland); the University in Bonn, and the University in Munich (Germany); Case Western Reserve University Activities in Support of Research 55

(Ohio, USA); Purdue University (Indiana, USA); and the University of Connecticut (Connecticut, USA).

Professor Torkel Klingberg The Karolinska Institute Total awarded: 16, 000 000 kronor.

Brain Child: A Longitudinal Study of Memory Functions in Children

The primary aim of this project is to unite neurobiological and pedagogical perspectives on memory and learning. The goal is to investigate how the learning process, skills, reading, and problem-solving are dependent on, variously, underlying psychological functions, interventions, the structural maturity of the brain, genetics, and environmental factors. Some of the specific hypotheses relate to working memory, and phonological ability. These are of particular interest, not only because they are central to many school-related and academic activities, but also because they are possible to influence by means of intervention, such as in the form of training. Those aspects which will be specifically investigated are: 1) whether long- term development of memory and school performance can be explained in terms of working memory capacity, phonological ability, and the structure of the systems responsible for these abilities within the brain; and 2) whether training of these abilities influences development, and whether they have a positive development on performance in school- related subjects, as well as whether the training affects the structure of the brain. Part of the project is a longitudinal study of memory and cognition in children and young people, aged between 6-20, which is planned as a cohort-sequential study. A total of 450 children will participate in the study and the participants will be subject to repeated testing of different memory functions. Questionnaires will be used to establish mental health and socio-economic background factors. Also genetic information will be collected, and there will be a brain scan for a sub-group of participants in the study. Other aspects of the project will examine the effect of training upon either working memory or phonological ability in children of pre-school age. There will also be an investigation of motor functions, grammar, and changes in receptor density, and their relation to cognitive development.

Post-Doctoral Stipends In a world with ever greater mobility, including within the academic for Research in sphere, as well as a world with an increased dependency on English Germany as a lingua franca, the interaction between Swedish and German researchers requires extra support. It is of particular importance that the interaction between these two academic traditions takes place at a 56 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

post-doctoral level, that is to say, at the point at which researchers with doctoral degrees clearly define their academic interests, determine their field of research, and often acquire institutional contacts that areof decisive importance for their future careers. Simultaneously, there has been a marked decline in the conditions for institutions specialising in Scandinavian studies in Germany, whereby a long academic tradition of research and exchange is being lost. With this in mind, RJ announced two research stipends to strengthen the institutional ties between the two countries, and to give Swedish researchers the possibility of, for an intensive period, immersing themselves in a new field, and also of finishing a larger project, with the aim of publishing the latter in book form during the period 2007-08. The stipends are intended to initiate a collaboration with some of the Swedish language environs at one of the 30 universities in Germany which have linguistic and cultural courses devoted to Scandinavia, and Sweden in particular. The competition for the stipends was fierce, and of the 14 applicants there were three candidates who excelled. Fortunately, there were sufficient funds to finance a third stipend. Charlotta Brylla, with a Ph.D. in German, and who is currently employed as a Senior Lecturer at Södertörn University College, is to be a researcher at Humboldt University in Berlin, on a project which deals with the political and cultural contacts between Sweden and the former East Germany (DDR). Particular focus will be directed towards the use of language and the function of propaganda in the shadow of the Cold War. Jaana Kaiste, has a Ph.D. in German, and is currently at Uppsala University. Her research project examines the reception of the Brothers Grimm’s Children’s and Household Tales in Sweden. In Germany she will be conducting her research at Skandinavisches Seminar/Georg- August-Universität, Göttingen, and the Akademie der Wissenschaften/ Arbeitsstelle Enzyklopädie des Märchens, Göttingen. Erik Zillén, Ph.D., is a literary scholar at Lund University, and is working on a research project dealing with the historical conception of genre, specifically to do withAesop’s Fables in Sweden and Europe at large during the 17th and 18th centuries. He will be a guest researcher at Bayerische Staatsbibliothek and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, with the Institut für Nordische Philologie serving as the host institution. In addition to this, RJ is financing two post-doctoral research stipends at Humboldt University in Berlin, which were advertised and evaluated by the university’s Department of Nordic Studies, under the supervision of Professor Bernd Henningsen. These post-doctoral researchers are linked to the Dag Hammarskjöld guest professorship, which is also financed by RJ, and which is currently occupied by Sten Berglund. Activities in Support of Research 57

Kjetil Duvold has a doctoral degree from Örebro University. As a stipend recipient he will be primarily concerned with developing issues he discussed in his doctoral dissertation Making Sense of Baltic Demo- cracy: Public Support and Political Representation in Nationalising States. He is also a participant, together with Sten Berglund and Joakim Ekman, Ph.D., of Örebro University, in a new research project dealing with the possibilities for increased integration in Europe, with a particular emphasis on the European Union. Carsten Schymik has a doctorate from Humboldt University in Berlin. The core of his dissertation deals with the political resistance to the European integration process, in particular the mass movements against the European Union in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. He now proposes to further examine his analysis of Eurosceptic public opinion in Europe, both theoretically and empirically, by means of studies of Switzerland in the twentieth century, and of the USA in the eighteenth century. Both are examples of federal states which have been challenged by anti-federalist movements.

Sector Committees The Sector Committee The Sector Committee has had a total of four meetings during its last for Research on year. The main work of the group during the past 12 months has been Culture, Security, geared towards completing its two international anthologies. Both of and Sustainable these volumes will be issued by Palgrave Macmillan under the general Development heading of “Studies in Development, Security, and Culture”, with the first volume subtitled “Sustainable Development in a Globalized World”, whilst the second will be subtitled “Human Values and Global Governance”. In accordance with this, the year was initiated with a workshop composed of several of the authors in the anthologies. The host of these seminars was Chancellor Candido Mendes, from the eponymous university in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The committe’s final study trip encompassed a one-day visit to Brasilia, where Ambassador Margareta Winberg received the group in the ambassadorial residence. In conjunction with this visit, the Swedish Embassy had organised a programme of interesting presentations concerning the political and economic situation in Brasilia. Chancellor Mendes was generous enough to place the university’s most prestigious quarters at the Sector Committee’s disposal, and even, remarkably, provided access to the university’s helicopter for some memorable views and experiences of Rio. The journey primarily encompassed long seminar discussions, given that a number of the authors from the planned anthologies had also been invited. These proceeded to present and defend their papers amidst an evaluative The period of greatness of Swedish culture of honour 141and its subsequent dissolution, 1500–2000 Activities in Support of Research 59

collegial environment. The international authors included Hans-Dieter Klingeman, Osvaldo Sunkel, Ponna Wignaraja, Yudhishthir Raj Isar, and Enrique Rodriguez Larreta. There was also an opportunity for local government officers and researchers to present current political issues and crime problematics in what is Latin America’s largest country. Following an initiative by Javier Solana, the EU’s High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy, RJ has been participating for a few years in a collaboration with the Brussels-based organisation, the Madariaga Foundation, concerning the Anna Lindh Programme on Conflict Prevention. Within the framework of this initiative, a yearbook is issued annually in Anna Lindh’s name. Anders Mellbourn is the editor of this publication, whose third annual edition was unveiled on 14 September in Brussels and on 22 November at the Anna Lindh Library. Anders Mellbourn presented both the book and the surrounding programme, and Ambassador Jan Eliasson held a substantial introductory speech. The topic surrounding this year’s book was “Health and Conflict Prevention”, and featured contributions from David A. Hamburg, John Wyn Owen, Hans Blix, as well as Javier Solana.

Collaboration with the During the past year, the foundation has participated in a globally- Ministry for Foreign oriented project dealing with the connection between worldviews and Affairs foreign policy. The project has been conducted at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, and been supervised by the Head of its Policy Analysis Office, Ulla Gudmundson. The group has based its work on the premise that knowledge about different conceptions of the world, specifically those found in other countries, regions, and cultures, can promote dialogue. It can also help to shape a Swedish foreign policy that is contextual and respectful towards its collaborative partners, without disavowing basic Swedish values. In addition to this, knowledge of this kind is also important in counteracting the arguments of those for whom this issue is solely a matter of cultural differences. Knowledge of alternative worldviews can therefore have a decisive impact on increasing the possibilities of a successful Swedish foreign policy. Indeed, knowledge of one’s own conceptions of the world, and those of other nations and cultures, should also be a self-evident aspect of the increasingly globalised world within which we all live. One aspect within the framework of this project has been the establishment of an international expert symposium on this issue entitled “Worldviews, International Relations and Globalisation”. The symposium was organised by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and RJ, together with the Swedish Embassy in Washington. It took place on 6-7 December, and was a part of the programme of activities of the new ambassadorial building, the House of Sweden, which, in addition to 60 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

its ambassadorial functions, is intended to serve as a meeting place for cultural and business activities. The aim of the symposium was to increase awareness among academics, and others, about the importance of worldviews and value systems as background factors, influencing both goals and policy choices in international relations. The symposium also sought to help identify the research tasks related to the connection between worldviews and international relations, such as conflict resolution, economic and social development, human rights, and democracy. The symposium was organised so that a presentation of quantitative data from the World Values Survey was made at the introduction of each thematic session. These presentations were led by Professor Ronald Inglehart. Some of the distinguished contributors to the symposium included: Hans Blix, the former Minister for Foreign Affairs, and also the former head of the UN’s International Atomic Energy Agency, the IAEA, both prior to and during the Gulf war; Joseph Martin ‘Joschka’ Fischer, the former German Foreign Minister, and currently at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University; and Richard Perle, of the American Enterprise Institute, and a decadeslong advisor to Republican Presidents in the USA.

The Sector Committee The Sector Committee was formed in Autumn 2003. It is composed of: for Research on Civil Assistant Professor Mats Rolén, Research Director at RJ; Asst. Professor Society Erik Amnå, of Örebro University; Asst. Professor Christina Garsten, of Stockholm University; Bengt Göransson, Ph.D., h.c., former Minister for Education; former General Secretary Marianne af Malmborg, and Chairperson of Ideell Arena; Deputy Governor of the Riksbank Kristina Persson, and founder of Frejas fond; Professor Lars Svedberg, of Ersta Sköndal University College; Asst. Professor Håkan Thörn, of Göteborg University; Asst. Professor Hans Westlund, of the National Institute for Working Life, in Östersund; Asst. Professor Filip Wijkström, of the Stockholm School of Economics; and Malin Gawell, B.Sc., of Stockholm University, and the Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research Institute (ESBRI), who serves as Secretary. The group has had five meetings during the past year, and among other things, adopted a detailed plan of action for the next three years. This encompasses the issuing of several minor publications, a couple of national conferences, and a larger international conference. On 3-6 May 2006, the group made a study trip to Italy. On 4 May, it visited the European University Institute (EUI), in Florence, at the invitation of Professor Bo Stråth. Asst. Professor Christina Garsten presented the group’s work, and some current research issues. On 5-6 May, the group visited the Master of International Social Philanthropy programme (MISP) at the University of Bologna, which was initiated and is Activities in Support of Research 61

supervised by Professor Giuliana Gemelli. The Masters programme lasts for over a year and includes more than thirty participants from a large number of countries. RJ has supported this enterprise since 2003, by means of an annual stipend for a residency in Sweden. Dan Brändström has also participated at the programme as a lecturer. During the Sector Committee’s visit Mats Rolén lectured on the modernisation of Sweden and the role of popular movements. Professor Lars Svedberg discussed in his presentation contemporary research on the welfare state, the so- called Swedish Model, with particular emphasis on the role of civil society. On 6 May, Håkan Thörn led a seminar with masters students, teachers, and the Sector Committee. Future international contacts will be pursued by the group’s participation in the 2007 World Social Forum in Nairobi, during 21-25 January, where they will be holding two public seminars. The Sector Committee had a consultation in June with the Gover- nment Inquiry into Popular Movements, concerning research needs and research questions. The group’s secretary, Malin Gawell, is one of the advisors in the inquiry. Erik Amnå, Christina Garsten, Marianne af Malmborg and Lars Svedberg all presented papers at the inquiry’s research seminar on 9 November. Part of the Sector Committee’s remit is to keep itself up to date with current research on civil society, and to suggest appropriate initiatives on the part of RJ. In this regard Lars Svedberg has, together with Professor Lars Trägårdh, of Columbia University, New York, and Ersta Sköndal University College, studied all the Swedish doctoral dissertations dealing with civil society issues that have been produced within the past five years. They performed this task on behalf of RJ, and discovered that there have been approximately 60 dissertations dealing with these issues since 2000. Subsequent to their findings, Svedberg and Trägårdh invited all the doctoral graduates to write concise summaries of their research projects. The results of this study, together with a selection of the summaries, were presented on 11 December in the anthology Civil Society as a Field of Research. New Dissertations for a New Century. Ed. Lars Trägårdh and Lars Svedberg, Gidlund (2006). In other words there is promising development within the field, but, as in many other cases, a great lack of post-doctoral posts. RJ’s Board of Directors has therefore, at the Sector Committee’s suggestion, decided to appropriate funds to finance six three-year post-doctoral fellowships for research on civil society. The fellowships will be advertised during 2007 and 2008. The project “Global Challenge” was initiated in 2005, with support from the Sector Committee, and deals with the issue of how globalisation and Europeanisation affects economics, public welfare, and sustainable development in a long-term perspective. The project was initiated by the foundation Frejas fond, in close co-operation with RJ, and is to last 62 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

for three years. A number of foundations, volunteer organisations, and also private companies are sponsoring ”Global Challenge” (see below). The project aims to contribute to the accumulation of knowledge and to affect public debate by means of organising seminars, issuing small- scale publications, and academic books. In particular, it is concerned with the consequences of the pressure that the European and global marketplace is placing on jobs and the welfare state in Sweden, and how it is affecting jobs in the Swedish service sector. The project’s practical work is led by a Management Board composed of: Peter Nygårds, Chairperson, of Swedbank; Renée Andersson, of Indiska; Carl Bennet, of Carl Bennet AB; Dan Brändström, of RJ; Madeleine Caesar, of the Knowledge Foundation; Gustaf Douglas; Leif Hansson, of SKTF; Jan C. Johansson, of Boliden; Lars Göran Johansson, of Electrolux; Per Juth, of the Confederation of Swedish Enterprise; Gösta Karlson, of Sif; Bo Leander, of the Swedish Export Credit Corporation; Knut Leman, of Vattenfall; Marie Linder, of LO; Britten Månsson Wallin, of the Swedish National Council of Adult Education; Jan Nygren, of Saab; Kristina Persson, of Frejas fond; Olle Ringdahl, of Skandia; Peter Sandahl, of the Global School; Anders Sundström, of Folksam; and Sture Nordh, of the Swedish Confederation for Professional Employees (TCO). The Project Leader is Pernilla Baralt. During the past year, two of Global Challenge’s panels have issued written reports. In June Social Development in the Developing Countries was issued; then, at the beginning of October, Digital Welfare. A large number of seminars and meetings with the press have been arranged within the project. Together with a large number of European foundations, RJ has, during 2006, decided to support an initiative from the European Commission on European Citizens’ Consultations (ECC). The project’s Swedish name is Europeiska medborgarråd. Its purpose is to promote dialogue between citizens and to promote important future issues onto Sweden’s and the EU’s agenda. Global Challenge has agreed, on behalf of RJ, to be the Swedish partner in this multilateral project. The Swedish citizens’ consultation will take place in Karlstad on 24-25 March 2007.

The Sector Committee The Sector Committee has had five meetings during the past year. A for Research on large part of the group’s work has dealt with the preparations for, and Public Economics, discussions surrounding, a taxation conference in the riksdag. Management, and The taxation conference took place on 12-13 October, and was Leadership entitled: “What Can Research on Public Economics and Taxation Contribute in a World of Increasing Global Dependency?” There were about 100 delegates. It was led by Gunnar Eliasson and Erik Norrman, who were also responsible for the planning of the conference, in consultation with the Sector Committee. The major aspect of the Activities in Support of Research 63

conference was a concentration upon the questions: Which issues are of greatest import in contemporary research?; Which will be the most important issues in the future? Managing Director Dan Brändström held the opening address, which was followed by an introduction to contemporary research on public economics and taxes. Firstly, the delegates were given an overview on current Danish research from Peter Birch Sørensen, of Copenhagen University, and there then followed a presentation of current Swedish research on public economics and taxes by Robert Påhlsson, of Göteborg University, and Åsa Hansson, of Lund University. Following on from this, there were two public addresses dealing with the extent and content of the public sector, from, respectively, Lars Söderström, of Lund University, and Clas Olsson, of Sweden’s municipalities and county councils. The commentators were Peter Birch Sørensson, P-O Edin, former Head Economist at LO, and Daniel Tarschys, of Stockholm University. The conference continued after lunch with a discussion of: tax policy criteria; the rule of law; rules and regulations; and variable and fixed tax bases. The participants in this discussion were: Ann-Sofie Kolm, of Stockholm University; Magnus Henrekson, of the Research Institute of Industrial Economics; Jesper Barenfeld, of the Confederation of Swedish Enterprise; and Ingemar Hansson, of the National Institute of Economic Research, and currently Under-Secretary of State in the Ministry of Finance. The next session dealt with taxation legitimacy. Mats Sjöstrand, of the National Tax Board of Sweden, provided a systems perspective, while Peter Melz, of Stockholm University, saw the field from a research perspective. After this Kristina Ståhl, of Uppsala University, and the Stockholm School of Economics, addressed the delegates on the rule of law, and the European Court of Justice’s influence on Swedish taxation policy. The commentators were Katarina Nordblom, of Göteborg University, and Börje Leidhammar, of Karlstad University. The following day began with a presentation by Erik Norrman of Lund University on pressing economic taxation research, which was then followed by a presentation by Claes Norberg, of Lund University, who discussed future legal taxation research. There was then a session dealing with how other research disciplines can contribute to taxation research, led by Jonas Edlund, of Umeå University, and Sverker Jagers, of Göteborg University respectively. The possibilities of conducting research in large databases was the next subject up for discussion, presented by Lennart Flood at the School of Business, Economics, and Law, at Göteborg University. Finally, Sven-Olof Lodin, from Stockholm University, spoke about interdisciplinary taxation research. The commentators were Pontus Braunerhjelm, of the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, and Mats Persson, of Stockholm University. The seminar was concluded with a panel debate entitled “What Sort of 64 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Tax Research Do We Need, and How Do We Get It?” The discussion was chaired by Gunnar Eliasson. The panellists were: P-O Edin; Sven- Olof Lodin; and from the Sector Committee Mats Svegfors and Gunnar Wetterberg; and Åsa Torstensson, of Umeå University. A summary of the conference will be published in early 2007. The main theme of this year’s seminar has been innovations within the public sector. Jan Edling and Lennart Schön from the Sector Committee have met with researchers from Lund University and the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA) in order to exchange ideas and experiences. Jan Edling has also participated in a seminar at VINNOVA entitled “In Search of Innovational Systems”, which is also the title of a publication dealing with the current status of innovation policy in Sweden. A number of critical questions regarding innovation policy are posed in the publication. A further anthology, and a seminar on innovative welfare, are planned for 2007. A seminar entitled “Future Regionalisation: Employment, Education, and Research Policy in New Form. A Case Study of Västra Götaland”, took place on Jonsered Estate on 11 May, at which Dan Brändström and Jan Edling were present. The seminar had gathered about 30 participants, and was intended as a contribution to the IVA project entitled “The University of the Future”. The goal of the study is to initiate a discussion of a large and important issue, that is, the question of the organisation of information acquisition, and the retention of highly skilled workers in a regional perspective. The overarching question is how systems of information and skills in the region are to be organised to meet regional, functional, and international needs in the future. There are plans to attempt to organise similar seminars around the same theme in the Mälar Valley region, as well as in Skåne, in order to increase understanding of the new roles required of the regions. In the latter case, it has now been confirmed that there will be a seminar in Malmö, on 13 February 2007. The Jonsered Seminar began with an opening address by the then Vice-Chancellor of Göteborg University, Gunnar Svedberg. There then followed an introduction by Dan Brändström. Jan Edling from VINNOVA proceeded to discuss “The New Regional Landscape”, while Inger Rydén-Bergendahl, from the Committee on Public Sector Responsibilities, gave a presentation of the Committee’s recent work. After a break for lunch, Enrico Deiaco, from the Swedish Institute for Studies in Education and Research (SISTER), discussed “Innovation and Knowledge Acquisition in a Regional Perspective” which was followed by a lecture from Bengt-Olof Elfström, of Volvo Aero, on “Industry’s Need for Knowledge Acquisition”. Before the closing panel discussion, the seminar participants were given an introduction to “Knowledge Driven Regional Development” by Bertil Törsäter, of Activities in Support of Research 65

the Västra Götaland Regional Council. The panel was composed of: Kent Johansson, of the Västra Götaland Regional Council; Lennart Olausson, Business Region Göteborg; Lennart Nilsson, from the Center for Public Sector Research (Cefos), at Göteborg University; and Margareta Wallin Petersson, of Göteborg University. The panel was chaired by Lena Ulrika Rudeke. Another aspect of the Sector Committee’s activities has been the discussion of leadership questions. One of committee’s members, Ingalill Holmberg has written a memorandum entitled “The Role and Importance of Leadership in Public Institutions: A Research Sketch.” A further development of this argument is on the agenda for the coming year. Another initiative for which a seminar is being planned, came from Bengt Jakobsson, who is a project leader for a large research initiative being financed by RJ, entitled “The Government Offices and the Organisation of Society”. This project is a development of a collaboration between researchers from Södertörn University College, Göteborg University, and the Stockholm Center for Organizational Research (SCORE). The researchers intend to investigate a number of different aspects of the way the Government Offices are run, and how they manage to govern Swedish society. The book From Outsider to Insider [Från hemvävd till invävd], which treats the Europeanisation of Swedish bureaucracy and politics is the first of a series to be issued by this research project. Mats Svegfors, the County Governor of Västmanland County, is Chairperson of the Committee on Public Sector Responsibilities, which is a parliamentary committee under remit to investigate the contemporary ability of society’s various organisations and institutions to sustain public welfare commitments. It is to identify, highlight, and analyse in broad terms those societal changes which might require a change in the structure and delegation of tasks between the state, county councils, and municipalities. The Sector Committee has been given continuous summaries of the Committee’s activities, the latter of which is to be completed and submitted by 28 February 2007.

Societally Motivated Research Platforms (SMRP)

On the eve of the launch of the EU’s seventh framework programme for research (2007-2013), several member states, including Sweden, have acted to bring about the introduction of “Societally Motivated Research Platforms” (SMRP). This is a possible means to handle the large societal challenges which face Europe, such as its current demographic development. The proportion of the elderly is greatly increasing, and migration and integration are perceived as ever greater challenges. SMRP is inspired by the European Technology Platforms, which are characterised by research initiated by parties from the private sector; in 66 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

this case, both from industry, as well as from small and medium-sized companies. This idea has been transferred to the SMRP, but here the suggestion instead is that it should be public institutions that initiate research as part of a dialogue with the research community. The idea also encompasses the notion that this will lead to public institutions taking a more long-term view, and actively assisting in the utilisation of the research results. A mini-seminar surrounding these issues took place at RJ’s Offices on 24 October. Of those academics present, the majority had previously been awarded grants of some kind by RJ. The project which was primarily singled out for attention was SHARE (the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe), which has Anders Klevmarken of Uppsala University as Project Leader. This is an international project which aims to collect data on the European population from the age of fifty and upwards, and conduct longitudinal studies of Europe’s ageing population. The project is an interdisciplinary one, and involves, among others, economists, behaviouralists, epidimologists, and health experts. SHARE has financing from the EU’s fifth framework programme, and was regarded as a promising pilot programme. In particular, it heralded the possibility of activating SMRP within the up-coming seventh framework programme. Björn Lindgren, of Lund University, who is active within the project, was appointed Co-Ordinator in order to help create a research network, and to correlate a number of disparate elements. Jan Edling, from the Sector Committee also took part, and discussed demographic problems from the perspective of the elderly. On 21 November, a workshop was organised in Brussels dealing with the SMRP, with over a 100 delegates from about fifteen different European countries. The Sector Committee was represented by Dan Brändström and Kerstin Stigmark. Dan Brändström delivered a general survey of Swedish research projects within the fields of demographics and research on the elderly. One of the prime goals was to initiate a dialogue between delegates from the various different countries, and those members of the European Commission who were present, in the hope of promoting more forthright backing for the SMRP in EU’s seventh framework programme. A second goal was hopefully to begin the construction of these platforms, both as regards demographic change, and sustainable environmental development. Sweden is regarded as being particularly proficient in this aspect of the framework programme, owing to its long-term compilation of empirical data.

Economics in Societal Debate

On 26 September, Riksbankens Jubileumsfond invited twenty leading representatives in the field of economics to a seminar on the role of economics in public debate. The reason for the invitation was that Activities in Support of Research 67

RJ is receiving fewer and fewer empirically based project applications from economists that are related to investigating the consequences of globalisation for economic policy in Sweden and regionally in Europe. This has led to questions as to whether the theoretical and methodological development of the discipline has resulted in it having less in common with other disciplines in the field of social sciences, and thereby also making it less relevant in public debate. This “absence” of economics from public debate has recently been criticised by Carl Johan Åberg, who, in an article in Dagens Nyheter’s debate forum DN Debatt claimed that economists were betraying their responsibility as representatives of a large and important social science. Magnus Henrekson has similarly argued this in several different interviews. Other economists have subsequently responded to these points of view, such as, for instance, Tore Ellingsen in Ekonomisk Debatt.

The Sector Committee The Board of Directors of Riksbankens Jubileumsfond decided, on for Research on 8 December 2005, to establish a Sector Committee for Research on Premodernity Premodernity. The basis of the decision was a memorandum from RJ’s chairperson Professor Eva Österberg, and Research Secretary and Assistant Professor Kjell Blückert. The document emphasised, among other things, that “…it is important not to lose the information and perspectives which enable the establishment of a ‘long-term view’ and that makes it possible to critically reflect upon, not just the past, but also the present”. The memorandum also noted the importance of the research community in maintaining “…its specialised knowledge of basic research in the humanities, and history of religion. This is particularly with regard to Scandinavian conditions in the premodern period, in a comparable European perspective.” The board assigned Eva Österberg, Dan Brändström, and Asst. Professor Kjell Bückert the task of developing this committee, and of appointing its members. This work took place during spring 2006, and on 22-23 August a conference was held at the Sigtuna Foundation, gathering over 50 active Swedish researchers specialising in the premodern era, to reflect upon role of the group and which subjects and areas it should concentrate upon. The conference was chaired by Eva Österberg, and the opening address was held by Sven-Eric Liedman, a specialist in history of ideas from Göteborg University. His lecture was entitled “Modernity, Premodernity, Early Modernity, Postmodernity: What Do the Terms Encapsulate?” A number of researchers held discursive introductions over the course of the next two days: the philosopher Lilli Alanen, of Uppsala University, on “The Periodisation of Philosophical History”; the art historian Jan von Bonsdorff, of Uppsala University, on “The Uses of History and Visuality”; the ethnologist Birgitta Svensson, of Stockholm University 68 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

and the Nordic Museum, on “Similarities and Differences: Reflections on Non-Modern Value Judgements, Daily Life, and Identity”; the linguist Eva-Carin Gerö, of Stockholm University, on “Marginal and Marginalised Groups from a Cultural, Historical, and Philological Perspective”; the literary scholar Mats Malm, of Göteborg University, on “Sites of Academic Cross-Fertilisation”. The final day was brought to a close with a lecture by the archaeologist Anders Andrén, of Stockholm University, entitled “The World Beyond Europe”. In a later dinner speech the author Maja Hagerman presented her recently released book The Pure Country: On the Art of Inventing One’s Ancestors. The members of the committee were appointed in September and consist of: Professor Anders Andrén, archaeology, at Stockholm University; Professor Jan von Bonsdorff, history of art, at Uppsala University; Professor Anders Cullhed, Department of Literature, at Stockholm University; Professor Peter Englund, history, at the Swedish Academy; Professor Eva-Carin Gerö, Greek, at Stockholm University; Professor Janken Myrdal, agrarian history, at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Uppsala; Professor Eva Rystedt, archaeology and classical studies, at Lund University; Professor Barbro Santillo Frizell, archaeology and classical studies, and Director of the Swedish Institute in Rome; Professor Solfrid Söderlind, history of art, and Head Curator at the National Museum; Professor Henrik Williams, the Department of Scandinavian Languages at Uppsala University; Professor Eva Österberg, history, at Lund University; Asst. Professor Marcia Sá Cavalcante Schuback, philosophy, at Södertörn University College; and Asst. Professor Mohammad Fazlhashemi, history of ideas, at Umeå University. Göran Blomqvist, the forthcoming Managing Director of RJ, is Chairperson of the Committee, and Kjell Blückert the Secretary. The Sector Committee had its first constitutive meeting on 6 October. After a considered evaluation of the activities of the Sigtuna Con- ference, funds have been made available during the autumn, from the Sector Committee, for four so-called trial networks: “The Globalisation of the Premodern World” – Professor Anders Andrén, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, at Stock- holm University. “Ways of Life: Ideas, Virtues, and the World” – Research Assistant Marie Lindstedt Cronberg, Department of History, at Lund Uni- versity. “The Network for Research on Medieval Texts” – Professor Gunilla Iversen, Department of French, Italian, and Classical Languages, at Stockholm University. “Premodernity and Marginalisation” – Professor Eva-Carin Gerö, Department of French, Italian, and Classical Languages, at Stockholm University. Activities in Support of Research 69

Collaboration with the Riksdag The Seminar on Tage Riksbankens Jubileumsfond has, since the start of the 21st Century, Erlander’s Diaries contributed financial support for the publication of Tage Erlander’s diaries. Now that the publication of these has reached the half-way point, it seemed appropriate to arrange a seminar around this topic. The idea was to present an opportunity to discuss the experience of publishing these types of diaries, and also to obtain an insight into different editorial principles, and to learn the usefulness of such material for both researchers and the public at large. The aim was also to learn what representatives of the academic community think of the import of making the diaries of political decision makers publicly available. The former Speaker of the Riksdag, Björn von Sydow, participated actively at the seminar, which began with Sven Erlander and Leif Andersson informing the participants about the publication of the diaries, and the principles that had guided them in their work. Then Alf W. Johansson, of Södertörn University College, discussed the diaries from the research perspective (see page 113). The meeting closed with a general discussion about the diaries´s publication.

International Commitments The European For several years now, Riksbankens Jubileumsfond has been very Foundation Centre active in the European foundation collaboration within the European (EFC) Foundation Centre (EFC), which also includes the Hague Club, the Network of European Foundations for Innovative Co-Operation (NEF), the Madariaga European Foundation, and the European Cultural Foundation. This year’s “Annual General Assembly and Conference” for the EFC took place in Brussels on 26-28 May. The conference gathered 430 delegates from over 60 countries to annual meeting negotiations, debates, and seminars, under the heading “Foundations for Europe: Supporting European Citizens’ Participation”. Managing Director Dan Brändström, who has been the Chairperson of the EFC since the 2004 conference in Athens, held the opening address. His speech emphasised the foundation’s possibilities of and responsibility for strengthening citizens’ involvement in the European project. He suggested that this could be achieved, for instance, by means of investment in research, creating forums for citizen participation, and by promoting unified legislation and taxation laws for philanthropic work. The Chairperson is elected for a two year period, and Brändström’s term of office has now come to a close. He remains however the Deputy Chairperson until 2008. Next year’s conference will take place in Madrid on 1-3 June 2007. During the conference Kristina Persson, the Deputy Governor of the Riksbank, and founder of Frejas fond, as well being a Stockholm

The Jewish bourgeoisie in Sweden 1838-1938 139 72 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

resident, was awarded Raymond Geori´s European Prize for Innovative Philanthropy. The prize is awarded by the Madariaga Foundation, and was given for Persson’s promotion of public arenas and meeting sites that aim at creating a better understanding of globalisation, one of the most important issues of our time.

The EU Commission RJ has been represented in an expert group at the Research Directorate of the EU in its survey “Foundations and R&D”. In their report “Giving More for Research in Europe”, the group presents a number of measures for facilitating donations and the establishment of new foundations. The report was presented at a conference arranged by the European Foundation Centre and the EU Commission in Brussels, on 27–28 March, 2006. RJ was represented by Managing Director Dan Brändström. In 2000 the EU Commission launched the European Research Area (ERA), in order to co-ordinate and strengthen European research. Within the ERA, the Commission has, for example, attempted to strengthen international co-operation between national research sponsors, primarily governmental research councils, or their equivalents. Managing Director Dan Brändström is the Swedish representative on the international advisory panel within the ERA network, which is known as NORFACE: New Opportunities for Research Funding Co- Operation in Europe. This network is a collaboration between twelve different European research sponsors, and is geared towards easing and stimulating international co-operation within social science research. During the past year, Research Secretary Maria Wikse has participated in another ERA network, entitled HERA: Humanities in the European Research Area. This network has organised several productive workshops on, for instance, evaluative methods, project leadership, and research infrastructure within the humanities.

The European During the past year, RJ has continued its international activities Cultural Foundation regarding research and debate in the productive fields of culture and development respectively. An important part of these activities has taken place within the framework of an expanded collaboration with the European Cultural Foundation (ECF) in Amsterdam. This has led to, for instance, RJ participating in the project A Soul for Europe, which aims to enhance the international community spirit of Europe by means of increased co-operation and targeted investment within the cultural sphere. The project is sponsored by RJ, the ECF, the EU Commisssion, and the Gulbenkian Foundation, among others. Another international collaborative project is RJ’s and the ECF’s annual bursary, the Cultural Policy Research Award, which is given to a younger researcher, at the masters or doctorate level, within the field of cultural policy. The bursary amounts to 10, 000 euros and was awarded this year to Dr Marcello M. Activities in Support of Research 73

Mariani, of the University of Bologna. He has been awarded the bursary in order to implement the project “Live Classical Music Organisations in Europe: An International Comparison of Financial, Corporate Governance, and Organisational Structures”. The award was presented in Vienna on 15 July during the Fourth International Conference on Cultural Policy Research (ICCPR). The presenter of the award was Isabelle Schwarz, the Project Manager of the ECF. In addition to this, Dan Brändström has been a member of ECFs Advisory Board during the past year. Brändström is also the new Chairperson of the European Cultural Committee, the ECF’s Swedish “national” committee.

LabforCulture The most comprehensive measure in the RJ’s collaboration with the ECF has been in terms of the cultural policy laboratory, an initiative which was taken by the ECF in the midst of an EU policy deadlock. The initiative was designed to provide information and research within the cultural sphere, and thereby provide an impetus for an increased mobility of both people and ideas. During 2004 it became clear that the ECF, after a considerable and exhaustive international lobbying campaign, had managed to secure the financing for the project, which will take the form of a four-year pilot phase (2005-08). The sponsors include, apart from the ECF and RJ, Compagnia di San Paolo, Robert Bosch Stiftung, the Freedom of Expression Foundation (Fritt Ord), Kulturstiftung des Bundes, and others, as well as the Culture Ministries of Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, and Cyprus. The actual preparations were able to begin at the end of 2004. The sponsors nominated a Board of Directors at the beginning of 2005, and Research Director Mats Rolén was appointed Chairperson. In tandem with this, the laboratory was given the name “LabforCulture: Sharing Culture Across Europe”. LabforCulture’s (LfC) internet portal was opened on 5 June 2006, after considerable initial testing and evaluations. LfC is run by a small staff with many years of experience in, for instance, the fields of culture and the new media, as well as communications, and cultural policy. The organisation is headed by a Director, Katherine Watson. LfC is the fulcrum of an international network of leading experts in the field, including researchers, artists, actors, and performers. Other participants in the network include practitioners and organisations from both the public and private sectors. See: www.labforculture.org. The activities of LabforCulture will eventually encompass annual international conferences and workshops. Its most important brand so far, however, is its internet portal, which is well on its way to becoming an important resource and debate forum for research institutes, and those cultural observers who are to be found in so many different countries, and who are such an asset for the cultural sphere. LabforCulture also has an important collaborative partner in Bundeszentrale für 74 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Politische Bildung in Berlin, which, during the past year, has launched a daily electronic newsletter about culture and cultural debate in Europe, called Eurotopics, and which can be found at: www.eurotopics.net Another important international collaborative project is the World The World Cultures Cultures Series, an annual publication which is issued by means Series of support from such organisations as Sida and RJ. The first annual edition will be issued, after more than two years preparatory work, by the British publishers SAGE in March 2007. The project is headed by Professor Helmut Anheier of the Center for Civil Society, at UCLA, and the London School of Economics, and Professor Raj Isar, who is Jean Monet Professor at the American University in Paris. The first annual edition is entitled Culture and Conflicts, and contains approximately 40 articles authored by internationally renowned researchers, as well as containing a considerable statistical supplement.

