DOCSLIB.ORG

Preaspiration in the Nordic Languages Synchronic and Diachronic Aspects

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Preaspiration in the Nordic Languages Synchronic and Diachronic Aspects Preaspiration in the Nordic Languages Synchronic and diachronic aspects Pétur Helgason PhD dissertation Department of Linguistics Stockholm University November 2002 Preaspiration in the Nordic Languages Synchronic and diachronic aspects Pétur Helgason PhD dissertation Stockholm University Department of Linguistics November 2002 PhD dissertation November 2002 Department of Linguistics Stockholm University 106 91 Stockholm Sweden © Pétur Helgason ISBN 91–7265–535–6 Cover Design: Christine Ericsdotter and Pétur Helgason. Front cover map: Evropa Recens Descripta by Guiliemo (Willem) Blaeu, 1649. Back cover map: Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis, by Frederik De Wit, 1660. Printed by Akademitryck AB, Edsbruk 2002 Abstract Preaspiration—the production of glottal friction at the juncture of a vowel and a consonant—appears to be typologically rare but is an areal lin- guistic feature of Northwestern Europe. This study contains a survey of the known geographical spread of preaspirated stops, their phonological distribution and phonetic expressions in some Nordic dialects. The study also suggests a reconstruction of the phonetics of the Proto-Nordic stop contrasts based on synchronic data as well as a more general framework of historical sound change. Following an introduction (Chapter 1), Chapter 2 deals with the definition and typology of preaspiration presenting a global overview of the known geographical spread of preaspiration. The apparent rarity of preaspiration is considered. Proposed, perceptually based explanations of this rarity are evaluated. Chapter 3 offers a fairly detailed account of the known areal spread of pre- aspiration in Europe. Stop systems of several dialects in which preaspira- tion occurs are analysed in terms of voicing conditions. These analyses are based mainly on descriptions provided in the dialectological literature. Chapter 4 presents data on durational variation and other phonetic patterns of stop production in Central Standard Swedish, Tórshavn Faroese, Gräsö Swedish and Western Åland Swedish. The results reveal a greater degree of phonetic variation than has been assumed to date. In particular, speak- ers of Central Standard Swedish are shown to use preaspiration as a regu- lar feature in their voiceless stop production. In Chapter 5, finally, the results of the data analysis are used in an attempt to reconstruct the phonetic expression of stop contrasts in Proto-Nordic. It is argued that Proto-Nordic stop production was largely similar to the stop production of today’s Central Standard Swedish. As regards phonological structure, however, the Proto-Nordic stop contrasts appear to have been largely preserved in all dialects considered. This conclusion is found to be compatible with an expansion/contraction (E/C) model of historical sound change. – iii – CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ix 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 OVERVIEW............................................................................................. 1 1.2 BACKGROUND ....................................................................................... 4 2 DEFINITION AND TYPOLOGY ........................................................................ 11 2.1 DEFINING PREASPIRATION ................................................................... 11 2.2 LINKING PREASPIRATION AND SONORANT VOICELESSNESS.................. 17 2.3 NORMATIVE AND NON-NORMATIVE TRAITS ......................................... 21 2.4 THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PREASPIRATION ....................... 23 2.5 HOW RARE IS PREASPIRATION? ............................................................ 32 2.6 AUDITORY CONSTRAINTS AND THE RARITY OF PREASPIRATION ........... 35 3 PREASPIRATION IN NORTHWESTERN EUROPE ...............................................43 3.1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................43 3.2 ICELANDIC ............................................................................................46 3.2.1 Icelandic stop durations ...............................................................50 3.2.2 The perception of Icelandic preaspiration ...................................53 3.3 FAROESE...............................................................................................54 3.4 NORWEGIAN DIALECTS .........................................................................60 3.4.1 Jæren............................................................................................60 3.4.2 Gudbrandsdalen ...........................................................................65 3.4.3 Trønder Norwegian......................................................................70 3.4.4 Senja ............................................................................................72 3.5 SWEDISH DIALECTS...............................................................................73 3.5.1 Härjedalen and Northern Dalarna................................................73 3.5.2 Arjeplog .......................................................................................78 3.5.3 The Gräsö dialect.........................................................................79 3.5.4 Kökar and the Åboland archipelago ............................................81 3.5.5 Central Standard Swedish (CSw) ................................................86 3.6 NON-NORMATIVE PREASPIRATION IN SCANDINAVIA.............................89 3.7 TYNESIDE ENGLISH ..............................................................................94 – v – 3.8 CELTIC LANGUAGES..............................................................................95 3.8.1 Scots Gaelic.................................................................................95 3.8.2 Irish..............................................................................................98 3.9 SAAMI...................................................................................................99 3.10 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 103 4 PREASPIRATION – DATA............................................................................. 105 4.1 METHOD ............................................................................................ 