The Growth of Grammar in the Elven Tongues
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Studies on Language Change. Working Papers in Linguistics No. 34
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 286 382 FL 016 932 AUTHOR Joseph, Brian D., Ed. TITLE Studies on Language Change. Working Papers in Linguistics No. 34. INSTITUTION Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Dept. of Linguistics. PUB DATE Dec 86 NOTE 171p. PUB TYPE Reports - Evaluative/Feasibility (142) -- Collected Works - General (020) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC07 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Arabic; Diachronic Linguistics; Dialects; *Diglossia; English; Estonian; *Etymology; Finnish; Foreign Countries; Language Variation; Linguistic Borrowing; *Linguistic Theory; *Morphemes; *Morphology (Languages); Old English; Sanskrit; Sociolinguistics; Syntax; *Uncommonly Taught Languages; Word Frequency IDENTIFIERS Saame ABSTRACT A collection of papers relevant to historical linguistics and description and explanation of language change includes: "Decliticization and Deaffixation in Saame: Abessive 'taga'" (Joel A. Nevis); "Decliticization in Old Estonian" (Joel A. Nevis); "On Automatic and Simultaneous Syntactic Changes" (Brian D. Joseph); "Loss of Nominal Case Endings in the Modern Arabic Sedentary Dialects" (Ann M. Miller); "One Rule or Many? Sanskrit Reduplication as Fragmented Affixation" (Richard D. Janda, Brian D. Joseph); "Fragmentation of Strong Verb Ablaut in Old English" (Keith Johnson); "The Etymology of 'bum': Mere Child's Play" (Mary E. Clark, Brian D. Joseph); "Small Group Lexical Innovation: Some Examples" (Christopher Kupec); "Word Frequency and Dialect Borrowing" (Debra A. Stollenwerk); "Introspection into a Stable Case of Variation in Finnish" (Riitta Valimaa-Blum); -
A Secret Vice: the Desire to Understand J.R.R
Mythmoot III: Ever On Proceedings of the 3rd Mythgard Institute Mythmoot BWI Marriott, Linthicum, Maryland January 10-11, 2015 A Secret Vice: The Desire to Understand J.R.R. Tolkien’s Quenya Or, Out of the Frying-Pan Into the Fire: Creating a Realistic Language as a Basis for Fiction Cheryl Cardoza In a letter to his son Christopher in February of 1958, Tolkien said “No one believes me when I say that my long book is an attempt to create a world in which a form of language agreeable to my personal aesthetic might seem real” (Letters 264). He added that The Lord of the Rings “was an effort to create a situation in which a common greeting would be elen síla lúmenn’ omentielmo,1 and that the phrase long antedated the book” (Letters 264-5). Tolkien often felt guilty about this, his most secret vice. Even as early as 1916, he confessed as much in a letter to Edith Bratt: “I have done some touches to my nonsense fairy language—to its improvement. I often long to work at it and don’t let myself ‘cause though I love it so, it does seem a mad hobby” (Letters 8). It wasn’t until his fans encouraged him, that Tolkien started to 1 Later, Tolkien decided that Frodo’s utterance of this phrase was in error as he had used the exclusive form of we in the word “omentielmo,” but should have used the inclusive form to include Gildor and his companions, “omentielvo.” The second edition of Fellowship reflected this correction despite some musings on leaving it to signify Frodo being treated kindly after making a grammatical error in Quenya (PE 17: 130-131). -
Minimalist C/Case Sigurðsson, Halldor Armann
Minimalist C/case Sigurðsson, Halldor Armann Published in: Linguistic Inquiry 2012 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Sigurðsson, H. A. (2012). Minimalist C/case. Linguistic Inquiry, 43(2), 191-227. http://ling.auf.net/lingBuzz/000967 Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Access Provided by Lunds universitet at 04/30/12 3:55PM GMT Minimalist C/case Halldo´rA´ rmann SigurLsson This article discusses A-licensing and case from a minimalist perspec- tive, pursuing the idea that argument NPs cyclically enter a number of A-relations, rather than just a single one, resulting in event licensing, case licensing, and -licensing. -
Strong Linearity: Three Case Studies Towards a Theory of Morphosyntactic Templatic Constructions