As has perhaps become clear from this annual report, RJ actively Collaboration with collaborates with several European foundations. An example of this is its Robert Bosch Stiftung collaboration with Robert Bosch Stiftung, with which it is sponsoring the cultural research portal LabforCulture at the European Cultural Foundation in Amsterdam. Another example is a three-year fellowship programme for younger associates, in foundations and volunteer organisations, in countries in central and eastern Europe, entitled “The International Fellowship Programme for CEE Foundations and NGOs”. The programme consists of ten fellowships per year, and includes seminars and courses, as well as internships at foundations and NGOs in north and western Europe. The programme is headed by Witold Gnauck, the Project Leader at Bosch Stiftung in Berlin. The programme’s investors include, apart from Bosch and RJ, the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, the Bernard van Leer Foundation, and Deutsche Stiftung Umwelt (DBU). The programme will come to a close in 2007. RJ is represented in the programme by Research Director Mats Rolén.

In the aftermath of the bilateral research projects “Project 1905” The Nordic Spaces and “Swedish in Finland; Finnish in Sweden”, RJ has conducted Programme discussions with leading Nordic researchers for some time, focusing on the establishment of a new research programme. This is designed to stimulate research which increases an understanding of historical processes. In particular, the formation of the nation states which today constitute north-western Europe, that is, the Nordic countries, plus Russia, the independent Baltic states, Poland, and Germany. As was mentioned in last year’s Annual Report, this work has taken place in close co-operation with the Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies, and the Center for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES) Activities in Support of Research 75

at Södertörn University College. RJ’s Board decided in October 2005 to approve the programme, and earmarked 5 million kronor for its implementation. Torbjörn Eng, Ph.D., has been the Project Leader and Co-Ordinator. During the year the investment has been prepared by means of a series of contacts with research environments and research financiers in the Nordic region and the Baltic states. As a result of this, the project, which has been entitled “Nordic Spaces”, has been awarded a total of 23 million Swedish kronor, including the funds supplied by RJ. The programme is supported by: the Estonian Research and Development Council; NordForsk; the Finnish Cultural Foundation; the Swedish Cultural Foundation in Finland; the Swedish Literary Society; the Royal Academy of Letters, History, and Antiquities; and the Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies. The programme’s co-ordination, as well as a number of conferences and workshops, will be financed by the Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies for four years, by means of grants awarded to the CBEES. There was a broad international advertisment of the programme in the middle of October 2006. Those projects which are approved for grants will be able to begin their work as of autumn term 2007.

Sweden’s defeat in the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-09, which Investment for the was officially confirmed by the Peace Treaty of Fredrikshamn on17 1809–2009 Anniversary September 1809, resulted in the division of its kingdom. As a result, 1809 is an important date in the histories of both Sweden and Finland. The domestic political repercussions in Sweden of the defeat were seen as early as spring 1809. The king was overthrown in a coup d’état, a new and relatively liberal constitution was drawn up, and a partially new county system was instituted, among other things. Within the framework of the new constitution there was the establishment of a now-famous institution, the Riksdag’s Ombudsman, known today as Justitieombudsmannen (JO). For Finland, the division of the kingdom was the first step towards becoming an independent nation. At the Finnish Diet in Borgå (Porvoo) in 1809, Finland was granted a relatively independent position as an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire, whilst, simultaneously, Sweden’s Crown Prince, Charles John, restrained his adopted country’s urge for revenge eastwards, by means of the so-called Policy of 1812. Preparations for the approaching two hundredth anniversary of the events of 1809 have been made both in Finland and in Sweden for several years now. These preparations have been made by a variety of organisations in the run up to 2009. In Finland, attention appears to be primarily directed towards a focus on the nation’s road to independence. That process began in a very noticeable fashion in both 1809 and 1812, yet 76 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

of course was not nearly as clear to contemporary observers. In the case of Sweden, the war of 1808-09 resulted in an uncomfortable defeat that stripped the country of a third of its kingdom. Yet these events, which were greatly dependent upon the machinations of great power politics, also provided the impetus for significant constitutional change: an end to absolutism; the growing importance of parliamentary politics; and the beginnings of an adaptation to a new role as a minor European power. Moreover, the Swedish borders established by the 1809 peace agreement are, generally speaking, the same ones that remain today. During the past year, RJ has participated in consultations regarding several different forthcoming projects dealing with the dramatic events of 1809, and their impact, which are to be presented during 2009. These encompass, among other things, exhibitions and book projects in collaboration with the Riksdag, with Justitieombudsmannen (a grant for an anniversary book), and with the Swedish-Finnish Cultural Foundation. RJ has also asked the historian Professor Torkel Jansson, of Uppsala University, to lead a project focusing on aspects of the aftermath of the 1809 peace treaty that have hitherto been neglected. He intends, among other things, to examine the importance for Sweden of joint Swedish-Finnish culture, as there are particular reasons for a closer examination of such joint Swedish-Finnish activities after 1809. In particular, he argues that it is perhaps time to look at issues such as what remained of a joint Swedish-Finnish culture in 1809, in 1917, and what remains today. Professor Jansson believes it may well be interesting to test the hypothesis that there was a greater similarity between the countries in 1917, than in 1809, as it is this type of issue which he considers to be deserving of critical-comparative research. Indeed, contemporary critical studies indicate that the Finland and Sweden of today are very similar in a number of ways – and of course they in all probability will remain so in 2009. For instance, when Sweden and Finland simultaneously entered the EU, the tens of thousands of EU documents that required translation only had to be translated into Swedish. This was despite the fact that Sweden and Finland had been two separate states for almost two hundred years. The joint historical tradition of the two countries, their close neighbourly contacts, and similar ways of seeing things, have sustained common and very sinuous social and cultural structures that are of importance for almost all aspects of society. Needless to say of course, Jansson’s project will also include extensive collaboration with Finnish researchers. The results of the project will be published in book form and presented at conferences in Helsinki, and in Stockholm in 2009.

As of 2003, RJ has supported an international masters programme at Activities in Support of Research 77

Collaboration with the the University of Bologna, which trains supervisors with volunteer University of Bologna organisations and foundations. The programme is run by Professor Giuliana Gemelli, of the Department of History, and is entitled: “Master in Social Philanthropy” (MISP). Managing Director Dan Brändström has participated as a lecturer at least once during every course. The Sector Committee for Research on Civil Society visited the programme in May (see page 60). In addition to this, RJ has taken upon itself to provide residency and supervision for a masters student for one term every academic year. The recipient of this year’s stipend was Elleni Tadesse, B.A., from Addis Ababa. Her masters studies were located at the Nordic Africa Institute in Uppsala. Docent Tekeste Negash, from Dalarna University College, was her supervisor. Tadesse’s dissertation is entitled: “Civil Society and Food Security; A Case of NGOs Role in Ethiopia Rural Marketing”. Elleni Tadesse has also participated in several seminars and conferences arranged by: the Swedish International Development Co-Operation Agency (Sida); the Dag Hammarskjöld Memorial Foundation; Uppsala University; and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.

In July 2006, the second Euroscience Open Forum (ESOF 2006) was Euroscience Open held in Munich. This event is the European equivalent of the annual and Forum 2006 very well-attended AAAS conferences in the USA, which are meeting places for researchers, the media, and vocational practitioners. Sweden hosted a highly successful conference in Stockholm in August 2004, of which RJ was one of the sponsors. Given RJ’s interest in supporting communication between the research community and society at large, the foundation decided to contribute 900 000 kronor to the financing of the Munich conference. The event was organised by Wissenschaft im Dialog, Robert Bosch Stiftung, and Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft. The next ESOF conference will be held in Barcelona in 2008.

For the past ten years, Riksbankens Jubileumsfond has supported Collaboration with Collegium Budapest, an institute for advanced research within all Institutes for Advanced academic disciplines. Collegium Budapest provides residencies for guest Research researchers to enable them to devote themselves to their own projects in a stimulating interdisciplinary environment. In 2002 RJ’s Board decided together with other financial sponsors to provide support for an additional five-year period to cover running costs. State Secretary Charles Kleiber of Switzerland is Chairperson of the Collegium’s Board of Directors, whilst RJ’s Managing Director Dan Brändström is one of two Deputy Chairpersons. For a number of years now, Riksbankens Jubileumsfond has also had a successful collaboration with Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin. This Philosophical questions con- 150 cerning string theory Activities in Support of Research 79

collaboration has been further developed within the framework of a special agreement. RJ’s former Chairperson, Professor Stig Strömholm, has been a member of Stiftungsrat für Wissenschaftsstiftung Ernst Reuter, which is the foundation that finances the former organisation. Dan Brändström took over Strömholm’s seat as of 2005. Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin’s field of co-operation is “AGORA – Europäische Netzwerke: Die Vollendung Europas – Die Rolle von Wissenschaft und Kultur”. RJ has decided to continue to finance AGORA, as well to continue to finance the Dag Hammarskjöld guest professorship at the Nordeuropa-Institut at Humboldt University in Berlin. This latter position is currently occupied by Professor Sten Berglund, of the Faculty of Social Science at Örebro University. An equivalent professorship for German researchers, with a corresponding programme, has been established in the name of Ernst Cassirer by VolkswagenStiftung. This professorship is located at SCAS in Uppsala, and, during the 2004-05 academic year, was occupied by Hans Joas, Director of the Max Weber Center for Advanced Cultural and Social Studies in Erfut, and who is also Professor of Sociology at the University of Chicago. As of September 2005, the guest professorship has been occupied by Hans-Peter Krüger, Professor of Political Philosophy and Philosophic Anthropology at the University of Potsdam. In 2004 Professor Diana Mishkova was awarded a grant by RJ, and other sponsors, for a new project entitled “We, the People: Visions of National Peculiarity and Political Modernities in the Europe of Small Nations”. The project is located at the Center for Advanced Study in Sofia, and involves collaboration with researchers at SCAS in Uppsala, among others. During the past year funds have been authorised for additional workshops as part of this project. The collaboration with the Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Studies (STIAS), which was initiated in 2001, has been further developed and expanded during the past year. In connection with this collaboration, RJ decided in 2006 to support Dr Ursula van Beek’s project “The Quality of Young Democracies” for a fourth year.

Over the course of four intensive days, between 28 June-1 July, over 420 Tällberg Forum delegates from about 60 different countries gathered in the village of Tällberg, in Dalarna, by the shore of Lake Siljan, to discuss the global challenges of today. This was the twenty-sixth year running that the Tällberg Foundation had organised a workshop. This topic of this year’s meeting was: “How on Earth Can We Live Together?” The workshop had a large impact in both the Swedish and international media, and Riksbankens Jubileumsfond contributed about 400, 000 kronor to its organisation.

150 On 6 February 2003, Riksbankens Jubileumsfond signed an agreement 80 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Johns Hopkins with the Institute for Policy Studies (IPS) at Johns Hopkins University, University Baltimore, for a five-year fellowship programme concerning urban studies. The agreement is for one fellowship candidate per academic year, and covers the period 2003/04–2008/09. It follows the model established for RJ’s support of research fellowships that is in place with Stanford University, and other leading academic institutions. RJ’s financial commitment amounts to 32, 450 USD per year. The fellowships have been primarily advertised via the homepages of the IPS and RJ. The third annual fellowship in the series has been awarded by the IPS and RJ to a historian, Mattias Legnér, Ph.D. He has previously worked as a Senior Lecturer at Gotland University College, and took his doctorate at Stockholm University in 2004. He also has ties to Tema Q at Linköping University. Mattias Legnér will be in residency at the IPS during the academic year 2006-07 in order to conduct research on the preservation and utilisation of industrial wasteland in Baltimore.

In 2005 RJ awarded a grant to the Vigdís Finnbogadóttir Institute of Visit to the University Foreign Languages, at the University of Iceland. The Institute, which of Iceland has been named in honour of Island’s and the world’s first woman president, is planned to be an important research and documentation centre geared towards linguistic research. Above all, it aims to promote the world’s minor languages; languages that are in many cases under threat. Riksbankens Jubileumsfond’s grant was symbolically handed over to Vigdís Finnbogadóttir during an international linguistics conference in Reykjavik, in April 2005, on the occasion of her 75th birthday. By means of its contribution, RJ aimed to support Nordic research collaboration within an important field, and simultaneously intensify its contacts with the western Nordic region. The gift was reciprocated by an invitation to RJ from Vigdís Finnbogadóttir and Professor Auður Hauksdóttir, the Director of the Institute. This invitation was for RJ, together with its staff, to take a study trip to Reykjavik and visit the University of Iceland, and other bodies which are active in the foundation’s field. RJ was pleased to accept this offer, and took a three-day study trip to Iceland, together with its staff, at the end of August and beginning of September. The trip included visits to higher educational institutions, as well as internal working meetings as part of its agenda. The visit began with a presentation of the considerable digitisation of handwritten manuscripts that is currently underway, particularly those of Icelandic Sagas. This digitisation has been in progress for several years now at the National and University Library of Iceland, and aims at making the material easily accessible via the Internet. The guided tour and presentation was led by Department Head Thorsteinn Activities in Support of Research 81

Hallgrimsson. After this the group proceeded to the Nordic House, which is an institution supervised by the Nordic Council of Ministers. Head Librarian Kristín Bragadottír introduced the organisation’s activities which came across as a dynamic force in Reykjavik’s cultural life, and which are plainly an important point of contact for the rest of the Nordic region. The third item on the agenda was a visit to the University of Iceland. RJ’s delegation was received by the Vice-Chancellor of the University, Kristín Ingólfsdóttir, who greeted the foundation’s staff and thanked the foundation for its support to the Institute. Following this, Vigdís Finnbogadóttir embarked upon the first of a series of lectures by discussing “The Meaning of Language”. This lecture was partly delivered in her role as UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador for Languages. Professor Vésteinn Ólason, a leading researcher on the Sagas, then spoke about “Icelandic Literature in Prehistory and Present History”. Modern Icelandic history was depicted by Professor of Sociology Þorbjörn Broddason in “Societal Development in the Twentieth Century”. Auður Hauksdóttir then discussed the University of Iceland and the Vigdís Finnbogadóttir Institute. The celebrated author Einar Már Gudmundsson brought the programme to a close by reading a selection of texts from his recent books. The formal part of the study trip was completed by a lecture on Iceland’s modern economic development given by Halldór J. Kristjánsson, the Managing Director of Landsbanki Íslands (the National Bank of Iceland). The bank very generously hosted a dinner for RJ’s staff and invited guests from the University of Iceland, the Icelandic Centre for Research (RANNIS), and the Halldór Kiljan Laxness Museum. The study trip to Iceland finished with an excursion by bus to, among other things, the Laxness Museum, where the staff were given a highly instructive guided tour by the researcher and publisher Halldór Guðmundsson. After this there were visits to Alltinget (the Icelandic Parliament), the geothermal Geysir, and the spectacular waterfall Gullfoss. RJ then hosted a dinner for the programme participants. Research Director Mats Rolén gave a warm and personal thank you to Auður Hauksdóttir and Kristin Bragadottír for their invaluable help in the planning and organisation of the programme. Auður had also acted as a guide during part of the trip’s informal aspects. The contacts established with the Vigdís Finnbogadóttir Institute were followed-up with a consultation at the Icelandic Embassy in Stockholm in October. These discussions concerned the future development of the Institute and its possible financing. The meeting participants included: the Icelandic Ambassador Guðmundur Árni Stefánsson; Vigdís Finnbogadóttir; Auður Hauksdottír; Director Johan Stålhand; Professor Erna Möller; and Ingrid Sundström, from 82 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; and from RJ, Managing Director Dan Brändström, Professor Lars-Erik Edlund, Research Director Mats Rolén, and Research Secretary Maria Wikse. Based on this consultative meeting, and an application submitted to the foundation, RJ has awarded a grant for further academic planning, with a particular focus upon research on comparative studies of the development of Nordic languages, from new perspectives.

Riksbankens Jubileumsfond (RJ), has a strategic commitment towards The First Bernhard the promotion of long-term collaboration at the highest qualitative Karlgren Symposium level between Sweden and China. One element in this has been to form links with the incipient Chinese Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences at Tsinghua University (TIAS), in Beijing. Another one has been to create fora for high-quality scholarly dialogue and exchange. In this context RJ, together with Göteborg University, and the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study (SCAS) organised the symposium “Sino-European Cultural Encounters: The First Bernhard Karlgren Symposium”. This symposium was the sole and principal activity, in field of the humanities and social sciences, marking the official celebration of the arrival of the Swedish Ship Götheborg in Guangzhou (Canton).The Swedish Organizing Committee consisted of: the Managing Director of Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, Dan Brändström; the Pro-Vice-Chancellor of Göteborg University, Kerstin Norén; and the Principal of SCAS, Björn Wittrock. All the planning and preparation was organised by Peter Hallberg (SCAS) and Yan Peng (Stockholm University). The Chinese partners were: firstly, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), of Sun Yat-Sen University, including Huang Ping, who played a central role, and who, at the time of planning, was the Director General of the International Co-Operation Bureau; and, secondly, the Guandong Academy of Social Sciences. The symposium was held at Swasey Hall on Sun Yat-Sen University campus on 20-21 July, and brought together some 65 prominent scholars from Scandinavia and China to discuss cultural encounters between Europe and China in historical and contemporary perspectives. Opening statements were made by: Huang Daren, President of Sun Yat-Sen University; Björn Wittrock, Principal of the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study; Liang Guiquan, President of Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences; Kerstin Norén, Pro-Vice- Chancellor of Göteborg University; and Yu Pei, Director-General of the Institute of World History, at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. The symposium then introduced original research in four sessions: (1) Sino-European Encounters: The Long-term Perspective; (2) Commerce and Culture in the 18th Century and Beyond; (3) Intellectual Encounters Between Scandinavia and China Since the 18th Century; and (4) Cultural Activities in Support of Research 83

Traditions and Multiple Modernities. As part of the official programme of the Swedish King and Queen’s visit to Guangzhou, the symposium was held in the presence of Deputy Prime Minister Bosse Ringholm, and ended with the participation of speakers and key delegates at the dinner hosted by the royal couple. The Swedish delegation included the following speakers and session chairs: Dan Brändström, Managing Director, RJ; Kerstin Norén, Pro-Vice Chancellor, Göteborg University; Göran Malmqvist, Professor Emeritus, Stockholm University and Member of the Swedish Academy; Björn Wittrock, University Professor at Uppsala University and Principal of the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study; Sven- Eric Liedman, Professor of History of Ideas and Science, Göteborg University; Staffan Rosén, Professor of Korean Studies, Stockholm University; Christoph Harbsmeier, Professor of Sinology, University of Oslo; Lars Ragvald, Professor of Modern Chinese, and Head of the Department of East Asian Languages, Lund University; Björn Meidal, Assistant Professor in Literature, Uppsala University and President of the Strindberg Society; Claes Göran Alvstam, Professor in International Economic Geography, and Vice-Dean of the School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University. The Swedish delegation also included Jette Sandahl, the Director of the Museum of World Culture in Göteborg, and Onita Wass, the Deputy Director of the Museum of Far East Antiquities in Stockholm, as well as a number of researchers from universities in Sweden. It was generally agreed that the symposium surpassed even the most optimistic expectations in terms of quality and intensity of exchange, and that a second Bernhard Karlgren Symposium would take place in Sweden in 2008, continuing thereafter on a biannual basis.

Culture, Security, and Sustainable Development: Summary from a Sector Committee anders mellbourn

The Point of Departure The late 1990s was the age of globalisation. Economic growth in the wake of expanded free trade and the WTO system was high. International security tensions had lessened and changed dramatically following the end of the cold war in 1990. Discussions concerning sustainable development had got underway between the UN Earth Summit in Rio in 1992, and the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002. However, the world was far from being idyllic at this time. Globalisation had shown itself to be a driving force for growth, and to possess the ability to reduce poverty in many countries, particularly China. Yet at the same time inequality in the world was on the increase. The globalisation movement, powered by the market forces which had generated it, found itself facing a highly publicised alternative: Attac. This latter organisation eventually produced its own annual summit, the World Social Forum. Also, economic growth was far from being unlimited at this time, and the Asian crisis of 1997 had a strong negative impact on such states as Thailand, Indonesia, and South Korea. As far as Europe was concerned, the Balkan wars, in the aftermath of the break-up of the former Yugoslavia, served both as a profound setback and wake- up call. They led to a new discussion of international security issues concerning the necessity for questioning the traditional sovereignty of

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nation states. They also highlighted the need to formulate norms for humanitarian intervention by the world community, for situations in which entire populations were threatened with banishment, or even genocide. Similarly, ideologies had revealed themselves to be not quite as dead as liberal opinion shapers had declared them to be. In the wake of the end of the cold war, the end of history had been announced, along with the universal economic and political triumph of liberalism. The enormous economic and social development of China however, under the continued leadership of a communist one-party state, formed a distinct counter-image to the liberal notion of universal values that were quickly being embraced by all. Another notion that was popular at this time was the expression “Asian values”, which was used for the experiences of development in Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea. However, though the phrase “the war of civilisations” was coined as early as 1993, the confrontation between the western and Islamic world did not as yet stand at the centre of public debate. Within Riksbankens Jubileumsfond an interest had begun to grow for questions concerning global ethics, and this interest was based on the philosophical and theological research being conducted by Professor Göran Bexell at Lund University. In tandem with this, the foundation had begun to involve itself as a substantial sponsor of comparative international empirical research. In particular, it sponsored the research conducted on people’s values in different countries, known as the World Values Survey, and which was led by the political science specialist, Professor Ronald Inglehart, in Michigan. As early as 1996, the foundation had decided to support the Swedish follow-up to the World Culture Commission’s report “Our Creative Diversity”. As an expression of the rapidly developing interest in this area of research, Professor Karl Eric Knutsson was recruited to Riksbankens Jubileumsfond as a senior advisor in 1997. Professor Knutsson was a social anthropologist, and the first head of SAREC, nowdays the Department for Research Co- Operation within Sida, the Swedish International Development Co- Operation Agency. Professor Knutsson was also active for many years within the UN system. In spring 1998 the Swedish government was the host of UNESCO’s world conference “The Power of Culture” in Stockholm, to which RJ contributed by holding three seminars (see: Promoting Cultural Research for Human Development, ed. Carl-Johan Kleberg, Gidlunds, 1998). In the winter of 2000 a decision was taken, after consultations with Sida, to proceed with the sponsoring of cultural issues along a twin- track research path. The first of these involved a more humanistic and cultural policy oriented perspective, whilst the other one was more focused on providing a social science viewpoint on culture and Mellbourn 87

development. It is the latter track which is being summarised here. During contemporaneous contacts between the Managing Director of Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, Dan Brändström, and the Director of the Swedish Institute of International Affairs, Anders Mellbourn, the idea also occurred to incorporate the field of security policy within the social science track. At its meeting on 25 May 2000, the Board of Riksbanken’s Jubileumsfond decided to institute a Sector Committee for the field of “Culture, Security, and Sustainable Development”. The sector committees are RJ’s operational instrument for the purposes of mapping research needs and initiating new scientific research within previously neglected areas. At the beginning of September 2000, a working seminar was held, together with the Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences, and the Royal Academy of Letters, History, and Antiquities. The seminar took place at Stjernsund Castle and was entitled “Research Collaboration in the Fields of Culture and Sustainable Development”, and was organised by Karl Eric Knutsson. The Sector Committee for Culture, Security, and Sustainable Deve- lopment is the sixth such committee to be instituted by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond. Its opening meeting was held in November 2000, and it completed its work at the end of 2006. This summary provides a retrospective look at the Committee’s initiatives and activities.

Altered States Three unexpected shocks have affected the work of the Sector Com- mittee. On 11 September 2001, the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City collapsed after being rammed by two airplanes hijacked by Islamic terrorists. A third plane crashed into the American defence headquarters, the Pentagon, in Washington D.C., while a fourth plane, which in all probability had the White House or the US Capitol building in Washington D.C. as its target, crashed in Pennsylvania. The actual meaning of these events has been interpreted in various ways, but it is plain that world political events have taken a new course since they occurred. The previously more generalised discussion about new security threats has become much more serious and concrete. In the USA there has been talk about a “war against terrorism” since the events took place, yet without a clearly defined enemy, explicit goal, or definable end. After having been attacked on its own territory for the first time in the modern era, the world’s sole superpower no longer appeared primarily to be the force behind an economic and political globalisation process, but instead primarily manifested itself as a military power. This change involved the United States simultaneously turning inwards upon 88 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

itself, and also outwards through external involvement in considerable military enterprises, both in Afghanistan, which was generally accepted by the world community, and in Iraq, which provoked, and continues to provoke, considerable opposition around the world. As a result of this, the link between culture and values on the one hand, and stringent security measures on the other, became all too clear in the general world political debate. The focus in the debate on cultural values shifted from “Asian values” to “militant Islam”, the latter of which, even in official American rhetoric, was eventually termed “Islamo-fascism”. “The war of civilisations” determined much of the agenda, even if the concept itself was usually treated with scepticism. The results of the Sector Committee’s discussions of these issues were published in spring 2003, in the anthology Culture, Security, and Sustainable Social Development after September 11. In autumn 2002, Karl Eric Knutsson, the member of the Sector Committee, passed away after a brief period of illness. Apart from the personal loss for the Committee of a friend, initiator, and inspiration, Knutsson’s death had a direct impact on much of the work of the Committee. There had long been a plan to summarise the Committee’s work with a broad anthology which would incorporate Knutsson’s global network of contacts, and those of other Committee members, and which would encompass the issues dealt with by the Sector Committee itself. Once again developmental issues became the central focus of the Committee’s work, and it was these issues which persuaded the Committee to participate in an international working meeting in Latin America in January 2006. At this time many members of the Committee found themselves reminded of the Latin American perspective which so strongly influenced the developmental debate during the 1970s. The eleventh of September once again had a tragic resonance when, on 11 September 2003, Sweden’s Minister for Foreign Affairs, Anna Lindh died of her injuries after having been stabbed in an attack the previous day. Her work as Minister for Foreign Affairs was greatly influenced by her strong commitment to providing Sweden with an active role in the EU partnership. This was particularly the case in the area of foreign and security policy issues, but she was also highly active in emphasising the importance of conflict prevention, and of the EU possessing the ability to handle crises. In honour of Anna Lindh, both Riksbankens Jubileumsfond and the Sector Committee have undertaken a series of initiatives. These involve new projects dealing with conflict prevention, and European foreign and security policy issues, and the projects are being sponsored together with partners in the European foundation sphere. Mellbourn 89

The Main Direction and Activities of the Committee’s Work At the very first meeting of the Sector Committee, in November 2000, two issues arose which would continue to recur throughout the entire working period. The first was a discussion which began within the Committee itself, and concerned the Committee’s possibilities and concepts, and which included ideas for activities and publications. The second issue was a presentation by various guests, of both academic and vocational backgrounds, who suggested a number of ideas and plans, and who requested support and resources in making these a reality. The first discussion, about possibilities for the Committee’s work, and its concepts, resulted in a decision that the Committee should produce its own publication. This would detail and problematise the Committee’s three main concepts of culture, security, and sustainable development, and their inter-relatedness and relevance. The task of writing this text was delegated to Committee member Björn Hettne. The manuscript that Hettne subsequently produced was discussed at the following meeting, and, in the summer of 2001, the Sector Committee’s collective argument was issued in the publication Culture, Security, and Sustainable Social Development. An English translation was published in 2003. There will also be an international anthology dedicated to the memory of Karl-Eric Knutsson, which is planned to be issued in 2007, and which will be the Committee’s swan song. Five years on, the issues originally considered by the Committee have been developed by their subsequent experiences. A discussion of this development is to be found in Hettne’s introductory summary to the anthology. Faced with new political realities, and the international debate after the attacks of 11 September 2001, Committee member Alf Hornborg suggested that the Committee’s members in this situation should attempt to produce an anthology. This would encompass a series of reflections upon the situation after 11 September, by the different members of the Committee, based on their own perspectives. The suggestion was agreed upon and work with the anthology took up a considerable amount of the Sector Committee’s time during the following year. The end result was published in spring 2003 as Culture, Security and Sustainable Social Development after September 11, and was edited by Fredrik Lundmark. As with the Committee’s earlier publication, the anthology was subsequently issued in an English translation. Discussions concerning texts and book projects within the Committee came to play a large role in its work, not least after the decision to issue the post-11 September anthology. As a result, the Sector Committee has functioned for several years as a continuous and active interdisciplinary seminar, whose members, in organised forms, have both authored texts and served as opponents for their colleagues’ contributions. This had not been anticipated when the work was started, but became a 90 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

considerable and unique bonus, particularly in an academic world in which it is rare for leading representatives from different disciplines to meet for substantial scientific discussions at the same table. The second meeting of the Sector Committee, in January 2001, was dominated by a presentation by the Swedish Institute of International Affairs, which asked for assistance from both the Committee and from Riksbankens Jubileumsfond. This assistance involved the renewal and development of the Institute’s organisational activities, and helping with the improvement of its economic situation. RJ thereby began an extensive collaboration with the Institute, the size of which exceeded anything else that the Sector Committee was involved in. However, in addition to this collaboration, the attempt to stimulate interdisciplinary environments soon became one of the Sector Committee’s most important tasks. This attempt involved the deployment of environmental support at a number of universities. As part of its work of exploring interdisciplinary research environments, the Sector Committee began a series of visits to individual universities, in order to meet researchers within the particular field of interest, and to listen to their developmental plans. The first visit took place in connection with a meeting in Gothenburg at the beginning of June 2001, while the last took place in Umeå, in the spring of 2005. For a Committee focusing upon global issues, it soon seemed natural to also consider embarking upon a series of study trips abroad, in order to meet colleagues in other cultural environments. The first trip was made to South Africa in autumn 2002, the second to Egypt in autumn 2004, and the final one to Brazil in early 2006. The purpose of the first visit, to Stellenbosch, in South Africa, was to solidify contacts with South African social science research, and in particular with the Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, which, at the time of visiting in 2002, had only recently been founded. The visit coincided with a meeting of the World Values Survey Management Committee at Stellenbosch University, and the Sector Committee was thereby able to familiarise itself with an international research network, and to follow a working seminar hosted by the Survey´s. The South African programme paid particular attention to reconciliation processes from a comparative perspective, and to local experiences of the UN Summit on Sustainable Development that had been held earlier in the summer, in Johannesburg. Lasting contacts at Stellenbosch University were established with Professor Ursula van Beek, by among others, Magnus Jerneck and Lund University. The principle aim of the visit to Egypt in 2004 was that of cultural dialogue. Visits were paid to the university in Cairo and to research institutes with both religious and secular profiles. In Alexandria the Committee were given presentations at the Swedish Institute, and the Mellbourn 91

Committee also visited the new library. The Committee discovered, three years on from 11 September, that they were met with a certain degree of suspicion, or wariness, and that even a Swedish committee, interested in the tension between security and culture, was not exempt from the consequences of the events in New York City. Simultaneously however, important contacts were made, not least in preparation for the conference which the Sector Committee and RJ jointly organised. This was held at the Riksdag in spring 2005, and was entitled “Religion and Politics in an International Perspective”. At the conference, in addition to Swedish experts in the field, a number of leading researchers from the World Values Survey participated, as well as academics from Islamic environments, many of whom were contacts made during the visit to Egypt. The study trip to Rio de Janeiro in January 2006 was characterised above all by long seminar discussions at University Candido Mendes, the eponymous Vice-Chancellor of which served as the Committee’s generous host. Several of the authors in the planned international research anthology had been invited, and these presented and defended their papers in a collegial environment.

Environmental Support The Swedish Institute of International Affairs (UI), was in difficult economic straits at the beginning of the decade, and had a great need of resources to enable developmental work to take place. During spring 2001, RJ appointed a Working Committee composed of representatives from higher educational research on international relations, including: the Riksdag; the Ministry for Foreign Affairs; RJ itself; and the UI. The Working Committee’s remit was to examine the UI’s organisational structure, and to come up with suggestions for developmental support. The Committee was chaired by Professor Christer Jönsson, of Lund University, with Mats Rolén from RJ serving as Secretary. The Committee also gave Professor Arild Underdal, of Oslo University, assisted by Dr Michael Karlsson, Ph.D., of Södertörn University College, the task of conducting an examination of the Institute’s research. The Committee presented a thorough analysis and summary report in autumn 2001, which contained a series of suggestions as to how best to bolster research activities at the UI. As a result of this report, the Board of Riksbankens Jubileumsfond approved a five-year long financial sponsorship of the Swedish Institute of International Affairs. In the wake of this, the UI proceeded to become a meeting place and contact point for several of RJ’s initiatives within the sphere of foreign and security policy over the next few years. A further indirect effect of the Committee’s work was that it also caused both the Riksdag 92 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs to examine their own initiatives, and relations with the surrounding world, in terms of independent policy research and analysis. The Sector Committee’s visits to institutions of higher education were primarily geared towards promoting developmental work with new interdisciplinary research environments. In order to assist such work the Committee in many cases was able to offer environmental support. The creation of such interdisciplinary environments has been most successful at Göteborg University, where, in part thanks to economic investment from RJ, a joint School of Global Studies has been inaugurated. This is collectively located on the Linnaeus Campus and consists of: the Department of Peace and Development Research; the Department of Social Anthropology; the Human Ecology Section; the Centre for Global Gender Studies; the Department of Regional Studies; and the Institute for the Study of Human Rights. At Lund University, the Sector Committee’s initiative has been focused upon the establishment of the Arena for Global Equity and Sustainability Issues (AGESI). This newly created body has been organising interdisciplinary seminars, as well as conferences on global justice and sustainability issues for the past two years now. Lund University has also received contributions for planning work in preparation for the masters programme “Culture, Lifestyle and Sustainability”. This is an international degree which focuses upon providing cultural perspectives on the problematics of sustainability. Lund University also hosted the most wide-ranging event of all the special seminars and international conferences, which the Sector Committee has helped make possible: namely, the “World-System History and Global Environmental Change” conference, which was organised by Committee member Alf Hornborg and his colleagues at Lund in September 2003. Just about every international authority on the subject had gathered for the conference, which resulted in two conference proceedings, with a total of 43 chapters, and which was published in autumn 2006 in the United States. At Stockholm University an Interdisciplinary Committee has been formed around the topic “structures of vulnerability”, as a direct result of environmental support from the Sector Committee. The research programme is specifically entitled “Food and Water: Structures of Vulnerability in a Changing World”. The Interdisciplinary Committee in Stockholm which organises the programme has both applied for Linnaeus support, as well as programme support from RJ, though so far unsuccessfully. Three of the departments which are participating in the collaborative project are actively planning a joint masters course entitled “Globalisation, Environment, and Social Change”. The Committee’s contacts with the Gamla Torget Samarbetet at Mellbourn 93

Uppsala University have not led to any new collective initiative from that university. However, owing to the fact that the Swedish Research Management Board for the World Values Survey (WVS) is based at Gamla Torget, the Sector Committee has been involved in a series of initiatives designed to improve the WVS and to provide additional Swedish support for that latter organisation. RJ also provides support for the global conflict database at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research at Uppsala University. Interdisciplinary research concerning human rights is still divided between a number of local initiatives. RJ’s continued support for this field has resulted in research conferences in connection with theso- called MR days, and their resultant conference proceedings.

