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Grammaticalization in the North Noun Phrase Morphosyntax in Scandinavian Vernaculars

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Grammaticalization in the North Noun Phrase Morphosyntax in Scandinavian Vernaculars Grammaticalization in the North Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars Östen Dahl language Studies in Diversity Linguistics 6 science press Studies in Diversity Linguistics Chief Editor: Martin Haspelmath Consulting Editors: Fernando Zúñiga, Peter Arkadiev, Ruth Singer, Pilar Valen zuela In this series: 1. Handschuh, Corinna. A typology of marked-S languages. 2. Rießler, Michael. Adjective attribution. 3. Klamer, Marian (ed.). The Alor-Pantar languages: History and typology. 4. Berghäll, Liisa. A grammar of Mauwake (Papua New Guinea). 5. Wilbur, Joshua. A grammar of Pite Saami. 6. Dahl, Östen. Grammaticalization in the North: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars. 7. Schackow, Diana. A grammar of Yakkha. ISSN: 2363-5568 Grammaticalization in the North Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars Östen Dahl language science press Östen Dahl. 2015. Grammaticalization in the North: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars (Studies in Diversity Linguistics 6). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/73 © 2015, Östen Dahl Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-944675-57-2 ISSN: 2363-5568 Cover and concept of design: Ulrike Harbort Typesetting: Felix Kopecky, Sebastian Nordhoff Fonts: Linux Libertine, Arimo Typesetting software:Ǝ X LATEX Language Science Press Habelschwerdter Allee 45 14195 Berlin, Germany langsci-press.org Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin Language Science Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, ac- curate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work are correct at the time of first publication but Language Science Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. To the memory of Ulrika Kvist Darnell Contents Preface ix Abbreviations in glosses xi Common symbols in vernacular examples xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What this book is about ....................... 1 1.2 Remarks on methodology ...................... 5 1.3 Sources ................................ 7 1.3.1 Dialectological literature .................. 7 1.3.2 Published and archived texts ................ 7 1.3.3 Questionnaires ....................... 7 1.3.4 The Cat Corpus ....................... 8 1.3.5 Informant work and participant observation ....... 8 1.4 Remark on notation ......................... 9 2 Peripheral Swedish: Geographic, historical and linguistic background 11 2.1 Geography .............................. 11 2.2 Administrative, historical and dialectological divisions ..... 14 2.3 Linguistic situation ......................... 17 2.3.1 Scandinavian in general .................. 17 2.3.2 Swedish ........................... 17 2.3.3 Norrlandic .......................... 20 2.3.4 Dalecarlian ......................... 22 2.3.5 Trans-Baltic Swedish .................... 24 3 The expansion of the definite forms 27 3.1 Introduction ............................. 27 3.1.1 General ........................... 27 3.1.2 Extended definites in the literature ............ 28 Contents 3.1.3 Grammaticalization of definites from a typological per- spective ........................... 29 3.1.4 Definite marking in Scandinavian in general ....... 34 3.1.5 Neutralization of the definite-indefinite distinction ... 39 3.2 Some notes on the morphology of definiteness in Scandinavian 42 3.3 Generic and citation uses ...................... 43 3.3.1 Generic uses ......................... 43 3.3.2 Citation uses ........................ 48 3.4 Non-delimited uses ......................... 49 3.4.1 General ........................... 49 3.4.2 Areal distribution of non-delimited uses ......... 55 3.4.3 Attestations of non-delimited uses from earlier periods . 65 3.4.4 Typological parallels .................... 68 3.5 Uses with quantifiers ........................ 68 3.5.1 General ........................... 68 3.5.2 Areal distribution of uses with quantifiers ........ 69 3.5.3 Attestations from earlier periods ............. 75 3.5.4 Datives after quantifiers .................. 78 3.5.5 Definites after quantifiers: Summing up ......... 79 3.6 Singular count uses ......................... 83 3.6.1 General ........................... 83 3.6.2 Instrumental prepositional phrases ............ 89 3.7 “Det var kvällen” .......................... 94 3.8 Various minor patterns ....................... 96 3.8.1 Illnesses ........................... 96 3.8.2 Measure phrases ...................... 97 3.9 Preproprial articles ......................... 