Strong linearity: Three case studies towards a theory of morphosyntactic templatic constructions by Jeffrey Craig Good B.A. (University of Chicago) 1998 M.A. (University of Chicago) 1998 M.A. (University of California, Berkeley) 2000 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Committee in charge: Professor Larry Hyman, Chair Professor Andrew Garrett Professor Johanna Nichols Fall 2003 The dissertation of Jeffrey Craig Good is approved: Chair Date Date Date University of California, Berkeley Fall 2003 Strong linearity: Three case studies towards a theory of morphosyntactic templatic constructions Copyright 2003 by Jeffrey Craig Good 1 Abstract Strong linearity: Three case studies towards a theory of morphosyntactic templatic constructions by Jeffrey Craig Good Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Professor Larry Hyman, Chair The focus of this work is on templatic constructions in morphology and syntax, and its central argument is that their form is consistent with the Strong Linearity Domain Hy- pothesis. This hypothesis states that all templatic constructions must be coextensive with some prosodic constituent and that their templatic restrictions must be consistent with the characteristic phonology of that constituent. The introductory chapter lays the groundwork for later discussion, and the primary support for the Strong Linearity Domain Hypothesis comes from three case studies. The first of these is an examination of the ordering restrictions of three verbal extensions found on the Bantu verb stem, the “long” causative, the applicative, and the “short” causative. The second case study is on a minimal-size restriction found in the Chechen core verb phrase. -
Verb Valency Classes in Evenki in the Comparative Perspective Igor Nedjalkov (Institute for Linguistic Studies; St-Petersburg) 1
Verb valency classes in Evenki in the comparative perspective Igor Nedjalkov (Institute for Linguistic Studies; St-Petersburg) 1. Introduction The present paper presents an overview of valency patterns and valency alternations in Evenki, a North-Tungusic language, from a comparative perspective. The paper is structured as follows. Section 2 provides information on case paradigms in Tungusic languages (TLs) relevant to issues of valency classification. Section 3 describes main valency patterns in Evenki. Section 4 addresses uncoded argument alternations (“case alternations”), while section 5 describes verb- coded alternations (“voice alternations”) in Evenki in the comparative perspective in TLs. Evenki displays many typical properties of Altaic languages: it is an agglutinating language making use of suffixation. Evenki is a nominative-accusative language with basic word order SOV. The basic intransitive and transitive construction in Even are exemplified in (1) and (2) below: (1) Oron-Ø bu-re-n reindeer-NOM die-NF-3SG ‘The reindeer died.’ (2) Etyrken-Ø oron-mo vaa-re-n old_man-NOM reindeer-ACC kill-NF-3SG ‘The old man killed the wild reindeer.’ The subject (S/A argument) is in the nominative, while the direct object (P) is in the accusative (other forms of the direct object in Evenki are Indefinite Accusative and Designative cases or Reflexive-possession markers). Agreement is possible only with the nominative subject; there is no object agreement in Evenki. TLs have the following valency-changing categories: Causative in -vkAn- (cf. iče- ‘see’ à iče-vken- ‘show’), Passive in –v- (va- ‘kill’ à va-v- ‘be killed’), Decausative (Mediopassive) in -p-/-v- (sukča- ‘break’ (tr.) à sukča-v- ‘break’ (intr.), Reciprocal in –mAt- (iče- ‘see’ à iče-met- ‘see each other’), Resultative in –ča- (loko- ‘hang’ (tr.) à loku-ča- ‘hang’ (intr.), The sociative suffix –ldy may express the reciprocal meaning with some verbs. -
Editors' Introduction Douglas A
Editors' Introduction Douglas A. Anderson Michael D. C. Drout Verlyn Flieger Tolkien Studies, Volume 7, 2010 Published by West Virginia University Press Editors’ Introduction This is the seventh issue of Tolkien Studies, the first refereed journal solely devoted to the scholarly study of the works of J.R.R. Tolkien. As editors, our goal is to publish excellent scholarship on Tolkien as well as to gather useful research information, reviews, notes, documents, and bibliographical material. In this issue we are especially pleased to publish Tolkien’s early fiction “The Story of Kullervo” and the two existing drafts of his talk on the Kalevala, transcribed and edited with notes and commentary by Verlyn Flieger. With this exception, all articles have been subject to anonymous, ex- ternal review as well as receiving a positive judgment by the Editors. In the cases of articles by individuals associated with the journal in any way, each article had to receive at least two positive evaluations from two different outside reviewers. Reviewer comments were anonymously conveyed to the authors of the articles. The Editors agreed to be bound by the recommendations of the outside referees. The Editors also wish to call attention to the Cumulative Index to vol- umes one through five of Tolkien Studies, compiled by Jason Rea, Michael D.C. Drout, Tara L. McGoldrick, and Lauren Provost, with Maryellen Groot and Julia Rende. The Cumulative Index is currently available only through the online subscription database Project Muse. Douglas A. Anderson Michael D. C. Drout Verlyn Flieger v Abbreviations B&C Beowulf and the Critics. -