105 4.1.1 Speech materials ........................................................................105 4.1.1.1 Map-task data — CSw and Tórshavn Faroese ......................106 4.1.1.2 SOFI data — Gräsö and Western Åland................................107 4.1.2 Segmentation and measurement criteria....................................107 4.1.3 A note on the graphical presentation of durational data............110 4.2 CENTRAL STANDARD SWEDISH (CSW).............................................. 112 4.2.1 Method and subjects..................................................................112 4.2.2 Word-initial fortis stops.............................................................112 4.2.2.1 Data overview........................................................................112 4.2.2.2 Postaspiration duration..........................................................113 4.2.2.3 Preaspiration duration and sonorant voicelessness................116 4.2.3 Word-medial and word-final fortis stops...................................118 4.2.3.1 Data overview........................................................................119 4.2.3.2 Preaspiration duration............................................................120 4.2.3.3 Postaspiration duration..........................................................126 4.2.3.4 Phonetic variation in word-medial fortis stops......................127 4.2.3.5 Postsonorant fortis stops........................................................131 4.2.4 Comparison of word-initial and word-medial stops ..................134 4.2.5 Postvocalic voiceless fricatives.................................................138 4.2.6 Word-initial lenis stops..............................................................139 4.2.7 Word-medial lenis stops ............................................................142 4.2.8 Summary and discussion ...........................................................145 4.3 TÓRSHAVN FAROESE ......................................................................... 146 4.3.1 Method and subjects..................................................................147 4.3.2 Word-medial and word-final postvocalic stops.........................147 4.3.2.1 Stop and context classification ..............................................147 4.3.2.2 Data overview........................................................................151 4.3.2.3 Fortis vs. lenis........................................................................152 4.3.2.4 Preaspiration duration............................................................154 4.3.2.5 Postaspiration duration..........................................................160 4.3.3 Phonetic variation in Faroese preaspiration...............................161 4.3.4 Summary and discussion ...........................................................168 4.4 THE NORTHERN GRÄSÖ DIALECT....................................................... 169 4.4.1 Method and subjects..................................................................169 4.4.2 Fortis stops.................................................................................170
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Introducing Phonology
    Introducing Phonology Designed for students with only a basic knowledge of linguistics, this leading textbook provides a clear and practical introduction to phonology, the study of sound patterns in language. It teaches in a step-by-step fashion the logical techniques of phonological analysis and the fundamental theories that underpin it. This thoroughly revised and updated edition teaches students how to analyze phonological data, how to think critically about data, how to formulate rules and hypotheses, and how to test them. New to this edition: • Improved examples, over 60 exercises, and 14 new problem sets from a wide variety of languages encourage students to practice their own analysis of phonological processes and patterns • A new and updated reference list of phonetic symbols and an updated transcription system, making data more accessible to students • Additional online material includes pedagogical suggestions and password-protected answer keys for instructors david odden is Professor Emeritus in Linguistics at Ohio State University. Cambridge Introductions to Language and Linguistics This new textbook series provides students and their teachers with accessible introductions to the major subjects encountered within the study of language and linguistics. Assuming no prior knowledge of the subject, each book is written and designed for ease of use in the classroom or seminar, and is ideal for adoption on a modular course as the core recommended textbook. Each book offers the ideal introductory material for each subject, presenting students with an overview of the main topics encountered in their course, and features a glossary of useful terms, chapter previews and summaries, suggestions for further reading, and helpful exercises.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Spoken Danish Less Intelligible Than Swedish? Charlotte Gooskens, Vincent J
