DOCSLIB.ORG

Materials on Forest Enets, an Indigenous Language of Northern Siberia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Materials on Forest Enets, an Indigenous Language of Northern Siberia Materials on Forest Enets, an Indigenous Language of Northern Siberia SUOMALAIS-UGRILAISEN SEURAN TOIMITUKSIA MÉMOIRES DE LA SOCIÉTÉ FINNO-OUGRIENNE ❋ 267 ❋ Florian Siegl Materials on Forest Enets, an Indigenous Language of Northern Siberia SOCIÉTÉ FINNO-OUGRIENNE HELSINKI 2013 Florian Siegl: Materials on Forest Enets, an Indigenous Language of Northern Siberia Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 267 Copyright © 2013 Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura — Société Finno-Ougrienne — Finno-Ugrian Society & Florian Siegl Layout Anna Kurvinen, Niko Partanen Language supervision Alexandra Kellner This study has been supported by Volkswagen Foundation. ISBN 978-952-5667-45-5 (print) MÉMOIRES DE LA SOCIÉTÉ FINNO-OUGRIENNE ISBN 978-952-5667-46-2 (online) SUOMALAIS-UGRILAISEN SEURAN TOIMITUKSIA ISSN 0355-0230 Editor-in-chief Riho Grünthal (Helsinki) Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy Editorial board Sastamala 2013 Marianne Bakró-Nagy (Szeged), Márta Csepregi (Budapest), Ulla-Maija Forsberg (Helsinki), Kaisa Häkkinen (Turku), Tilaukset — Orders Gerson Klumpp (Tartu), Johanna Laakso (Wien), Tiedekirja Lars-Gunnar Larsson (Uppsala), Kirkkokatu 14 Matti Miestamo (Stockholm), FI-00170 Helsinki Sirkka Saarinen (Turku), www.tiedekirja.fi Elena Skribnik (München), Trond Trosterud (Tromsø), [email protected] Berhard Wälchli (Stockholm), FAX +358 9 635 017 Jussi Ylikoski (Kautokeino) He used often to say there was only one Road; that it was like a great river: its springs were at every doorstep, and every path was its tributary. “It’s a dangerous business, Frodo, going out of your door,” he used to say. “You step into the Road, and if you don’t keep your feet, there is no knowing where you might be swept off to […]” (The Fellowship of the Ring, New York: Ballantine Books, 1982, 102). 6 Florian Siegl: Materials on Forest Enets Acknowledgments As every monograph, also this one has its own history, and of course, various sup- porters. The current monograph is a corrected and enhanced version of my PhD thesis submitted to and defended at the University in Tartu in June 2011 (Siegl 2011a). The print run which was needed to fulfill local publication requirements was deliberately kept small as the description was not finalized. Further, during the compilation of the dissertation text I anticipated that several topics might allow for a different and perhaps a better interpretation, and in most instances these suspicions turned out to be justified during fieldwork in the summer of 2011. This monograph incorporates both corrections and new data and replaces its predecessor Siegl (2011a). Along the road to the final version of the dissertation and its transformation into this monograph, I have been supported by many individuals and institutions which deserve to be mentioned. As this monograph grew larger and larger, my personal acknowledg- ments have to be restricted to those whose immediate support, effort, and just criticism have made this piece of writing possible. First and foremost, the Forest Enetses1 in both Potapovo and Dudinka2 are without a doubt the most important, as without their efforts nothing could have been collected, analyzed, or written. As Forest Enets has no way to say thank you, a hearty спасибо goes out to my major consultants Zoja Bolina, Leonid Bolin, Nadežda Bolina, Vitalij Bolin, Anatolij Palč́ in, Viktor Palč́ in, Darja Bolina, Nina Bolina, Ivan Silkin, and Ekaterina Glebova for finding both time and will to share their language and teach it to me. Unfortunately, my thanks will not reach Elizaveta Bolina; her untimely and sudden death in March 2008 deprived the tundra around Potapovo of a Forest Enets who tried to live the old way of life until her last breath. Nor will my thanks reach Nina Borissova, whose kuči was the first Forest Enets fairytale I heard. Surely as important as the Forest Enets community has been Oksana Dobžanskaja (formerly City Center of National Affairs in Dudinka, now Professor at the Department of Humanities and Social Studies at the Taimyr branch of Leningrad State University), who helped me obtain the necessary invitations and permits and whose current em- ployer, but also her former employer, the City Center of National Affairs and its former co-workers, as well as her family, made my stays in Dudinka a pleasing experience. I would also like to thank the Taimyr Center of National Affairs in Dudinka for granting me working space, and especially the section of ethnography, for providing help and support in so many ways that it would be impossible to list all of them. Individually, again Zoja Bolina has to be mentioned here. Further, паасиба to Anna Barbolina