Vowel Category and Meanings of Size in Tolkien's Early Lexicons
Journal of Tolkien Research Volume 9 Issue 2 Article 5 2020 Vowel Category and Meanings of Size in Tolkien's Early Lexicons Lucas Annear none, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch Part of the Phonetics and Phonology Commons Recommended Citation Annear, Lucas (2020) "Vowel Category and Meanings of Size in Tolkien's Early Lexicons," Journal of Tolkien Research: Vol. 9 : Iss. 2 , Article 5. Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol9/iss2/5 This Peer-Reviewed Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Christopher Center Library at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Tolkien Research by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Vowel Category and Meanings of Size in Tolkien's Early Lexicons Cover Page Footnote My thanks to Nelson Goering for his comments and suggestions on an earlier draft of this essay. This peer-reviewed article is available in Journal of Tolkien Research: https://scholar.valpo.edu/ journaloftolkienresearch/vol9/iss2/5 Annear: Vowel Category and Meanings of Size in Tolkien's Early Lexicons 1. INTRODUCTION: TOLKIEN AND PHONETIC SYMBOLISM The grounds for studying phonetic symbolism1 in Tolkien's invented languages are at this point well established in the field of Tolkien studies. The recent stand-alone edition of "A Secret Vice" (Higgins & Fimi, 2016, hereafter SV), along with perennial interest and commentary on the appeal and effect of Tolkien's languages on the reader are evidence of this. -
The Finnish Noun Phrase
Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere Corso di Laurea Specialistica in Scienze del Linguaggio The Finnish Noun Phrase Relatore: Prof.ssa Giuliana Giusti Correlatore: Prof. Guglielmo Cinque Laureanda: Lena Dal Pozzo Matricola: 803546 ANNO ACCADEMICO: 2006/2007 A mia madre Table of contents Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………….…….…… III Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………........ V Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………………………VII 1. Word order in Finnish …………………………………………………………………1 1.1 The order of constituents in the clause …………………………………………...2 1.2 Word order and interpretation .......……………………………………………… 8 1.3 The order of constituents in the Nominal Expression ………………………… 11 1.3.1. Determiners and Possessors …………………………………………………12 1.3.2. Adjectives and other modifiers …………………………………………..… 17 1.3.2.1 Adjectival hierarchy…………………………………………………………23 1.3.2.2 Predicative structures and complements …………………………………26 1.3.3 Relative clauses …………………………………………………………….... 28 1.4 Conclusions ............……………………………………………………………. 30 2. Thematic relations in nominal expressions ……………………………………….. 32 2.1 Observations on Argument Structure ………………………………….……. 32 2.1.1 Result and Event nouns…………………………………………………… 36 2.2 Transitive nouns ………………………………………………………………... 38 2.2.1 Compound nouns ……………….……………………………………... 40 2.2.2 Intransitive nouns derived from transitive verbs …………………… 41 2.3 Passive nouns …………………………………………………………………… 42 2.4 Psychological predicates ……………………………………………………….. 46 2.4.1 Psych verbs ………………………………………………………………. -
Spatial Semantics, Case and Relator Nouns in Evenki
Spatial semantics, case and relator nouns in Evenki Lenore A. Grenoble University of Chicago Evenki, a Northwest Tungusic language, exhibits an extensive system of nominal cases, deictic terms, and relator nouns, used to signal complex spatial relations. The paper describes the use and distribution of the spatial cases which signal stative and dynamic relations, with special attention to their semantics within a framework using fundamental Gestalt concepts such as Figure and Ground, and how they are used in combination with deictics and nouns to signal specific spatial semantics. Possible paths of grammaticalization including case stacking, or Suffixaufnahme, are dis- cussed. Keywords: spatial cases, case morphology, relator noun, deixis, Suf- fixaufnahme, grammaticalization 1. Introduction Case morphology and relator nouns are extensively used in the marking of spa- tial relations in Evenki, a Tungusic language spoken in Siberia by an estimated 4802 people (All-Russian Census 2010). A close analysis of the use of spatial cases in Evenki provides strong evidence for the development of complex case morphemes from adpositions. Descriptions of Evenki generally claim the exist- ence of 11–15 cases, depending on the dialect. The standard language is based on the Poligus dialect of the Podkamennaya Tunguska subgroup, from the Southern dialect group, now moribund. Because it forms the basis of the stand- ard (or literary) language and as such has been relatively well-studied and is somewhat codified, it usually serves as the point of departure in linguistic de- scriptions of Evenki. However, the written language is to a large degree an artifi- cial construct which has never achieved usage in everyday conversation: it does not function as a norm which cuts across dialects. -