    Is spoken Danish less intelligible than Swedish? Charlotte Gooskens, Vincent J. van Heuven, Renée van Bezooijen, Jos J.A. Pacilly To cite this version: Charlotte Gooskens, Vincent J. van Heuven, Renée van Bezooijen, Jos J.A. Pacilly. Is spoken Danish less intelligible than Swedish?. Speech Communication, Elsevier : North-Holland, 2010, 52 (11-12), pp.1022. 10.1016/j.specom.2010.06.005. hal-00698848 HAL Id: hal-00698848 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00698848 Submitted on 18 May 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Accepted Manuscript Is spoken Danish less intelligible than Swedish? Charlotte Gooskens, Vincent J. van Heuven, Renée van Bezooijen, Jos J.A. Pacilly PII: S0167-6393(10)00109-3 DOI: 10.1016/j.specom.2010.06.005 Reference: SPECOM 1901 To appear in: Speech Communication Received Date: 3 August 2009 Revised Date: 31 May 2010 Accepted Date: 11 June 2010 Please cite this article as: Gooskens, C., van Heuven, V.J., van Bezooijen, R., Pacilly, J.J.A., Is spoken Danish less intelligible than Swedish?, Speech Communication (2010), doi: 10.1016/j.specom.2010.06.005 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Icphs 2007 Proceedings
    ICPhS XVI ID 1319 Saarbrücken, 6-10 August 2007 TOWARDS A PHONETIC CONSPECTUS OF PREASPIRATION: ACOUSTIC EVIDENCE FROM SIENESE ITALIAN Mary Stevens and John Hajek School of Languages, University of Melbourne [email protected] and [email protected] ABSTRACT in any Romance variety, has shown that geminate voiceless stops /pp tt kk/ are frequently realized Preaspiration, i.e. [hC], is a rare feature of stop with preaspiration in spontaneous speech. Sienese production in the world’s languages that has been Italian is unusual in allowing preaspiration both recently found to occur in Sienese Italian. We word-medially and at word boundaries. At present, present a qualitative acoustic-phonetic description native speakers are unaware of preaspiration per of voiceless geminate stops /p: t: k:/ with se, perceiving preaspirated voiceless stops [hp ht preaspiration that occurred in a corpus of hk] as phonetically long plain stops [p: t: k:]. There spontaneous Sienese Italian speech (6 speakers). is evidence that the fine-grained realization of We outline the different fine-grained realizations preaspiration can impact upon the perceptual of preaspiration and discuss the findings in the salience, and ultimate survival of the phenomenon context of our general knowledge of the in a language [7]. With this in mind, the present phenomenon across languages. overview also aims to shed light on the potential Keywords: preaspiration, geminate, voiceless stability of preaspiration as a feature within stop, Italian Sienese Italian. 1. INTRODUCTION & AIMS 2. BACKGROUND This study aims to (1) contribute to our general As noted above, preaspiration is a rare knowledge of the phonetics of preaspiration, by phenomenon: within Europe it is only reported to providing a first qualitative acoustic overview of occur in languages spoken in the geographical area variability within the phenomenon; and (2) to extending from Northern England and Ireland to provide a first detailed picture of preaspiration in a Northern Scandinavia (see [4] for more detail).
    [Show full text]
  • Regionalt Bygdeutviklingsprogram for Oslo Og Viken 2019-2022
    Regionalt bygdeutviklingsprogram for Oslo og Viken 2019-2022 For næringsutvikling og målrettet miljø- og klimaarbeid i landbruket i Oslo og Viken Fylkesmannen i Oslo og Viken Regionalt bygdeutviklingsprogram (RBU) 2 Innholdsfortegnelse Innledning ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 1. Oversikt over produksjoner og verdiskaping i landbruket i Oslo og Viken ......................... 4 Landbruket i Oslo og Viken .............................................................................................................. 4 Tradisjonelt jordbruk ........................................................................................................................ 5 Førstehåndsverdi av jordbruksproduksjonen ............................................................................... 7 Skogbruk ............................................................................................................................................. 8 Tilleggsnæringer ................................................................................................................................ 8 Definisjoner fra SSB .......................................................................................................................... 9 2. Visjon og overordna mål for utvikling av landbruket i Oslo og Viken .................................. 9 3. Synergier mellom delprogrammene .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Situational Awareness and Forecasting for Norway
    Situational awareness and forecasting for Norway FHI COVID-19 modelling team Week 11, 24 March 2021 Highlights: • National epidemiological situation: Our models indicate that in the present situation, the prevalence of cases and hospitalisations continue to increase due to the exponential phase of the epidemic, governed by a high effective reproduction number. In our changepoint model, the effective reproduction number R acting from March 2nd until today is estimated to be 1.3 (median, 95% CI 1.18-1.46). Looking back in time since Christmas, the effective reproduction number was estimated to be below 0.7 until January 21; it then started to increase but remained below 1 until February 7. Then the increase was twice as rapid, to 1.39 (1.26-1.51) until March 1. Since then, the reproduction number has remained stable. The SMC model estimates the 7-days averaged effective reproduction number during week 10, to be 1.21 (mean, 95% CI 0.93-1.57). The SMC model indicates a peak between week 7 and 8 and a decrease during the last week of February, followed by week 9 with a stable reproduction number, with then a decrease in the last week 10. The trend appears currently decreasing, though with high uncertainty. The changepoint model and the SMC agree in estimating the same level of the effective reproduction number. Still the SMC, which reacts to recent data more rapidly, indicates a recent decreasing trend. These estimates include the interventions implemented on March 2, but not the ones implemented in Oslo and Viken at the beginning of week 11, which our models will be able to capture fully after Easter.