for 1. The following conventions apply throughout this monograph. The non-English plural Enetses is used when referring to the Enets people. Forest Enets in the singular refers either to one ethnic Forest Enets or to the language. The same applies to other Siberian peoples mentioned throughout the text. 2. Romanization of Russian is based on scientific transliteration. Names of Russian authors which have been used in a different spelling in international publications are preserved. Reasonably well-known geographic names, for example the river Yenisei, are used in their English form and not in transliteration. Acknowledgments 7 her lobbying behind the scenes, for her hospitality on the weekends, for teaching me her mother tongue Dolgan and for opening the way to the Dolgan community. Special thanks are due to the supervisors of the underlying thesis, Tiit-Rein Viitso (Tartu) and Ulrike Mosel (Kiel). Ein herzliches Dankeschön to Ulrike for accepting the task of becoming my second supervisor and subsequently first supervisor, for always asking the right questions at the right moment, for providing informative feedback and especially for the intensive working weekends in Kiel. Aitäh sulle Tiit for granting me both the necessary freedom and support to compile a monograph dissertation and for your insight behind the scenes of Soviet linguistics, which has helped me to understand “those things” behind the papers. My gratitude extends to the reviewers, Juha Janhunen (Helsinki) and Gerson Klumpp (then Munich, now Tartu) who did a marvelous job re- viewing and commenting a 500 page manuscript in a very short period. Ett särskilt tack till Juha, also the opponent in Tartu, for making his handwritten notes on the manuscript available to me. The defense discussion on an early summer day in Tartu was certainly the shortest two hours of my academic life so far and we could have easily continued for several more hours if we would have been given the time by the committee. Ein herzliches Dankeschön to the second reviewer, Gerson Klumpp, with whom I could continue to discuss pan-Samoyedic matters after his arrival to Tartu. Additional thanks go to Ago Künnap for clarifying discussions on Southern Samoyedic languages outside the weary paths of revolutions and for providing unexpected help out of the depths of his bookshelves on more than just one occasion – aitäh Ago! Tänud to Tõnu Seilenthal for finding additional financial support which gave me the necessary extra time to final- ize the thesis after the end of the DOBES-funded phase and for providing institutional support for the fieldtrip in 2011. Aitäh Kaur for the time spent on the project and for all the discussions then and now. Kaur Mägi’s hidden help is visible on almost every page as we must have discussed and compared almost every Forest Enets morpheme and clause type with Forest Nenets over the years. Further, two more individuals have to be mentioned as they have observed the growth and whose expertise contributed to the pre- liminary 2011 version of this monograph. Eberhard Winkler (Göttingen) who served as the German partner of the DOBES project showed vivid interest in the progress and our meetings have been a constant source of positive energy for which I am most grateful. On the other side of the globe, Farrell Ackerman has been a similar source of motiva- tion. I warmly remember our discussions at the 2007 LSA Summer Institute in Stanford and my stay in San Diego in early 2008 and most certainly our discussions on syntax, science, and politics both on campus and at home, or while traveling between both des- tinations. Chapters 2, 3, 11, and 12, in particular, are a direct outcome of this stay, as the first versions were presented at UCSD. Whereas revision of the text started in early 2012 in Tartu, this process continued and was finalized after my moving to Helsinki. Kiitoksia paljon to Janne Saarikivi who gave me the time to continue the revision during my participation in the MINOREUS project in the spring of 2012. The text was finalized in the summer of 2012 in the first month of my post-doc position at the Department of Finno-Ugrian Languages. 8 Florian Siegl: Materials on Forest Enets Finally, I would like to thank two institutions for their substantial support. First, I am grateful to Volkswagenstiftung for financing the DOBES Tartu-Göttingen “Docu- mentation of Enets and Forest Nenets” project, without whose support the whole enter- prise would not have been possible. Second, I am equally grateful to the Finno-Ugrian Society in Helsinki for inviting me to participate in the Manuscripta Castreniana project and for providing financial support for a pilot study on Castrén’s unpublished Tundra Enets grammar. Although a detailed study is in preparation, the initial comparison with Castrén’s data on Tundra Enets increased my understanding of the differences between both Enets varieties and assured me of the existence of two independent Enets lan- guages. Further I want to thank them for the financial support for consequent fieldwork in Dudinka in the summer of 2011 and for accepting this monograph in the MSFOu se- ries. Individually, I want to thank Paula Kokkonen, Anna Kurvinen, Niko Partanen and Alexandra Kellner for their work which transferred the manuscript into this monograph.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Introducing Phonology