The Significant Other: a Literary History of Elves
1616796596 The Significant Other: a Literary History of Elves By Jenni Bergman Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Cardiff School of English, Communication and Philosophy Cardiff University 2011 UMI Number: U516593 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U516593 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently submitted on candidature for any degree. Signed .(candidate) Date. STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD. (candidate) Date. STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. Signed. (candidate) Date. 3/A W/ STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed (candidate) Date. STATEMENT 4 - BAR ON ACCESS APPROVED I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan after expiry of a bar on accessapproved bv the Graduate Development Committee. -
Elvish Practitioners of the 'Secret Vice' Andrew Higgins Dr
Journal of Tolkien Research Volume 5 | Issue 1 Article 1 Elvish Practitioners of the 'Secret Vice' Andrew Higgins Dr. Independent Scholar, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch Part of the English Language and Literature Commons, and the Language Interpretation and Translation Commons Recommended Citation Higgins, Andrew Dr. () "Elvish Practitioners of the 'Secret Vice'," Journal of Tolkien Research: Vol. 5 : Iss. 1 , Article 1. Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol5/iss1/1 This Conference Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Library Services at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Tolkien Research by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Higgins: Elvish Practitioners of the 'Secret Vice' Elvish Practitioners of the 'Secret Vice' Dr. Andrew Higgins ([email protected]) Expanded version of paper first given at 2017 Medieval Conference Kalamazoo and then September 2017 Tolkien Society Oxonmoot. Amongst the many pages of what has been collectively called Tolkien’s legendarium, there are several texts which offer historical and philological descriptions of the languages of Arda set in the transmission framework Tolkien invented to link his unique mythology and world-building to a lost English tradition. Some of these works like ‘The Lhammas’, ‘The Etymologies’ and ‘Quendi and Eldar’ are fairly descriptive texts about the languages. If we expand this to the vast philological treasure trove of Tolkien’s papers on the languages (which are still in the process of being edited and published) we also find descriptive name lists, grammars and phonologies that are also set in Tolkien’s transmission framework. -
Early Ilkorin Phonology
Early Ilkorin Phonology by Helios De Rosario Martínez Introduction One of the elements that characterize the Elvish languages invented by J.R.R. Tolkien is that he gave them a historical background, wherein the two main tongues were developed with complex relations with other languages and dialects, both prehistoric and contemporary to them. Those languages and dialects are frequently referred to in the linguistic essays, charts and word-lists composed by Tolkien. The most prolific and best known examples are probably in the Lhammas and the Etymologies: the linguistic essay and the etymological dictionary that Tolkien wrote in the middle of the 1930s. But the diversity and historical depth of Elvish languages is also exemplified in earlier writings, although they are not so profuse in examples of languages other than Qenya and Gnomish/Noldorin (or ancient forms of these two), and they have received less attention by scholars. This article aims to analyze Ilkorin (Ilk.), one of those “minor” languages, as it was conceived in the earliest conceptual phases. The adjective Ilkorin, formed from Kôr with the negative prefix il‑ (cf. I:255), was used to name “the Elves that never saw the light of Kôr” (I:231, cf. II:9, 64), and thus the language so called is the native tongue of the Elves who lingered in the Great Lands. I will examine the linguistic texts and narrative commentaries on the Ilkorin language published in the Book of Lost Tales and in the journal Parma Eldalamberon (particularly in the word-lists of no. 13), and follow with an analysis of the facts that are found in them, to show how the concept of that tongue evolved in those years.