Initiatives in Honour of Anna Lindh The Anna Lindh Project on Conflict Prevention has been organised together with the Madariaga European Foundation in Brussels since winter 2004. The Madariaga Foundation has the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union, and the High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy, Javier Solana, as its Chairperson, and is the result of an alumni initiative at the Collège d’Europe. The idea of the project is to promote conflict prevention as an important element in European security strategy by means of studies, meetings, and publications. Anders Mellbourn, a member of the Sector Committee, is editor of The Anna Lindh Publication on Conflict Prevention, which has produced three annual editions during the period 2004-06. The Swedish partners in the project are Riksbankens Jubileumsfond and the recently established Folke Bernadotte Academy, the latter of which is a Swedish government agency designed to improve international conflict and crisis management. There are plans to further develop the initiative, for instance by means of publishing a new European academic journal on conflict prevention. RJ has begun a collaboration together with the German foundation VolkswagenStiftung, and the Italian foundation Compagnia di San Paolo, to create a joint post-doctoral programme. This aims to finance about a hundred young researchers within the field of foreign and security policy for a four-year period. The overarching purpose of the project is, in the spirit of Anna Lindh’s life and work, to promote the development of a new European research generation, each member of which is based in more than one country. The programme, which is entitled “European Foreign and Security Policy Studies” was advertised across Europe for the first time in autumn 2004. Its aim is to enable young researchers, of a European background, or who are based in Europe, to spend time in another European country for a period of 94 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

up to two years. Each year twenty stipend recipients are selected from a European research applicant collective. From a Swedish perspective it is perhaps worth reflecting upon the fact that, after three annual selection rounds, as yet only one junior Swedish researcher has been accepted to the programme. Within the framework of the programme there is also an annual prize, entitled “The Anna Lindh Award”, which is presented for the best initiative by a researcher or a writer in the field. The programme’s second conference for future stipend recipients was held in Stockholm, at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs, in December 2005. The first Anna Lindh Award was presented at the third annual conference in Brussels, on 14 September 2006. Riksbankens Jubileumsfond’s representatives in the programme have been Professor Christer Jönsson, of Lund University, Professor Rutger Lindahl, of Göteborg University, and Fredrik Lundmark, from RJ’s Offices. In summer 2004 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond was contacted by Sweden’s then ambassador in Washington, Jan Eliasson, with a request that RJ, and other Swedish foundations and companies, should supply economic investment for the establishment of an Anna Lindh Chair in the Practice of Global Leadership and Public Policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Despite the obvious difficulties that Harvard had in obtaining sufficient funds for the Chair, beyond the contributions from RJ, STINT, and Ericsson, it was inaugurated at the beginning of autumn term 2006. The internationally acclaimed academic and writer Samantha Power was installed as the first holder of the Chair, at a ceremony at the beginning of September.

Closing Reflections During the Committee’s six active years there have been a total of 90 separate awards of funds, amounting to a collective value of 18 million kronor. These funds have been distributed from the Sector Committee’s budget to fields which are connected to issues of culture, security, and sustainable development. The average contribution made has been about 200,000 kronor. Contributions have been given to conferences, seminars, and working meetings, as well as to networks, the foundation of academic centres, and book projects. One of the most concrete and visible results of the Sector Com- mittee’s work has of course been in terms of the Committee’s own publications, which have been written and edited by the Committee itself. Another concrete result of the Sector Committee’s work has been in the environmental support that the Committee has granted. This support has facilitated the possibilities of re-igniting and developing both established organisations within the Committee’s field, such as the Swedish Institute of International Affairs, and the creation of new Mellbourn 95

interdisciplinary environments, such as the School of Global Studies at Göteborg University. Other important aspects of the Committee’s work include new or expanded international networks and contacts, as well as established collaborations with Swedish research environments, to which the Sector Committee, not least by means of its study trips, has been able to contribute. Initiatives which were first taken outside of the Committee, such as Riksbankens Jubileumsfond’s support for the World Values Survey, as well as other EU-related initiatives, have gained a solid foothold within Swedish academic life, and in the arena of public debate. As for Riksbankens Jubileumsfond itself, and its own development, the Sector Committee’s work has been of central import for its growth during the past few years into an international research protagonist within the sphere of European foundations. The Sector Committee’s issues have consistently remained remark-ably close to general political developments, and discussions, sur-rounding the fields of culture, security, and sustainable development. It could even be claimed that the Committee somewhat too easily lost track of its original development, which was towards issues concerning the ethics of globalisation, and to value changes based on Asian development. This was particularly the case after 11 September 2001, and the political turning point that this date represents. None of the Sector Committee’s international trips were made to Asia, nor was Swedish research on Asia ever examined in depth by the Committee. Simultaneously however, it is worth pointing out that the south and east Asian perspective was often a part of the Committee’s discussions and publications. It is not least worth pointing out that Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, together with STINT, have both made special investments in new interdisciplinary Swedish research on south and east Asia since 2000. This has taken the form of the graduate school SSAAPS, which has been run parallel to the Sector Committee’s activities. Indeed, members of the Sector Committee have participated in the activities of the graduate school’s board. As the Committee’s work came to an end, in autumn 2006, Asia had once again come to the fore of world political debate. Economic growth has continued apace in China, and the country is now beginning to be taken for granted as a new superpower. This is for the time being mostly in symbiosis with the USA, or to one side; in the future it may be in direct competition with the USA, or perhaps even supercede it. Culture and values continue to remain a core perspective, particularly with reference to Chinese development. Globalisation optimists in the West want to believe that China’s rapid economic development will necessarily lead to social and political change, and to democracy and human rights. Meanwhile, the Chinese Communist Party leadership is 96 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

set upon continuing economic growth, and China’s development into an advanced consumer society, without changing its one-party system. The security policy conflicts in the region have remained unsolved, and have been additionally increased as a result of North Korea’s first nuclear test in October. Simultaneously, a South Korean has been elected to be the new Secretary-General of the UN as of 2007, which additionally emphasises the central world-political role that Asia now plays.

Members of the Committee Managing Director Dan Brändström, Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, Chairperson. Professor Göran Bexell, the Centre for Theology and Religious Studies, Lund University. Professor Katarina Eckerberg, the Department of Political Science, Umeå University (up to and including 2002). Ms Viola Furubjelke, MP for the Swedish Social Democratic Party, and Member of the Riksdag Committee for Foreign Affairs; as of 2002, Mr Berndt Ekholm, MP for the Swedish Social Democratic Party. Professor Björn Hettne, the School of Global Studies, Göteborg University. Professor Alf Hornborg, the Department of Human Ecology, Lund University. Professor Magnus Jerneck, the Department of Political Science, Lund University. Professor Karl Eric Knutsson, the Royal Academy of Letters, History, and Antiquities (deceased, October 2002). Mr Göran Lennmarker, MP for Moderaterna, and Member of the Riksdag Committee for Foreign Affairs. Dr Jan Lundius, Ph.D., the Department for Research Co-Operation (Sarec), at the Swedish International Development Co-Operation Agency (Sida); as of 2003, Ms. Lena Johansson, Section Head at the Division for Culture and Media, at Sida. Director and Consulting Professor Anders Mellbourn, (as of 2005 independent consultant to Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, among others). Professor Thorleif Pettersson, the Department of Theology, Uppsala University. Professor Birgitta Skarin Frykman, the Department of Ethnology, Göteborg University. Professor Peter Wallensteen, the Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University (as of 2003). Professor Mats Widgren, the Department of Human Geography, Stockholm University. Mellbourn 97

Professor Lars-Olof Åhlberg, the Department of ALM, Uppsala Uni- versity. Dr Fredrik Lundmark, Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, Secretary. Assistant Professor Mats Rolén, Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, Additional Member.

Anders Mellbourn is an Assistant Professor in Political Science. He is also Consulting Professor of Politics and Journalism at Halmstad University. He has previously been the Editor of Dagens Nyheter, Director of the Swedish Institute of International Affairs, and Chairperson of STINT. He is currently a freelance writer and editor.

Is Dan There?

jan-ol0v johansson

During the final few months of 2006 it was virtually impossible to get hold of Dan Brändström. It seemed that everyone wanted to talk to the Managing Director, if only for just one last time. Upon ringing up the personnel at Riksbankens Jubileumsfond’s Offices, they sighed resignedly and said that of course, they could put your name on his call list, but there were quite a few names on it already. What was worse, Dan didn’t even reply to messages left on his mobile any more. All this from a man who previously had conscientiously returned every call. – It’s as though everyone thinks that Riksbankens Jubileumsfond is about to cease to exist, Dan says when I finally manage to get hold of him, in between two meetings. – I’m trying to explain to them that the foundation is alive and well, and that its future lies in capable hands, he continues. Yet the sense of worry is easy to understand. For the past fourteen years Dan Brändström has been Riksbankens Jubileumsfond personified. At just about every seminar, and definitely at every large conference, his congenial face has been on show: the face of the foundation itself, you could say. Usually he has given an impassioned speech on the importance of knowledge acquisition, before hastening on to the next event. Riksbankens Jubileumsfond is one of the largest sponsors in Swedish academic life, and, in contrast to other large research sponsors, such as the Swedish Research Council, for instance, the Managing Director’s opinion has carried weight, even in the awarding of individual grants. In the light of this, it is hardly surprising that he has been in demand.

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Some people in positions of power and influence are forever ringing up journalists to tell them “something they should know”. This has never been my experience of Dan Brändström. Rather, he has always been a reliable and able pilot in the turbulent waters of academia; waters in which many have found themselves beached. Though he naturally has always had his own agenda, he has still, remarkably enough, managed to remain on good terms with most people in the occasionally rather quarrelsome academic world. He is quite simply ”go’ töickt”, as one says in the northern Swedish region of Västerbotten. This means a person who, owing to his thoughtfulness, helpfulness, and general humanitarian grace is particularly well-liked. It is a phrase I first discovered upon reading the book Without Bounds, a collection of articles published in honour of Dan upon his retirement. Yes, everybody likes Dan, as one of his old colleagues put it when we discussed the matter. This colleague, who is himself in charge of a substantial purse (and who shall here remain anonymous), knows all too well how easily trouble can arise where the awarding of research grants is concerned. Indeed, he notes that in many ways the procedure of applying for research grants could be said to be reminiscent of ice dancing. On the ice it is a matter of impressing the judges by exhibiting both skilful technique and an elegant performance. Yet in the final analysis it all comes down to a question of judgement. This is the case whether the occasionally ponderous elephants of the academic world are fighting over money or jobs. The difference is that researchers, of both sexes, also have elephantine memories. They never forget what they have perceived as a slight. So one could say that it’s a matter of elephants on ice. This might be an insight into the way the world of competitive research works, but only insofar as it reveals that the only way to avoid criticism in the research community, as in society at large, is not to do anything at all. Yet such a charge is most certainly not one that can be levelled at Dan. In spite of strenuous activity he has managed to remain highly popular. So, what’s his secret? Moreover, who is he really, behind his various roles of debater, organiser, and entrepreneur?

Childhood He’s from Västerbotten, the Brändström lad, of that there’s no doubt. Everyone who’s had the pleasure of meeting him knows that. Indeed, many of those from Västerbotten are naturally gifted academics, as is well known. His family came from Ekträsk, north of Vindeln. Consider the name: Ek träsk – Oak Marsh. It’s very fetching, but are there really such stately Johansson 101

trees growing in the marsh country of Norrland in northern Sweden? Or is it rather a name which indicates an indomitable yearning for something impressive to emerge from the waterlogged undergrowth? On the cover of the previously mentioned book presented in Dan’s honour there is a black and white picture of a house from Ekträsk. Though it’s a typical house from the village, it isn’t Dan’s actual childhood home. The local railway divided Ekträsk into two separate communities, and the one which Dan’s family lived in lies just next to the crucial Jernbanan railway line. The village is now in the process of decline, as are so many railway communities that were built just over a century ago. Yet when Dan was growing up it was still a boom town, one in which his father was a railway worker, while his mother took care of house and home. It was realised relatively early on that young Dan was academically gifted, or brainy, as one said in those days. The profession of local school teacher was soon earmarked as being the appropriate future career choice for him. In those days becoming a teacher was regarded as being one of the finest things one could possibly achieve. Teachers were educated individuals with a great deal of knowledge and a high social status. This of course was a long time ago. Yet from whom did Dan get his bookish knowledge? – I think I got it from my mother, he says. It was she who was interested in books and the theatre. I remember that we went all the way to Hällnäs to see a performance of Molière which Riksteatern gave there. Hällnäs was 27 kilometres away. We often went to the cinema too. Even in my village you could see quite a few films from the outside world in the local film tent during the summer months. Books first made an appearance in Dan’s life in a rather unorthodox manner, but one that was also typical of its time. One of his uncles studied, as so many others did, at the educational institute Hermods, by means of correspondence courses. However, he was a navvy, which in Norrland primarily involved the building of canals and dams, and so for practical reasons the books were kept at the Brändströms’. Dan devoured the books voraciously, as well as any other reading materials he could get his hands on. – I read what was available, and there was never anyone who censored what I read, or tried to find “suitable literature” for a child of my age. At one time I also sold the labour movement magazine Folket i Bild. One should remember that school books were a major source of inspiration in those days. They were books which one was allowed to keep, and of which one took good care. Doodling in them or ripping out a page was unthinkable. It is at this point that Dan and I lose ourselves in nostalgic memories about the best methods to protect the books that we were given, which one did either by folding the flap on 102 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

the plastic cover around the books, or the protective wrapping paper. I then ask Dan, that if his mother stood for arts and culture early on in his life, what did his father give him? – He’s probably responsible for my social skills, Dan says. My father was in charge of everything in the village. He was chairperson of the local workers’ union, he was a village elder, and he organised most of the events that took place in Ekträsk, Dan recalls. The phrase like father like son seems rather appropriate somehow. Dan’s childhood contains so many different stories which deserve to be told that one can only hope that he will take enough time one day to write them all down. For they are all time capsules from the period when the dream of modern Sweden first arose. Indeed, considering Dan Brändström’s photographic memory for names, dates, and other details, they appear with a sharpness and clarity that make them seem as real as when they first occurred.

The Road to Uppsala His unusually good memory and his social skills were important reasons why Dan was so good at doing “impractical” things, such as academic work. In those days one had to leave one’s local village in order to make use of such talents, and, if one lived in Västerbotten, travel far to the south. For the northern part of Sweden didn’t just provide Sweden with iron ore, and electricity from its many dams, it also contributed a good deal of intellectual energy too. So it fell upon the young Brändström to depart for the old respectable city of learning, Uppsala. Dan chose to read political science there, a typical subject of the day in the 1960s. He didn’t do at all badly. On the contrary, the young man’s potential was soon discovered, and he was offered the possibility of furthering his education at Skytteanum, a very honourable institution at Uppsala, the oldest university in Sweden. Yet even if he felt at home on the banks of the river Fyris, the songs of Norrland held a greater attraction for him. For in Umeå at this time the country’s fifth university was being founded, something which was then regarded as being of great importance for the country’s future development. At Umeå University he had got himself a job at the brand new Department of Political Science. Everything was so new that he himself had to collect the keys to the former menswear store which had been especially converted to house the new department. It also fell upon Dan to start up the activities of the department before Professor Pär-Erik Back arrived. Shortly prior to this, in 1962, Sweden’s Riksbank had decided to celebrate its 300th anniversary in suitable fashion for an institution Johansson 103

in its position, in particular for one with such a long and honourable tradition. In accordance with this, the Riksdag decreed that 250 million kronor should be set aside from the Bank of Sweden’s profits to create a special Tercentenary Foundation. This would provide a permanent celebration of the anniversary, and would be geared to promoting academic research. It was the leading figures in the Riksbank, the Chairperson Per Edvin Sköld and the Director Per Åsbrink, who suggested that 250 million Kronor should be set aside for research. Dan has his own theory as to why that particular amount was chosen, rather than, say, 200 or 300 million kronor. In the mid-1950s the Swedish businessman and financier Axel Wenner-Gren had proposed to Prime Minister Erlander, and Minister for Finance Sköld, the creation of a trust which Wenner-Gren estimated would amount to 250 million kronor by the end of the 1950s. However, it soon became clear that this sum would not be available. Perhaps it was the case, suggests Dan, that the government wished to demonstrate that it was more trustworthy than brash and somewhat unreliable entrepreneurs from the world of business. Tage Erlander was Chairperson of the Committee which was responsible for ensuring that Riksbankens Jubileumsfond (which was also known until recently as the Bank of Sweden’s Tercentenary Foundation) was able to start its activities in the spring of 1965. This initiation was somewhat irksome for the Riksbank itself, which was not to celebrate its actual tercentenary until 1968. As a result of this, when the tercentenary year finally arrived, the Riksbank celebrated it by instituting a new prize in economics in honour of Alfred Nobel, which is now presented by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on the same day as the other Nobel prizes. Anyway, from his outpost in Umeå, the City of Birches, Dan was able to convince his professor that their newly-instituted department, at the brand-new university, should participate in a joint programme application to the equally newly-initiated foundation, together with the leading professors at the nation’s other departments of political science. It was no sooner said than done. A programme application was written proposing research on municipality autonomy and municipality boundary allocations. Riksbankens Jubileumsfond was well-disposed towards the project, which was led by Professor Jörgen Westerståhl, from Göteborg University, and it proceeded to reward it with a large sum of money: 1 million kronor per annum. That approximates roughly 10 million kronor in today’s money. – When I consulted the archives I discovered that it was actually the very first project that the foundation supported, and also one of the largest, Dan says, not without a certain degree of pride. 104 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Well, one can certainly agree that the money went to good use. The project resulted in about forty doctorates, and many of those who were involved in the project later became leading figures in the state apparatus, both men, and, all-too occasionally, women. Career-wise things were going well for the lad from Ekträsk, and soon he, as the Head of University Administration, held the keys to the entire University of Umeå. It was at this point that Dan, as he himself recalls, learned something he has had great use for throughout his career, which is to be both discreet and effective. Another quality he learned was the art of giving someone an idea in such a subtle manner that the recipient believes themselves to have thought of it. A still further part of his repertoire is his ability to be “lönnflut”, as the quality is known in Dan’s home region, and which is another phrase I have garnered from the book Without Bounds. It means to be effective from the sidelines, and to be able to get a lot done without putting in a visible amount of effort. In other words, one works extremely hard, but to others one’s progress appears to be effortless. It is at this art that Dan Brändström is a master.

The Perfect Job When it came to the next large step in his career path however, Dan was anything but discreet. For at last he could envision the possibility of attaining what he himself described as the “perfect job”: being Managing Director of Riksbankens Jubileumsfond. – I remember meeting Nils-Eric Svensson around 1988. He was Managing Director of the foundation at the time. He told me that he had “the best job in the world”. I replied quickly that I wanted his job the day he vacated it. The years went by, and Nils-Eric Svensson remained in his post as Managing Director, but one day the position finally became available. Dan recalls that there was a great deal of circumspection concerning who had applied for the post, and how the selection process was to be organised, but he was called to an interview at any rate. It went quite well, or so he thought. Upon being asked whether he could handle being Head of an Office comprising ten people, he answered that he thought he could, given that he was currently responsible for about 180. Then he was once again asked to travel down to the capital city. At this second interview he was met by two completely different people. – Afterwards I realised that they had been uncertain as to whether I, as a bureaucrat, properly understood the needs of the research community, he relates. However the interviewers were apparently assured that he did, and, Johansson 105

at 6pm on 12 December 1991, he received a phone call from the very popular Chairperson of the Board, Kjell Härnqvist, now recently deceased, who, together with Nils-Eric Svensson, informed him that the Board had unanimously appointed him as Managing Director for Riksbankens Jubileumsfond that very afternoon. The headline in the northern Swedish newspaper Västerbottens Folkblad was perhaps inevitable: “He Landed the Perfect Job!”

What Exactly Does a Managing Director Do Anyway? After an initial trial period, during autumn 1992, in tandem with outgoing Managing Director Nils-Eric Svensson, Dan Brändström officially took charge of Riksbankens Jubileumsfond on 1 January 1993. Ever since then he has been firmly in command, with a solid grip on the two cornucopia that comprise the foundation’s emblem. Yet what does the job actually consist of, and what is a Managing Director supposed to do? Apart from running the Offices, there are certain well defined tasks that a Managing Director is set. He, or in the future a possible she, is primarily to lead the work of the Board of Directors. This is of course a collaborative effort, which, if one is to believe the Managing Director himself, has been carried out extremely well. – Without the help of the Board and my associates things would never have worked out, he says. This is of course something he is obliged to say, but he says it in a way that is completely convincing. It must be a matter of his northern Swedish qualities of ”go’töickt” and ”lönnflut” in smooth combination once again. The other elements of the job description involve: – establishing Riksbankens Jubileumsfond as a recognised and respected foundation both in Sweden and in the world at large; – developing and grounding the foundation in different sectors of society, to help enable the surrounding world to perceive that its activities are both wide-ranging and of great import for society; and – assuming different societal responsibilities. That Riksbankens Jubileumsfond with its abundant funds soon became well-known in Sweden is beyond doubt. Yet what about the surrounding world? – My predecessors in this post made a heroic effort to both maintain the value of the original donation, and to add additional capital to it, and they succeeded. If I have done anything, it is in helping to establish the foundation’s international reputation. Today, I would venture to suggest, there are now many people in the surrounding world who know who we are, and for what we stand. We now also have active collaborations with several different research financiers abroad. 106 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Research Policy in Sweden and the EU The notion of a heroic effort can also be applied to Dan’s realisation of the vague guidelines concerning “developing and grounding the foundation in different sectors of society”. His efforts in this regard have greatly exceeded the list of duties which a Managing Director is expected to perform. Indeed regarding these duties, many of our conversations over the years have addressed the question of research policy, or the lack of such. As with so many others, Dan and I impatiently followed the slow procedure of the last proposed government bill on research policy. Our joint involvement in the debate on research policy led to us often running into each other, especially whenever the issue was to be discussed prior to the recent general election in 2006. We often wondered if research policy would become an important issue in the election. Would the politicians dare to invest public funds in something that would only be recouped well after their term in office was completed? Dan’s incorrigible energy in this regard could not be mistaken. At a seminar at the Karolinska Institute, for instance, he suggested that one ought to try and find new ways to obtain funding for research. He mentioned that in other countries lotteries provide funds for medical research. Since the gaming company Svenska Spel supports Swedish sport, then perhaps gaming businesses, or their equivalents, could also help support long-term knowledge acquisition too? There were few who took his proposal seriously, but it was one of the rare examples of original thinking that I heard that day. The fact that the Managing Director has actively involved himself in research policy debate has not been entirely uncontroversial. An evaluation of the activities of Riksbankens Jubileumsfond between 1989 and 2003 was published in the book Hinc Robur et Securitas? The Vicissitudes of a Research Foundation (elegant manuscripts and Latin being of course highly significative of this particular protagonist in Swedish research). In their report the evaluators conduct a lengthy analysis of the foundation’s research policy profile. They note that: “There is a generally held opinion that Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, and Dan Brändström’s position in particular, is the first among equals in terms of research policy. In the light of our conversations with his foundation and research council colleagues this opinion appears to be entirely validated.” The evaluators go on to discuss whether the Managing Director plays too dominant a role in the foundation. Is it merely a one-man show, they ask themselves. This answer they come up with is in the negative. On the contrary, they see a “level” rather than a hierarchically structured organisation; one which gives its participants a great deal of freedom. However, the Johansson 107

evaluators point out, it is perhaps unusual that Brändström, with a thirty-year long reputation within the higher educational world behind him, and with his considerable network of contacts, is so personally involved in so many different organisations and activities. This is perhaps something the Board should consider when recruiting the next Managing Director in 2006, they add. Why has he been so active in research policy I ask? – I’ve always believed in the importance of knowledge and in its ability to change society, he says. So you could say that I’m more interested in knowledge policy than research policy. Given his interest in knowledge and in transgressing boundaries it was perhaps inevitable that he would eventually become drawn into Europe’s hesitant attempts to co-ordinate its joint research activities. In Dan’s view it is of course hugely important that Europe is united behind a single research policy, in order to be able to compete on level terms in the knowledge market. Yet Dan didn’t just talk about how important it was; he invested all of his personal energy and charm in order to push a joint European research council into being. Will something come of it? A European collaboration is slowly beginning to take shape, one in which not everybody has to conduct research about everything, and one whereby grants do not have to be assigned in terms of quotas, but can rather be awarded to leading research groups in open competition. All of this is proposed within the EU’s seventh framework programme. Dan is concerned that the research council may become a European colossus, which he regards as a possible risk. However, on the other hand, he states that he realises that that’s how the EU often works.

Projects Let us leave the corridors of Brussels however, and return to what is these days referred to as the core activities of the foundation: the research projects which have been awarded funds since 1992. The list of research projects which wholly or partly have been able to be carried out thanks to Riksbankens Jubileumsfond is a long and impressive one. It is hard to choose any individual examples of these. However, I happen to know from previous conversations with Dan that the reconstruction of the north German Baroque organ in Örgryte’s New Church in Gothenburg is one of his personal favourites. Behind the work on this highly concrete and magnificent instrument there lies ten years of research – and a not inconsiderable overflow from the foundation’s cornucopia. Furthermore, in a supplement to the book Without Bounds, there is a CD with recordings of the instrument which demonstrate that its reconstruction was worth every krona. 108 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Another relatively newly started project, which Dan and I are both rather fond of, deals with how learning is attained; in other words, the basic font of knowledge. Together with the Swedish Research Council’s Committee for Educational Science and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation a grant has been awarded for money to support “learning and memory in children and young people”. Against the background of the fact that we today spend such a large portion of our lives trying to learn new things, and the fact that an ever larger proportion of the population studies for an ever longer period of time, it is perhaps surprising that we still know so little about the learning process. Will it be possible to join cognitive science to brain research and pedagogy? If so it may eventually be determined why some people have photographic memories, whilst others are naturally gifted at academic subjects – and why some people have and are both. However, for every group of researchers who are awarded grants there are always a number who fail to accrue such funding. It is not uncommon to hear that those within the humanities usually find themselves without research support. As the humorist Tage Danielsson once pointedly remarked, when it comes to hand-outs the arts are usually given nothing more than a simple bowl of porridge. Does Dan Brändström think that Sweden’s humanists are badly treated? – No, I don’t, he replies. On the contrary, according to international comparisons Swedish researchers in the field of the humanities have a relatively high level of funding. Sometimes I think people complain a bit too much. How then should one proceed in order to gain funding from Riksbankens Jubileumsfond? Surely now that he is about to retire Dan can reveal which criteria the foundation looks for when deciding whether or not to support a project? – That the project should be of high quality is of course fundamental, but beyond that the proposal should encompass something new, he says. A large number of applicants simply offer more of the same. Another important aspect is that the research should be useful in some way, at least within the foreseeable future, he answers. So, there you have it: high quality, originality and usefulness. It’s as simple as that. Often it can be difficult to know in advance which research will prove to be of use, I suggest. He agrees that it can be difficult to determine that sometimes. One only has to think of the important project involving the measurement of public attitudes which Riksbankens Jubileumsfond has supported since the early 1990s: the World Values Survey. In the beginning there were many who were critical of this large global study, but after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, that attitude quickly changed. Today the results of the study are quoted in many different contexts and countries. Johansson 109

As for being the subject of attention, Dan has never deliberately sought attention for its own sake, but rather worked on the sidelines instead, and he has always been passionate about the importance of education for all. Considering his uncles who studied at Hermods it is perhaps not too difficult to understand his commitment to this issue. From his seat on the IVA he ran, together with other dedicated souls within academia, a sort of advanced Sunday School in adult education in Stockholm. This dealt with multifaceted subjects such as the role of time within literature, in music, and in social planning. The project went on for two years, and many members of the public attended, as did Dan, every week. I know, because I was there too. Things didn’t go quite as well with the research journal Dagens Forskning. This was a project which cost its backers several million kronor before it finally went bust. – That was one of my failures I must confess, he says. Yet he still considers the idea was a good one in principle. I ask him which other projects haven’t worked out as he had planned, and what would he do differently in the light of what he knows now? – I’m disappointed that the investment in SISTER (the Swedish Institute for Studies in Education and Research) hasn’t been able to establish itself as firmly as I would like in the field of Swedish academia, he says. I had hoped that we would be able to create a new vital Swedish think tank for the study of education, research, and innovational entrepreneurship, a sort of equivalent to NIFU in Norway, or Technopolis, SPRU, and Prest in Britain, or CHEPS in Twente, or WZI in Kassel, and HOF in Halle-Wittenberg. There are far too few think tanks in Sweden. Sometimes things work so slowly in this country. If organisations aren’t part of the official state or government apparatus then they just aren’t regarded as being as important. Sweden is an integral part of the outside world, and we cannot simply hide ourselves away up here in our little corner of the globe. This national inability to see the wider scheme of things drives me to despair on occasion. The fact that Dan is now about to retire is more a formality than anything else. He still remains on a number of boards and still has, as he himself puts it, fingers in a few pies. If he ever has any time left over he would be more than willing to write down all the things that he’s been a part of, he says. But there are so many memoirs published, he adds quickly. Indeed, his memoir writing will in all probability have to wait, for part of his job description as Managing Director involves assuming additional responsibilities. On 12 April 2006, he did just that. The then Social Democratic government appointed him as Chairperson for an Official Inquiry into how governmental authorities distribute funds to higher educational institutions in Sweden. The newly elected centre- right Coalition government which acceded during the autumn has 110 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

subsequently announced that they are equally interested in his work in leading the Inquiry, which is known as RUT 2. So after the New Year, Dan will move his books and papers from Riksbankens Jubileumsfond’s brand-new Offices in central Stockholm, at Kungsträdgården 18, to a room in the Government Offices’ committee rooms at Regeringsgatan 30-32, just a few hundred meters away. The task which awaits him is not for the faint hearted. The higher educational world has grown somewhat since Umeå University was first founded. Today the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education lists a total of 16 universities and 23 university colleges in Sweden. In addition to this, there are almost as many educational issues as there are higher educational institutions. Are Swedish courses and degrees of sufficient quality in order for Swedish students to be able to compete on equal terms internationally? How many universities can Sweden afford? Which criteria should be met before a university college is upgraded to full university status? How many students should study in higher education? Should the universities be more free than they are today, or ought they to be more geared towards fulfilling specific social goals and needs? Whichever answers he comes up with in a year’s time, he will in all probability find he has great need of all his previously mentioned Västerbotten skills, and others besides. Dan Brändström may have come to an end of his tenure as Managing Director of Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, but we are far from hearing the last of him: quite the opposite.

Jan-Olov Johansson is an agricultural science graduate, science journalist, and columnist. He was Head of the Scientific Programmes Department at Swedish Radio (SR) for ten years, until 2002. During that period a number of new science programmes were started by SR, including the Daily Science News. Jan-Olov Johansson has specialised in the new biology, but maintains an active interest in research policy. During the autumn of 2006 he organised a live election debate on the subject of higher education and research which was broadcast on SR. How in Earth are we going to live 79 together? Tällberg Forum.

The Diaries of Tage Erlander: Some Reflections alf w johansson

Meetings with Erlander I had the privilege of meeting Tage Erlander on a few occasions, including once at a seminar organised by my former teacher, Professor Sven Ulric Palme. This seminar was held on the occasion of the publication of the first volume of Erlander’s memoirs. At this meeting I was able to observe what might be termed the dialogic quality of his personality. Everything he said seemed to be part of a continual inner dialogue, and self-reflective process. I thought that I saw this quality once again upon receiving a letter from him in the spring of 1985. At the time I had just published a book dealing with Per Albin Hansson and the Coalition Government during the Second World War. In the letter Erlander suggested that we meet, possibly together with Per Nyström, or Per Eckerberg, to discuss the ideological development of the Social Democratic movement. I found myself both surprised and overwhelm- ed by this. What could I possibly contribute to such a gathering? The proposed meeting, however, never transpired for Erlander passed away before it could take place. Yet his invitation indicated that he, up until his death, continued to wrestle with questions of ideology, and with the role of Social Democracy in modern society.1

Diaries as Sources Diaries are very important source material for historians, not least of course because they deal with political history. When I wrote the previously mentioned book on Per Albin Hansson, the diaries of

113 114 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

government ministers were a central source in its production. Without having had access to these, my possibilities of understanding the tensions and disagreements in the Coalition Government would have been considerably more limited. To assist me in my work, I created a large index covering all the cabinet meetings, and other political gatherings, of which there were descriptive written reports. In this way I was able to compare different diary entries for those occasions where there were several descriptions of the same meeting.

The Arbitrariness of the Signifier “Diary” One of the principal sources for this period are the diaries of the Ecclesiastical Minister and Leader of the Conservative Höger Party, Gösta Bagge. These consist of over one thousand typewritten pages, which were almost a kind of written report that he dictated to his secretary (who was also his daughter) after cabinet meetings. Bagge has declared that the purpose of his diaries was to be able to account for what had happened at the meetings when convening with the parliamentary party, but he also says, in an introductory statement, that the diaries “might have a certain historical interest”. In actual fact the diaries form one of the most important sources for the history of the Coalition Government up until Bagge left it in 1944. The Minister for Justice, K.G. Westman, also kept a diary, which was composed of more literary, almost memoir-esque entries. Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson himself also jotted down shorter entries in pocket diaries to the amount of about four lines a day. These have a particular value given that he himself wrote them, but one is left with the impression that keeping a diary wasn’t quite to his taste. “Everything becomes trivialised” he wrote in 1943, shortly before ceasing writing diary entries altogether. There are several other government ministers who kept sporadic records of what transpired at this time, including even some actual stenographic records kept by Herman Eriksson, who had once worked as a stenographer for the Riksdag.

Diaries in International History Looking at this issue from an international perspective, diaries have, on different occasions, played an important part in the interpretation of central historical events. Two examples will suffice to illustrate this. Firstly, in the debate surrounding the origins of the First World War, the diaries of the German Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg’s secretary have played a very important role, in particular for the period of the July Johansson 115

Crisis of 1914. When they were first published they were seen as evidence that German policy had not at all had the aggressive character that the so-called Fischer School had claimed. However, certain doubts arose concerning the diaries, and researchers who were allowed access to the primary source material, which wasn´t until 1980, questioned whether the published diaries were contemporaneous. There were those who argued that the diaries were written later, for the purposes of removing blame from the German leadership. It was also revealed that a third of the original diaries had been burnt, which additionally helped undermine the credibility of the published diaries. Another example of the importance of diaries in interpreting historical events, concerns the discussion of the motives behind the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. Here the diaries of the US Secretary of War Henry Stimson have played a central role. Researchers have primarily focused upon finding evidence for the theory that the bombs were not dropped to force Japan to capitulate, but rather to intimidate the Soviet Union.