    Introducing Phonology Designed for students with only a basic knowledge of linguistics, this leading textbook provides a clear and practical introduction to phonology, the study of sound patterns in language. It teaches in a step-by-step fashion the logical techniques of phonological analysis and the fundamental theories that underpin it. This thoroughly revised and updated edition teaches students how to analyze phonological data, how to think critically about data, how to formulate rules and hypotheses, and how to test them. New to this edition: • Improved examples, over 60 exercises, and 14 new problem sets from a wide variety of languages encourage students to practice their own analysis of phonological processes and patterns • A new and updated reference list of phonetic symbols and an updated transcription system, making data more accessible to students • Additional online material includes pedagogical suggestions and password-protected answer keys for instructors david odden is Professor Emeritus in Linguistics at Ohio State University. Cambridge Introductions to Language and Linguistics This new textbook series provides students and their teachers with accessible introductions to the major subjects encountered within the study of language and linguistics. Assuming no prior knowledge of the subject, each book is written and designed for ease of use in the classroom or seminar, and is ideal for adoption on a modular course as the core recommended textbook. Each book offers the ideal introductory material for each subject, presenting students with an overview of the main topics encountered in their course, and features a glossary of useful terms, chapter previews and summaries, suggestions for further reading, and helpful exercises.
    [Show full text]
  • As the Basic Concept of the Enets Language
    Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 4 (2018 11) 602-614 ~ ~ ~ УДК 397.4; 811.511.24 “Deer” as the Basic Concept of the Enets Language Ksenia V. Reznikova* Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia Received 06.03.2018, received in revised form 06.04.2018, accepted 10.04.2018 The article analyses the actual state of the Enets language that most likely risks to extinct in the context of globalization. The situation with the Enets language is one of the most disturbing not only because there are a little more than two hundred representatives of this ethnos left, where less than fifty people speak the Enets language, but also because the Enets language is a non-written language. This article considers ethno-social processes that are characteristic of Enets, analyses the prevalence of the Enets language provided by different sources in several time samples in the period from 1992 to 2017. The article also determines features of the Enets language and the role of the concept “deer” in the forest dialect of the Enets language; and it draws attention to the rights of the Enets in the language sphere that are guaranteed by the regional legislation. The study is summarized by several conclusions that predict the prompt disappearance of the Enets language and assume that without the restoration of reindeer breeding the revival of the Enets language is practically impossible. Keywords: the Enets, Enets language, non-written languages, deer. The reported study was funded by Krasnoyarsk Regional Fund of Science according to the research project: «Development of scientific and methodological support for the preservation of a unique cultural heritage for the Ket and Enets ethno-cultural groups of indigenous small peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East living on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
    [Show full text]
  • Enets Language in the Studies of Domestic and Foreign Scientists
    Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 4 (2018 11) 546-560 ~ ~ ~ УДК 304.2; 811.511.24 Enets Language in the Studies of Domestic and Foreign Scientists Maria A. Kolesnik, Natalia M. Libakova and Ekaterina A. Sertakova* Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia Received 06.03.2018, received in revised form 05.04.2018, accepted 09.04.2018 The article presents a historiographical review of foreign and domestic research literature devoted to the Enets language. The analysis of publications made it possible to identify general tendencies in the study of the Enets language, the indigenous minorities of the North, and also the vector of modern research. Modern cultural processes in the global space form and make an inexhaustible interest in the traditional cultures and, especially, in the cultures of small-numbered peoples urgent. The study of the languages of these ethnic groups appears as one of the tasks, the solution of which will allow revitalizing native languages, as well as the values of traditional culture as a whole. Keywords: The Enets, indigenous minorities of the North, traditional culture, language studies. The reported study was funded by Krasnoyarsk Regional Fund of Science according to the research project: «Development of scientific and methodological support for the preservation of a unique cultural heritage for the Ket and Enets ethno-cultural groups of indigenous small peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East living on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-0248. Research area: culturology. Introduction practices of speech behaviors are constantly Language determines the thinking of a appearing.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructing Proto-Ugric and Proto-Uralic Object Marking Katalin É
    Reconstructing Proto-Ugric and Proto-Uralic Object Marking Katalin É. Kiss ([email protected]) Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy and Pázmány P. University Abstract This paper demonstrates that syntactic changes in the feature specifications of functional heads can be traced back to undocumented stages of languages. It reconstructs the object–verb relation in Proto-Uralic – by means of the comparative method adapted to syntax. Present-day Uralic languages display differential object–verb agreement and/or differential accusative marking. In double-marking languages, the head licensing object–verb agreement may be different from that licensing accusative-marking. The licensing conditions of object marking are also different across languages. It is argued that the Uralic parent language had both object-verb agreement and accusative assignment licensed by a TP-external functional head with a [topic] feature. The [topic] feature of this head has been reanalyzed as [specific] in Udmurt, and as [definite] in Hungarian – via a natural extention of the content of the notion of topicality. In languages with generalized accusative assignment, i.e., in Hungarian and Tundra Nenets, the licensing of object agreement and accusative marking have been divorced; the latter has come to be associated with v. Keywords: differential object marking (DOM), object–verb agreement, accusative, syntactic reconstruction, comparative method 1. Introduction According to the Borer–Chomsky Conjecture (Borer 1984), the parametric values of grammars are expressed in the functional lexicon. Under this assumption, syntactic changes involve changes in the feature specifications of functional heads. It is an open question whether changes of this type, affecting features of morphologically real or abstract syntactic heads, can be traced back to undocumented stages of languages (cf.
    [Show full text]
  • URALIC MIGRATIONS: the LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE Václav
    URALIC MIGRATIONS: THE LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE Václav Blažek For the classification of Fenno-Ugric/Uralic languages the following scenarios have been proposed: (1) Mari, Mordvin and Fenno-Saamic as coordinate sub-branches (Setälä 1890) Saamic Fenno- -Saamic Balto-Fennic Fenno- -Volgaic Mordvin Fenno- Mari -Permic Udmurt Fenno-Ugric Permic Komi Hungarian Ugric Mansi. Xanty (2) Mordvin and Mari in a Volgaic group (Collinder 1960, 11; Hajdú 1985, 173; OFUJ 1974, 39) Saamic North, East, South Saami Baltic Finnic Finnish, Ingrian, Karelian, Olonets, Ludic, Fenno-Volgaic end of the 1st mill. BC Vepsian, Votic, Estonian, Livonian 1st mill BC Mordvin Fenno- -Permic Volgaic Mari mid 2nd mill. BC Udmurt Finno-Ugric Permic end of the 8th cent. AD Komi 3rd mill. BC Hungarian Uralic Ugric 4th mill. BC mid 2st mill. BC Mansi, Xanty North Nenets, Enets, Nganasan Samoyedic end of the 1st mill. BC South Selkup; Kamasin (3) A model of a series of sequential separations by Viitso (1996, 261-66): Mordvin and Mari represent different separations from the mainstream, formed by Ugric. Fenno-Saamic Finno- Mordvin -Ugric Mari Uralic Permic Ugric (‘Core’) Samoyedic (4) The first application of a so-called ‘recalibrated’ glottochronology to Uralic languages was realized by the team of S. Starostin in 2004. -3500 -3000 -2500 -2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 +500 +1000 +1500 +2000 Selkup Mator Samojedic -720 -210 Kamasin -550 Nganasan -340 Enets +130 Nenets Uralic Khanty -3430 Ugric Ob- +130 Mansi -1340 -Ugric Hungarian Komi Fenno-Ugric Permic +570 Udmurt -2180 Volgaic -1370 Mari -1880 Mordva -1730 Balto-Fennic Veps +220 Estonian +670 Finnish -1300 Saamic Note: G.