97 3.10 Postadjectival articles ........................ 99 3.11 Summary of geographical distribution of extended uses ..... 100 3.12 Some earlier attempts to explain the extended uses of definite forms 100 3.12.1 Holmberg & Sandström .................. 100 3.12.2 Extended uses of definite forms – a Fenno-Ugric substrate? 103 3.13 Reconstructing the grammaticalization path ........... 109 4 Attributive constructions 121 4.1 Introduction ............................. 121 4.2 Definite marking in attributive constructions: The typological perspective .............................. 122 vi Contents 4.3 Survey of attributive definite NP constructions .......... 124 4.3.1 The deprecated standard: The Scandinavian preposed ar- ticle ............................. 124 4.3.2 The celebrated competitor: Adjective incorporation ... 127 4.3.3 The obscurer alternatives ................. 134 4.4 Distribution of attributive definite NP constructions ....... 138 4.5 Definiteness marking in special contexts ............. 148 4.6 Competition between constructions: A case study ........ 150 4.7 Definite suffixes on adjectives ................... 152 4.8 “Absolute positives” ......................... 153 5 Possessive constructions 157 5.1 General background ......................... 157 5.2 S-genitive: Old and new ....................... 157 5.3 Definite in s-genitives ........................ 160 5.4 Constructions with the dative ................... 161 5.4.1 The plain dative possessive ................ 161 5.4.2 The complex dative possessive ............... 169 5.5 “H-genitive” ............................. 183 5.6 Prepositional constructions ..................... 188 5.7 Possessor incorporation ....................... 193 5.8 Pronominal possession ....................... 195 5.9 Concluding discussion: The evolution of possessive constructions in the Peripheral Swedish area ................... 197 6 The rise of Peripheral Swedish: Reconstructing a plausible scenario 201 6.1 General ................................ 201 6.2 Pushed-back innovations in the pronoun system ......... 205 6.2.1 H- and d-pronouns ..................... 205 6.2.2 Adnominal h-pronouns ................... 205 6.2.3 Independent hä ....................... 209 6.2.4 Demonstratives of the hissin type ............. 210 6.2.5 Generic pronouns ...................... 211 6.2.6 Hesselman’s “Birka Swedish” theory ........... 212 6.3 Lexical innovations in the Peripheral Swedish area ........ 214 6.4 Auxiliaries .............................. 216 6.5 Conservative features of the Peripheral Swedish area ...... 219 6.5.1 Introduction ......................... 219 6.5.2 Infinitive constructions ................... 220 vii Contents 6.5.3 Temporal subjunctions ................... 222 6.5.4 Lexical items ........................ 224 6.6 The conservativity and innovativity indices ............ 226 6.7 Notes on the historical background ................ 230 6.7.1 Medieval Sweden ...................... 230 6.7.2 Uppland ........................... 235 7 Concluding discussion 245 Appendix A: Quotations from older texts 251 7.1 Some cases of extended uses of definite articles in Written Me- dieval Swedish ............................ 251 7.2 The presumed oldest attestation of an extended use of adefinite article in Dalecarlian ........................ 252 7.3 A medieval Norwegian text demonstrating the use of preproprial articles (Diplomatarium Norvegicum XVI:94) ........... 252 Appendix B: Text sources 253 Bibliography 259 Index 271 Name index ................................. 271 Language index .............................. 274 Subject index ................................ 278 viii Preface This book has a rather long history – the research it is based on started morethan fifteen years ago, and it has existed as a downloadable PDF on Stockholm Univer- sity’s web site for a number of years. I was afraid that the cost of a regular publi- cation would in effect make it less accessible to readers. The downside hasbeen that it has been less visible. I am therefore grateful for the opportunity to have it included in the series Studies in Diversity Linguistics. The text is essentially the same as that of the 2010 version, with some minor revisions and updates. Many people have helped me in various ways during my work on this book. It is likely that I will forget to mention some of them here, but I hope to be able to list at least the most important of them. One major data source has been what I refer to in the book as the “Cat Corpus” – a parallel corpus of texts in about 50 Swedish ver- naculars. I want to thank Rickard Franzén, Anne Markowski, Susanne Vejdemo, and Ljuba Veselinova, who helped me in building it (as well as helping me
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