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Dialekt Där Den Nästan Inte Finns En Folklingvistisk Studie Av Dialektens Sociala Betydelse I Ett Standardspråksnära Område

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Dialekt Där Den Nästan Inte Finns En Folklingvistisk Studie Av Dialektens Sociala Betydelse I Ett Standardspråksnära Område SKRIFTER UTGIVNA AV INSTITUTIONEN FÖR NORDISKA SPRÅK VID UPPSALA UNIVERSITET 98 JANNIE TEINLER Dialekt där den nästan inte finns En folklingvistisk studie av dialektens sociala betydelse i ett standardspråksnära område With a summary: Dialect where it almost doesn’t exist: A folk linguistic study of the social meaning of a dialect close to the standard language 2016 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Ihresalen, Engelska parken, Thunbergsvägen 3L, Uppsala, Saturday, 12 November 2016 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in Swedish. Faculty examiner: Rune Røsstad (Universitetet i Agder, Institutt for nordisk og mediefag). Abstract Teinler, J. 2016. Dialekt där den nästan inte finns. En folklingvistisk studie av dialektens sociala betydelse i ett standardspråksnära område. (Dialect where it almost doesn’t exist. A folk linguistic study of the social meaning of a dialect close to the standard language). Skrifter utgivna av Institutionen för nordiska språk vid Uppsala universitet 98. 295 pp. Uppsala: Institutionen för nordiska språk. ISBN 978-91-506-2597-4. By approaching dialect and standard language from a folk linguistic perspective, this thesis aims to investigate how laypeople perceive, talk about and orient towards dialect and standard language in a dialect area close to the perceived linguistic and administrative centre of Sweden. It consequently focuses on dialect and standard language as socially meaningful entities, rather than as sets of linguistic features, and studies a dialect area as it is understood by those who identify with it. To explore these issues, group interviews, a set of quantitative tests among adolescents and a ‘mental mapping’ task were used. Participants’ descriptions of the local dialect suggest that many of them regard the dialect and the standard language as separate language systems. The standard language, strongly associated with writing, is perceived as formal and artificial. In contrast, dialect is understood simply as speech signalling local belonging. Variation expressing local belonging typically not regarded as dialect by dialectologists, is mentioned by participants more than once. The extent to which dialectal resources are described to be expected depends on the participants’ understanding of place, context and interlocutors. In some contexts, using dialect seems to be a way of overtly signalling one’s belonging to the local community. In this way the dialect is still important, perhaps even as a means of consolidating the local community’s existence. At the same time, however, the prototypical speaker is described as being old, indicating that spoken dialect is not particularly relevant today. By examining dialect and standard language as cultural phenomena in the area at the present time, it is shown how they can be used to construct one’s own group in relation to others, both regionally and locally within the area investigated. Although the local spoken language is considered close to the standard, the mechanisms controlling how language users determine their own dialect boundaries are arguably the same as in more complex dialect areas. Linguistic differences need not be large, or even in current use, to be perceived as distinct and important. Keywords: Swedish, folk linguistics, dialect, standard language, laypeople's perceptions, dialect change, linguistic demarcations, social meaning, enregisterment, mental maps Jannie Teinler, Department of Scandinavian Languages, Box 527, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden. © Jannie Teinler 2016 ISSN 0083-4661 ISBN 978-91-506-2597-4 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-303855 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-303855) Till Maja, med tack för all pepp. Innehållsförteckning Tabeller och figurer ......................................................................................... 9 Förord ............................................................................................................ 11 1 Inledning .............................................................................................. 13 1.1 Syfte och frågeställningar ............................................................... 15 1.2 Dialekt och standardspråk ............................................................... 16 1.2.1 Dialekt .................................................................................... 20 1.2.2 Standardspråk ........................................................................ 23 1.2.3 Språkförändring ..................................................................... 26 1.3 Disposition ...................................................................................... 27 2 Ett folklingvistiskt perspektiv .............................................................. 28 2.1 Om folklingvistik som begrepp ....................................................... 31 2.2 Språkets sociala betydelse ............................................................... 32 2.3 Uppfattningar om språk .................................................................. 40 2.4 Folkdialektologi .............................................................................. 42 2.4.1 Lekmäns intresse för dialekt .................................................. 43 2.4.2 Tidigare forskning.................................................................. 44 2.5 Språkvetarna och lekmännen .......................................................... 55 2.6 Värdet av ett folklingvistiskt perspektiv ......................................... 57 2.7 Sammanfattning .............................................................................. 58 3 Metod- och materialbeskrivning .......................................................... 59 3.1 Undersökningsområdet ................................................................... 59 3.1.1 Norra Heby kommun ............................................................. 60 3.1.2 Översiktlig beskrivning av dialekt i området ......................... 64 3.2 Gruppintervjuer ............................................................................... 67 3.2.1 Deltagarna .............................................................................. 68 3.2.2 Intervjuns upplägg ................................................................. 72 3.2.3 Intervjusituationen ................................................................. 73 3.2.4 Min tolkning av intervjuerna ................................................. 75 3.2.5 Om transkriptionerna och exemplen ...................................... 77 3.3 Material insamlat i åk 9 ................................................................... 78 3.3.1 Rösterna ................................................................................. 79 3.3.2 Testsituationen och testets upplägg ....................................... 80 3.3.3 Masktest ................................................................................. 81 3.3.4 Dialektrangordning ................................................................ 82 3.3.5 Lokalisering och standardbedömning .................................... 83 3.4 Kartritning ....................................................................................... 83 3.4.1 Instruktion och karta .............................................................. 84 3.4.2 Kartritningens genomförande ................................................ 85 3.5 Etiska överväganden ....................................................................... 85 3.6 Min forskarroll ................................................................................ 86 3.7 Sammanfattning .............................................................................. 87 4 Tre samhällen i förändring ................................................................... 88 4.1 En känsla av tillhörighet ................................................................. 89 4.1.1 Landsbygden som social resurs ............................................. 90 4.1.2 Att bli kvar och komma tillbaka ............................................ 92 4.1.3 Samhörighet och gemenskap ................................................. 94 4.2 Vi och de ......................................................................................... 98 4.2.1 Kontakter inom undersökningsområdet ................................. 98 4.2.2 Sockenrivalitet ....................................................................... 99 4.2.3 Folk och folk ........................................................................ 101 4.3 Regionen och länsbytet ................................................................. 105 4.4 Sammanfattning ............................................................................ 108 5 Dialekten och talarna ......................................................................... 109 5.1 Dialekttalaren och dialektanvändaren ........................................... 109 5.1.1 Den prototypiska dialekttalaren ........................................... 110 5.1.2 Dialektanvändarna idag ....................................................... 112 5.1.3 Ett eller flera språksystem? .................................................. 121 5.2 Dialektförändring ur språkbrukarnas perspektiv ........................... 124 5.2.1 Upplevelsen av dialektförändring ........................................ 125 5.2.2 Dialektförändringens drivkrafter ......................................... 129 5.2.3 Deltagarna mitt i förändringen ............................................. 135
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