    [Show full text]
  • Conference Programme List of Participants
    International Conference Preservation of Languages and Development of Linguistic Diversity in Cyberspace: Context, Policies, Practices in the framework of the UNESCO’s Information for All Programme Conference Programme List of Participants Yakutsk, Russian Federation 30 June – 5 July 2019 ORGANIZERS Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Russian Committee of the UNESCO Information for All Programme Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University Interregional Library Cooperation Centre UNESCO Chair on Language Policies for Multilingualism ORGANIZATIONAL AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT Government of the Russian Federation Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO Federal Agency for Ethnic Affairs of the Russian Federation Federal Agency for Print and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation Intergovernmental Foundation for Educational, Scientific and Cultural Cooperation of the CIS (IFESCCO) UNESCO / UNESCO Information for All Programme INFORMATION SUPPORT Sovremennaya Biblioteka (Modern Library) Magazine Universitetskaya Kniga (University Book) Magazine Saha National Broadcasting Company Sakha State TV and Radio Broadcasting Company Ilken Newspaper Kyym Newspaper Sakha Sire Newspaper Yakutia Newspaper Yakutian-Sakha Information Agency Press-service of the Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University www.ifapcom.ru www.mcbs.ru Working languages – Russian and English (simultaneous interpretation) Draft programme and list of participants are presented as of 20 June 2019 and might undergo
    [Show full text]
  • Reference Grammar & Lexicon (Incomplete)
    Bwangxùd Reference Grammar and Lexicon Andrew Ray Revised: July 6, 2018 Contents 1 Foreword ...................................................... 3 2 Overview ...................................................... 4 2.1 Dialects....................................................... 4 3 Phonology ...................................................... 5 3.1 Inventory...................................................... 5 3.2 Tones and sandhi ................................................. 5 3.3 Morphosyntax................................................... 6 3.4 Phonological processes.............................................. 6 3.5 Vowel allophony.................................................. 7 3.6 Consonant allophony............................................... 7 3.7 Dialectal variations in phonology ........................................ 8 3.7.1 Western coastal dialect............................................. 8 3.7.2 Northern interior dialect............................................ 8 3.7.3 Southern coastal dialect............................................. 8 3.7.4 Southern interior dialect............................................ 8 4 Simple morphology and syntax ......................................... 9 4.1 Word classes.................................................... 9 4.2 Word order..................................................... 9 4.3 Deniteness and surprise............................................. 9 4.4 Noun roles..................................................... 10 4.5 Proximity.....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Finland's Context and Configuration
    CHAPTER 2 The Backdrop for Success: Finland’s Context and Configuration 1 Introduction Finland’s context plays a strong role in its outcomes in PISA. Following Phillips and Schweisfurth (2006) and Halls’ (1970) approaches to comparative educa- tion, this chapter explores Finland’s historical and social context in order to better understand the country’s educational achievements. An education sys- tem, as a “living thing,” according to Sadler (in Higginson, 1979, p. 49), merits investigation within its context. The Finns need and deserve more than a brief description to explain and clarify their unique qualities. The question, “Who are the Finns?” necessitates a long answer: But where does Finland belong? Is it a Baltic state, like Estonia? Is it part of Scandinavia, like Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, with which it is linked and with which it has such close ties? Is it really a part of Russia? Or is it something different from all these? A great part of