Historical Methodology: Revised Drafts In the teaching of historical methodology, student historians are often warned about relying upon memoirs as historical sources. These are rather to be regarded more as literary sources, which have often been produced long after the historical events they describe. Surprisingly enough however, the same warning is not issued for diaries. These are usually regarded as having a greater reliability than memoirs, owing to their having been written in close historical proximity to the events depicted within them. Yet the same criteria of origins, credibility, and bias that are applied to memoirs must also be applied to diaries. K.G. Westman’s diary for instance, is in all probability a revised draft which Westman may have composed subsequent to leaving the government in 1943. The same concern applies to Sven Grafström’s diary, which also appears to be a version that was re-written at a later date. Such suspicions force the historian to consider whether certain events have been omitted, or whether any alterations have been made between the writing of the original text, and the revised draft. It is often impossible to determine with any certainty whether either of these possibilities are the case, but the fact that such a suspicion has arisen can create a sense of unreliability about the diary as historical source material. However, there are no such problems in the case of Tage Erlander’s diaries. These have generally been composed in great proximity to the events they describe, and in some cases they have been written during the course of the actual events themselves. Some diaries have an air of cold calculation about them, with a sense of a literary manipulation 116 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

of the text, as in the case of certain entries by K.G. Westman. Yet such tendencies are completely lacking from Erlander’s diaries. They instead create an impression of a spontaneous record of events, emotions, and moods.

Awareness of Bias Being conscious of the possibility of bias is one of the basic rules in examining the validity of sources. As far as political diaries are concerned however, one almost always gets to know the author, their social position, and political preferences, and such knowledge provides important insights into possible bias in the actual source. However, even if the historian is aware of a possible agenda that the author is seeking to impose on the reader, some diaries can be so well written that they provide an almost totally convincing interpretation of the events that they portray. Diaries can in other words be somewhat seductive, as the examples of Westman and Grafström illustrate. Yet even the diaries of Tage Erlander can be highly seductive. After all, a diary entry is often the only record that one has of an event or a meeting, and this in itself can make it hard to resist, or ignore.

The Genuine, the Real, and the Authentic Diaries are documents whereby one believes one comes closest to the opinions and attitudes of the author. They have a more intimate quality than that of other sources, with the possible exception of private correspondence. It is in particular when searching for the basic motivations behind people’s actions that diaries can provide invaluable insights. It is part of the nature of the historian’s quest to seek the genuine, the real, and the authentic, and it is in this that diaries can provide important assistance. For this reason diaries are always a highly desirable source for the historian. Sven Erlander has no doubt had a great deal of first-hand experience of this. Tage Erlander’s diaries are characterised by a spontaneity and an immediacy which are striking, and an honesty that is remarkable. Writing a diary seems even to have had a therapeutic effect for Erlander. The diaries are composed in terms of a type of continuous inner dialogue, and indeed on occasion almost approach a Joycean stream of consciousness, echoing Molly Bloom’s famous monologues in Ulysses. In summarising the day’s experiences and reactions Erlander seems to open the flood gates of memory, which enables his diaries to possess a more personal quality than most that I have come across. Johansson 117

Opinions of People Someone once characterised a diary as an arena where no are holds barred. This could be applied to Erlander’s diaries too. The opinions he expresses about people are many; sometimes they are funny, sometimes cruel, but they often have a ring of truth about them, and they help to animate the entries. The diaries’ editor, Sven Erlander, has cautioned people not to take such opinions too literally. However, on the one hand, it is hard to see how one cannot, and, on the other, the viewpoints expressed deepen one’s understanding of Erlander’s commitment, temperament, and ideological conviction. A diary is never a completely private document, and it reflects the environment of which the author is a part. Erlander’s entries make it clear that the personal comments uttered in government circles could often be brutally frank. In the age of blogs and private e-mailing lists, Tage Erlander’s diaries come across as being highly up-to-date.

Diaries as a Means of Influencing History Keeping a diary is never an innocent activity, however innocent authors of diaries may claim themselves to be. For a leading politician a diary is an investment in history. They are a more or less open attempt to gain a degree of influence over the past. Strindberg, for instance, is supposed to have said: I’ll deal with you in my next book. The diarist might similarly say quietly to himself: I’ll deal with you in my next diary entry. Those who do not keep a diary can sometimes be alarmed when they discover that someone in their vicinity is keeping one, and feel themselves to be exposed to the whims of the less gifted. This thought may well have occurred Per Edvin Sköld when he, at a Nordic congress of historians in 1960, first heard that Gösta Bagge had kept a detailed diary from the Coalition Government’s cabinet meetings. He immediately took to the podium to declare that this diary could only be of limited historical value. For reasons such as this, diarists might be wise not to publicise their diary-keeping activities, otherwise they may not find out as much as they otherwise would. Older diaries from the 17th and 18th centuries were often a type of spiritual progression narratives in which the diarist discussed their attempts to grow closer to God. An example of this is Emanuel Swedenborg’s Diarium Spirituale. During the 19th century diaries were often a means of expressing emotions and intellectual development. Certain famous diaries, such as those of Henri Amiel, are characterised by much psychological self-analysis. In my view Erlander’s diaries encompass both of these aspects. They exhibit a continuous wrestling with his own conscience, and an in- 118 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

depth psychological self-evaluation, whilst simultaneously providing an exceptionally valuable commentary upon contemporary political and cultural life. The final edition of these diaries will prove to be a lasting monument to the author and his age.

Erlander as a Cultural Consumer Tage Erlander is manifested in the diaries as a genuinely democratic leader, continually discussing and analysing events. What is particularly remarkable, and occasionally confusing, is the way that he mixes the personal and the political. At one moment he is dealing with the government; the next his family or relatives. The diaries are also of course an important source for Tage Erlander as an individual, in terms of his personal psychological constitution, and his political actions. In the diaries one can see the richness and complexity of his personality, in a completely different manner from his memoirs. For instance, there is his interest in the arts, and his comments upon books that he has read, or plays that he has seen. Erlander was genuinely interested in culture, and he was a firm believer in the value of literature and art as educational tools. “We need the great writers in order to analyse our own dilemma”, as he once put it. Indeed, many of his comments are astute reflections based on his own cultural experiences. For instance, there is this commentary on a Shakespearean production he had seen: “What an amazing asset it must be for a people to have access to such a thing as Shakespeare’s plays. When history is able to infuse people’s very being in the way that Shakespearean blank verse makes possible, surely a completely different mentality must then arise amongst such people in comparison with those who have been deprived of this privilege”. Or what about this aside: “I have now seriously begun to read James Joyce’s Ulysses. It is a quite different and far more accessible book than the one I have tried to read five times previously”.2

Erlander as Historical Personage There is no doubt that the publication of these diaries will result in the figure of Tage Erlander becoming more differentiated and distinct in the light of history. Indeed, in many ways the diaries reveal an entirely new Erlander. Herbert Tingsten famously dared to admit in his memoirs that he was afraid of lightning. Tage Erlander, in his diaries, becomes Johansson 119

more human by daring to so openly describe his worries, his fears, and his sense of inadequacy. As a result, the diaries have a therapeutic effect not just for himself, but also for his readers. As Prime Minister and Leader of Sweden’s largest political party he was publicly obliged to shoulder the responsibility of appearing to be a strong leader. In his diaries however, he was able to freely express his personality.

The Uses of the Diaries Tage Erlander himself has stated that his diaries may be of value in shedding light on the political decision making process. This is in all probability the case, as the diaries constitute an invaluable resource in terms of clarifying the motives behind different political decisions. One example will serve to illustrate my point. It is an entry from 4 February 1951. Erlander has received an angry letter from the author Moa Martinsson, who criticises him for a speech he has held on former Finnish President Mannerheim, yet also praises him for Sweden’s abstention on the Korean question. She calls this latter decision “the courage of peace”. “She’s not right, but she’s not completely wrong either” is Erlander’s comment on this. He then suddenly begins to analyse Sweden’s actions regarding the Korean situation. He lists the different reasons for the government’s decision, both in terms of foreign policy and domestically; both the official reasons, and the internal ones. These are: the fear of war; the desire to demonstrate independence towards the USA; fear of the Soviet Union; the need to break with domestic routine; the desire to take a stand against the pro-western faction within the diplomatic corps (“little popes like Boheman and Grafström”); and the need to hold together the parliamentary party. A total of six reasons are listed. The historian is thereby served with a detailed analysis of the motives behind the decision without having to go any further; in a few sentences the central elements of Swedish foreign policy are clearly defined. Tage Erlander was Prime Minister and Party Leader. What he said in public was not always what he actually thought and felt, even if that to a surprisingly large degree seems to have been the case. Indeed, there was a certain amount of tension between his public and private persona. This is illustrated by an example concerning the former Minister for Defence, Allan Vougt, who died on 24 January 1953 after a short period as County Governor in Malmö. The following day there was an obituary in the newspaper Morgontidningen, written by Erlander. He praised Vougt for his abilities and political commitment. These qualities had made Vougt one of the labour movement’s most potent forces: “Courage and a refusal to be intimidated were central aspects of 120 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

his character …” At the end of the article however, Erlander wrote that Vougt’s workaholic tendencies had caused him to “burn himself out all too quickly in the service of society”.3 If one consults Erlander’s diary for the previous day one finds a different and considerably more complicated and in-depth analysis; one which exhibits a remarkable ability in psychological profiling, and also one which is startling in its brutal honesty: “He was a man who let himself remain upset for long periods of time, and who wore himself out with his violent emotions. In many ways he was a very intelligent, outwardly assured, and inwardly insecure person, who, owing to an unrequited love for politics, took upon himself tasks to which he was not suited. He was a great journalist and a good second-in-command to a great Party Leader (i.e. Per Albin Hansson), yet became a hapless victim of his own insecurities and lack of a conscious political value system when placed in a central post…” By way of summary, I would like to close by quoting an older colleague with whom I was discussing Erlander’s diaries the other day. As we were just finishing talking he exclaimed: “We owe an enormous debt of gratitude to Sven Erlander for making these diaries publicly available”. I can only agree.

1 This text is an edited version of an introductory talk held at a seminar in the Riksdag on 14 March 2006. The seminar was organised by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, and dealt with Tage Erlander’s diaries as historical source material. 2 Tage Erlander 1955 27.12. p. 223 3 MT 25.1.1953 p. 9

Alf W. Johansson is Professor at the Institute of Contemporary History at Södertörn University College. His published works include: Per Albin och kriget (Per Albin Hansson and the Second World War) 3rd edition, 1995; Den nazistiska utmaningen (The Nazi Challenge) 6th edition, 2006; Europas krig (War in Europe) 3rd edition, 2006; Herbert Tingsten och det kalla kriget (Herbert Tingsten and the Cold War) 1995; Vad är Sverige? (What Is Sweden?) Ed., 2001; and Sveriges historia (The History of Sweden) with Jan Melin and Susanna Hedenborg, 4th edition, 2006. He was a member of the Commission of Inquiry into the Security Service 1999-2002. He has also written introductions to and translated works by Kant and Nietzsche. The Swedenborg archives at the Royal Swedish 163 Academy of Sciences: A cataloguing project The City, the God and the Sea127 New Research Programmes 2006

uring 2006 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond advertised the availability of funds for large long-term programmes for the second time. Three programmes were awarded funds Damounting to a total of 95 million kronor. Professor Christian Berggren, of Linköping University, was awarded 28.9 million kronor for “Knowledge Integration and Innovation in the Globalising Economy”; Professor Bo Rothstein, of Göteborg University, was awarded 35.9 million kronor for “The Quality of Government Institute at Göteborg University”; and Dr. Arto Penttinen, of the Swedish Institute in Athens, was awarded 30.2 million kronor for “The City, the God, and the Sea”. Below are summaries of the three programmes written by the heads of the respective programmes.

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Knowledge Integration and Innovation in the Globalising Economy

Business Aministration The globalizing economy exposes the Swedish economy to a fundamental tension. New markets and knowledge centres are competing for investments Professor and attention. Activities from manufacturing to software programming Christian Berggren are being decoupled and relocated to offshore locations, resulting in an Linköping University increasing level of disintegration and dispersal of industrial activities. The SEK 28,856,000 dominance of large, international firms in Sweden makes its economy particularly vulnerable to these disintegrating trends. At the same time, there is a strong need for interactive and integrated development. Firms need capabilities to allow them to rapidly integrate different types of knowledge and to enable cross-disciplinary and cross-organizational interaction. More than ever, the importance of knowledge and innovation for national competitiveness and growth is being emphasized by Swedish policy makers. However, the basis for knowledge development and innovation in companies is changing under the influence of three major trends: (1) the globalization of R&D, markets and manufacturing, (2) the transformation of markets, and (3) changes in the character of scientific and technical development. Together, these three trends are resulting in increasing levels of differentiation and separation of activities in the industrial value chains; knowledge generation and utilization is becoming more and more interdisciplinary (e.g. product and knowledge complexity), international (e.g. market, technology sourcing, production), inter-organizational (e.g. co-operative R&D, alliances/mergers, co-ordination between specialized companies and across segments within transnationals) and innovative (e.g. rapid technical change). The point of departure for the Programme is the challenge of disintegrating trends and integrating necessities in the globalizing economy. By linking research activities to industry-academia collaboration and knowledge exchange, the Programme aspires to develop into an internationally highly reputed research node, attracting top-notch researchers as guest professors and research fellows, who actively participate in projects and publishing activities in the Programme. In co-operation with leading industries and European research institutions the Programme will pursue research and research dissemination in three areas.

1. Knowledge integration and project organization competencies This research theme focuses on issues such as: the management of distributed knowledge teams across organizational boundaries; the role of innovating individuals in highly structured “R&D factories”, communication and concerted action in global projects; project control and portfolio balancing. 2. Outsourcing versus co-location and integration. Research issues within this theme include: What functions and capa- Project 125

bilities need to be collocated and interact closely; what functions could be separated, outsourced or otherwise disintegrated without damaging innovation and industrialization capabilities; and what factors determine the dynamics of integration – disintegration over time? Which are the key differences between different sectors in this respect: why, for example, are the conditions for separation - integration so different in firms competing in technology and advanced product development as compared to the irrelevance of distance in the fashion industry, with its total separation of design and manufacture? 3. Innovation and the organization of external knowledge acquisition.

What are the prerequisites for the successful combination of internal and external knowledge development in rapidly changing industries? What are the capabilities necessary for managing diverse knowledge bases in strategic partnerships; and for orchestrating knowledge creation in international development partnerships?

The Quality of Government (QoG) Institute at Göteborg University

Political Science The thematic focus for this research programme is the importance of the Quality of Government (QoG) institutions for economic, social, as well as Professor human development. Trustworthy, reliable, predictable, impartial, uncor- Bo Rothstein rupted, and competent government institutions seem to be an important, Göteborg University if not the most important, asset for countries, regions, as well as local gov- SEK 35,940,000 ernments. Current publications from organisations such as the World Bank and the United Nations Development Program now strongly emphasise the importance of good governance. Without high quality government institutions, resources in physical as well as in human capital are difficult to realise. The effectiveness and sustainability of government initiatives in areas such as economic growth, environmental protection, social welfare, research and technological innovations, gender equality, and education are all dependent on the existence of government institutions of a reasonably high quality. If the quality of a country´s political institutions determines its economic and social development, it is of course paramount to know what causes some countries to have better political, administrative, and legal institutions than others. It is also important to understand what sort of policy advice that can be useful for countries that suffer from e.g., systemic corruption. The problem with changing levels of corruption (and other forms of low QoG) is that it turns out to be a very sticky problem. Most empirical research show that “once the system gets there, it stays there”. Agents in a corrupt system have little reasons to change their behaviour, even if they all realise that they as a collective stand to lose from ongoing corruption and other forms of low QoG. First, agents at the bottom of a corrupt system, such as the “street level” tax bureaucrat, have no incentive to refrain from corrupt 126 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

practices because even if they as individuals start behaving honestly, nothing will change as long as most of their colleagues do not change their behaviour. This is probably why large public anti-corruption campaigns seem to have limited (or even negative) effects because they establish the “common knowledge” that corrupt practices are indeed very common. However, as shown by cases such as Singapore and Hong Kong, corruption can be successfully fought from above. Strong and determined political leaders can successfully fight corruption. One problem, at least from a normative perspective, is that both of these well-known cases, while hugely successful, also come with some bad news, namely that democracy seems not to be the cure for corruption. Neither Singapore, nor Hong Kong were democracies when their successful campaigns against corruption were launched, and they have not become democracies since. Instead, it was leaders who were isolated from public pressure and opinion that managed to install effective measures against corruption. The research programme will consist of about twenty researchers and will be organised in nine different projects that will confront a number of questions such as: How should QoG be defined and measured? What are the normative foundations of QoG? What is the role of the mass media, public opinion, civil society, and political parties in relation to QoG? Under what circumstances will interest-based agents opt for impartial government institutions? How can we understand the causal mechanism between QoG and, for example, economic growth, new forms of governance, globalisation, social welfare, and gender equality? What is the result in policy outcome in different areas such as social well-being, health, and environmental sustainability? A central part of the programme is the construction of a data bank collected from a number of freely available cross-sectional data sources, including aggregated individual-level data. This data set will be publicly available and the data will be organised under three headings. The first will contain the WII (What It Is) variables, that is, variables pertaining to the core areas of the QoG compound (such as corruption, bureaucratic quality, and democracy); Secondly, the HTG (How To Get it) variables, that is, variables posited to promote the development of QoG (such as electoral rules and forms of government); and thirdly, the WYG (What You Get) variables, that is, variables pertaining to some of the posited consequences of QoG (such as economic and human development, environmental sustainability, gender equality, and satisfied, trusting and confident citizens). Project 127

The City, the God and the Sea

Archeology The most important Greek sanctuaries, such as those at Delphi, Olympia, and Delos were all, to a large extent, excavated before archaeology was Ph.D. considered a primary source for knowledge of Greek cults and Greek Arto Penttinen religion. Therefore, the received picture of the Greek gods and of Greek Swedish Institute in religion is one based mainly on sources such as ancient literature, Greek Athens vases, and sculpture. SEK 30,190,000 The Poseidon Sanctuary on Kalaureia (Poros) was first excavated in 1894 by the Swedish scholars Samuel Wide and Lennart Kjellberg. Their objective was to uncover the foundations of the buildings, and to draw up plans of them, as well as plans of the sanctuary. Their actions were in accord with the standard archaeological practice of the time. In many cases the trenches they dug along the foundation walls can still be seen on the site. Excavations were resumed in 1997 under the direction of Berit Wells for the Swedish Institute at Athens. Between 2003 and 2005 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond financed a three-year programme entitled: Physical Environment and Daily Life in the Poseidon Sanctuary at Kalaureia, which was geared towards retrieving new data pertaining to the sanctuary through modern archaeological methods. Through analyses of organic residue in pottery, as well as analyses of charcoal, animal bones, seeds, mollusks, and metal slag, the traditional picture of sacrifices, dining, and construction in the Kalaureia Sanctuary is slowly changing. A new picture of daily life in this large Greek sanctuary is now emerging instead. Despite the wealth of new information that the excavations have so far provided, there is still much that remains to be discovered about the sanctuary at Kalaureia. For instance, we still do not know how large the sanctuary was; nor do we know how the sanctuary relates to the city. In all probability, the city is secondary, and may not have existed before Hellenistic times, i.e. no earlier than the end of the 4th century BC. By that time the sanctuary had been in existence for over four hundred years. The current research programme entitled: The City, the God, and the Sea, has a broad scope, and will employ new methods and theories, not only within the domain of classical archaeology, but also within those of religious studies and social anthropology. The new programme will initially focus on field investigations of two monumental structures, whose properties have been defined by means of geophysical prospection. Both of them are located close to what is perceived as the border zone between the city and the sanctuary. As a result, a study of them may well contribute to knowledge of Kalaureian religion. The working hypothesis of the project is that the local religion was not static, but rather developed out of local, societal needs, and subsequently changed character when the historical situation so demanded. The prevalent hypothesis in research pertaining to Greek religion in general, however, is that it was closely associated with the growth of the polis or city-state, and its changing needs. Returning to the project at Kalaureia, the basic 128 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

hypothesis pertaining to religion here is the contrary one to that of Greek religion in general, owing to the fact that the sanctuary came first, and then the polis. Indeed, a greater knowledge of the specificities of local religion will hopefully contribute to a greater knowledge of Greek religion as a whole. For hundreds of years, people on the island of Poros, and the other islands in the Saronic Gulf, have plundered the sanctuary of its stones. Thus, it is primarily only the foundations of its buildings that remain, and, in the case of the temple of Poseidon, not a single stone lies in its original place. Yet before the blocks were removed they were cut to sizes appropriate for future use. For example, when a column drum was cut into a square block, the flutes were cut off, and many such architectural fragments have been retrieved from the 1894 excavation dumps. When measured and statistically analyzed, they can reveal column size and height. Also, a wealth of fragments from the terracotta roofs of buildings have been found. Together these find categories will be utilized digitally to reconstruct the original buildings. A third objective will be to study which role, if any, the Poseidon Sanctuary has played for local identity in modern times. Both archival material, and field studies based on interviews with people either living on Poros, or just visiting the island, will be of importance here. Greece today is a country in the midst of great change. Like many small Greek communities, modern- day Poros has a heterogeneous population, consisting of native Greeks, asylum seekers, and economic refugees. In addition, there are thousands of tourists – many of them from Scandinavia – who visit the island every year. The importance of the ancient monuments for Greek national identity has long been taken for granted. However, exactly how the ancient ruins function, and have functioned, on a local level, in a growing multicultural society, has not previously been examined in depth. The project The City, the God, and the Sea is directed by Berit Wells and Arto Penttinen. The research group is an international one, and its members have different scholarly backgrounds. By means of dialogue a new and different picture is expected to emerge of how the Greek gods were used, both in the past, and in the present. Linnæus and South America: An edition of Diarium Surinamicum, a report from South America written by 156 a disciple of Linnaeus, Daniel Rolander. 160 Digitising Codex Argenteus and its editions New Research Projects 2006

n Riksbankens Jubileumsfond’s Annual Report, summaries are published of the new research projects and infrastructural projects which have been awarded grants during the past year. The founda- Ition awards framework grants, which means that additional costs of various types, and in certain cases, of value added tax, are included in the amount awarded. Each project lists the project leader’s name, the institution to which the grant is awarded, the project title, the actual amount awarded, and a project summary. For additional information please contact the project leader concerned.

131 132 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Anthropology

India as a global Ph.D. superpower: An anth- Per Ståhlberg ropological study of Stockholm University future visions SEK 1,790,000

Projects • India is nowadays viewed as a future economic superpower. Economic liberalization and a good supply of low-wage English-speaking labour have made the country competitive in the global market place. The high quality of technical education and successes for companies in the ICT business have contributed to the image of a new “knowledge nation”. However, the Indian superpower is, despite certain impressive developments, very much a vision of the future. The image of success could be regarded as a social construction, created in the interaction between a number of protagonists with differing motives. Some examples of these are: the Indian Government and industry that are promoting a strong “Brand India”; international finance institutes aiming to interpret changes in the world economy; and the mass media (Indian as well as international) which is creating a comprehensible representation of the country. The aim of this project is, firstly, to examine the production of a new image of India, and to analyse its themes and variations, both within the country, as well as in an international context. Secondly, it will study what is happening on the ground level, in a place that has a key position in the vision of a glorious Indian future, by asking: How are the grand expectations interpreted among some categories of “brokers” who, in a concrete manner, deal with this vision? The first part of the study will be based on media material and text documents. The second part will be based on fieldwork in the Southern Indian city of Hyderabad. Projects 133133

Archeology Architecture

Anonymous ances- Ph.D. Women garden Ph.D. tors? Karl-Göran Sjögren designers in Sweden Catharina Nolin Reconsidering neo- Göteborg University in the first half of Stockholm University lithic collective SEK 3,130,000 the 20th century. SEK 1,060,000 tombs in the light of Towards a professio- recent investigations nal identity

• The purpose of the project is to critically • The aim of the project is to investigate how revaluate the dominant view of Scandinavian women garden designers during the first half megalithic tombs as a form of ossuaries. The of the twentieth century achieved a professional analysis will be based on two recently excavated identity. This entails analysing and discussing tombs in Falbygden in western Sweden, where their possibilities of achieving relevant training the bones have been recorded in detail: the pas- in order to be able to work in this field. The sage graves at Frälsegården and Landbogården. project will be carried out thematically based The analyses made so far suggest that the on questions such as: what was their social treatment of the dead in these tombs does background; training; business; whether they not fit current models of mortuary practices were self-employed or employees; publications; in megalithic tombs. The project will perform participations in competitions and exhibitions; detailed osteological and spatial analyses of public commissions, etc. Women’s importance the human bones in these graves, using: GIS; for designing parks and gardens is an unexplo- spatial statistics; the refitting of bones, and red field in Sweden, and in the other Nordic computer simulations. Also, a knowledge of countries. In an international perspective, there decomposition processes will be an essential is a preponderance of monographs. The investi- component. Analyses of strontium and other gation will be a contribution to profession isotopes will be used to see whether the tombs studies on, for example, artists, photographers, represent a mainly local population or not, and and academics, with a clear emphasis on the whether marriage patterns may have connected gender perspective established in the past few Falbygden with larger regions. Further, the years. It is important to investigate these suc- arguments in support of the ossuary model will cessful, but today forgotten women, both as be critically evaluated, and the Scandinavian individuals, and as a group, and to introduce case will be set against the wider European them into the existing canon of garden history, discussion around megalithic tombs and and male garden designers. Initially, I will Neolithic societies. search for, and work on, the primary sources. Then, the sources and the women behind them will be analysed, discussed, and positioned in a theoretical context. A majority of the women were trained abroad, thus it will be necessary to search for material in archives outside of Sweden.

134 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Business Administration Business Administration

Small world Sweden: Ph.D. Entrepreneurship Doctor of Economics The importance of Anna Stafsudd across generations in Mattias Nordqvist corporate networks Lund University family firms Jönköping International SEK 880,000 Business School SEK 1,580,000

• The purpose of this project is to analyse • While it is now widely acknowledged that networks between the owners and directors of the family business is the most common form Swedish public corporations, as well as their of business organisation in most countries, antecedents and consequences. The perspective there is still a lack of research and knowledge used here will be relatively new and is called about this type of firm. The aim of this research small worlds. It was developed as an answer project is to investigate continuous entrepre- to the problem that, despite the fact that neurship in owner-families and family firms, social networks are assumed to be important, which will be referred to as transgenerational the relatively few relations in corporate net- entrepreneurship. Transgenerational entrepre- works (i.e. density) showed the opposite. In neurship will be defined as a family’s mindset accordance with the small worlds’ perspective, and capability to continue its entrepreneurial corporations’ local relations (i.e. clusters) were legacy of social and economic wealth-creation then studied, as well as how closely related across the generations. Combining and integra- corporations were to each other. These values ting literature on corporate entrepreneurship were compared to theoretically computed ones, and family firms, there will be a study of what which could be assumed to arise hypothetically characterises entrepreneurship in owner-fami- in a network of the same size with the same lies and family firms, as well as how entrepre- number of relations. Findings showed that neurship can be maintained and reproduced corporations tended to gather in clusters to a across the generations. This means a dual unit far larger degree than would be expected by of analysis, where there will be an introduction chance, i.e. they were part of networks with of the owner-family unit, along with the more small world properties. This project is part of a traditional firm unit of analysis. The project larger global one which has the the purpose of is part of a global research collaboration bet- comparing different countries’ network structu- ween teams from business schools in Europe, res, by means of utilizing the possibilities that North America, and Latin America. All the the small world perspective allows for in stu- teams will carry out a similar research project, dying both the antecedents and consequences both theoretically and empirically, within an of such networks. In the case of Sweden, it has initiative called Successful Transgenerational been suggested that the vitality of its financial Entrepreneurship Practices (STEP), led by markets is to be explained by close informal Babson College, USA. The research results networks. Preliminary findings confirm this, as will be directly communicated back to owner- Sweden shows higher small worlds’ values for families at yearly summits, where academics, owner networks than any other country in the owners, and executives interact to learn from world, with the exception of Germany, a coun- one another. try known for its corporate networks. Projects 135

Business Administration Classical Languages

Organising the multi- Ph.D. Greek sacrificial ritu- Asst. Professor professional market- Karin Winroth al in practice, belief, Gunnel Ekroth maker Södertörn University and theory Stockholm University College SEK 1,590,000 SEK 2,200,000

• The financial industry has undergone a dra- Animal sacrifice, the principal ritual within the matic development during the last decade, ancient Greek cults, could be performed in dif- which has also led to increased specialisation ferent ways. Theoretical models have been pro- and professionalisation within business. With posed to explain why the ancient Greeks killed, the rise of Investment Banks, as one of, if not butchered, burnt, and ate their sacrificial vic- the most important type of organisation in the tims in a certain manner. The practical aspects financial industry, several of these groups can of sacrificial rituals however, have received less be found working within the same organisa- interest. The aim of the project is to investigate tion. Here traders, analysts, brokers, and advis- how Greek animal sacrifices were performed in ers in corporate finance all contribute with their practice (c. 700-200 BC) by integrating all avai- speciality. Given the character of the work per- lable evidence: texts; inscriptions; archaeology; formed within investment banks, which criss- osteology; and practical experiments. This will crosses organisational boundaries, a perspective result in a mapping of the practical circumstan- that seeks to understand it only from within is ces, for example: the treatment of intestines; necessarily too limited. As this work is closely fat and blood; the division of the meat; and related to various protagonists outside the firm, how it was cooked. The source material has it becomes important to understand how the not been fully explored, and, in particular, the professionals are linked to other protagonists analysis of animal bones from sanctuaries, in in the market, as well as to how they are linked combination with epigraphical evidence, can directly or indirectly to one another. Following provide new insights as to how the sacrifices the different practices around a share, using were performed. A more detailed knowledge of it as a “boundary object” makes it possible to the sacrificial rituals makes it possible to place analyse both the work of these professionals, them within a social and historical context, in and how they are interlinked in the practice order to elucidate how sacrifices were used to of the capital market. Earlier social studies of define the relation between gods and men, and the financial market have primarily focused on between individuals and groups. Furthermore, one of the various professionals in the industry. the connection between sacrifices, and political The contribution of this study is to explain the and social values within Greek society, will organisation of work across boundaries, illumi- be explored. This involves, for example, the nating the organisation of investment banks, as interaction between aristocratic and democratic well as of the capital market. ideologies, as well as the treatment of different parts of the animal victim, most of all the meat, to mark inclusion or exclusion. 136 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Economics Economics

Valuing the public Ph.D. Child care and the Ph.D. goods of the agricul- Carl Johan Lagerkvist long run labour Anna Sjögren tural landscape Swedish University of supply Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences Industrial Economics SEK 1,990,000 SEK 2,710,000

• The project aims at estimating the social • Child care costs and accessibility can impact value of environmental public goods in the the long run labour supply by affecting the size agricultural landscape. The point of the project and quality of tomorrow’s labour force: size, is to measure how values of biodiversity, cul- through the birth rate; and quality, through tural heritage, scenery, etc. vary between: child development, and human capital accu- - different types of objects in the landscape; mulation. Understanding the determinants of - different quality attributes of the objects; and fertility is central in today’s Europe, where low - different production levels (the marginal utility). birth rates are of great concern. In a know- The study will be carried out by choice experi- ledge-based society, it is also important to ments. The values of various types of pasture- uncover the preconditions for human capital land (oak pastures, seashore meadows, etc.), as accumulation, both for the growth potential well as the values of elements of the cultivated of the economy, and to prevent disadvantaged landscape (field islets, stone walls, alleys, etc.), children from falling behind. The effects of will be estimated in two parallel studies. These child care on the long run labour supply and studies will estimate how the values change access to human capital will be studied with the dependent upon a change in their quantity or aim of answering four questions: quality attributes, such as brushwood occu- 1) Do child care costs affect fertility? Exploiting rence, and species richness. Choice experiments the natural experiment created by the imple- is a method to estimate, not just the total value, mentation of the Swedish child care cost but also the value of separate attributes of, for reform of 2002, the causal effect of child care example, landscapes. The values are expressed costs on fertility will be studied. explicitly in monetary terms and can be used as 2) Does child care attendance affect child and a straight basis for agri-environmental pay- parental health? The natural experiment above ments and other direct policy measures. Ques- will be used to study the impact of child care tionnaires will be sent to a random sample of on health as measured by patient and insurance the Swedish population, separated into four register data. regions, and focusing on different objects, att- 3) Does child care attendance affect adult edu- ributes, and levels. The policy relevance of the cational attainment? Long run causal effects study is primarily to support the development of childcare on education in adulthood will be of efficient policy measures. The fundamental identified using regional variation in the evalua- problem is that the environmental values of tion of the 1970s Swedish child care expansion. the agricultural landscape to a large extent are 4) How can child care affect the formation of public goods, that private markets cannot pro- values and preferences? The impact of child duce in a socially efficient manner. Historically, care on the process of cultural transmission will they were by-products of food production, be studied in a theoretical model. but with changing technology, relative prices, etc. they have declined drastically. The threats to biodiversity and open landscapes may be aggravated by the expected changes to the EU Common Agricultural Policy. Projects 137

XxxxEconomic History XxxxEconomic History Xxxx Xxxx Sweden, the IMF, and Professor The historical deve- Ph.D. Xxxxinternational curren- XxxxxGöran Ahlström Xxxxlopment of the XxxxxLars Fredrik cy policy 1960-1994 XxxxLund University Swedish insurance AnderssonXxxx SEK 2,420,000 industry Umeå University SEK 2,260,000

• The aim is to study Sweden’s role during stra- • This project explores the market structure, tegically crucial phases of international deve- the lobbying work, and the economic impact of lopments in currency matters during the period the Swedish insurance industry during the 1960-1994, with reference primarily to how period 1830 to 2000. In the first study the the Swedish Riksbank and the International predominance of mutual companies in Sweden Monetary Fund (IMF) acted, as well as to the will be examined, in line with the question IMF’s response to Swedish actions. The fol- as to why Swedish mutual companies have lowing phases or strategically significant events succeeded in Sweden, while joint-stock com- will be analysed: panies were better off in the UK, the US, and - What stance did Sweden adopt in the discus- Australia. In considering the conflict of interest sions within the IMF concerning the inaugura- between low premiums and firm growth, the tion of the so-called Gold Pool in 1960/61? differences in terms of insurance, reinsurance, - What position did Sweden adopt in 1968- and portfolio management between mutual and 1971/73 when the Bretton Woods policy was in joint-stock companies will be examined. In the crisis and finally collapsed? second study, there will be an examination of - What reasons were adduced for Sweden’s choi- the interest of social and legal issues. Keeping ce of the Deutschmark - the “currency snake” of in mind the question as to why managers, and 1973-76 - and what was said inside the IMF? others with an interest in the insurance busi- - What arguments underlay the adoption of the ness, engage in non-profit issues, it is believed trade-weighted “currency basket” of 1977/79-91, that this study may reflect important dimen- and what did the IMF think? sions that go beyond risk transfer and financial - What arguments and reactions were associa- intermediation. In consideration of the latter, ted with the Swedish devaluations of the krona the causal relation between banking, insurance, in 1976-82? and economics will be tested in the third study. - Which were the arguments and reactions Based on the previous work, the question as to when Sweden joined the EMS in 1991, defen- whether the financial breakthrough preceded ded the krona in 1992, and subsequently floated the industrial breakthrough, and vice versa, the krona? was addressed. Seen in a wider perspective, it These phases and events, regarded from is proposed that this is an apt topic of research, the standpoint of the interplay between the since the Swedish insurance industry reflects Riksbank and the IMF, have been previously unique characteristics. By addressing these discussed and analysed only to a very limited features in relation to the experiences in the extent. The aim is to work empirically by Anglo-American countries, and by publishing scrutinising literature, articles, and documents the results in peer-review journals, there may touching upon Sweden’s relationship with the be a significant contribution to the field. IMF, the international payments system, and the international economy. Child care and long run labour supply136 Projects 139