    [Show full text]
  • Number U8 - Whorf, Benjamin Lee
    NUMBER U8 - WHORF, BENJAMIN LEE THE HOPI LANGUAGE. 1935 THE HOPI LANGlTAOE by Benjamin Lee Whorf l?3r> MICROFILM COLLECTION OF MANUSCRIPTS ON MIDDLE AMERICAN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY No. W UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 1956 TA3LE OF CONTENTS Phonology 1 Claselfication of phonemes 1 Consonants 2 Consonant-clusters h Vowels k Vowel-length 5 Accent ' 6 Sandhi 6 II. Grammatical Operations 7 1. Pure Selection 7 Parts of Speech 7 Punctual and Tensive 3 Suppletion 9 2. Modulation: its phonology 10 3. Reduplication 11 h. Nexus 11 a. Prefixation 11 b. Suffixation 11 c. Annexation 12 Compounds 13 Incorporations 1^ Subnexation 1^ d. Context nexus 15 5. Pause Techniques 15 Sentences 15 A. Unifórmale l6 Biformals l6 Triformals l6 Copulative or nominal sentences .... 16 T^Ler...-• tives 17 Imperatives 17 III. Nouns nd Pronouns and their Syntax 17 1. Basic Pronouns 17 2. Use of the Cases 20 Basic Noun Inflections 2¿ Plurals 2j 5- Oblique Cases 2U 6. Postpositions or relationals 2k 7. Place Names 25 8. Various Pronouns 25 9. Numerals 26 TABLE OF CONTENTS ^cont'd.) 1. In general , 1'J Tht Hop i Ian ¿. Verb classes '¿'J 3. Voicer, jl northeastern Ar ¡4 . Aspeóte 3'.' •'"•. Number Uo sketch records 6 . Tenses ¡: i "'. The Modes and their Syntax :<2 Mr» Ernest Naqu °> . Address Forms 31 Iion-ac Lual Forms 32 the Uto-Aztooan ^. Inceptors 3j fleotive type* V. Invariants >3 I. Phonology VI. Deri vat i on '.A 1 A. Major co 1. Verbs [from verbs] 3' !+ 2. Verbs [from nouns] 5 aeries m, n, £, 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present (Impact: Studies in Language and Society)
    <DOCINFO AUTHOR ""TITLE "Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present"SUBJECT "Impact 18"KEYWORDS ""SIZE HEIGHT "220"WIDTH "150"VOFFSET "4"> Germanic Standardizations Impact: Studies in language and society impact publishes monographs, collective volumes, and text books on topics in sociolinguistics. The scope of the series is broad, with special emphasis on areas such as language planning and language policies; language conflict and language death; language standards and language change; dialectology; diglossia; discourse studies; language and social identity (gender, ethnicity, class, ideology); and history and methods of sociolinguistics. General Editor Associate Editor Annick De Houwer Elizabeth Lanza University of Antwerp University of Oslo Advisory Board Ulrich Ammon William Labov Gerhard Mercator University University of Pennsylvania Jan Blommaert Joseph Lo Bianco Ghent University The Australian National University Paul Drew Peter Nelde University of York Catholic University Brussels Anna Escobar Dennis Preston University of Illinois at Urbana Michigan State University Guus Extra Jeanine Treffers-Daller Tilburg University University of the West of England Margarita Hidalgo Vic Webb San Diego State University University of Pretoria Richard A. Hudson University College London Volume 18 Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert and Wim Vandenbussche Germanic Standardizations Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert Monash University Wim Vandenbussche Vrije Universiteit Brussel/FWO-Vlaanderen John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements 8 of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Germanic standardizations : past to present / edited by Ana Deumert, Wim Vandenbussche.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shared Lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic
    THE SHARED LEXICON OF BALTIC, SLAVIC AND GERMANIC VINCENT F. VAN DER HEIJDEN ******** Thesis for the Master Comparative Indo-European Linguistics under supervision of prof.dr. A.M. Lubotsky Universiteit Leiden, 2018 Table of contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Background topics 3 2.1. Non-lexical similarities between Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2. The Prehistory of Balto-Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2.1. Northwestern Indo-European 3 2.2.2. The Origins of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 4 2.3. Possible substrates in Balto-Slavic and Germanic 6 2.3.1. Hunter-gatherer languages 6 2.3.2. Neolithic languages 7 2.3.3. The Corded Ware culture 7 2.3.4. Temematic 7 2.3.5. Uralic 9 2.4. Recapitulation 9 3. The shared lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 11 3.1. Forms that belong to the shared lexicon 11 3.1.1. Baltic-Slavic-Germanic forms 11 3.1.2. Baltic-Germanic forms 19 3.1.3. Slavic-Germanic forms 24 3.2. Forms that do not belong to the shared lexicon 27 3.2.1. Indo-European forms 27 3.2.2. Forms restricted to Europe 32 3.2.3. Possible Germanic borrowings into Baltic and Slavic 40 3.2.4. Uncertain forms and invalid comparisons 42 4. Analysis 48 4.1. Morphology of the forms 49 4.2. Semantics of the forms 49 4.2.1. Natural terms 49 4.2.2. Cultural terms 50 4.3. Origin of the forms 52 5. Conclusion 54 Abbreviations 56 Bibliography 57 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter — February 2004