XxxxEconomic History Education Xxxx The Jewish bourgeoi- Ph.D. Reading intervention Ph.D. Xxxxsie in Sweden 1838- XxxxxRita Bredefeldt in the early grades Ulrika Wolff 1938 XxxxStockholm University (RITE) Göteborg University SEK 1,750,000 SEK 2,140,000

• This project deals with the Jewish bourgeoi- • The aim of this project is to contribute sie in Sweden 1838-1938; the Swedish case being knowledge about the prerequisites for success- an almost totally neglected field of research. ful remedial instruction for children with severe The aim of the project is to study the genesis, reading and writing difficulties. A detailed and formation, and renewal of the Jewish bourge- theoretically well-founded intervention pro- oisie in economic, social, and cultural terms. gramme will be designed and implemented on This, in turn, will shed light upon the endea- an individual basis for children who are 9 years vours of the group towards integration and of age (the third Swedish school year). The assimilation, but also upon its openness and/or intervention programme will be examined in a isolation in relation to society as a whole. An large experimental field study. The results may important topic is whether the strategies of be expected to be of both theoretical and prac- the Jewish community included an additional tical importance, as it is regarded as being very dimension that the Swedish bourgeoisie did important to develop methods and knowledge not have, namely, the need for acceptance about early and efficient intervention for chil- through economic, social, and cultural success. dren with reading and writing difficulties. The Criteria for being bourgeois will be studied intervention programme, under the working both as economy and culture (from Bourdieu´s title of RAFT (Reading and Fluency Training, concepts of economic, cultural, and symbolic based on phoneme awareness), will include: capital), and from the starting-point of the con- phonemic awareness training; phonemic decod- cepts of Wirtschaftsbürgertum (entrepreneurs ing; and guided reading which aims to enhance in industry, commerce, finance, and other kinds different aspects of reading. The latter involves, of enterprises), and Bildungsbürgertum (lawy- among other things, comprehension strate- ers, judges, physicians, engineers, university gies, and repeated reading to enhance security graduates, and higher public officials) which and fluency in reading. RAFT will follow a are common in German research. Similarities strict progression, yet also allow scope for the and differences between two Jewish immigrant students’ creativity and curiosity. Pre and post groups, the (“Verbürgerlichung,”) will be stu- tests will be carried out just before, and after, died: the early ”Western Jewish” group; and the intervention, as well as a follow-up test the later “Eastern Jewish” group. The Swedish one year after the intervention has been final- Jewish experience will then be studied in con- ized. The intervention group’s results will be nection with results from comparable European compared with the results of a control group of research in Germany, France, and Britain. children (N=50), with comparable reading and writing difficulties. 140 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Ethnology Film

Patients of the new Assistent Professor Film and the Swedish Professor psychiatry: Cultural Lars-Eric Jönsson welfare state Erik Hedling perspectives on psy- Lund University Lund University chiatry and patient- SEK 1,530,000 SEK 2,600,000 hood in Sweden 1960–2000

• When the large mental hospitals shut down, • The aim of the project ”Film and the Swedish the psychiatric view of the patients changed. Welfare State” is to study how films have dealt The older institutions had described the with modern Swedish history, with a particu- patients from a starting point based on condi- lar focus on the gradual development of the tions of organised space and time. The schedu- welfare state from the 1930s to the early 1980s. led everyday life and the hospital’s permanent The major question is: how did Swedish films access to the inmates were fundamental to this handle ideological, social, cultural, and econo- perspective. Parallel to deinstitutionalisation, mic debate in Sweden? The project involves there followed new expectations and a new four experienced film scholars, each offering a view of the patient. He or she lived amidst distinct emphasis. The first part examines how society, met his or her fellow citizens lived on Ingmar Bergman’s films related to the social his or her own, and had only now and then democratic post-war society within which they immediate contact with psychiatric care. But were created. The second part investigates the how and where did the new, open psychiatry relations between politics and film during the acquire knowledge about its patients? In what Second World War. The third part aims to way was the picture of the patient affected by study the importance of film for the national the fact that he or she lived outside the institu- and cultural identity of Swedish-Americans, tions, as part of society? The aim of this study and to analyse how Swedish-Americans were is to investigate the cultural brickworks fun- represented in Swedish films. The guiding damental to the view of psychiatry on the ”the hypothesis of the final part is that children’s patient”, beyond the large psychiatric hospitals. films in Sweden were originally created as a A starting point is that psychiatry is not to social resource in order to fulfil educational, be seen as isolated from society. Its therapies, that is, political ends. The general theory treatments, and care are not only medical, but behind the project as a whole, is that film, founded in cultural perspectives on what is through its popular appeal and general repre- considered to be normal and desirable human sentativity, constitutes an important source for behaviour. One important source of the study the understanding of history. By studying films is case records. They will be used as points of and their reception, one can draw conclusions departure for narratives on individual’s desti- about how the welfare state was understood by nies as patients. The study is also based on people in different layers of social organisation, sources such as reports, investigations, and both regarding the creators of the films them- textbooks for personnel. selves (the state, corporate society, private individuals), and the general public (”the people”, ”the press”). Projects 141

Film History

European film and Ph.D. The period of great- Ph.D. national culture. Anders Marklund ness of the Swedish Marie Lindstedt The significance of Lund University culture of honour and Cronberg cultural belonging SEK 970,000 its subsequent disso- Lund University to economically suc- lution, 1500–2000 SEK 1,490,000 cessful European films 2000-2007

• Within this project, the object of study will • Today, we associate cultures of honour, as be those European films that, in their local well as violence and repression related to con- market, achieve the same level of economic ceptions of honour, with immigrant cultures, success as the biggest American films. These multi-ethnicity, and influences from foreign European films are, interestingly, difficult to religions. From a historical perspective, it is export, a fact that leads to important questions important for commissions to make clear that regarding to what extent these successful codes of honour have also influenced the con- films depend on a national culture and a local duct of people and their perspectives on the market. In order to answer those questions, world in the Nordic region as well. This project different European film markets will be studied aims to investigate indigenous conceptions of (mainly Italy and Spain, Germany and Austria, honour in a longitudinal perspective, from 1500 as well as Sweden, Denmark, and Norway). to 2000. The main objective is to study the The purpose of the project is to: to clarify the conceptions of honour that influenced both the conditions necessary for an economically suc- mind and behaviour, and its consequences for cessful film production and distribution within men and women. In particular, focus will be and across European borders; to evaluate placed on the importance of honour for gender not only which forms of cultural belonging relations. This has a high degree of relevance that may contribute to a film’s success on a for two reasons: firstly, because we know today national level, but also to see to what extent that conceptions of honour include gender rela- cultural belonging may obstruct – or support tions; and, secondly, because Nordic historical – a distribution to other markets; and, finally, research has hitherto focussed primarily on to contribute to a more profound discussion masculine honour. Several aspects of the indi- of how economic circumstances affect cultural genous culture of honour have been poorly production. The project should be of interest studied in existing research. No study treats to several disciplines concerned with culture the culture of honour from a long-term per- and identity, to film and media scholars, and to spective, which is necessary in order to reveal officials such as those within the EU that are gradual changes and transitions over time. to evaluate the reasons - both economic and There is also a lack of Nordic research related cultural - for supporting the European film to the dissolution of the indigenous culture industry. of honour, which is an important objective of the present study. This project will also try to find an answer to the question as to what roles codes of honour play in modern society on a collective as well as on an individual level. 142 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

History of Ideas History of Ideas

New source mate- Assistant. Professor The Socratic counter Ph.D. rial for the history of Lena Ambjörn revolution: the Book Peter Josephson medicine: an Arabic Lund University trade and the uni- Uppsala University medical encyclopa- SEK 1,800,000 versity in Germany SEK 1,580,000 edia from the 10th around 1800 century

• The project draws attention to a rich source • At the turn of the 19th century, leading material that is of importance for the study of German intellectuals were of the opinion that the history of medicine. This material, which the university belonged to a bygone era, and has been almost entirely overlooked, can be that it should be closed down and replaced expected to contribute substantially to know- by some other institution of higher learning. ledge about medieval medicine in the Islamic Although it is seldom acknowledged in con- cultural sphere. The objective is to make this temporary historiography, most moulders of hitherto neglected source known and available public opinion who took part in the debate for further research, particularly on the history agreed that the traditional form of academic of science and medicine, but also on e.g. philo- instruction had become obsolete, due to the logy and linguistics. The material consists of an rapid growth of the book trade. Now, the cri- Arabic medical handbook from the 10th cen- tics argued, since everyone had access to books, tury: al-Mu’aladjat al-Buqratiya (Hippocratic students could easily acquire knowledge by treatment) attributed to Abu al-Hasan at- their own efforts, and would no longer have to Tabari. The handbook comprises 700 pages and gather in lecture halls and listen to university is extant only in handwritten form. The project professors, who, each term, read their manus- will generate three products: 1. a survey of the cripts to new audiences. Instead, it was argued entire text, where the content of each main that the teachers could just as well make their section is summarised and all personal names lectures available in print. The purpose of accounted for; 2. an index of the medical sub- the research project is to analyse the late 18th stances mentioned in the text; and 3. an evalua- century discussions concerning the mass pro- tion of the theoretical content of the section on duction of books, and to examine their impact dentistry. In addition to this, any quotations of on contemporary university policy discourse. It the (probably) female pharmacologist al-Huz will be argued that several of the reform prin- (7/8th century) will be collected in order to ciples, on which Wilhelm von Humboldt even- constitute the basis of a subsequent study. tually relied when founding the university in Berlin, had initially been put forward partly as a response to problems that had arisen as a consequence of the expansion of the book market. Projects 143

History of Religion History of Religion

Saudi Arabia after Ph.D. Continuity and Doctor of Theology 11 September 2001: Philip Halldén change in rabbinic Karin Zetterholm Between reform and Lund University judaism Lund University reaction SEK 1,000,000 SEK 1,690,000

• The objective of the project is to investigate • Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have a com- the debate concerning the social and political mon problem, namely, how to adapt their role of Islam in Saudi Arabia in the aftermath ancient holy texts to contemporary needs, while of the attacks in the US on 11 September 2001, still being faithful to their original meaning. the war in Iraq, the attacks that took place in The aim of this study is to explore the strate- Riyadh in 2003, and other significant events gies developed by rabbinic Judaism, in order to and developments in the present decade. Saudi legitimise changes, and counter challenges, to Arabia is commonly associated with a puri- the right of the religious authority to reinter- tanical form of Sunni Islam known as “wah- pret the biblical text. Since presentations of the habism” or “salafism”. Traditionally, the Saudi biblical prophet Elijah in rabbinic literature monarchy has contributed to the propagation reflect rabbinic Judaism’s struggle for legiti- of this form of Islam. In recent years, however, macy during different periods, the study will it has become a burden and a problem for the focus on these presentations of Elijah. Earlier monarchy, because of militant wings such as al- research has demonstrated that Elijah was a Qaida. At the same time, a “liberal” discourse popular figure among non-rabbinic groups, has developed, criticising not only militant and, accordingly, it was important for the rab- groups, but also the wahhabi establishment bis to reclaim him as part of their struggle, and its influence. The monarchy has showed in order to show that rabbinic Judaism was a itself receptive to certain reform ideas, as well legitimate development of the biblical tradi- as being supportive of creating forums for a tion. By comparing the presentations of Elijah national dialogue between different branches in the Babylonian Talmud, the most important of Islam. Such attempts at reform and dialogue rabbinic text, with earlier Jewish sources, the however, have met with opposition, not only study will demonstrate how the specific way from militants, but also from the wahhabi esta- in which Elijah is presented in the Talmud blishment. The escalating sectarian conflict in reflects the challenge to the rabbis’ authority Iraq, between Sunnis and Shiites, is also a risk to reinterpret the Bible, as well as representing factor that may spill over into Saudi Arabia, different strategies to legitimise and bolster that and make the attempts at dialogue and “liberal” very authority. The strategies developed, then, reforms more difficult. One aim of the project have played a significant role in shaping Jewish is to identify the various positions in the deba- tradition, and still influence the attitudes of te, and to analyse the conventions that regulate contemporary Jews to the present-day. public debate in Saudi Arabia, through critical discourse analysis. 144 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Law Linguistics

The legal philosophy Assistant Professor Separating intonation Ph.D. of Karl Olivecrona. A Torben Spaak from tone Anastasia Karlsson critical analysis Uppsala University Lund University SEK 1,900,000 SEK 2,500,000

• The aim of this project is to write a mono- • All languages use intonation (pitch height graph in which the naturalistic legal philosophy differences) to express what the speaker regards of Karl Olivecrona is clearly presented and as the most important information (focusing), critically discussed. There is no analysis of to show how the speech stream is divided into Olivecrona’s legal philosophy as a whole – as smaller units (phrasing), and to show the type distinguished from the ever-so incisive analyses of utterance (e.g. if it is a question). In langu- of parts of his legal philosophy. Olivecrona’s ages like Chinese, pitch differences (lexical legal philosophy is of course highly relevant tones) are used to distinguish different words to contemporary debates in legal theory. At a as well, making it more difficult to use intona- bare minimum, the following topics will be tion for focusing and phrasing. For this reason, considered: (i) Olivecrona’s critique of the separating phrase intonation from lexical tones notion that the law has binding force, and in a tone language is a complicated problem. the relevance of this critique to an idea that is An additional difficulty, when comparing the popular among today’s legal positivists, viz. intonation of a tonal and a non-tonal language, that the law is normative in a non-trivial way; is that different languages have different gram- (ii) Olivecrona’s own account of this so-called matical structures, which also have an effect normativity of law, which is grounded in social on the intonation. To avoid this difficulty, a facts, and; (iii) Olivecrona’s view that legal study will be conducted of a language in which rules are so-called independent imperatives; some dialects have lexical tones, and others (iv) Olivecrona’s analyses of the concept of a do not, and in which there are only minimal right, and the concept of declaration of inten- grammatical differences between the dialects. tion; (v) Olivecrona’s thoughts on the nature One of the very few languages for which this of court judgments and judicial discretion; (vi) is possible, is Kammu, a minority language Olivecrona’s view on the relation between legal spoken in Northern Laos. An investigation language and reality; (vii) Olivecrona’s analysis of the intonation in this language will be an of the relation between law, force, morality, important contribution to the general theory of and the state; and, (viii) the relation between intonation in languages of different types. Olivecrona’s legal philosophy and the legal and moral philosophy of Axel Hägerström. Projects 145

Linguistics Linguistics

Dialect levelling in Assistant Professor Place-name chrono- Ph.D. the region of West Margareta Svahn logy and new settle- Per Vikstrand Sweden Institute for Language ment archaeology Institute for Language and Folklore (SOFI) and Folklore (SOFI) SEK 3,600,000 SEK 1,380,000

• Dialect levelling is imperfectly studied in • The Swedish landscape is to a great extent Sweden, in spite of the fact that few speak tra- characterised by place names from the Iron ditional dialects anymore. The region of wes- Age. These names constitute an invaluable tern Sweden is unusual, being influenced by source material, the use of which, however, is standard Swedish (as is the case in most parts crippled by the lack of a reliable chronology. of Sweden), as well as by the Gothenburg dia- The chronology now used is based mainly on lect. The project aims to study dialect change research carried out during the first half of the in a selected area that consists of a dynamic 20th century. It is principally based on tax rates city (Gothenburg), three adjacent regional cen- during historic times, presupposing that larger tres (Uddevalla, Trollhättan, and Borås), and villages with a higher tax rate are older than a small town (Skara). The issues at hand are: smaller villages with a lower tax rate. The met- Which dialects were spoken in the region aro- hod is based on the assumption of a solid and und 1950?; How have they changed?; How far even expansion of the settled area over time. has the Gothenburg dialect spread, and which Modern research has, however, revealed that dialects does it encounter?; To what extent are this has not been the case. The great clay flat- traditional features still in use?; Is it mainly lands of central Sweden upheld extensive dwel- standard Swedish or the Gothenburg dialect lings as long ago as during the Early Iron Age, that has had an impact, or is there any tendency but the settlements were mostly rather unsta- towards western Swedish regionalisation?; ble. At the transition between the Early and Finally, can language change and continuity Late Iron Age, that is around 500 AD, these be associated with local or regional identity, or dwellings were abandoned, and the settlement should developments be explained in terms of was concentrated to higher ground. In this tradition vs. modernity, rural vs. urban, or in project Iron Age placenames will be related to terms of networks and lifestyles? In order to the new picture of the Iron Age landscape. The answer these questions, access to old dialects aim is to establish a reliable chronology for will be secured by means of archive recordings, different types of place names, thus promoting while today’s dialects will be recorded by way the use of place names in landscape related of interviews and conversations, focussing on research. subjects that help to ascertain people’s identi- ties. The linguistic analysis deals mainly with phonology, lexicon, and prosody. Theories from linguistics and the social sciences will be conjoined, as it will be presumed that language change has a substantial connection with external factors such as mobility, industrial expansion, infrastructure, and education. 146 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Literature Literature

Masters of the field. Ph.D. The Nobel Effect: Ph.D. The origin of a David Gedin The consequences Anna Gunder modern role of aut- Stockholm University of the Nobel Prize in The Nobel Museum hors. The 1890s to SEK 1,230,000 literature for literary SEK 1,240,000 1912 culture 1950-2005

• The project will describe the development of • The overall aim of this project is to study modern writers’ identity in Sweden between the consequences of Nobel Prize in Literature 1879 and 1912. This could also be viewed as the for literary culture globally, and in Sweden, transformation from the domination of “mar- between 1950-2005. There has been valuable ket writers” to the invention of, and the domi- research on the reasons as to why a certain nation of, “scholarship-writers”. This change writer is awarded the Nobel Prize, as well as is connected to a shift in aesthetic ideals, as the historical background of the prize. The well as to a changing social, economic, and actual effect for literary culture as a whole, technological environment. For example, one however, is a largely unexplored field of of the basic changes during this time is that research. The project consists of three stud- the most prestigious authors turn away from ies: (1) “World Literature in the World”; a large bourgeois audience, in order to get the (2) “World Literature in Sweden”; and, (3) approval of a small elite of literary critics and “François Mauriac in Sweden, 1950-2005”. colleagues instead. Accordingly, there was a These studies investigate the consequences of development of a more interpretive literary the Nobel Prize for individual laureates and criticism, and publishers with a more distinct their work internationally, and in Sweden, as publishing profile. Fiction became simultane- well as the importance of the award for foreign ously further polarized between “highbrow literature in Sweden. The project is situated literature” and more lowly valued genres, like within the research tradition of the sociology children’s literature, and several kinds of popu- of literature, and combines theoretical and lar literature. The project’s tools are mainly the methodological perspectives mainly from trans- concepts developed by the French sociologist lation studies, research on the introduction and cultural historian Pierre Bourdieu, and and reception of literary works, the publica- his theories regarding “the field of cultural tion of literature, and research on the Swedish production”, described most comprehensively book market. The project will show the actual in Le Régles de l’art (1992). The first part of consequences of the literary Nobel Prize for this project was completed with the project international and national literary culture, and leader’s dissertation: Fältets herrar. Framväxten it will analyse the role of the award in shaping av en modern författarroll. Artonhundraåttitalet, world literature. Stockholm/Stehag 2004. (Masters of the Field. The Origin of a Modern Role of Authors. The Eighteen-Eighties.) The intention with the project is to follow through on the original plan, that is, to describe and analyse the development during the following two decades. The historical development of the 137Swedish insurance industry 148 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Literature Medicine

Man – Society – God. Assistant Professor The mental and Assistant. Professor The Swedish Hymn Håkan Möller social health of adol- Henrik Anckarsäter Book of 1695. (The Uppsala University escents with child- Malmö University first official Hymn SEK 1,700,000 hood developmental Hospital Book of the Church of problems – a longitu- SEK 1,800,000 Sweden) dinal twin study

• The first official Hymn Book of the Church • How do childhood neuro-developmental of Sweden – the Swedish Hymn Book of 1695 – problems (e.g. developmental delays, language is in many respects a remarkable piece of work. impairments, learning problems, social interac- It has been called ‘the most extraordinary book tion deficits, repetitive/stereotyped behaviour, of poetry of the seventeenth century’. Most motor dyscoordination, and attention/activ- importantly however, it became the hymn book ity dysregulation) give rise to functional and of the common people during the eighteenth psychosocial impairment, substance abuse, and century. It came out in 250 editions, and was criminality? A cohort of 15-year-old twins, who printed in 1.5 billion copies, until the beginning were assessed at 12 years of age to screen for of the nineteenth century, when it was replaced child psychiatric problems and social behav- by a new official Hymn Book, the so-called ioural disturbances, will be studied. Children Wallin Hymnal (1819). This hymnal contains with problems identified at the 12-year-old 413 hymns of various age, style, and purpose. and/or 15-year-old assessment levels will be Due to the richness and variety of the task of examined, at home, by specially trained raters, studying this work, the main areas of research for behavioural problems, substance abuse, and must be specified. There will therefore be three psychiatric health. The project aims to identify main areas of focus. First of all, the hymnal will combinations of child psychiatric problems be studied in the context of the official political associated with the development of psychoso- culture around the Carolingian royal power at cial behavioral problems and gender specific the end of the seventeenth century. How is the trajectories. Moreover, an attempt will be made relation between politics, religion, and the indi- to identify specific genetic and environmental vidual Christian formulated in hymns relevant risk factors, and examine their possible interac- to this ideological perspective? Secondly, the tion. The study will be able to identify impor- hymn will be studied in its role as an important tant background factors among genetic factors, and effective tool for control and discipline of environmental factors, and early psychiatric the people, which was the general view of both problems for the development of an incipient state and church. By which rhetorical means is marginalisation from social life during adoles- the relation between the subject, the authori- cence. This can form the basis for preventative ties, and God, described in order to maintain measures, and can also create a greater under- social order and control? Thirdly, the hymn standing of people who drop out of society and the pious subject will be studied. Several early on in life. hymns in this hymnal could be characterized as being pre-pietistic. Many of these ‘Jesus hymns’ are evocative of the increasing sentimentality of devotion and culture during the eighteenth century. Could these popular and individual centered hymns be said to represent a democratic layer in the Swedish Hymn Book of 1695? Projects 149

Music Peace & Conflict Studies

Bo Wallner – a Ph.D. Local mass vio- Ph.D. proponent of musi- Christina Tobeck lence in Bosnia and Tomislav Dulic cal modernism in Swedish Radio Herzegovina, 1992- Uppsala University Sweden SEK 1,520,000 95 SEK 1,640,000

• During the second half of the 20th century, • In the 1990s, Bosnia and Herzegovina beca- Bo Wallner (1923-2004) was an influential per- me affected by a violence Europe had not expe- son in Swedish musical life; highly regarded rienced since World War II. The explanations by those who shared his opinions, and harshly for this have to a large extent emphasised the criticised by those with other aesthetical ideals. role of ideology and political manipulation, but As a pedagogue, musicologist, author, broad- also what has been portrayed as a particularly caster, and mentor for composers and musi- violence-prone “Balkan Culture”. To a large cians, as well as a sharp ideologue, he broke extent, the focus has rested on the micro level, new ground. The purpose of the project is to and because of this we still have limited know- write a contextualised scholarly biography of ledge about the mechanisms of violence in local Wallner’s wide-ranging activities. Throughout communities. The project aims at investigating his life he was whole-heartedly committed how the violence was organised and carried to supporting contemporary music. He was out in small towns and villages in Bosnia and very close to many composers, and for some Herzegovina, and uses theoretical perspectives of them he acted as a spokesman. One of the in “genocide studies”, theories on nationalism, aims will be to analyse Wallner’s social network, and theories on social psychology as points of which made it possible for his ideas to receive departure. An important task will be to test a a sympathetic hearing, whilst another aim is to new model of the three dimensions of mass describe his ideology. Wallner’s writing is truly violence (intent, systematics, and the magnitu- extensive, while as a musicologist his most de of destruction), and emphasis will be placed important achievement was his biography of on the specific historical, cultural, and social the Swedish composer Wilhelm Stenhammar context of the region. The material will inclu- (1874-1927). Yet what was his relationship to de: minutes from the proceedings at the Hague research? Wallner endeavoured to bridge the tribunal; reports that have been gathered by gap between musicology and musical perfor- governmental organisations and NGOs; official mance. For instance, at the Royal College of documents; memoirs; and newspaper articles. Music in Stockholm, where he taught history The method will include: source criticism; qua- of music and form study for more than 40 litative content analysis; and secondary analysis years, he often used form analysis tohelp with of statistics. The “from below” perspective will musical interpretation, and he was a pioneer in help in providing new and relevant informa- this field. When writing the history of music in tion on the Bosnian war, but the project is also Sweden after the Second World War, it is thus expected to result in a significant contribution necessary to determine Wallner’s role. There are to the field of “genocide studies”. numerous opinions on this, but what is truth and what is myth? 150 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Philosophy Philosophy

Reason and non- Ph.D. Philosophical ques- Assistant Professor deliberate action in Gösta Grönroos tions concerning Lars-Göran Johansson Aristotle Stockholm University string theory Uppsala University SEK 980,000 SEK 2,450,000

• Purposeful behaviour is a characteristic fea- • String theory is an attempt to unite relativity ture of most species of animals. Some instances theory and quantum mechanics into a single of such behaviour are generally classified as theory, and considerable effort has been spent actions. A basic intuition is that only human on the project by many researchers. A number beings are capable of action, and that it is of philosophical questions concerning this in virtue of the power of reason that human theory can be put, and there will be a probe beings have this capacity. However, it is open into some of these, in particular the follo- to debate as to how action requires reason, and wing: Since it has so far proved impossible to what sense of reason is predicated in the first perform empirical tests of string theory, how, place. The purpose of the project is to make then, could it be justified as a scientific theory? a thorough investigation of the first attempt Is it physics or metaphysics? There are hopes to articulate the rationality of action in a sys- that string theory will succeed in reducing the tematic way, which is found in Aristotle, and number of empirically determined parameters which still shapes the discussion in this field. in modern physics. If successful, could this be A common assumption is that, according to considered evidence for its truth? This is a vari- Aristotle, actions are rational in virtue of being ant of the old question as to whether simplicity deliberate, i.e. are preceded by practical reaso- is an argument for truth. String theory pos- ning. However, this answer faces the problem tulates a number of extra spatial dimensions, that not all actions seem to be deliberate, and slightly different in different versions of the that Aristotle himself mentions actions that theory. What is the ontological status of these are non-deliberate. A choice is required: either extra dimensions: are they just mathematical Aristotle does not embrace the idea that actions tools, or do they have ontological significance? are rational in nature, or he finds the source of This question will be related to the classical rationality elsewhere. The project makes a case philosophical debate on the nature of space for the latter option. The thesis is that reason’s and time, starting with the Clarke-Leibniz own desire, i.e. wish, has a bearing on all debate, and with Kant’s view of space and time actions, whether deliberate or not. as forms of intuition. String theory is developing rapidly, and something other than testing (which is impossible) is the driving force. The question as to what this could be will be investigated. Comparisons with other periods in the history of science will be made, and Lakatos’ philosophy will be used as a theoretical starting point. Projects 151

Philosophy Political Science

Thought and expe- Ph.D. Is bureaucratisation a Ph.D. rience: An investi- Pär Sundström consequence of New Patrik Hall gation into concept Umeå University Public Management Malmö University empiricism SEK 1,060,000 reforms in the public SEK 1,680,000 sector?

• According to a classic concept empiricist • Is it possible that New Public Management view, defended by, e.g. Locke (1632-1704), all reforms within the public sector will lead to thought materials derive from experience. We bureaucratisation? This project will test the can think of what we have experienced, and hypothesis – based on Swedish and interna- combinations of what we have experienced, but tional research on public administration – that nothing more. In this general form, concept these reforms will lead to an expansion of empiricism has always been controversial, and public bureaucracy into new domains (so-called today it has relatively few defenders. However, “secondary functions”) such as audit systems, there is a limited version of concept empiricism performance measures, strategy and marketing, that even critics of Locke’s general thesis often and the institutionalisation of “temporary” accept. This limited concept empiricism (hence- projects. The consequence is the proliferation forth LCE) says that there are concepts of simple of a new bureaucracy, and a focus upon orga- sensory qualities – like red and pain – that one nisational control systems, rather than primary can acquire only through experience. LCE is an functions (such as health care or education). A intuitively appealing stance. However, does its wider consequence is that trans-organisational, appeal survive critical reflection? The purpose professional specialisation is counteracted to of this project is to examine whether there are the advantage of organisational thinking. The good reasons to believe LCE. The project will hypothesis is tested in three case studies with distinguish and examine different versions of separate questions: LCE, different theories of concepts and their 1. Are projects launched by the EU, or at the individuation, and various arguments for and national level, translated into possibilities of against LCE. The working hypothesis is that organisational expansion on the local level? the reasons for accepting LCE are consider- 2. Will control systems such as “quality mana- ably weaker than is often supposed. In addi- gement” lead to a focus on secondary, rather tion to its intrinsic interest, the investigation than primary, functions within hospitals and bears on a number of other issues. It touches universities? on issues such as: (i) whether all thoughts can 3. Is professional autonomy counteracted by be expressed in language; (ii) what is required organisational thinking within hospitals and for linguistic understanding; and, (iii) to what universities? extent the mind is “private”. The investigation also bears on the debate about the so-called “knowledge argument” for mind-body dualism, in which LCE has played a prominent role. 152 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Psychology Psychology

The limitations Assistant Professor Man as a naïve intui- Professor of visual working Henrik Olsson tive statistician Peter Juslin memory Uppsala University Uppsala University SEK 1,300,000 SEK 2,960,000

• What is today called working memory is • The information available to make judge- closely related to executive processes, atten- ments is, in general, incomplete. When information, consciousness, and intelligence. In order tion is gathered, often only a small subset of the to understand human thinking, it is of funda- events, objects, or behaviour from the popula- mental importance to understand the nature of tions about which one intends to generalise are working memory representations. In the litera- available. The situation is analogous to when ture on working memory, a prominent theme is a statistician attempts to describe a population its limited capacity. There are, however, several on the basis of a statistical sample. The intuitive problems associated with the measurement of judge is, however, not equipped with the formal working memory capacity, which may contrib- tools available to the statistician, but instead ute to inflated capacity estimates. In regard to tends to be naïve with respect to the origins of visual working memory, earlier methods some- sampling biases, and inherently biased sample times made it possible for people to enhance properties. A new research programme (Fiedler their performance with the help of verbal strat- & Juslin, 2006) is based on the metaphor of egies, categorisation, and the use of long-term information sampling, and man as a naïve intui- memory. A new method for measuring visual tive statistician. The research programme can working memory capacity has been developed, reconcile apparently conflicting results in previ- in which people’s use of strategies is minimised. ous literature, and affords new ways to cure the When the influence of other processes and rep- judgment biases reported in judgment research resentations is examined beside the visual ones (Gilovich, Griffin, & Kahneman, 2002), which is considered, the preliminary results indicate have often proven to be difficult to “debias” in that the capacity of visual working memory is the light of the extant understanding of these only one object. This is in contrast to recent phenomena. The project aims both to explicate capacity estimates of around four easily catego- and re-interpret previous judgment phenomena rised objects, such as, for example, squares and in terms of this metaphor, and to develop and triangles. With this new method, there will be test new models and hypotheses implied by an investigation into how limited visual work- it. The ambition is both to develop theory in ing memory capacity really is, and the contrib- regard to fundamental research on human judg- uting factors to this limitation. In short: What, ment, and to contribute to the development of and how much, can really be represented in practical methods for improving expert judg- visual working memory? ments. Projects 153

Sociology Statistics

Does safety make Ph.D. What is the effec- Assistant Professor people lazy? The signi- Ingrid Esser tive size of a varying Serik Sagitov ficance of welfare state Stockholm University population in long Chalmers Technical and labour market orga- SEK 1,690,000 range balance? University nization for individuals’ work orientations and the labour supply in comparative perspective

• The positive effects of the welfare state have • According to the neutral theory of molecular been increasingly contested. One argument evolution, the evolutionary process is domi- is that comprehensive regimes will decrease nated by chance, in that the genetic variation incentives to work, thus ultimately lowering observed in natural populations is shaped main- economic growth. Broad comparative research ly by genetic drift. The stochastics of genetic on this is still limited, and empirical evidence of drift are well understood in the classical Wright- the unintended consequences is not congruent Fisher model, where population size is constant, across outcomes in terms of unemployment, and gene reproduction is defined by a simplistic sickness, and retirement. In addition, new insti- random descent algorithm. Yet what about tutionally informed attitudinal research does more realistic models, where population size not lend evidence to any significant negative varies, and the population may also be struc- incentive effects. Instead, work orientation has tured? The standard approach to measure the been found to be stronger in more encompas- magnitude of genetic drift in a structured popu- sing welfare states, and in countries with more lation tries to find what is called an effective regulated labour markets. As these findings population size,which is, loosely speaking, the are at odds with more economically oriented size of the Wright-Fisher population that would behavioural research, the aim of this project is come closest to the one under consideration. to further investigate the basic question of how There are different ways to make the concept welfare state and labour market institutions of effective size exact. In a number of recent influence individuals’ work orientation in terms papers, the effective size for various population of actual behaviour, and the connection to atti- models was computed using an approach based tudes to work. The labour supply will be analy- on the coalescent approximation, with a linear sed through elaborations of available statistics. time scale. For such an approximation to hold, The connection between behaviour and attitu- a population should be well mixed and have a des will be analysed by using data that include stable historical mean size. The most important measures on both outcomes. Further analysis aspects of the study is: 1. geographically struc- will also be directed at examining how social tured populations with a random environment; politics shape attitudes among people with 2. the Wright-Fisher model with what has been non-standard, or less stable work positions, called isolation by distance; and 3. two-sex in increasingly precarious labour markets, i.e. reproduction with polygamy. For each of these among younger and older people, women, three types of models, the aim will be to esta- the unemployed, and people in atypical labour blish the coalescent approximation, and trans- contracts, who, it is often argued, are supposed late the corresponding time scale into a formula to hold a weaker work orientation. for the effective size. 154 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

From computing Rolf Berndtson machines to IT The Swedish Computer Society SEK 1,000,000

Infrastructural • From Computing Machines to IT is a large- scale project which aims to document Swedish Projects 2006 IT history and the performance of its participants. The fact that the first generation of Swedish IT protagonists, with their unique memories, is in the process of passing away, accentuates the urgency of the project. The main objective of the project is to create, collect, preserve, and make source material available on Swedish IT history, in the form of knowledge outlines, interviews, witness seminars, autobiographies, and object biographies. This material will be administered and made available by registration in existing databases, and through the publication of processed material in print, and on the web. The work will be done in accordance with scholarly methods and criteria, so that the results of the project can be used in future historical research in different disciplines. The project intends to map the period 1950-80 over a two-year time-frame. This project is a collaboration between: The Swedish Computer Society; The Department of History of Science and Technology at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm; and the National Museum of Science and Technology. The general organisation of the project, and the choice of methods, is the product of a two-year long co-operation between these three parties. Infrastructural Projects 155

Digitalisation of Senior Librarian The Face of AIDS - Staffan Hildebrand Contribution to Rolf-Allan Norrmosse the Global AIDS Film The Face of AIDS Official Statistics of Statistics Sweden Archive Foundation Sweden (BiSOS) SEK 4,000,000 SEK 800,000

• This project aims to digitise BiSOS and to • The vision of the Face of AIDS documen- publish it so that it is freely accessible on the tation project in the short-term is to develop Internet. BiSOS is the most important and and build an internet based digital educational, extensive archival source containing the official research, and informational tool on key issues statistics of Sweden, dating from the 19th cen- related to HIV/AIDS. The long-term vision is tury to the beginning of the 20th century. In to develop the Face of AIDS film archive into 1914 BiSOS was replaced by the formal series, a world leading knowledge bank, with future the Official Statistics of Sweden. In total, generations, and future generations of resear- BiSOS is divided into 23 subject areas. The chers, as its prime target groups. Documentary material has a large format (30 x 25 cm), which film producer Staffan Hildebrand produced consists of 200 000 pages of text and tables. his first international AIDS documentary in BiSOS is in great demand and, as a result, its 1986. This film led Dr Hans Wigzell, then paper has become fragile. bisos, was created President of the Karolinska Institute, to engage during Statistics Sweden’s first 50 years, and is in a long-term collaboration with Hildebrand, today a gold mine for studying Sweden and its aiming at documenting global aspects of contacts with the surrounding world. bisos is HIV/AIDS over time. The result of the col- an important part of the research infrastructure laboration is 33 AIDS documentaries and 750 and of Sweden’s cultural heritage. The material hours of unedited film material, covering the in BiSOS will be text-recognized (OCR) and period 1981-2006. Digitisation and structuring be searchable with modern techniques. During of the film material, and the development of the period in question, the statistics were also a web service to access the material, started published in French, and it will therefore be in 2004, thanks to a grant from Riksbankens possible to search the material in both Swedish Jubileumsfond. The plan is to make an edited and French. To provide the best possible open version of the film archive accessible through access to BiSOS, a presentation is planned the internet by 2008. The film archive is owned on Statistics Sweden’s website. The library of by a non-profit foundation, the Face of AIDS Statistics Sweden also plans to catalogue all Foundation, based at the Karolinska Institute, issues in the national library system Libris with Stockholm. The project also collaborates with regard to the digital material. Statistics Sweden the National Archives and the Royal Technical will ensure that the digital version of BiSOS University. The project has received contribu- will be archived according to standard archival tions from: the Swedish Ministry for Foreign practice. The project will also consult the Royal Affairs; Sida; NUTEK; and the Marcus and Library. Amalia Wallenberg Foundation, among others. A long-term collaboration with the UNAIDS in Geneva, started during 2006. 156 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Linnæus and South Professor The world heritages: Assistant. Professor America: An edi- Arne Jönsson Global discourses Ann-Kristin Ekman tion of Diarium Lund University and local implemen- Dalarna University Surinamicum, a SEK 1,500,000 tations College report from South SEK 1,200,000 America written by a disciple of Linnaeus, Daniel Rolander.

• A veritable treasure-trove of scientific obser- • Dalarna University College is in the process vations has been lying in Denmark’s Botanical of establishing a centre for World Heritage Library since the late 18th century. It is the research in Falun. The point of departure is the seven-hundred page manuscript of a Latin diary copper mine in Falun, which was given World entitled Diarium Surinamicum (DS) that Carl Heritage status in 2001. The multi-disciplinary Linnaeus’ young associate Daniel Rolander milieu provides a forum for researchers in such (1725-1793) wrote during his research expedition subjects as: history; human geography; social from Uppsala, Sweden, to the Dutch colony of anthropology; literary history; history of art; Surinam from 1754 until his return in 1756. DS religious studies; as well as media and commu- is an ethnographic, botanical, and geographic nication sciences. Many themes and projects, description of Surinam in 1755 and 1756, including mainly in the social sciences and the humani- observations of flora, fauna, local and European ties, have already started, or are in the planning inhabitants, the land, trade, etc. There are numer- process. For example, there are projects dealing ous fascinating ethnographic observations on with: the 17th century, when Falun had a posi- the aboriginals, the imported slaves, and the tion of great importance; the visualisation of European colonists. Rolander goes into great world heritage in film and literature; the role of detail in describing how the slaves live, how they digital media in tourism; local perceptions and managed a successful revolt, how they formed an clashes of value in relation to global ambitions; independent community deep in the mountain- and heritage sites as promoters of regional ous jungles, how they kept their native traditions development. Comparative perspectives are alive, what sort of language they spoke, and also highly important, and international semi- – perhaps most spectacular of all – how they nars and conferences will be organized around tested and ascertained the medicinal qualities of different research topics. One task for the head plants in the Surinamese jungle. The publication of the centre will be to build national and inter- of DS will therefore make a unique contribution national networks, as well as to co-operate on a to Linnean scholarship and open a long-neglected regional and local level. window directly into the culture and scientific history of South America. This project aims to provide: (1) a critical, historical edition of the manuscript; (2) a complete inventory of potential and identified Rolander materials (the herbarium and insect collection) in Denmark’s Botanic Library, and the Swedish Museum of Natural History; (3) a colour digitisation of the DS manuscript and related materials; and (4) the production of a scientific and scholarly commentary on the flora, fauna, people, and places named in DS. The world heritages: Global discourses 156 and local implementations 158 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx ’Dear Bishop’. The Professor A critical edition Assistant. Professor Xxxxcorrespondence XxxxxAnders Jarlert Xxxxof Nelly Sachs col- XxxxxAris Fioretos between Queen XxxxLund University lected works in four XxxxThe Royal Library Victoria of Sweden SEK 300,000 volumes, including a SEK 1,000,000 and Bishop Gottfrid documentation of her Billing of Lund life and works

• The aim of this project is to produce a critical • The German-Jewish poet Nelly Sachs (1891- edition of the correspondence between Queen 1970) fled from her native Berlin in May 1940. Victoria of Sweden (1862-1930) and the Bishop During the post-war period, she wrote poems and High Preacher to the Court, Gottfrid while exiled in Stockholm, to where she had Billing (1841-1925), together with a commen- fled as a refugee, translated Swedish colleagues tary situating this surprisingly straightforward into German, and received the Nobel Prize correspondence in its political and theological in 1966. The project aims to establish the first context. Special observance will be paid to the critical edition of Sachs’ oeuvre in four volumes correspondents’ relative positions from the including considerable previously unpublished perspectives of gender and relations. This cor- materials. The preliminary date of publication respondence is of great interest from a politico- is autumn 2010 (Suhrkamp Verlag). Each volu- historical point of view, and also theologically. me will include extensive critical commentaries The theological interest is to be seen, partly in (corresponding to roughly half the volume), several separate matters, and partly in both cor- in which important versions of individual respondents’ motivations in terms of Lutheran texts will be reproduced, and relevant persons, vocational teaching, the latter of which can be places, and intertexts will be explained. The seen as motivating even the independent politi- person responsible for the project will be the cal actions of the Queen. The letters also reveal main editor. In addition, the editor will publish a relation of pastoral care that, at the end of the a 250-page documentation of Nelly Sachs’ life old Bishop’s life, is reversed, with the Queen and works, including never-before-published providing spiritual solace to the Bishop. The pictorial material. This volume will also be edition will include a broad, historical intro- published by Suhrkamp, in conjunction with duction and a page-by-page commentary. an exhibition planned with the Literaturhaus Berlin. Together with selected documentary materials, parts of the “Nelly Sachs Room” at the Royal Library in Stockholm will be exhibited at the Literaturhaus Berlin, before touring three or four venues in Germany. The show is expected to return to the Royal Library in 2011. Infrastructural Projects 159

Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx The Centre for com- Professor The Information Vice-Chancellor Xxxxparative analysis of XxxxxJan-Eric Gustafsson XxxxCentre for Civil XxxxxJan-Håkan Hansson educational achieve- XxxxGöteborg University Society Studies XxxxErsta Sköndal ment SEK 3,000,000 – ICCS University College SEK 2,000,000

• During the last 40 years, a large number of • The aim of this project is to create a national international comparisons of educational achie- resource centre of European relevance with a vement in different subject areas have been qualified library and informational service to carried out by organisations such as the IEA support higher educational research on civil and the OECD. Both the number of studies, society and its organisations, located at Ersta and the number of participating countries in Sköndal University College, in Stockholm. each study, are increasing. The results of these The Centre will host a basic set of documents studies have had a considerable impact on such as books, reports, scientific journals, and educational policy, and the data collected is a so-called unspecified material, as well as pro- valuable resource for research. The data is of a viding access to relevant databases. A website high quality, and the data collection has been will be built containing relevant links together performed with advanced techniques for samp- with an individualised system of services for ling and measurement. However, these techni- the relevant user groups. The library and infor- ques also make the data sets difficult to analyse, mation centre will be easily accessible both which is one reason why the potential of the geographically and via the latest possible tech- data has not been fully exploited in research. nology. Its location will be in Stockholm on The purpose of the project is to improve the the University Colleges’ premises, on campus opportunities for analysing data from the com- Ersta. Accessibility will be ensured by means parative studies. This will be done through the of generous open hours, study rooms for guest creation of databases, particularly for the older researchers, and an on-line informational ser- IEA studies, and through the creation of new vice for external users. variables, which will be achieved by combining other variables, in order to reach a higher level of interpretability and precision. The project will also engage in the development of ability by means of courses, workshops, and seminars. 160 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx Scandinavian transla- Professor Digitising Codex Senior Librarian Xxxxtions of classical and XxxxxJerker Blomqvist XxxxArgenteus and its XxxxxLars Munkhammar medieval literature XxxxLund University editions XxxxUppsala University — a bibliographic SEK 320,000 Library Internet resource SEK 750,000

• The project is a joint Danish-Norwegian- • Codex Argenteus, the Silver Bible in Uppsala Swedish initiative. It aims at: (i) creating a University Library is an early 6th century digitised bibliography of translations of classical manuscript. It is the remnants of a gospel and medieval literature of Scandinavian langu- book based on the Gothic Bishop Wulfila’s age; (ii) an Internet publication of the biblio- translation of the Bible into Gothic. Of the graphy; and (iii) an Internet publication of fac- original at least 336 leaves, there are 187 leaves similes of high-quality translations of important left in Uppsala, and one i Speyer, Germany. literary texts. Professor Lars Boje Mortensen, The project will result in a digital depiction of of Bergen, is the initiator of the project and the Codex Argenteus and its various printed edi- editor-in-chief of the bibliography. Research tions, comprising about ten books in total. The for the bibliography and its digitisation will be last edition came out in 1927 and has already carried out separately in the three countries; been digitised. The digitisation will be done at the Swedish part of the project will be located Uppsala University Library, where the material at the University Library of Lund University. A is stored. The project also involves developing bibliographical tool of this sort will provide an methods for digitising old hand-written and efficient means of accessing to the considerable printed material, thus developing a database number of actually existing, good Scandinavian and data mining for the digitised material. translations of ancient literature. These are This will be done at Tampere University of imperfectly known, and in university courses in Technology in Finland. The digitised Gothic Scandinavia easily available English translations texts will be annotated philologically, and tend to be used, rather than the Scandinavian with respect to the history of language. There ones. The use of the translations into the will also be a critical historical commentary Scandinavian languages would be preferable, on the different works which will be done both for didactic reasons and for the sake of at the University of Iceland and at Uppsala Scandinavian language policy, so the trans- University. The project is a joint Nordic enter- lations need to be made visible. During the prise and involves a previously-agreed division last century, Scandinavian academics, writers, of labour. and translators, contributed in different ways, to an understanding of classical and medieval literature. Their translations are an essential ingredient of that enterprise, and deserve to be publicised. Infrastructural Projects 161

Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx A Global Portal on Professor The Preservation, Head of Administration XxxxWar and Peace XxxxxPeter Wallensteen Xxxximprovement and XxxxxErik Ljungqvist XxxxUppsala University renewal of the library XxxxThe University College SEK 3,800,000 and archives at the of Opera University College of 500,000 kr Opera, Stockholm

• This project will create a user-friendly portal • The project aims to build up an opera library, containing information about conflicts and for both undergraduate and postgraduate peace initiatives throughout the world. It will, study, and for research, as well as to develop in a sense, function as an encyclopedia about the archives at the University College of Opera, war and peace. From a starter page covering Stockholm (OHS). Until it moved to its new all the countries in the world, the user will location, where conditions are significantly be able to easily access information about better, OHS did not have access to appropriate political violence and peace efforts in specific library premises. The library archives comprise countries, which will both facilitate and gene- audio and video tapes of student concerts, rate new research. The portal will be created by opera projects, and final performances from the the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) 1970s up to the present day. These tapes need at Uppsala University. As of 2004, UCDP to be copied and transferred to a format which provides a database located on the Internet is uniform, and easily accessible. To extend and containing data on a wide range of aspects of improve the library and archives would raise armed conflict. This project will elevate the the standard of the college and, in the future, current database to a new level of accessibility, aid in the continual development of opera as and broaden its scope even further. Aside from an art form. In addition to this, OHS aims to the information that is currently available in maintain and develop its position as the leading the database, UCDP possesses a range of other provider of opera training in Scandinavia. In systematically compiled data. However, this is order to proceed the following will take place: not as easily accessible. The portal will visualise first, a well-qualified consultant will be enga- this data and connect it to the current database. ged. After stocktaking the present collection The project will result in an internationally of scores and books, new material will then be unique resource with a breadth of information added. In addition, some items from the exis- about different types of armed violence as well ting collection (and some of the new material) as peace efforts. The portal will play an impor- will need to be sent for binding. Finally, both tant role, both policy-wise and in academia. For the existing and new material will be catalo- policy-makers, easy access to systematic and gued. multi-facetted information about a country’s security needs will be a decisive advantage. In academia, access to well-renowned data is a prerequisite for future research. 162 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx The Archive for the Vice-Chancellor The Centre for Professor XxxxHistory of Medicine, XxxxxHarriet Wallberg- XxxxGerman Studies XxxxxLars Magnusson at the Karolinska HenrikssonXxxx XxxxUppsala University Institute, Medical The Karolinska SEK 500,000 University: Institutet, Medical University SEK 1,000,000

• As part of the preparations for its 2010 bicen- • For a long period in history Germany has tenary celebrations, the Karolinska Institute had a great impact on Sweden and on the Medical University has taken an initiative to whole of Europe. Nevertheless, the scientific safeguard archival material as well as other contact between the countries has weakened materials of interest. These materials will be since World War I. The Centre for German able to be utilised for the writing of the history Studies will re-establish and strengthen con- of medicine. This is to take place by means tacts with Germany in research and education, of a project intended to establish a medicinal and vitalise already existing research within history archive. The first phase of this project the area of the humanities and social sciences. has very generously received funding from Furthermore, the Centre for German Studies Riksbankens Jubileumsfond. The project will will promote re-growth and increase interna- make an initial assessment of the material acces- tionalisation within the field. The Centre for sible at the Institute, as well as what further German Studies is conceived of as a platform needs there are for its collecting, ordering, and for scholars and students in the social sciences, safe-keeping. This is to ensure its availability for the humanities, law, theology, and languages. future research purposes. Particular emphasis It will unite different activities, which will will be put on the need to document and make contribute to create a centre for excellence, available material pertaining to the most recent providing: seminars; thematic workshops; half-century of scientific and medical activity fellowships; and post-doctoral research. The at the Institute, along with associated institu- Centre will also provide a reference library and tions. It is, however, also in the interests of the a website. Uppsala University already gathers a project to maintain a wider framework for its large number of highly qualified scholars from activities. As a consequence, it will collate all different disciplines within the field of German material of interest and value for the history studies. The Centre will not only co-ordinate of medicine that becomes available during German studies on a national level, but will the process. The medicinal history archive is also promote the research field internationally. intended to form the first step in a wider plan, which involves the possible institutionalisation of research in, and teaching of, the history of medicine at the Karolinska Institute, in time for the 2010 celebrations. Infrastructural Projects 163

Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx Digital keys to the Director The Swedenborg Ph.D. Xxxxarchives. A pedago- XxxxxBode Janzon Xxxxarchives at the Royal XxxxxKarl Grandin gic Internet based XxxxThe Regional State Swedish Academy of XxxxThe Royal Swedish introduction to the Archives in Uppsala Sciences: A catalogu- Academy of Sciences material at the regio- SEK 500,000 ing project SEK 1,800,000 nal state archives

• A large part of current Swedish historio- • Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772) is one of graphy deals with the upper classes of society. the most renowned of Swedish authors. The This is true for scientific as well as for popular major part of his posthumous manuscripts, writing. This is unfortunate, since there is consisting of 80 bound volumes, is located at need for knowledge about all social groups. the archives of the Royal Swedish Academy It is simply question of democratic principles of Sciences in Stockholm. In June 2005, to do with the right of all people to have their UNESCO decided to put the Swedenborg history written. It is equally important not only collection on the Memory of the World List. to search for explanations of societal develop- This places a particular national obligation on ment only within certain sectors, but also to Sweden for the collection’s preservation, as search within a wide range of sectors. If this is well as for making the collection accessible. not done there is a risk of missing important A complete inventory has not been made of factors, and the resulting description of history the collection since 1772, and today there is no tends to be one-sided, and even unfair. The catalogue that thoroughly describes the manu- purpose of the project is to counter-balance the scripts and their contents. In many cases the focus on elites by stimulating and facilitating material is also in need of conservation. The research about common people. The aim is to goal of the project is thus to increase the avail- produce an Internet based introduction to the ability of the Swedenborg archives for research, records in the regional archives – records which and to secure and preserve the collection. New also mirror the lives of ordinary people. There knowledge about the Swedenborg collection will be a description of presentations of indivi- will be gained through the project, which in duals and events, presentations of information itself will be a major contribution to research. about archival records, and the positioning of The project will result in a database as well as stories in their proper historical context. Such in a printed catalogue. These will subsequently stories will be gathered from all parts of the be presented at an international symposium. country and from a period covering three cen- During the project, there will be necessary con- turies (c. 1600–1900). The material will then servation measures in order to preserve the col- be thematically structured along themes that lection. The catalogues, in database and paper focus on everyday life, such as: love; livelihood; format, will make it possible to extract and childhood; religion; and death. The working arrange information about the texts in the col- process will include three main steps: thr lection in a new systematic way. By this means gathering of material; text-writing and lay-out; new possibilities to study the organisation of and the adaption into digital form. The end Swedenborg’s complex system of thought will product is intended to interest a wide audience present themselves. – from the young, to journalists, and amateur researchers, as well as to academic researchers, and teachers. A national database and archive for 165 Swedish rock art from the Bronze Age. Infrastructural Projects 165

A national data- Professor base and archive Kristian Kristiansen for Swedish rock art Göteborg University from the Bronze Age. SEK 3,000,000

• Bronze Age rock art represent a unique Nordic contribution to world culture, and more than 17,000 localities are known in Sweden alone, including 5000 from Bohuslän in western Sweden. Approximately 2000 panels have been properly documented during the last 10 years, in 3 EU projects under the leadership of Swedish Heritage. The primary documentation exists as meter long rolls with frottage of the panels, which are later traced on to trans- parent plastic. It deteriorates rather fast, and therefore needs to be scanned into a database. Thus, the project’s primary aim is to create a national database and archive for Swedish rock art, which can be employed for research, management, and public presentation. The project consists of three interrelated parts: an archival survey and recording of all existing documentation about rock art in Sweden; a scanning and digitisation of 2000 rock art panels from the last 10 years’ primary documentation work; and, finally, an integration of this material into a national database for research and public presentation. This database will then be part of Swedish Heritage’s new ‘kulturmiljöportal’ (cultural port), thus becoming available to all. In the long run, it is hoped that the project will generate a national centre for rock art documentation and research, as Swedish rock art research in recent years has taken a giant step forward, and become part of a growing international research environment. 75 Investments for the 1809-2009 Anniversary Statistical information on research grants

his section presents an overview in the form of tables showing the grants approved. The presentation starts with three summary tables (Tables 1–3). Tables 4–5 give statistics of project grants approved and table 6 shows postdoctoral subsidies from the TBank of Sweden Donation, while Tables 8–9 give corresponding information about grants from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation. In the budget for 2006 SEK 100 million were allocated to programme grants from this donation. Table 7 shows the numbers of applicants for programme grants by subject area and gender. Table 10 reports grants for infrastructure support. All amounts approved are stated inclusive of overhead charges. The distribution of grants between the (various scientific) subject areas can be seen in Tables 4, 7 and 8. The distribution of grants between different educational institutions is reported in Tables 5, 9 and 10. Several of the projects receiving grants, especially the larger ones within the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation, are of an interdisciplinary character. For this reason it is not possible to give an exact breakdown by subject or faculty area. Of all the applicants for grants from the Bank of Sweden Donation 42 % were women compared with last year when 39 % were women.

167 168 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Table 1

Research grants approved in 2006 by donation (amounts in SEK ’000) The Bank of Sweden Donation 138 277 The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 187 487 Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on ageing and age-related illnesses 600 Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on illnesses during the early childhood years 200

Total 326 564

Table 2

Research grants approved in 2006 from the Bank of Sweden Donation (amounts in SEK ’000) Project grants (further details are given in tables 4–5) 72 730 Co-operation with the Riksdag 478 Travel grants 234 Postdoctoral scholarships (tabell 6) 49 763 Nils-Eric Svensson fund 300 Remunerations to experts 820 Fees to co-opted members 1 897 Conferences, information 2 154 Sector committee for research on culture, security and sustainable development 2 933 Sector committee for research on the civil society 2 996 Sector committee for research on public economy 2 997 Sector committee for research on the pre-modernity 975

Total 138 277

Table 3

Research grants approved in 2006 from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation (amounts in SEK ’000) Project grants (further details are given in tables 8–9) 30 022 Infrastructure support (further details are given in table 10) 36 833 Grants for the initiation of research, and research information 15 000 International collaboration 10 429 Program (further details are given in table 7) 94 986 Remunerations to experts 217

Total 187 487 Statistics 169 the bank of sweden donation

Table 4

Total number of applications approved and total number of applications, 2006 (amounts in SEK ’000) by subject area and gender

APPLICATIONS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

Subject area Number Men Women Amount Number Men Women Anthropology 1 1 1 790 12 2 10 Archaeology 1 1 3 130 18 13 5 Architecture 1 1 1 060 9 3 6 Art/aesthetic subjects 12 7 5 Business economics 3 1 2 4 660 45 29 16 Cinema and theatre studies 2 2 3 570 14 5 9 Classical languages 1 1 1 590 12 4 8 Cultural geaography 18 13 5 Economic history 3 2 1 6 430 22 16 6 Economics 2 1 1 4 700 29 26 3 Education 1 1 2 140 23 13 10 Ethnology 1 1 1 530 23 8 15 Forskning&Framsteg 1 1 340 History 1 1 1 490 38 22 16 History of ideas 1 1 1 580 32 23 9 History of religion 2 1 1 2 690 36 27 9 Information technology 23 10 13 Law 1 1 1 900 15 9 6 Linguistics 2 1 1 4 980 32 14 18 Literature 3 2 1 4 170 60 27 33 Medicine 1 1 1 800 14 6 8 Modern languages 18 4 14 Musicology 2 2 4 020 13 8 5 Peace and conflict research 1 1 1 640 7 6 1 Philosophy 3 3 4 490 42 35 7 Political science 1 1 1 680 45 33 12 Psychology 2 2 4 260 59 29 30 Sociology 1 1 1 690 64 34 30 Statistics 1 1 1 360 1 1

Total 39 25 14 68 690 736 427 309 170 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Table 5

New grants grants approved, by administering institution 2006 (amounts in SEK ’000)

GRANT ADMINISTRATOR AMOUNT NUMBER Chalmers Technical University 1 360 1 Forskning & Framsteg 340 1 Göteborg University 5 270 2 Institute for Language and Folklore 4 980 2 Jönköping Intenational Business School 1 580 1 Lund University 16 880 10 Malmö University Collage 1 680 1 Research Institute of Industrial Economics 2 710 1 Royal Academy of Music 1 520 1 Stockholm University 10 090 7 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 1 990 1 Södertörn University College 2 200 1 Umeå University 3 320 2 Uppsala University 14 770 8

Total 68 690 39 Printed subsidies (SEK) 850 13 Conference subsidies (SEK) 258 3 Special subsidies (SEK) 1 351 5

Total 2 459 21

Compensation for overhead costs 2007 1 581

Total 72 730 Statistics 171

Table 6

Postdoctorial subsidies for 2006 from the Bank of Sweden Donation (amounts in SEK ’000)

ABM post doctoral grants 20 000 Dag Hammarskjöld stipendium in Berlin 1 000 Learning and Memory 20 000 Scandinavian studies in Germany 1 500 Nordic Spaces 5 250 Pro Futura III 2 013

Total 49 763 172 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

the humanities and social sciences donation

Table 7

Total numbers of applications for programme grants 2006 and approved applications (amount in SEK ’000) by subject area and gender

AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN APPLYED APPLICATIONS AMOUNT

Archaeology 1 1 20 334 1 30 190 Business economics 4 4 76 786 1 28 856 Economic history 3 3 64 995 Economics 1 1 10 213 Education 1 1 15 661 History 3 1 2 53 742 History of ideas 2 2 38 328 Humanities 1 1 19 853 Humanities/social sciences 1 1 29 314 Information technology 1 1 37 059 Law 2 1 1 33 564 Literature 3 2 1 60 324 Modern languages 1 1 16 852 Peace and conflict research 1 1 21 250 Philosophy 1 1 21 266 Political science 2 2 41 968 1 35 940 Psychology 1 1 8 851 Social sciences 2 1 1 39 843 Sociology 4 4 114 713

Total 35 27 8 724 916 3 94 986 Statistics 173

Table 8

Continuation applications approved, by subject area in 2006 (amount in SEK ’000)

APPLICATIONS APPROVED

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT

Humanities 9 3 6 22 560 Social Sciences 3 2 1 5 400

Total 12 5 7 27 960

Printing subsidies 13 1 607 Special grants 4 455

Total amount 17 2 062

Total 30 022 174 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Table 9

Continuation grants approved, by administering institution, 2006 (amounts in SEK ’000)

GRANT ADMINISTRATOR NUMBER AMOUNT The Silver Museum 1 2 500 Lund University 1 2 500 Nordiska Museet 1 5 000 Stockholm University 4 7 460 Swedish Film Institute 1 1 000 Swedish Linnaeus Society 1 3 100 Södertörn University College 1 3 000 The National Archives 1 400 The Royal Library 1 3 000

Total 12 27 960 Statistics 175 infrastructure support

Table 10

New applications approved, by administering institution, 2006 (amounts in SEK ’000)

GRANT ADMINISTRATOR AMOUNT Academia Europaea 800 Dalarna University Collage, Falun 1 200 Ersta Sköndal University Collage 2 000 Face of AIDS Foundation 800 Gotlandsboken AB 35 Göteborg University 6 000 Iceland University 300 IK Foundation & Company 100 Karolinska Institutet 1 000 Språktidningen i Sverige AB 300 Lund University 2 120 National Library of Sweden 1 000 Regional Archives in Uppsala 500 Royal Institute of Technology 200 Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1 800 SISTER 2 000 Statistics Sweden 4 000 Vadstena Academy 187 STINT 3 000 Swedish Institute of International Affairs 1 200 The Labour movement archives and library 720 Umeå University 20 University College of Opera 500 Uppsala University 4 300 Uppsala University Library 751 Västerås Town Library 1 000 Swedish Computer Society 1 000

Total 36 833 Man – Society – God. In the Swedish Hymn-book of 1695. 148 (The first official Hymn-book of the Church of Sweden) annual report

The Purpose and Riksbankens Jubileumsfond (RJ) is an independent foundation aimed at Statutes of the promoting and supporting academic research. The foundation was inaugu- Foundation rated in 1962 on the basis of a resolution by the Swedish Parliament, with an endowment from the Swedish Central Bank, honour of the three-hundredth anniversary of the founding of the Swedish Central Bank, which was to be celebrated in 1968. The establishment of Riksbankens Jubileumsfond was also a means by which the Swedish Parliament could address an area which it noted was of “important national concern.” The statutes of the foundation were adopted by the Swedish Parliament on 2 December 1964, after two years of deliberations. It was determined that the annual return on the Jubileum Donation was to be used to promote academic research related to Sweden, and the foundation’s very first grants were awarded at the second meeting of the Board, on 7 October 1965. After two decades in operation, new statutes were adopted for Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, on 1 January 1988 (RFS: 1), which resulted in the foundation becoming an independent financial entity. In this new form the operations were provided capital of SEK 1.5 billion (thousand million). There have been subsequent donations to the foundation after this first donation. As regards the manner in which the aims of the foundation are to be achieved, the statutes stipulate, amongst other things, the following: • priority is to be given to research areas in which the financial require- ments are not adequately met in another manner; • the foundation’s funds shall be specially used to support large and long- term research projects; • new research tasks requiring the rapid deployment of substantial resources should be particularly prioritised; and • the foundation should seek to promote international research contacts. In 1993 the Swedish Parliament decided that an additional donation of SEK 1.5 billion, known as the Kulturvetenskapliga Donation, should be presented to the foundation. A memorandum to this resolution stipulated, among other things, that the funds should be directed to enable the following:

177 178 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

• the establishment of research centres, or research fields of international importance; • the support of projects and programmes involving interdisciplinary research; • the establishment of networks, or substantial collaborative forms, both nationally and internationally, for instance, by means of the initiation of an international research exchange programme; • a greater prioritisation of post-graduate education, and of the recruitment of researchers; • the promotion of international research mobility, and of an increased mobility between institutions of higher education and other types of organisations. One of the more substantial changes in the 1988 statutes was that RJ’s financial management was transferred from the Swedish Central Bank to the foundation’s Board of Directors. The basic idea was to provide the Board with a large degree of freedom in its ability to make decisions concerning the management of the foundation’s assets, thereby allowing “in principle, any appropriate transaction which would normally be regarded as being within the remit of an experienced organisation in the financial field”1. The statutes drew upon conditions prevailing at the end of the 1980’s, and these statutes have functioned since that time as the overall framework for the investment policy which is determined annually and is implemented by the Board of RJ. Since that time, the financial markets in Sweden and abroad have undergone significant changes, and new, alternative investment forms have arisen and have been successively accepted by investors. Consequently, RJ’s Board decided to adapt the regulations of the statutes regarding the asset management. The intention was to provide RJ with the future possibility of investing in all types of financial instruments and structures. This re-evaluation resulted in the 2005 resolution of the Board to change the asset management policies of the foundation, and also to rephrase the foundation’s statutes to reflect modern financial developments. The Board’s suggested changes to the statutes were agreed upon and adopted by the Swedish Parliament during the spring of 2006.

Summary of the Year’s The Board of Riksbankens Jubileumsfond is primarily concerned with Events making decisions regarding the budget, the awarding of grants to research projects, establishing guidelines for the financial activities of the - foun dation, and dealing with matters of delegation. The Board has met four times during the past year. Apart from two members who also serve on the Finance Committee, the remaining Board members participate in the review panel process, along with representatives from the higher educatio-

1 Conditions and Guidelines for Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, authorised by the Riksbank on 8 October 1987. Annual Report 179

nal institutions. The review panels examine applications for research grants and, subsequently, put forward their suggestions to the Board as to those applications which should be awarded grants. In preparation for the 2007 application round, this organisational process has been revised, so that the review panel for programme applications (see below) no longer includes members from Swedish higher educational institutions but, instead, includes representatives from higher educational institutions in the neighbou- ring Nordic countries. As a result of particularly successful financial management, RJ has been able to develop a number of different forms of support, as well as special investments in an attempt to strengthen the quality of Swedish research. The year 2006 was the second year in which research support was issued in four forms: research initiation, infrastructural support, projects, and programmes. The number of applications for grants for programmes, that is, in which the applicants comprise a larger group of experienced researchers working together over a longer period, for example 6-8 years, increased in comparison with 2005. Of the original 35 programme applications, eight were invited to a second round of hearings with the review panel. The Board decided to award grants to three such programmes: at Linköping University, Gothenburg University, and the Swedish Institute in Athens. In addition, funding was provided for 39 projects. Twelve continuing projects were allowed to proceed with their work based on previously awarded funds. All grants for projects and programmes are now awarded in the form of a one-time grant, which provides the programme and project leaders with the possibility of pursuing their research work in a more flexible manner than if the grant had been paid out in successive instalments, and in smaller amounts, during the total period of the project. Together with the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, and the Swedish Research Council, RJ undertook a substantial research initiation in the form of the programme “Learning and Memory”, which extended grants to four research programmes. The first phase is to last three years, and funds have been set aside to enable further work to take place during an additional two years. Already at the end of 2004, RJ’s Board gave notice of its intention to withdraw from its agreement with the Association of Swedish Higher Education (SUHF) regarding overheads. In May 2006, RJ’s Board decided that it would, in the future, provide funds to the higher educational institutions which would be sufficient to cover only 20 percent of project overheads and so-called higher educational value added tax. This decision provoked a strong reaction from the university chancellors, and from the SUHF. After subsequent negotiations, RJ and the SUHF agreed, on 19 December 2006, to a temporary solution for 2007, implying that RJ is to remit the equivalent of a total of 30.4% of overheads and higher educational value added tax for research projects. As regards subsequent years, an agreement will be made in the near future. 180 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

The Board’s Executive Committee has met five times during the past year. The Board has delegated the right to decision to the Executive Committee as regards the awarding of grants to research planning, conferences, seminars, workshops, the construction of academic networks, research initiation, and other such matters. During the year nearly 130 applications for this type of funding were approved. RJ’s Finance Committee, which consists of two ordinary members and one additional member, has met seven times over the course of the past year. For details regarding the foundation’s asset management please see below. During the course of 2006, RJ has continued to raise its ambitions regarding the evaluation and follow-up of projects which have been awarded funds. After a project has come to a close, a financial summary is to be sent in to the Board, together with a brief written description of the academic activities of the project, as well as those scholarly articles, or works, which have been published. In addition, every review panel conducts a large number of on-site inspections of current projects. During the past year, there have been 20 such on-site inspections of projects receiving foundation grants. Also, during the past year, a number of stipends have been awarded from the Nils-Eric Svensson Trust for the promotion of mutual research exchange within Europe. In addition, RJ is currently financing three graduate schools; one in mathematics education, one in Asian Pacific studies, and also a graduate school aiming to raise the level of the academic practice of researchers employed at museums. The debate about the status of the humanities and social sciences continued with great intensity during 2006. RJ has been involved in this debate by attempting to contribute to a deeper understanding of the need for far-reaching intellectual reflection concerning these issues. Such reflection is vital given the importance of these fields for the future development of civilisation. Several years ago, RJ established a number of so-called sector committees within research fields deemed to be of importance but which had seen weak development or had received insufficient public support. The purpose of these sector committees was to initiate and stimulate new research. Four such groups have been active during the past year: the well-established Sector Committee for Research on Civil Society; the Sector Committee for Research on the Public Economy, Steering, and Leadership; as well as the Sector Committee for Research on Culture, Security, and Sustainable Social Development. The latter group has completed its work and has submitted a report to the Board. A decision has been taken concerning the establishment of a new sector committee, the Sector Committee for Research on Premodernity, which initiated its work during the autumn 2006. The foundation also arranges symposiums and seminars, occasionally together with other research sponsors, either within or outside Sweden. RJ regularly collaborates with the Swedish Parliament in arranging these types Annual Report 181

of events. Of particular note in the past year was the well-visited conference, “What Can Research on the Public Economy and Taxation Contribute in a World of Increasing Global Dependency?” The foundation has also issued a number of publications in the last twelve months. According to its statutes, the foundation is to promote international academic collaboration, and, in this context, it has a very long, well-established tradition. By means of such collaboration, RJ has been able to achieve an increasingly strong position in the international academic community. RJ’s collaborative partners include: the European Foundation Centre (EFC); the Network of European Foundations for Innovative Corporations (NEF); the European Cultural Foundation (ECF); the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin; and the Collegium Budapest, which has a guest residence named in honour of Raoul Wallenberg. The foundation, which also collaborates with other organisations, is an active protagonist within the European trust and foundation sphere, above all within the scientific, social, and cultural domain. RJ has also participated actively in an expert group within the EU whose task is to examine the manner in which a more substantial “donation culture” can be developed in Europe. At the end of 2006, the EU announced that its 7th Framework Programme would include a European research council. This announcement was the culmination of a campaign in which RJ has actively participated for more than five years. RJ is of the opinion that a European research council with an interdisciplinary orientation will have a great impact on the qualitative development of research throughout the EU. Internationally, RJ’s activities in campaigning for the creation of a research council have been greatly appreciated for some time. Still, the announcement at the end of the year that the foundation had been awarded the European Academy’s ninth gold medal for its work in support of European research, came as a real, and pleasant, surprise. At the beginning of 2006, RJ’s offices were relocated to more suitable and newly refurbished premises at Kungsträdgårdsgatan 18, in central Stockholm. Additionally, a number of personnel were recruited during the year. Also, after 18 years of greatly appreciated service, Margareta Bulér relinquished her position as Secretary to the Managing Director. Also at the end of the year, Dan Brändström retired after 14 highly successful years as Managing Director. It can be said that Dan is truly “a difficult act to follow”, and nearly impossible to surpass. His replacement, appointed by the Board, is Dr Göran Blomqvist, Ph.D.