    Research Centre for Linguistic Typology Institute for Advanced Study VICTORIA 3086, AUSTRALIA FACSIMILE: +61 3 9467 3053 email: [email protected] http://www.latrobe.edu.au/rclt Newsletter — February 2004 The past year has again been attended by success, in terms of the excellence of Research Fellows, Visiting Fellows and Doctoral Students, both the quality and the quantity of the publications we produce, and the continuing grants and fellowships we attract. The International Workshops we host each year produce seminal volumes that are acknowledged as substantial contributions to the field. RCLT provides a relaxed but intense intellectual milieu which engenders research of the highest order. Who'll be at RCLT in 2004 Besides Professor R. M. W. (Bob) Dixon (Director), Professor Alexandra Y. (Sasha) Aikhenvald (Associate Director) and Ms Siew Peng Condon (Executive Officer), we'll have the following scholars with us this year: Research Fellows — Dr. Nicole Kruspe, on a three-year Research Fellowship, has undertaken a lengthy fieldtrip to work on Ceq Wong, a previously undescribed Northern Aslian language from Malaysia. She will continue writing a draft grammar of this language while working on Mah Meri, another Aslian language from Malaysia. — Dr. Catriona Hyslop, on a La Trobe University Postdoctoral Research Fellowship until February 2004, will then take up at RCLT her two year Individual Postgraduate Fellowship from the Endangered Languages Documentation Programme. She will continue working on the documentation of the grammar, lexicon and oral tradition of the Vurës language of west Vanua Lava, Vanuatu. — Dr. Stephen Morey is a La Trobe University Postdoctoral Research Fellow.
    [Show full text]
  • Place Names Describing Fossils in Oral Traditions
    Place names describing fossils in oral traditions ADRIENNE MAYOR Classics Department, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305 (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: Folk explanations of notable geological features, including fossils, are found around the world. Observations of fossil exposures (bones, footprints, etc.) led to place names for rivers, mountains, valleys, mounds, caves, springs, tracks, and other geological and palaeonto- logical sites. Some names describe prehistoric remains and/or refer to traditional interpretations of fossils. This paper presents case studies of fossil-related place names in ancient and modern Europe and China, and Native American examples in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Evidence for the earliest known fossil-related place names comes from ancient Greco-Roman and Chinese literature. The earliest documented fossil-related place name in the New World was preserved in a written text by the Spanish in the sixteenth century. In many instances, fossil geonames are purely descriptive; in others, however, the mythology about a specific fossil locality survives along with the name; in still other cases the geomythology is suggested by recorded traditions about similar palaeontological phenomena. The antiquity and continuity of some fossil-related place names shows that people had observed and speculated about miner- alized traces of extinct life forms long before modern scientific investigations. Traditional place names can reveal heretofore unknown geomyths as well as new geologically-important sites. Traditional folk names for geological features in the Named fossil sites in classical antiquity landscape commonly refer to mythological or and modern Greece legendary stories that accounted for them (Vitaliano 1973). Landmarks notable for conspicuous fossils Evidence for the practice of naming specific fossil have been named descriptively or mythologically locales can be found in classical antiquity.