Results and Investment RJ reports full-year results of MSEK 885 (560)2, excluding unrealised capi- Return tal gains. The market value of the foundation’s investments has developed positively during the period, income, including unrealised capital gains and

2 The figures in parenthesis refer to 2005. 182 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

losses, amounts to MSEK 1,128 (1,594). During the past year, RJ awarded grants totalling MSEK 327 (298), as well as reserving MSEK 56 (18) to secure the real value of the donations received. The foundation’s direct return in the form of interest income, dividends, and an operating surplus from property investments, amounted to MSEK 283 (245). Administrative and financial costs amounted to a total of MSEK 37 (33), which is the equivalent of 0.4 percent of average capital. As of 2003, the Board has established an investment policy with the long-term aim of achieving an average real return of at least 4 percent. This is deemed to secure the real value of the foundation’s capital, and to make possible the active awarding of grants for the purpose of promoting and supporting academic research. The total return target up to the end of 2006 has been surpassed by a considerable margin. The real total return for the period 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2006 amounted to 69.4 percent, as compared to the required return of 17.0 percent. For 2006, RJ’s total return amounted to 13.4 percent, at the same time as inflation was 1.6 percent. This means that the total real return during the year amounted to 11.8 percent, which exceeds the long-term target by approximately MSEK 700 (see also diagrams 1-4 which chart this development). During the past year there has been a substantial earnings growth, an increased number of mergers and acquisitions, and a higher level of dividends, which have all contributed to a positive return on the foundation’s equity portfolios. During the third and fourth quarters, the stock market recovered from the downturn experienced in the spring. This recovery coincided with a reduction in the price of oil equivalent to its level at the start of the year, which has reduced the risk of inflation. In the middle of the year there were signs that the US Federal Reserve was approaching the end of its interest rate increase cycle; a cycle which has lasted for the past three years. As a result of this, the outlook for the stock market has improved. Also, an average of 50 percent of the foundation’s assets are invested in equities that is the asset class producing the highest level of dividends during the year. The outcome of the foundation’s asset management is evaluated against a reference portfolio, and the accumulated return during the year outperformed the benchmark index. The equity investments, fixed income investments, and the foundation’s strategy for tactical asset allocation, all made a positive contribution to the total return as compared to the reference portfolio. The equity portfolios provided a total return of 23.7 percent during the year. The total return on Swedish equities was 27.3 percent and on foreign equities, 18.3 percent, excluding currency hedges. The total return on the equity portfolios outperformed the index during the year, primarily thanks to a positive development in the European equity portfolio. During the year, the equity index (including dividends) rose in Sweden by 28.7 percent and the European equity index by 15 percent. The strategy of investing in both Swedish and European equities produced a return during the year Financial administration 183

which was considerably higher than the world index (MSCI World), which only produced a return of 3.2 percent in Swedish kronor. During the year, the Swedish Central Bank has successively raised the repo rate from the record-low level of 1.5 percent, up to 3.0 percent. This is a means of adapting monetary policy to an inflation rate which is expected to rise to a more normalised level in two years time, and which will be in line with the long-term inflationary goal of two percent per year. Even the interest rates on bonds have risen during the past year. For instance, the five-year government bond yield rose from 3.2 percent at the beginning of the year, to 3.8 percent at the end. A contributory reason for the rise in interest rates is the rapid growth of the Swedish economy. RJ’s fixed income portfolios produced a return during the year of 1.7 percent, which outperformed the index by 0.1 percent. The fixed income portfolios have been managed on the basis of a semi-active mandate during the year, with a duration between 2.4 and 2.7 years. Including capital gains, the property portfolio produced a return of 8.0 percent. At the beginning of the summer, a collaboration with Aberdeen Property Investors was initiated involving the development of a new property strategy. This includes plans to increase investment on the premise that attractive properties can be acquired. To date, the possible transactions which have arisen have mainly involved acquisitions of property companies. The foundation is examining the consequences of acquiring property via the acquisition of companies, and is also investigating the manner in which such a corporate structure ought to be built up considering taxation and accounting issues and valuation principles. While awaiting the results of this analysis, the focus has been on attempting to find business opportunities in directly owned properties but, to date, no acquisition has been made. During the past year, operating surplus from property investments has been burdened by maintenance costs. There has also been a lack of rental income due to the refurbishment of a building, and there have been vacancies owing to the necessity of awaiting the results of the investigation into the future uses of the real estate. At the end of the year an agreement was signed for the sale of the property Trädlärkan 2 for a price of MSEK 38, which exceeds the book value by MSEK 24. Date of taking of possession was at the beginning of 2007. During the past year, the property portfolio has been partly loan- financed, with a variable interest rate of 2.5 percent. The investment area involving alternative investments was broadened during the year to include, apart from investments in hedge funds, profit participation loans to a newly started property fund. The return on alternative investments amounted during the past year to 4.4 percent, with a standard deviation of 2.8 percent, computed monthly. The annual average return on RJ’s investments in hedge funds is, from the starting point in October 2001, approximately 8.0 percent. RJ utilises currency forwards in order to reduce the foundation’s vulnerability to future exchange rate changes, in accordance with a policy stipulating 184 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

that 50 percent of exposure to foreign currency fluctuation is to be hedged to the Swedish kronor. During the past year, the net result on currency forwards amounted to MSEK + 32 (-43). The Swedish krona strengthened during the year by approximately 4 percent against the Euro, and by 2 percent against the British pound. As RJ has had no direct USD exposure, for example, in terms of investments in US equities, the foundation has avoided losses on the US dollar which, in the past 12 months, decreased by 14 percent against the Swedish krona. In the autumn negotiations took place for the procurement of consul- tancy services within the field of ethical analysis. A contract was signed with GES Investment Services AB, which is a specialist in the ethical evaluation of public limited companies. In the subsequent evaluation of RJ’s share portfolios, which GES conducted in November, it was established that the portfolios contain no companies violating any of the conventions signed by Sweden in the fields of human rights, employment rights, or environmental concerns.

Financial Position In order to provide additional information about the foundation’s financial position, the financial statements are supplemented, as in previous years, with a balance sheet in which assets and liabilities are reported at market value. At the end of the year, the market value of RJ’s assets exceeded their book value by MSEK 2,320 (2,050). RJ’s equity capital increased during the year from MSEK 6,691 to MSEK 7,252. The foundation’s assets (equity capital at market value) increased from MSEK 8,741 to MSEK 9,572. At the end of the year retained earnings were equivalent to 16.5 times the total amount of grants awarded during the year. This figure should be compared to the minimum amount of retained earnings, determined by the Board, which is equal the total amount of grants awarded, to the extent usually awarded during three years. Of the total investments reported at market value at the end of 2006, 50% (52%) was allocated to equities, 37% (35%) in interest-bearing assets, 8% (8%) to properties, and 5% (5%) to alternative investments. Of these assets, 21 percent was denominated in foreign currencies, while the exposure to these foreign currencies was only 10 percent, after deduction of currency forward contracts whose nominal value, as of 31 December 2006, totalled MSEK1,042.

Financial Results From the income statement (and the various notes) a summary can be produced including the financial items at market value. These items have been grouped in a table (see table 1) according to asset class. The table “Financial Results” shows that the foundation’s equity portfolio produced a positive result of MSEK1,029. The interest-bearing investments produced a positive result of MSEK 58, while currency futures produced a net result of MSEK 32. Financial administration 185

The foundation’s properties, report a result of MSEK 26 after interest costs. In addition, there is a positive item which increases equity by MSEK 27. This refers to the adjustment of the value of construction in progress. Holdings in hedge funds gave a result of MSEK 20 during the past year. This comprised the total financial result for the area, alternative investments. This is due to the fact that the profit participating loans are reported at nominal value in the year-end book closing whilst awaiting the definitive year-end accounts for the property fund. The total financial result for 2006 amounted to MSEK 1,162 after costs. This corresponds to a return on equity capital at the beginning of the year of 13.6 percent (21.4 percent), taking into consideration the adjustment of the value of construction in progress. After an allocation has been made to secure the real value of the foundation’s capital, the financial results will cover the awarding of research grants in a total of MSEK 327, as well as administrative costs amounting to MSEK 34. The surplus amounts to MSEK 776 (1,272). 154 From computing machines to IT Annual Report 187

FIGURE 1–4

Financial operations Figure 2. Real return in percentage of – ten-year summary equity capital at year start

January 1, 1988 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond 50% received new statutes, making it an independent 40% financial player. In order to maintain a stable 30% level of research grants the Board set up in 2003 20% a long-term goal that the real (adjusted for infla- 10% tion) annual return should exceed 4 percent over time. Between 1997 and 2006 this goal was attai- 0% ned with a good margin. During this ten-year -10% period research grants corresponding to SEK -20% 3,270 million have been approved. 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Shown below in the form of bar charts is the development over the past ten years of four fundamental financial indicators: total return, real return (adjusted for inflation), equity capi- Figure 3. Equity capital (SEK m) tal at market value and annual research grants at market value approved. 10 000

8 000

6 000

4 000

2 000

0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Figure 1. Total return in percentage of equity capital at year start

50%

40% Figure 4. Approved grants for research (SEK m)

30% 500

20% 400

10% 300

0% 200

-10% 100

-20% 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 188 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

TABLE 1

Financial result SEK ’000

Assets Income/expense 2006 2005

Properties Income 34 156 35 698 Depreciation –6 538 –6 115 Tax refund − 164 Interest expenses –2 088 –1 676 Other expenses –37 257 –18 880 Change in unrealized gains 37 881 99 115 Construction in progress and prepayments (Styrpinnen 23)* –27 198

Total properties 26 154 81 108

Shares Dividends 136 382 112 552 Realized gains/losses 662 623 233 951 Reversed write-downs 20 967 165 115 Write-downs –37 090 –20 967 Change in unrealized gains 246 009 925 103

Total shares 1 028 891 1 415 754

Hedge funds Dividends 11 787 − Realized gains/losses –10 448 12 812 Change in unrealized gains 18 381 26 459

Total hedge funds 19 720 39 271

Interest-bearing Bank funds Interest income 2 337 2 322 Foreign exchange gains/losses –1 762 3 865 Commercial papers Interest income 26 531 16 675 Bonds Interest income 109 145 95 306 Realized gains/losses –1 662 13 006 Write-downs –16 756 – Change in unrealized gains –59 644 –24 949

Total interest-bearing assets 58 189 106 225 Currency forwards Interest income 833 1 422 Interest expenses –9 066 –7 419 Foreign exchange gains/losses 39 514 –45 835 Change in unrealized gains 829 8 734

Total currency forwards 32 110 –43 098 Financial expenses –2 738 –2 264

Financial result 1 162 326 1 596 996

*See also note 24. Annual Report 189

Income statement SEK ’000

Note 2006 2005

Foundation income Dividends (shares, hedge funds) 1 148 170 112 552 Interest income 2 138 846 115 725 Result properties 3 –9 639 10 704 Result from disposal and write-downs of financial instruments 4 617 634 403 917 Foreign exchange result etc. 5 37 753 –41 658

Foundation expenses Financial expenses 6 –2 738 –2 264 Personnel expenses 7,8,9 –23 346 –20 557 External expenses 10 –10 022 –9 244 Depreciation of equipment –802 –536 Interest expenses 11 –11 155 –9 095

Profit/loss for the year 23 884 701 559 544

Change in unrealized gains 12 243 456 1 034 462

Real change in equity capital before award of research grants 24 1 128 157 1 594 006 190 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Balance sheet SEK ’000

Note 31 Dec. 2006 31 Dec. 2005 Book Market Book mARKEt value value value value

Assets Fixed assets Tangible assets Properties 14,15 350 529 785 000 325 410 722 000 Construction in progress and prepayments 16 2 763 2 763 27 198 * Equipment 17 2 005 2 005 1 252 1 252

Total tangible assets 355 297 789 768 353 860 723 252

Financial assets Bonds 18 2 316 844 2 316 844 2 021 800 2 081 444 Shares 19 3 208 705 5 003 975 3 189 522 4 738 783 Hedge funds 20 369 671 450 650 424 021 486 619 Profit participating loans 20 17 300 17 300 − −

Total financial assets 5 912 520 7 788 769 5 635 343 7 306 846 Total fixed assets 6 267 817 8 578 537 5 989 203 8 030 098

CURRENT ASSETS Other current receivables 21 17 122 17 122 44 042 44 042 Deferred expenses and accrued income 22 60 249 60 249 47 910 47 910 Commercial papers 1 217 678 1 217 678 979 814 979 814 Currency forwards 25 0 9 563 0 8 734 Cash and bank 155 492 155 492 60 257 60 257

Total current assets 1 450 541 1 460 104 1 132 023 1 140 757 Total assets 7 718 358 10 038 641 7 121 226 9 170 855

* The market value for construction in progress was assumed in 2005 to be included in market value for ”Properties”.

Annual Report 191

Note 31 Dec. 2006 31 Dec. 2005 Book Market Book mARKEt value value value value

Equity capital and liabilities

Restricted capital 23,24 Donation capital 2 424 665 2 424 665 2 392 078 2 392 078 Non-restricted capital 23,24 Humanities and Social Sciencies Donation 1 753 373 1 753 373 1 729 807 1 729 807 Retained earnings 29 3 073 934 5 394 217 2 569 056 4 618 685

Total equity capital 7 251 972 9 572 255 6 690 941 8 740 570

Provisions Provisions for pensions 2 047 2 047 2 131 2 131

Total provisions 2 047 2 047 2 131 2 131

Long-term liabilities Mortgage loans 85 100 85 100 85 100 85 100

Total long-term liabilities 85 100 85 100 85 100 85 100

Current liabilities Grants approved but not yet disbursed 292 320 292 320 263 532 263 532 Accounts payable 3 290 3 290 13 046 13 046 Other current liabilities 26 58 703 58 703 59 177 59 177 Accrued expenses and deferred income 27 24 926 24 926 7 299 7 299

Total current liabilities 379 239 379 239 343 054 343 054 Total liabilities 466 386 466 386 430 285 430 285 Total equity capital and liabilities 7 718 358 10 038 641 7 121 226 9 170 855

Pledged assets 28 Property mortgages 90 611 90 611

Contingent liabilities Grants approved to be disbursed from return in the year ahead 3 780 28 355

192 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Cash flow statement SEK ’000

2006 2005

Cash flow from the operating activities Profit/loss for the year 884 701 559 544 Adjustment for non-cash items: Depreciation of tangible fixed assets 7 340 6 650 Reversed write-downs of financial fixed assets –20 967 –165 115 Write-downs of financial fixed assets 53 846 20 967 Capital result –650 513 –259 769 Change in provisions for pensions –84 –74 Change in accrued income interest –12 459 –2 595 Change in accrued expense interest 37 445

Cash flow from the operating activities before changes in short-term operating receivables and liabilities 261 901 160 053

Cash flow from changes in short-term operating receivables and liabilities Change in short-term receivables –210 824 70 186 Change in short-term liabilities 7 361 –200 128

Cash flow from the operating activities 58 438 30 111

Cash flow from investment activities Investments in tangible fixed assets –33 229 –1 256 Disposals of tangible fixed assets 18 25 Construction in progress and prepayments 24 435 –27 198 Investments in financial fixed assets –2 294 384 –2 288 245 Disposals of financial fixed assets 2 634 841 2 465 907

Cash flow from investment activities 331 681 149 233

Cash flow from financing activities Change in long-term liabilities – −

Cash flow from financing activities 0 0

Cash flow from grants approved Change in grants approved but not yet disbursed 28 787 39 302 Unutilized grants 2 893 2 919 Grants approved for the year –326 564 –297 882

Cash flow from grants approved –294 884 –255 661 Net cash flow for the year 95 235 –76 317

Cash and bank at start of year 60 257 136 574 Cash and bank at end of year 155 492 60 257 Entrepreneurship across generations 134 in family firms 194 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Accounting and valuation principles

The Annual Report and the accounting and valuation principles utilized are in conformity with the Swedish Annual Accounts Act. Accounting and valuation principles are unchanged.

valuation of tangible assets Valuation book values Tangible assets are valued at acquisition value with deductions for write-downs and linear depreciation. Here, the following percentages are adopted for annual depreciation: Buildings 2% Equipment 20% Computers 33.33% Land is valued at acquisition value less requisite write-downs. Investments in software, both developed in-house and acquired, are expensed as incurred. Construction in progress and prepayments are posted at acquisition value. When finished the expenses which lead to an increase in properties book value are booked at the Balance sheet and the other expenses are booked at the Income statement.

Valuation The market values of properties are based on external valuations made market values by reputable valuation firms. Equipment and computers are valued at book value.

valuation of financial assets

Valuation book values Share-related securities are valued individually at acquisition value less requisite write-downs. Hedge funds and profit participating loans are valued collectively each group individually at acquisition value less requisite write-downs. Interest-bearing securities are valued collectively at acquisition value less requisite write-downs. Accrued interest on coupon bonds is shown as accrued income in the balance sheet. Zero coupon bonds are valued at accrued acquisition value. Foreign securities are valued on the basis of the exchange rate at the time of acquisition.

Valuation Interest-bearing and share-related securities are valued at real value. market values Real value is normally the last paid rate on the balance sheet date or, if such is missing, the last buy rate. Financial administration 195

Hedge funds and profit participating loans are valued at real value. Real value is normally the value that is reported from each fund manager. Foreign securities are valued on the basis of the exchange rate on the balance sheet date.

valuation of current assets Valuation book value Receivables are posted at the amount that after individual assessment is estimated to be paid. Receivables in foreign currency are valued on the basis of the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Non-matured currency forwards are valued on the principle of the lowest value. Thus, if the asset class “currency forwards” has a negative marked value, it is entered as a liability and the corresponding write- down is made. The difference between forward and spot rates is perio- dized over the term of the forwards and is entered as accrued interest income. Accrued interest on commercial papers is entered as accrued income in the balance sheet. Bank deposits in foreign currency are valued at the exchange rate on the balance sheet date.

Valuation Market values correspond to book values except for currency forwards, market values which are valued at real value.

valuation liabilities Liabilities in foreign currency are valued on the basis of the exchange rate on the balance sheet date.

approved research grants Approved research grants are reported directly against non-restricted equity capital. Approved grants are debited at the time the decision is taken.

equity capital

At book value Booked equity capital comprises restricted and non-restricted equity capital. The restricted equity capital (donation capital) consists of the Bank of Sweden Donation and Erik Rönnberg’s Donations. According to the terms of the donation, the real value of these donations is to be maintained over time. That will be done through an annual allocation 196 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

to restricted capital, which is calculated on the basis of the development of the Swedish consumer price index between the years. The restricted equity capital is not accessible for distribution. Non-restricted equity capital consists of the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation and the retained earnings. In the case of the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation, the terms of the donation state that its capital may be used for research grants. Within the scope of the non-restricted equity capital, an allocation is however made in order to maintain the real value of the Donation. The retained earnings consists of profits less allocation for maintaining the real value of the Donations and less approved research grants. According to a decision taken by the Board in 1992, the lowest amount for the retained earnings shall be equal to a normal three-year distribution of research funds.

At market value The equity capital at market value corresponds to the Foundation’s net assets, i.e. assets less liabilities at market values. The Quality of Government (QoG) 125 Institute at Göteborg University 198 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Notes amounts in SEK ’000

Note 1. dividends 2006 2005

Shares 136 382 112 552 Hedge funds 11 787 −

Total 148 169 112 552

Note 2. Interest income 2006 2005

Bonds 109 145 95 306 Commerial papers 26 531 16 675 Currency forwards 833 1 422 Bank 2 337 2 322

Total 138 846 115 725

Note 3. Result properties 2006 2005

Income from rents 34 156 35 698 Depreciation –6 538 –6 115 Other expenses –37 257 –18 879

Total –9 639 10 704

Of the property income, 3 485 (2 013), constitutes an estimated internal rent for the Foundation’s own premises. See also notes 11, 14 and 15.

Note 4. Result from disposal and write-downs of financial instruments 2006 2005

Capital result bonds –1 662 13 006 Write-downs bonds –16 756 − Capital result shares 662 623 233 951 Reversed write-downs shares 20 967 165 115 Write-downs shares –37 090 –20 967 Capital result hedge funds –10 448 12 812

Total 617 634 403 917 Annual Report 199

Note 5. Foreign exchange result etc. 2006 2005

Exchange result unrealized –1 762 3 865 Exchange result currency forwards 39 514 –45 835 Tax refund – 164 miscellaneous 1 148

Total 37 753 –41 658

Note 6. Financial expenses 2006 2005

Safe-custody charge 599 559 Other financial expenses 2 139 1 705

Total 2 738 2 264

Note 7. Salaries, other remuneration and social security costs 2006 2005

Salaries and other remuneration: Board and Managing Director 2 708 2 526 Other staff 10 160 8 873

Total 12 868 11 399 Social security costs 9 566 8 573 − of which pension costs 4 401 3 980

Of pension costs 346 (664) relates to the Board and Managing Director.

Note 8. average number of employees 2006 2005

Women 9,0 8 men 7,3 8

Total 16,3 16 200 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Note 9. Information of absence due to sickness 2006 s Short term absence LONG term absence

Women 1.18% 0.00% men 0.90% 0.00%

Total 1.05% 0.00%

Note 10. Remuneration to auditors 2006 2005

Öhrlings PricewaterhouseCoopers: − internal audit and audit consulting 187 189 − others 134 285 The Swedish National Audit Office (external audit) 238 183

Total 559 657

Note 11. Interest expenses 2006 2005

Currency forwards 9 067 7 418 Properties 2 088 1 677

Total 11 155 9 095

Note 12. change in unrealized gains 2006 2005 Change

Properties * 434 471 396 590 37 881 Bonds 0 59 644 –59 644 Shares 1 795 270 1 549 261 246 009 Hedge funds 80 979 62 598 18 381 Currency forwards 9 563 8 734 829

Total 2 320 283 2 076 827 243 456

* See also note 24.

Annual Report 201

Note 13. allocation for maintenance of real value The average consumer price index in 2006 was 284.22. The corresponding index for 2005 was 280.4, giving an increase between 2005 and 2006 of 1.3623%. The indexed real value of the donation capital (restricted capital) will therefore increase by 2 392 078 x 0.013623 = 32 587 while the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation (non-restricted capital) is increased by 1 729 807 x 0.013623 = 23 565. See also note 23 and 24.

Note 14. Properties Book Market value value

Styrpinnen 23, Stockholm 104 082 138 000 Claus Mortensen 24, Malmö 74 417 90 000 Brännaren 7, Stockholm 15 096 57 000 Kampsången 4, Stockholm 10 325 45 000 Sländan 2, Stockholm 7 439 49 000 Trädlärkan 2, Stockholm 13 871 38 000 Rekryten 6, Stockholm 24 056 93 000 Snöklockan 1, Stockholm 20 363 70 000 Jasminen 4, Stockholm 13 960 45 000 Apelträdet 5, Stockholm 13 559 38 000 Hjorten 17, Stockholm 16 140 70 000 Sånglärkan 12, Stockholm 37 221 52 000

Total 350 529 785 000

The properties are owned by 100%. 202 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Note 15. Properties 2006 2005

Buildings Acquisition values, brought forward 305 718 305 718 Investments from constructions in progress 31 657 −

Accumulated acquisition values, carried forward 337 375 305 718

Depreciation, brought forward –71 536 –65 421 Depreciation for the year –6 538 –6 115

Accumulated depreciation, carried forward –78 074 –71 536

Write-downs, brought forward –29 800 –29 800

Accumulated write-downs, carried forward –29 800 –29 800

Land Acquisition values, brought forward 135 128 135 128

Accumulated acquisition values, carried forward 135 128 135 128

Write-downs, brought forward –14 100 –14 100

Accumulated write-downs, carried forward –14 100 –14 100

Residual value according to plan, carried forward 350 529 325 410 Tax-assessment values, buildings 224 379 224 379 Tax-assessment values, land 235 755 235 755

The market values of properties are specified in note 14. See also notes 3, 11 and 16.

Note 16. construction in progress and prepayments 2006 2005

Acquisition values, brought forward 27 198 − Expenses of the year (Styrpinnen 23) 20 825 27 198 Expenses of the year (Claus Mortensen 24) 3 511 − Transfer to properties (Styrpinnen 23) –30 392 − Transfer to properties (Claus Mortensen 24) –1 265 − Transfer to Equipment –1 094 − Booked as costs (Styrpinnen 23) –13 774 − Booked as costs (Claus Mortensen 24) –2 246 −

Accumulated acquisition values, carried forward 2 763 27 198 Annual Report 203

Note 15. Properties Note 17. equipment 2006 2005 2006 2005

Buildings Acquisition values, brought forward 4 403 3 500 Acquisition values, brought forward 305 718 305 718 Purchases 1 573 1 256 Investments from constructions in progress 31 657 − Sales and rejects –1 255 –353

Accumulated acquisition values, Accumulated acquisition values, carried forward 337 375 305 718 carried forward 4 721 4 403 Depreciation, brought forward –3 151 –2 943 Depreciation, brought forward –71 536 –65 421 Sales and rejects 1 237 328 Depreciation for the year –6 538 –6 115 Depreciation of the year –802 –536 Accumulated depreciation, accumulated depreciation, carried forward –2 716 –3 151 carried forward –78 074 –71 536 Residual value according to plan, Write-downs, brought forward –29 800 –29 800 carried forward 2 005 1 252

Accumulated write-downs, carried forward –29 800 –29 800 Note 18. Bonds mAturity year Nominal Book Market Land value value value Acquisition values, brought forward 135 128 135 128 Swedish nominal-interest bonds Accumulated acquisition values, 2007 240 000 251 273 242 634 carried forward 135 128 135 128 2008 240 000 260 303 247 384 2009 435 000 472 156 454 991 Write-downs, brought forward –14 100 –14 100 2010 265 000 298 098 282 310 2011 250 000 277 539 268 599

Accumulated write-downs, 2012 98 000 109 388 106 368 carried forward –14 100 –14 100 2014 80 000 99 040 94 750

2015 57 000 57 819 59 832

Residual value according to plan, 2016 44 000 41 542 41 206 carried forward 350 529 325 410 2017 20 000 19 989 19 919 Tax-assessment values, buildings 224 379 224 379 2020 40 000 40 767 45 297 Tax-assessment values, land 235 755 235 755 Total 1 927 914 1 863 290

The market values of properties are specified in note 14. See also notes 3, 11 and 16. Swedish index-linked bonds 2008 185 000 217 335 225 574 2015 130 000 148 376 166 286 2020 35 000 32 840 52 672 2028 6 000 7 134 9 022

Total 405 685 453 554 Write-downs bonds –16 755

Total bonds 2 316 844 2 316 844 204 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Note 19. Shares Swedish shares Number Book Market value value

Acando B 745 000 11 138 11 138 Alfa Laval 100 000 10 953 30 900 Assa Abloy B 300 000 34 995 44 700 AstraZeneca SDB 350 000 128 625 128 625 Atlas Copco A 530 000 36 486 121 900 Autoliv SDB 30 000 7 703 12 405 Axis 250 000 3 245 22 938 Ballingslöv 85 000 5 821 17 255 Bergman & Beving B 150 000 5 850 28 575 Biotage A 228 580 3 040 3 040 Biovitrum 20 000 2 000 2 280 Boliden 280 000 9 926 49 280 Electrolux B 170 000 23 290 23 290 Elekta B 100 000 3 337 14 425 Ericsson B 10 800 000 219 108 298 620 Fenix Outdoor B 115 900 6 442 7 302 g&L Beijer B 200 000 13 420 43 400 getinge B 200 000 13 247 30 700 Hennes & Mauritz B 640 000 120 740 221 440 HiQ 250 000 10 114 10 575 Holmen B 70 000 15 838 20 860 Hufvudstaden A 387 200 13 274 30 008 Husqvarna 250 000 0 26 750 Investor B 700 000 60 302 117 600 Invik B 31 000 1 755 4 681 Kinnevik B 310 000 17 951 35 650 Know It 100 000 5 849 6 300 lindab 60 000 6 698 7 815 lindex 300 000 23 994 26 325 lundin Petroleum 200 000 15 900 15 900 medivir B 70 000 3 990 3 990 millicom SDB 40 000 8 558 17 260 mTG B 80 000 15 472 36 000 NCC B 100 000 16 887 18 750 Nobia 60 000 3 597 15 810 Nokia SDB 180 000 25 236 25 236 Nordea 2 300 000 102 444 242 650 Old Mutual 548 728 10 074 12 182 OMX 84 000 9 927 10 584 Sandvik 1 050 000 57 823 104 475 SCA B 200 000 50 744 71 500 Scania B 145 968 27 851 70 210 SEB A 582 000 53 867 126 585 Securitas B 500 000 32 180 53 125 Annual Report 205

Swedish shares Number Book Market value value Securitas Direct B 500 000 8 000 10 850 Securitas Systems B 500 000 11 500 13 850 Semcon AB 58 600 3 781 3 999 Skanska B 225 000 17 180 30 375 SKF B 450 000 32 655 56 925 SSAB B 200 000 10 052 30 900 Swedbank A 538 000 83 765 133 693 Svenska Handelsbanken A 480 000 66 380 99 360 Tele 2 B 300 000 28 069 30 000 Telelogic 500 000 7 650 7 650 TeliaSonera 3 000 000 103 949 168 750 Transcom Worldwide SDB A 100 000 7 011 7 350 Transcom Worldwide SDB B 250 000 8 242 19 750 Unibet Group 30 000 4 736 5 880 volvo A 25 000 11 040 12 150 volvo B 320 000 53 785 150 880 Ångpanneföreningen B 257 018 28 217 37 589

Total Swedish shares 1 735 703 3 042 985

Foreign shares Number Book Market value value

belgium Dexia 100 000 14 182 18 742 Fortis 90 000 16 213 26 265 KBC 44 000 22 898 36 920 Denmark DSV 28 000 8 312 34 987 Finland Nokia 145 000 19 986 20 274 Sampo 125 000 19 686 22 897 Uponor 100 000 9 594 25 615 France Axa 73 000 20 169 20 222 Danone 30 000 18 514 31 107 Iliad 49 500 12 741 29 419 Nexity 23 267 7 699 11 537 Orpea 29 000 7 755 18 794 Sanofi Aventis 25 000 14 634 15 795 Schneider Electric 25 000 18 924 18 990 Société Générale 35 000 26 523 40 654 Total 75 000 24 027 37 021 veolia Environnement 90 000 20 059 47 473 vivendi Universal 120 000 32 093 32 093 206 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Foreign shares Number Book Market value value

Germany Celesio 50 000 18 353 18 353 Depfa Bank 140 000 15 174 17 134 Fresenius Medical Care 27 000 13 961 24 623 Pfleiderer 50 000 8 683 9 253 Rational 20 000 13 232 25 498 RWE 50 000 28 401 37 709 SAP 80 000 25 663 29 091 Stada 84 000 11 475 32 966 Greece germanos 114 240 12 767 19 605 National Bank of Greece 59 000 13 699 18 598 OPAP 50 000 6 553 13 223 Great Britain Aviva 180 000 19 829 19 829 BP 504 421 38 362 38 362 CSR 80 000 5 481 6 969 Diageo 70 000 9 347 9 404 Dignity 155 555 6 749 13 665 glaxoSmithKline 300 000 54 034 54 034 HBOS 200 000 30 211 30 341 HSBC Holdings 500 000 59 066 62 383 lloyds TSB 640 000 48 272 49 017 National Grid 180 000 17 778 17 778 Premier Foods 305 000 10 086 12 334 Punch Taverns 300 000 24 298 51 421 Reckitt Benckiser 100 000 19 599 31 279 Royal Bank of Scotland 75 000 20 032 20 032 Royal Dutch Shell B 200 000 47 977 47 977 Sage 460 000 16 606 16 706 Scottish & Southern Energy 70 000 14 578 14 578 Smith & Nephew 450 000 29 430 32 143 Tesco 375 000 20 328 20 328 vodafone Group 700 000 13 274 13 274 xstrata 67 000 21 954 22 896 Ireland Bank of Ireland 300 000 39 535 47 419 Ryanair 230 000 12 747 21 667 Italy Assicurazioni Generali 100 000 30 050 30 050 Banca Popolare di Verona 94 000 18 246 18 441 Bulgari 200 000 14 438 19 419 ENI 180 000 23 690 41 425 Netherlands Aegon 156 000 20 346 20 346 ING Groep 86 000 18 382 26 092 vedior 155 000 21 593 21 994 Annual Report 207

Foreign shares Number Book Market value value

Norway Prosafe 200 000 6 689 19 399 Telenor 300 000 23 701 38 552 TGS Nopec 150 000 8 061 21 208 Yara International 180 000 15 150 27 964 Spain BBVA 250 000 21 527 41 187 Inditex 105 000 21 196 38 703 Telefonica 190 000 27 664 27 664 Switzerland Adecco 45 000 17 756 21 033 logitech 90 000 9 750 17 761 Nestle 8 200 19 934 19 934 Novartis 47 000 16 213 18 537 Roche 37 000 28 964 45 389 UBS 80 000 33 259 33 259 Zurich Financial 13 000 14 850 23 939

Total foreign shares 1 473 002 1 960 990 Grand total shares 3 208 705 5 003 975

Note 20. alternative Investments N nUmber of units Book value Market value

Hedge funds Carnegie Worldwide Long/Short 33 234 50 000 52 811 Catella 446 588 50 000 59 369 Eikos 413 52 471 86 318 Futuris 23 904 50 390 58 640 graal 226 596 30 299 33 650 lynx 210 770 30 972 35 339 Nektar 34 131 55 539 64 982 Tanglin 47 727 50 000 59 541

Total Hedge funds 369 671 450 650

Profit participating loans Sveafastigheter Fund II 17 300 17 300

Total Profit participating loans 17 300 17 300

Total Alternative Investments 386 971 467 950 149 Bo Wallner – a proponent of musical modernism in Sweden Financial administration 209

Note 21. other receivables 2006 2005

Rental receivables etc. 75 425 Bad depts rental receivables – –307 Tax 1 135 731 value Added Tax (VAT) 2 351 88 Securities sold but not paid for 13 561 43 089 miscellaneous − 16

Total 17 122 44 042

Note 22. deferred expenses and accrued income 2006 2005

Accrued interest 59 935 47 476 Deferred expenses 314 434

Total 60 249 47 910

Not 23. equity capital, book value Restricted capital* Non-restricted capital Equity capital

hUmanities and Retained Social sciences Don. EARnings

Equity capital, 31 Dec. 2005 2 392 078 1 729 808 2 569 056 6 690 942 Allocation for maintenance of real value of donation capital 32 587 23 565 –56 152 Profit/loss for the year 884 701 884 701 Unutilized grants 2 893 2 893 Research grants approved –326 564 –326 564

equity capital, 31 Dec. 2006 2 424 665 1 753 373 3 073 934 7 251 972

* Bank of Sweden Donation and Erik Rönnberg’s Donations. 210 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Not 24. equity capital, market value Restricted capital* Non-restricted capital Equity capital

hUmanities and Retained Social sciences Don. EARnings

Equity capital, 31 Dec. 2005 2 392 078 1 729 808 4 618 685 8 740 571 Allocation for maintenance of real value of donation capital 32 587 23 565 –56 152 Change in equity capital at market value 1 128 157 1 128 157 Construction in progress and prepayments from 2005 27 198 27 198 Unutilized grants 2 893 2 893 Research grants approved –326 564 –326 564

equity capital, 31 Dec. 2006 2 424 665 1 753 373 5 394 217 9 572 255

* Bank of Sweden Donation and Erik Rönnberg’s Donations.

Not 25. currency forwards Purchased/sold currency nominal amount mARKEt value

Maturity month 01-2007 SEK/CHF 11 093 419 SEK/EUR 203 443 4 800 SEK/GBP 54 952 1 414 SEK/NOK 9 933 –37

Maturity month 02-2007 SEK/CHF 63 538 1 118 SEK/EUR 243 286 556 SEK/GBP 83 911 –231 SEK/NOK 31 799 –58

Maturity month 03-2007 SEK/CHF 17 641 196 SEK/EUR 155 589 435 SEK/GBP 155 470 737 SEK/NOK 11 596 214

Total 1 042 251 9 563

Book value according to the principle of the lowest value is 0. Financial administration 211

Note 26. other current liabilities 2006 2005

Employees’ tax at source 809 − Securities purchased but not paid for 52 617 58 541 management of funds from the Riksdag 22 28 management of funds from SIDA 1 070 500 management of funds from joint projects 4 040 − management of funds from the Foundation Culture of the Future 65 65 miscellaneous 80 43

Total 58 703 59 177

Note 27. accrued expenses and deferred income 2006 2005

Social costs 666 − Holidays earned in advance, but not utilized 1 250 860 Special (salary) tax on pension insurance premiums 1 032 936 Accrued interest 1 189 1 153 Deferred rental income 3 399 3 522 Deferred shares income 12 617 − miscellaneous, properties 4 502 643 Other accrued expenses 271 185

Total 24 926 7 299 212 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Note 28. Pledged securities 2006 2005

For own allocations and debts In respect of liabilities for secured loans and derivatives Property mortgage 90 611 90 611

Total 90 611 90 611

Note 29. approved grants for research 2006 2005

Grants from the Bank of Sweden Donation, incl. the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund 138 277 158 917 Grants from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 187 487 138 595 Grants from Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on ageing and age-related illnesses 600 280 Grants from Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on illnesses during the early childhood years 200 90

Total 326 564 297 882

For more detailed information, see the sections ”New research projects in 2006” (page 131) and ”Statistical information on research grants” (page 167).

Financial administration 213

stockholm 6 february 2007

Daniel Tarschys Per Bill Ulf Sjösten Chair Vice Chair

Ronny Olander Christina Garsten Hans Hoff

Ingvar Svensson Claes Göran Alvstam Hans Ola Meyer

Kristina Ståhl Kajsa Lindståhl Siw Wittgren-Ahl

Göran Blomqvist Managing Director

the auditors' report was signed by riksrevisionen (the swedish national audit office) on 15 february, 2007.

Kerstin Jönsson Alexandra Popovic 214 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Auditor’s report

The Swedish National Audit Office has examined the annual report, the accounting records and the administration of the Board of Trustees of Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, dated 6 February 2007, for the financial year 2006. These accounts and the administration of the foundation and the application of the Annual Accounts Act when preparing the annual report are the responsibility of the Board of Trustees. The Swedish National Audit Office is responsible for expressing an opinion on the annual accounts and the administration based on the audit conducted. The audit was conducted in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards in Sweden. These standards require that the audit be planned and performed to obtain a reasonable basis on which to determine whether the annual accounts present a true and fair view. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the accounts. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and their application by the Board of Trustees and significant estimates made by the Board of Trustees when preparing the annual accounts as well as evaluating the overall presentation of information in the annual accounts. The Swedish National Audit Office examined significant decisions, actions taken and circumstances relevant for the foundation in order to be able to determine the liability, if any, to the foundation of any Board member, whether there are grounds for the dismissal of any Board member or whether any Board member has, in any other way, acted in contravention of the Swedish Foundations Act or the Deed of Foundation. The audit provides a reasonable basis for the opinion set out below. The annual accounts have been prepared in accordance with the Annual Accounts Act and are deemed to be, in all material respects, true and fair and in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles in Sweden. The statutory administration report is consistent with the other parts of the annual accounts. The members of the Board of Trustees have not acted in contravention of the Swedish Foundations Act or the Deed of Foundation. Audit Director Kerstin Jönsson has made the decision in this matter. Audit Director Alexandra Popovic has presented the report.

Kerstin Jönsson Alexandra Popovic Financial administration 215

Auditor's Report (internal auditor 's report)

We have audited the annual accounts and the administration of Riksbankens Jubileumsfond for financial year 2006. These accounts and the administration of the foundation are the responsibility of the Board of Trustees and the Managing Director. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the annual accounts and the administration based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards in Sweden. These standards require that we plan and perform the audit in order to obtain a high, but not absolute, degree of assurance that the annual accounts are free of material misstatement. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the accounts. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and their application by the Board of Trustees and the Managing Director and significant estimates made by the Board of Trustees and the Managing Director when preparing the annual accounts, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the information in the annual accounts. We have examined significant decisions, actions taken and circumstances in the foundation in order to determine whether the Managing Director or any member of the Board of Trustees is liable to pay damages to the foundation, there grounds for dismissal or the Managing Director or any member of the Board of Trustees has in any other manner acted in contravention of the Swedish Foundation Act or the Deed of Foundation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion set out below. The annual accounts have been prepared in accordance with the Swedish Annual Accounts Act and provide a true and fair view of Riksbankens Jubileumsfond's results of operation and its financial position. The members of the Board of Trustees and the Managing Director have not acted in contravention of the Foundation Act or the Deed of Foundation. stockholm, 15 february 2007

Öhrlings PricewaterhouseCoopers AB

Ulrika Granholm Dahl authorised public accountant 216 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

donations at

market value AMOUNTS IN SEK ’000

The funds administered by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond are derived from five different donations. • The donation from the Bank of Sweden to promote and support scientific research (the Bank of Sweden Donation) • The Nils-Eric Svensson Fund • The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation • Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on ageing and age-related illnesses • Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on illnesses during the early childhood years (For a more detailed description of the purposes of the various donations, please refer to the section ”Activities in support of research”.) All funds donated to Riksbankens Jubileumsfond are managed jointly. The yields of the various donations are, however, earmarked for different purposes. The foundation’s total yield on managed funds must therefore be split between these donations.

At the beginning of 2006 the market values of the various donations were as follows: 1. The Bank of Sweden Donation, including the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund 6 016 218 (68.8310%) 2. The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 2 698 167 (30.8695%) 3. Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on ageing and age-related illnesses 20 013 (0.2289%) 4. Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on illnesses during the early childhood years 6 172 (0.0706%) total capital at market value at the beginning of 2006 8 740 570

Riksbankens Jubileumsfond’s total return in 2006 (reported profit for the year + change in unrealized gains = 884 701 + 243 456 = 1 128 157) is to be allocated proportionately to the various donations. An allocation of Construction in progress and prepayments must also be done from 2005 proportionately to the various donations. The total amount is 27 198.

Donations at Market Value 217

1. The Bank of Sweden Donation, including the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund

Value, brought forward 6 016 218 Share of total return for the year 776 522 Grants for the year and unutilized grants –135 773 Share of Construction in progress and prepayments (note 24) 18 583 market value on 31 dec. 2006 6 675 550

The grants from the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund have no direct link to the return on managed funds. The Board of Riksbankens Jubileumsfond has undertaken to ensure that the grants made each year can amount to a particular sum - which for 2006 is 300. The donation is to be regarded as used up by the end of 2015. In this summary the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund has therefore been combi- ned with the Bank of Sweden Donation.

2. The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation

Value, brought forward 2 698 167 Share of total return for the year 348 256 Grants for the year and unutilized grants –187 098 Share of Construction in progress and prepayments (note 24) 8 536 market value on 31 dec. 2006 2 867 861

3. Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on ageing and age-related illnesses

Value, brought forward 20 013 Share of total return for the year 2 582 Grants for the year –600 Share of Construction in progress and prepayments (note 24) 61 market value on 31 dec. 2006 22 056

4. Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on illnesses during the early childhood years

Value, brought forward 6 172 Share of total return for the year 797 Grants for the year –200 Share of Construction in progress and prepayments (note 24) 19

market value on 31 dec. 2006 6 788

total capital at market value on 31 dec. 2006 9 572 255

Riksbankens Jubileumsfond 219

Publications by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Research summaries and documentation from itectural Research and Its Significance for Art symposiums, conferences, and other events org- and Form: An Inventory and Commentary). anised by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond are pub- Björn Linn, Jan Ahlin, and Gunilla Enhörning. lished either as part of a series, or as independent Issued by Chalmers University of Technology publications. Information about the content of and Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, Teknolog publications, as well as information concerning Tryck (1998) ordering, can be obtained from the personnel at Kulturarvet, museerna och forskningen. Rapport Riksbankens Jubileumsfond’s Offices. från en konferens 13–14 november 1997. (Cultural There have been a total of 36 volumes issued Heritage, Museums, and Research. Report in the series over the period 1977–89. As of 1996 from a Conference on 13–14 November 1997). there have been the following publications: Eds. Annika Alzén and Magdalena Hillström, Gidlunds (1999) Riksdagsutskotten inifrån. Tretton ledamöters håg- Konkursinstitutets betydelse i svensk ekonomi. (The komster. (Inside the Riksdag Standing Com- Importance of the Bankruptcy Institute for mittees. Reminiscences of Thirteen Members). Swedish Economic Development). Eds. Karl Ed. Lars Gustafsson, Gidlunds (1996) Gratzer and Hans Sjögren, Gidlunds (1999) Björn von Sydow: Parlamentarismen i Sverige. Globalisering, ideologi och nationell politik. (Glob- Utveckling och utformning till 1945. (Parlia- alisation, Ideology, and National Politics). Ed. mentarianism in Sweden. Its Development Håkan Holmberg, Gidlunds (1999) and Growth before 1945). Gidlunds (1997) Kultur och kreativitet i lärarutbildningen. Rapport War Experience, Self-Image and National Identity. från två seminarier. (Culture and Creativity in The Second World War as Myth and History, Ed. Teacher Training. A Report from Two Semi- Stig Ekman, Gidlunds (1997) nars). Ed. Egon Hemlin, Gidlunds (1999) Trying to Make Democracy Work. The Nordic Den vackra nyttan. Om hemslöjd i Sverige. (All Parliaments and the European Union. Ed. Matti This Useful Beauty. On Home Crafts in Wiberg, Gidlunds (1997) Sweden). Ed. Gunilla Lundahl, Gidlunds Forskningens roll i offensiv kulturarvsvård. Rapport (1999) från ett seminarium 14 november 1996. (The Vetenskapsbärarna. Naturvetenskapen i det svenska Role of Research in Assertive Cultural Heri- samhället 1880–1950. (Scientific Guardians. tage Preservation. Report from a Seminar on Science in Swedish Society, 1880-1950). Ed. 14 November 1996). Gidlunds (1997) Sven Widmalm, Gidlunds (1999) Promoting Cultural Research for Human Develop- Magnus Isberg: Riksdagsledamoten i sin parti- ment. Report from Seminars Arranged by Riks- grupp. 52 riksdagsveteraners erfarenheter av bankens Jubileumsfond within the Frame-work of partigruppernas arbetssätt och inflytande. the Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural (Members of the Riksdag and Parliamentary Policies for Development (“The Power of Culture”) Parties: The Experiences of 52 Riksdag Vete- in Stockholm, 30 March–2 April 1998. Ed. Carl- rans of the Methods and Influence of the Johan Kleberg, Gidlunds (1998) Parliamentary Parties). Gidlunds (1999) Arkitekturforskning med betydelse för konst och ge- Jan Johansson: Hur blir man riksdagsledamot? En staltning – inventering och kommentarer. (Arch- undersökning av makt och inflytande i partier- 220 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

nas nomineringsprocesser. (How to Become a lander: Diaries, 1950–1951). Ed. Sven Erlander, Member of the Riksdag. An Investigation of Gidlunds (2001) Power and Influence in Party Nomination Rösträtten 80 år. Forskarantologi. (The Right to Processes). Gidlunds (1999) Vote: Eighty Years On. Research Anthology). Den representativa demokratins framtid. Semi- Ed. Christer Jönsson, Svensk Information narium vid Umeå universitet 18 oktober 1999. (2001) (The Future of Representative Democracy. A När Tage Erlander styrde landet. Rapport från ett Seminar at Umeå University on 18 October seminarium i Riksdagshuset 19 september 2001. 1999). Gidlunds (2000) (When Tage Erlander Ran the Country. Musik, Medier, Mångkultur – förändringar i sven- Report from a Riksdag Seminar on 19 Sep- ska musiklandskap. (Music, Media, and Multi- tember 2001). Ed. Leif Andersson, Gidlunds culturalism: The Changing Swedish Music (2002) Scene). Dan Lundberg, Krister Malm, and Tage Erlander: Dagböcker 1952. (Tage Erlander: Owe Ronström, Gidlunds (2000) Diaries, 1952). Ed. Sven Erlander, Gidlunds Ekonomisk brottslighet och nationalstatens kontroll- (2002) makt. (White Collar Crime and the Power of Colin Mercer: Towards Cultural Citizenship. Tools the Nation State). Eds. Leif Appelgren and for Cultural Policy and Development. Gidlunds Hans Sjögren, Gidlunds (2001) (2002) Förståelse och inlevelse i lärandet. Rapport från ett Creative Europe. On Governance and Management seminarium om konstens och kulturens roll i skola of Artistic Creativity in Europe. An ERICarts och lärarutbildning. (Understanding and Em- Report presented to the Network of European pathy in Teaching. Report from a Seminar on Foundations for Innovative Co-operation (NEF). the Role of Art and Culture in Education and Eds. Danielle Cliche, Ritva Mitchell, and Teaching Training). Ed. Egon Hemlin, Andreas Wiesand, Europe and Research Gidlunds (2001) Institute for Comparative Cultural Policy and Björn Hettne: Kultur – Säkerhet – Hållbar sam- the Arts (ERICarts)(2002) hällsutveckling. Områdesgruppen för forskning Björn Hettne: Culture, Security and Sustainable om kultur, säkerhet, hållbar samhällsutveckling. Social Development. Sector Committee for Res- (Culture, Security, and Sustainable Social earch on Culture, Security and Sustainable Social Development. Sector Committee for Research Development. Gidlunds (2003) on Culture, Security and Sustainable Social Tage Erlander:Dagböcker 1953. (Tage Erlander: Development). Gidlunds (2001) Diaries, 1953). Ed. Sven Erlander, Gidlunds Staden, husen och tiden. Rapport från seminarie- (2003) serien Staden – allas rum, samt reflektioner om Kultur, säkerhet och hållbar samhällsutveckling stadens egenart. (The City, the House, and the efter 11 september. (Culture, Security and Sus- Passing of Time. Report from the Seminar tainable Social Development after September Series on The City: Public Space, and Reflec- 11). Ed. Fredrik Lundmark, Gidlunds (2003) tions on the Qualities of the City). Eds. Björn Bertil Fiskesjö: Talmannen i den svenska riksdagen. Linn, Gunilla Enhörning, and Hans Fog (The Speaker of the Swedish Riksdag). Gid- (2001) lunds (2003) Europe. The Return of History. Ed. Sven Tägil, Culture, Security and Sustainable Social Develop- Nordic Academic Press (2001) ment after September 11. Ed. Fredrik Lundmark, Tage Erlander: Dagböcker 1945–1949. (Tage Er- Gidlunds (2004) lander: Diaries, 1945–1949). Ed. Sven Erlander, Forskning Reflektion Utveckling. Högskolans konst- Gidlunds (2001) närliga institutioner och vägvalet inför fram- Tage Erlander: Dagböcker 1950–1951. (Tage Er- tiden. Rapport från ett seminarium i Sigtuna Riksbankens Jubileumsfond 221

13–14 maj 2004. (Research, Reflection, and Sweden and Norway in the Twentieth Cen- Development. Art Schools and Schools for tury). Francis Sejersted. Translation by Lars the Performing Arts: Choices for the Future. Andersson and Per Lennart Månsson, Nya Report from a Seminar in Sigtuna on 13–14 Doxa (2005) May 2004). Ed. Henrik Karlsson, The Swedish Att föra världens talan, tal och uttalanden av Research Council (2004) Dag Hammarskjöld. (To Speak for the World: Anna Lindh Programme on Conflict Prevention. Speeches and Statements by Dag Hammar- Developing a Culture of Conflict Prevention. Ed. skjöld. Selected, Edited and Introduced by Anders Mellbourn, Gidlunds (2004) Kaj Falkman). Atlantis (2005) Tage Erlander: Dagböcker 1954. (Tage Erlander: To Speak for the World: Speeches and Statements Diaries, 1954). Ed. Sven Erlander, Gidlunds by Dag Hammarskjöld. Selected, Edited and (2004) Introduced by Kaj Falkman. Translation Hinc robur et securitas? En forskningsstiftelses han- Assistance by Kim Loughran, Atlantis (2005) del och vandel. Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileums- Över blockgränsen: samarbetet mellan Centerpartiet fond 1989–2003. (Hinc Robur et Securitas? och Socialdemokraterna 1995–1998. (Across the The Vicissitudes of a Research Foundation. Divide: The Collaboration between the Centre Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, 1989–2003). Eds. Party and the Social Democrats, 1995–1998). Margareta Bertilsson, Thorsten Nybom, Francis Olof Johansson, Per-Ola Eriksson, Göran Sejersted, and Bengt Stenlund, Gidlunds Persson, Erik Åsbrink, and Anders Ljunggren (2004) in Conversation with Arvid Lagercrantz, Talmannens roll och förändring: Från Henry Gidlunds (2005) Allard till Birgitta Dahl. (The Changing Role Tage Erlander: Dagböcker 1956. (Tage Erlander: of the Speaker: From Henry Allard to Birgitta Diaries, 1956). Ed. Sven Erlander, Gidlunds Dahl). Ed. Kerstin Stigmark, Gidlunds (2006) (2004) The European Research University. An Historical Tage Erlander: Dagböcker 1955. (Tage Erlander: Parenthesis. Essays in Honor of Stig Strömholm. Diaries, 1955). Ed. Sven Erlander, Gidlunds Eds. Kjell Blückert, Guy Neave, and Thorsten (2005) Nybom, Palgrave Macmillan (2006) Development, Security and Conflict Prevention: Gränslöst – forskning i Sverige och i världen. Fest- Security as a Millennium Goal. Ed. Anders skrift till Dan Brändström. (Without Bounds: Mellbourn, Gidlunds (2005) Research in Sweden and Around the World. Civilsamhället. Några forskningsfrågor. (Civil So- Papers Presented in Honour of Dan ciety: Some Research Issues). Ed. Erik Amnå, Brändström). Eds. Kjell Blückert and Eva Gidlunds (2005) Österberg, Natur & Kultur (2006) Självstyrelse, likvärdighet, effektivitet. Målkonflikter Health and Conflict Prevention. Ed. Anders i den offentliga sektorn. (Self-Government, Mellbourn, Gidlunds (2006) Equality, and Effectivity. The Conflict of Aims Det civila samhället som forskningsfält. Nya av- in the Public Sector). Eds. Per Molander and handlingar i ett nytt sekel. (Civil Society as a Kerstin Stigmark, Gidlunds (2005) Field of Research: New Dissertations for a Union och demokrati. De förenade rikena Sverige New Century). Eds. Lars Trägårdh and Lars och Norge 1814–1905. (The Union and Demo- Svedberg, Gidlunds (2006) cracy. The United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, 1814–1905). Bo Stråth, Nya Doxa (2005) Socialdemokratins tidsålder. Sverige och Norge under 1900-talet. (The Age of Social Democracy.

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Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

board of directors finance committee 1 november 2006–31 oktober 2007 Director Kajsa Lindståhl (Chairperson) Director of Finance Hans Ola Meyer Members Director Sarah McPhee Professor Daniel Tarschys (Chairperson) Professor Claes-Göran Alvstam auditing Assistant Professor Christina Garsten The Swedish National Audit Office is Professor Rutger Lindahl Riksbankens Jubileumsfonds external auditor Director of Finance Hans-Ola Meyer by law, as of 1 July 2003. The Riksdag Act insti- Director Kajsa Lindståhl tuted on this date replaced the previous external Mr Per Bill, MP (m), (Vice Chairperson) auditing body, the Parliamentary Auditors, with Mr Hans Hoff, MP (s) the newly created organisation the Swedish Mr Ulf Sjösten, MP (m) National Audit Office. Ms Siw Wittgren-Ahl , MP (s) The auditors are Öhrlings Pricewaterhouse Mr Ronny Olander, MP (s) Coopers, and were appointed by the Board of Mr Ingvar Svensson, MP (kd) Directors in accordance with the founding tenets of Riksbankens Jubileumsfond. The Alternates Head of Auditing is Authorised Public Professor Lars-Erik Edlund Accountant Ulrika Granholm Dahl. Professor Birgitta Svensson Professor Erland Hjelmquist review panels Professor Kristina Ståhl Ms Anne-Marie Pålsson, MP (m) Review Panel 1 Ms Agneta Gille, MP (s) Professor Claes-Göran Alvstam, Human Ms Ewa Björling, MP (m) Geography, Göteborg University Mr Lars Wegendal, MP (s) (Chairperson) Ms Christina Oskarsson, MP (s) Professor Anne Loft, Business Administration, Mr Johan Pehrson, MP (fp) Lund University Professor Jan Löwstedt, Business (s) Swedish Social Democratic Party Administration, Mälardalen University (m) Moderaterna (Swedish Conservative Party) College, Eskilstuna (kd) Swedish Christian Democrats Professor Juni Palmgren, Mathematical (fp) Folkpartiet liberalerna (Swedish Liberal Statistics and Insurance Mathematics, Party) Stockholm University Professor Mats Persson, Economics, Stockholm executive committee University Professor Daniel Tarschys (Chairperson) Professor Lennart Schön, Economic History, Mr Per Bill, MP (m) Lund University Director Kajsa Lindståhl 224 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

Professor Kristina Ståhl, Law, Uppsala Mr Ronny Olander, MP (s) University Ms Christina Oskarsson, MP(s) Mr Hans Hoff, MP (s) Mr Lars Wegendal, MP (s) Ms Anne-Marie Pålsson, MP (m) Review Panel 4 Review Panel 2 Professor Birgitta Svensson, Ethnology, the Assistant Professor Christina Garsten, Social Nordic Museum and Stockholm University Anthropology, Stockholm University (Chairperson) (Chairperson) Professor Anders Andrén, Archaeology, Professor Rutger Lindahl, Political Science, Stockholm University Göteborg University (Vice Chairperson) Professor Peter Aronsson, History, Professor Mats Ekholm, Pedagogy, Karlstad Linköping University University Professor Ulla Holm, Philosophy, Göteborg Professor Johanna Esseveld, Sociology, Lund University University Professor Heinrich Holze, Theology, Rostock Professor Björn Hettne, Peace and Develop- University ment Research, Göteborg University Professor Elisabeth Mansén, History of Ideas, Professor Erland Hjelmquist, Psychology, Stockholm University Göteborg University Professor David Westerlund, History of Professor Stig Arne Nohrstedt, Media and Religion, Södertörn University College Communications Studies, Örebro University Mr Johan Pehrson, MP (fp) Professor Michael Tåhlin, Sociology, Stockholm Mr Ingvar Svensson, MP (kd) University Professor Stig Wall, Epidemiology and Public Programme Committee Health, Umeå University Professor Daniel Tarschys, Political Science, Mr Per Bill, MP (m) Stockholm University (Chairperson) Ms Siw Wittgren-Ahl, MP (s) Professor Finn Collin, Philosophy, Copenhagen University Review Panel 3 Professor Fredrik Engelstad, Sociology, Oslo Professor Lars-Erik Edlund, Modern University Languages, Umeå University(Chairperson) Professor Henrik Meinander, History, Professor Kenneth Hyltenstam, Linguistics, University of Helsinki Stockholm University Professor Kristian Kreiner, Business Admini- Professor Lena Johannesson, History of Art , stration, Copenhagen Business School Göteborg University Professor Gudmundur Magnusson, Economics, Professor Stephan M Schröder, Literature, University of Iceland Cologne University Professor Johan P Olsen, Political Science, Oslo Professor Gunnar Ternhag, Music, Dalarna University University College Professor Marika Tandefelt, Nordic Languages, Professor Ebba Witt-Brattström, Literature, the Swedish School of Economics and Södertörn University College Business Administration, Helsinki Professor Elisabeth Wåghäll Nivre, German, Professor Vigdis Ystad, Literature, Oslo Stockholm University University Ms Agneta Gille, MP (s) Mr Per Bill, MP (m) Riksbankens Jubileumsfond 225

Infrastructure Committee The Sector Committee for Research on Public Professor Daniel Tarschys (Chairperson) Economics, Management, and Leadership Professor Claes-Göran Alvstam Professor Dan Brändström (Chairperson) Professor Lars-Erik Edlund Assistant Professor Shirin Ahlbäck Öberg Assistant Professor Christina Garsten Ms Acko Ankarberg Johansson, Municipality Professor Birgitta Svensson Council Leader (kd) Ms Ewa Björling, MP (m) Mr Jan Edling, Analyst Mr Ulf Sjösten, MP (m) Professor Gunnel Gustafsson Assistant Professor Ingalill Holmberg sector committees Professor Bengt Jacobsson Ms Sonia Karlsson, MP (s) The Sector Committee for Research on Culture, Professor Inga Persson Security, and Sustainable Development Professor Lennart Schön Managing Director, Professor Dan Brändström County Governor Mats Svegfors (Chairperson) Professor Daniel Tarschys Vice-Chancellor, Professor Göran Bexell Mr Gunnar Wetterberg, Head of Social Policy Mr Berndt Ekholm, MP (s) Ms Kerstin Stigmark, (Secretary) Professor Björn Hettne Professor Alf Hornborg The Sector Committee for Research on Professor Magnus Jerneck Premodernity Ms Lena Johansson, Section Head Managing Director Göran Blomqvist Mr Göran Lennmarker, MP (m) (Chairperson) Director Anders Mellbourn Professor Anders Andrén Professor Thorleif Pettersson Professor Jan von Bonsdorff Professor Birgitta Skarin Frykman Assistant Professor Marcia Sá Cavalcante Professor Peter Wallensteen Schuback Professor Mats Widgren Professor Anders Cullhed Professor Lars-Olof Åhlberg Professor Peter Englund Dr Fredrik Lundmark (Secretary) Assistant Professor Mohammad Fazlhashemi Professor Eva-Carin Gerö The Sector Committee for Research on Civil Society Professor Janken Myrdal Research Director, Assistant Professor Mats Professor Eva Rystedt Rolén, (Chairperson) Professor Barbro Santillo Frizell Assistant Professor Erik Amnå Professor Solfrid Söderlind, Head Curator Assistant Professor Christina Garsten Professor Henrik Williams Dr Bengt Göransson, h.c., former Minister for Professor Eva Österberg Education Assistant Professor Kjell Blückert (Secretary) Ms Marianne af Malmborg, former General- Secretary graduate schools Deputy Riksbank Governor Kristina Persson Professor Lars Svedberg Graduate School in Modern Languages Assistant Professor Håkan Thörn Professor Inge Jonsson (Chairperson) Assistant Professor Hans Westlund Professor Lars-Gunnar Andersson Assistant Professor Filip Wijkström Professor Lennart Elmevik Dr Malin Gawell (Secretary) Professor Gunnel Engwall

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Professor Moira Linnarud offices Professor Inger Rosengren Telephone Offices: +46.8.50 62 64 00 Professor Astrid Stedje Fax (Offices): +46.8.50 62 64 31 Research Director Mats Rolén (Contact Person) Fax (Department of Finance): +46.8.50 62 64 32 E-Mail: [email protected] Graduate School in Mathematics Education Professor Hans Wallin (Chairperson) Management Board Professor Mats Andersson Dan Brändström Ms Maria Bjerneby Häll, Lecturer Managing Director Ms Gerd Brandell, Senior Lecturer +46.8.50 62 64 02 Ms Ulla Dellien, Lecturer [email protected] Ms Barbro Grevholm, Senior Lecturer Mr Bengt Johansson, Senior Lecturer Göran Blomqvist Professor Mikael Passare Incoming Managing Director Ms Karin Wallby, Secondary School Teacher +46.8.50 62 64 19 Ms Anna-Lena Winberg, Research Secretary [email protected] (Contact Person) Christina Alm The Swedish School of Advanced Asia Pacific Controller Studies (SSAAPS) +46.8.50 62 64 14 Professor Olof Ruin (Chairperson) [email protected] Professor Hans Blomqvist Dr Ida Nicolaisen Margareta Bulér Professor Thommy Svensson (Co-ordinator) MD-secretary Professor Stein Tønnesson 08-50 62 64 01 Professor Peter Wallensteen [email protected] Assistant Professor Kjell Blückert, Research Secretary (Additional Member) Malin Hansson Director Roger Svensson (Additional Member) Head of Office Support Ms Malin Flobrink, STINT (Secretary) +46.8.50 62 64 33 [email protected] The Nordic Museum Graduate School for Musuem Employees Elisabeth Hong Assistant Professor Sten Rentzhog Administrative Director (Chairperson) +46.8.50 62 64 05 Director Christina Mattsson [email protected] Professor Janken Myrdal Assistant Professor Mats Rolén Kristin Johansson Professor Ulf Sporrong Administrative Assistant Professor Birgitta Svensson +46.8.50 62 64 23 Professor Eva Österberg [email protected] Dr Ulrich Lange (Secretary and Co-Ordinator)

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Annsofi Lövgren Kjell Blückert Receptionist Research Secretary +46.8.50 62 64 09 (Leave of Absence) [email protected] +46.8.50 62 64 22 [email protected] Finance Department Björn Olsson Fredrik Lundmark Director of Finance Research Secretary +46.8.50 62 64 04 Review Panel 4 [email protected] Research Initiation +46.8.50 62 64 21 Fredrik Ahlin [email protected] Financial Analyst +46.8.50 62 64 06 Kerstin Stigmark [email protected] Research Secretary Review Panel 1 Niklas Lundin Web Site Administrator Senior Portfolio Manager +46.8.50 62 64 07 +46.8.506 264 16 [email protected] [email protected] Maria Wikse Håkan Lundmark Research Secretary Head of European Equities Review Panel 3 +46.8.50 62 64 18 Infrastructural Support [email protected] +46.8.50 62 64 10 [email protected] Research Department Mats Rolén Anna-Lena Winberg Research Director Research Secretary Programme Committee Review Panel 2 Head of Information Secretary to the Board +46.8.50 62 64 17 +46.8.50 62 64 08 [email protected] [email protected] 230 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

page 7 Dan Brändström. Kalaureia (Poros), 1894. Photo: Lund Photo: Thomas Wingstedt University Library. page 11 Göran Blomqvist. page 129 John Gabriel Stedman: Narrative Photo: Thomas Wingstedt of a Five Years’ Expedition. (An account of page 12. The ship Götheborg. Photo: Anna a campaign dealing with the rebellious Jolfors population of Surinam) 1796. Photo: The page 18. Building frame. Photo: Scanpix National Library of Sweden, Stockholm. page 29 Nelly Sachs. Winner of the 1966 Nobel page 130 Codex argentus. Prize for Literature. Photo: Uppsala Universitetsbibliotek page 38-39 Photo: Hans Schröder page 138 Children from the day-care centre page 48 The Linneanum building in Uppsala. “I Ur och Skur” (Rain or Shine) in Uppsala. Photo: Staffan Sandler Photo: Eva-Lotta Lind page 58 Picture taken from Ernst Klein: Bilder page 147 The aftermath of the fire in Sundsvall ur Sveriges historia, del 2. (Images from Swedish on 25 June 1888. The Skandia Picture History. Vol. 2). Photo: The Nordic Museum. Archive/The Centre for Business History in page 68-69. The industrialist and art collector Stockholm Carl Ludvig Lamm’s house. Located at page 157 Aerial photograph of the World Ludvigberg’s Foundry and Mechanical Heritage Site comprising the town of Workshop at Skinnarviken on Södermalm, Falun and the Falun copper mine. Stockholm. Picture taken at the end of the Photo: Per Eriksson/Trigger Photo. Nineteenth Century. Illustration taken from page 164 Petroglyph at Finntorp in Tanum Fredric Bedoire: Ett judiskt Europa. Kring parish, Bohus county. Frottage/RockCare/ uppkomsten av en modern arkitektur 1830-1930 Catarina Bertilsson. (1998, 2003). Published in the USA as: The page 166 Photo: Thomas Wingstedt Jewish Contribution to Modern Architecture, page 176 Drawing by Robert Wilhelm Ekman, 1830-1930 (2004). 1847. The clergyman is assessing the bridal page 78 Photo: Hubble.org couple’s knowledge of Lutheran doctrine. page 84 New York. 11 September 2001. Source: The Nordic Museum Picture Archive. Photo: Seth McCallister/Scanpix page 186 The first Swedish-built computer: page 98 Dan Brändström. BESK (Binary Electronic Sequential Photo: Thomas Wingstedt Calculator). Photo: The Swedish Board for page 111 The 2006 Tällberg Forum. Computing Machinery. Photo: The Tällberg Foundation. page 193 Photo: Andreas Sköld page 112 Photo: Thomas Wingstedt page 197 Men scratching each others back page 121 Emanuel Swedenborg: Minerale de Photo: Corbis/Scanpix Ferro (Philosophical and Mineralogical Works). page 208 Bo Wallner. Photo: Bo-Aje Mellin/ Photo: Maria Asp, The Royal Swedish SVT Bild Academy of Sciences. page 218, 222, 226, 228, 231 Interior from page 122 Classical scholars Lennart Kjellberg Riksbankens Jubileumsfond’s Offices at (left) and Sam Wide (right), standing in Kungsträdgården 18 in Stockholm. the Temple area of the Poseidon Sanctuary, Photo: Thomas Wingstedt.

Graphics & layout, illustrations editorial dept. Sandler Mergel, www.sandler.se English Translation Michael Lundin · Printed and reproduced by Roos Tryckerier

“ We do not always know in advance when knowledge will be needed, or which particular type of knowledge will be needed. For this reason we need a knowledge bank: a reservoir to draw from in critical situations, but which can also contribute to the continuing development of both the material and spiritual quality of life. ” dan brändström Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileumsfond · Annual Report 2006 Report Annual · Jubileumsfond Riksbankens Stiftelsen

Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileumsfond Annual Report 2006