    [Show full text]
  • A Phonetic, Phonological, and Morphosyntactic Analysis of the Mara Language
    San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research Spring 2010 A Phonetic, Phonological, and Morphosyntactic Analysis of the Mara Language Michelle Arden San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Arden, Michelle, "A Phonetic, Phonological, and Morphosyntactic Analysis of the Mara Language" (2010). Master's Theses. 3744. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.v36r-dk3u https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/3744 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A PHONETIC, PHONOLOGICAL, AND MORPHOSYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF THE MARA LANGUAGE A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Linguistics and Language Development San Jose State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Michelle J. Arden May 2010 © 2010 Michelle J. Arden ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The Designated Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled A PHONETIC, PHONOLOGICAL, AND MORPHOSYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF THE MARA LANGUAGE by Michelle J. Arden APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY May 2010 Dr. Daniel Silverman Department of Linguistics and Language Development Dr. Soteria Svorou Department of Linguistics and Language Development Dr. Kenneth VanBik Department of Linguistics and Language Development ABSTRACT A PHONETIC, PHONOLOGICAL, AND MORPHOSYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF THE MARA LANGUAGE by Michelle J. Arden This thesis presents a linguistic analysis of the Mara language, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northwest Myanmar and in neighboring districts of India.
    [Show full text]
  • Materials on Forest Enets, an Indigenous Language of Northern Siberia
    Materials on Forest Enets, an Indigenous Language of Northern Siberia SUOMALAIS-UGRILAISEN SEURAN TOIMITUKSIA MÉMOIRES DE LA SOCIÉTÉ FINNO-OUGRIENNE ❋ 267 ❋ Florian Siegl Materials on Forest Enets, an Indigenous Language of Northern Siberia SOCIÉTÉ FINNO-OUGRIENNE HELSINKI 2013 Florian Siegl: Materials on Forest Enets, an Indigenous Language of Northern Siberia Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 267 Copyright © 2013 Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura — Société Finno-Ougrienne — Finno-Ugrian Society & Florian Siegl Layout Anna Kurvinen, Niko Partanen Language supervision Alexandra Kellner This study has been supported by Volkswagen Foundation. ISBN 978-952-5667-45-5 (print) MÉMOIRES DE LA SOCIÉTÉ FINNO-OUGRIENNE ISBN 978-952-5667-46-2 (online) SUOMALAIS-UGRILAISEN SEURAN TOIMITUKSIA ISSN 0355-0230 Editor-in-chief Riho Grünthal (Helsinki) Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy Editorial board Sastamala 2013 Marianne Bakró-Nagy (Szeged), Márta Csepregi (Budapest), Ulla-Maija Forsberg (Helsinki), Kaisa Häkkinen (Turku), Tilaukset — Orders Gerson Klumpp (Tartu), Johanna Laakso (Wien), Tiedekirja Lars-Gunnar Larsson (Uppsala), Kirkkokatu 14 Matti Miestamo (Stockholm), FI-00170 Helsinki Sirkka Saarinen (Turku), www.tiedekirja.fi Elena Skribnik (München), Trond Trosterud (Tromsø), [email protected] Berhard Wälchli (Stockholm), FAX +358 9 635 017 Jussi Ylikoski (Kautokeino) He used often to say there was only one Road; that it was like a great river: its springs were at every doorstep, and every path was its tributary. “It’s a dangerous business, Frodo, going out of your door,” he used to say. “You step into the Road, and if you don’t keep your feet, there is no knowing where you might be swept off to […]” (The Fellowship of the Ring, New York: Ballantine Books, 1982, 102).
    [Show full text]