Finnish history has been devoted to trying to solve this problem. (Bacon, 1970, p. 16) This chapter strives to clarify the Finnish context, and therefore how this even- tually influenced high PISA outcomes in all administrations of the survey. It also explains the Finnish education system after exploration of “things out- side the school system” (Sadler, in Higginson, 1979, p. 49). This approach will enlighten the context in which the education system lies. 2 History of Finland to Independence The Finnish people kept to themselves throughout their early history. “Due partly to the size of the country and their own small numbers, the Finns have striven throughout their history to live their own lives, avoid assimilation with their neighbours and remain aside from the quarrels of the rest of the world” (Juva, 1968, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Title Verbal Aspects and Verbal Classifier Structures in Hui Chinese
    Title Verbal aspects and verbal classifier structures in Hui Chinese Author(s) Liu, Boyang Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino- Citation Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (2018) Issue Date 2018-09 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/235293 Right Type Conference Paper Textversion author Kyoto University Verbal Aspects and Verbal Classifier Structures in Hui Chinese LIU Boyang (EHESS-CRLAO) CONTENT • PART I: Research Purpose • PART II: The definition and classification of VCLs in Sinitic languages – 1. An introduction to Hui Chinese – 2. Previous work on VCLs in Mandarin – 3. A provisional definition and classification of VCLs in Sinitic languages – 4. Lexical aspects indicated by the verb phrase [VERB-VCLP] in Sinitic languages – 5. Relationships between grammatical aspects and the verb phrase [VERB-VCLP- OBJECT] • PART III: Grammatical aspects indicated by special auto-verbal classifier (Auto-VCL) structures in Hui Chinese – 6. The perfective aspect – 7. The imperfective aspect • PART IV: Conclusion PART I: RESEARCH PURPOSE Research Purpose: • Verbal classifiers (VCLs) have been much less studied from a typological perspective than the category of nominal classifiers (NCLs), and even less in the non-Mandarin branches of Sinitic languages, such as the Hui dialects; • In this study, I will introduce relationships between lexical aspects, grammatical aspects and verbal classifier phrases (VCLPs) in Hui Chinese, analyzing the similarities and differences with Standard Mandarin. • Verbal classifier structures in the Hui dialects display a transitional feature compared with Xiang, Gan and Wu, taking auto-verbal classifier (Auto-VCL) structures as examples (auto-VCLs derive from verb reduplicants in the verb phrase [VERB- (‘one’)-VERB]): – Auto-VCLs in the verb phrase [VERB-AUTO VCL] can code the perfective or imperfective aspect in different types of complex sentences in Hui Chinese; – More variety of auto-VCL structures is found in Hui Chinese compared with Xiang and Gan dialects.
    [Show full text]
  • A Reappraisal of M. Alexander Castrén's Forest Nenets Records
    Rentota Relata Studia Orient¡¡lia 97, Helsinki 2003, pp. 263-271 A Reappraisal of M. Alexander Castrén's Forest Nenets Records Tapani Salminen Among the first of the many highlights of M. Alexander Castrén's great Siberian expedition (1845-1849) was his scientific discovery of the Forest Nenets people and language in the surnmer of 1845. It turned out to have significant consequences for Castrén's thinking of comparative linguistics and Siberian ethnohistory, and his records of the language continue to be of utmost importance to Samoyedological studies. More exactly, Castrén's material shows the existence of two distinct varieties of Forest Nenets, and the bulk of this article is devoted to determining the nature of their differences and their background. The progress of Castrén's expedition is accounted in detail in Castrén (1856), and his encounters with the Forest Nenets are dcscribed in the section titled <<Reise von Samarowa nach Surgub>, which includes a travel account (pp. 62-88) as well as two letters, one to Castrén's supervisor, Councillor of State A. J. Sjögren (pp. 88-90), and the other to his friend, Assessor F. J. Rabbe (pp. 90-92). In the summer of 1845, Castrén was mainly engaged in Khanty studies, but he was even more intrigued about the possibility of contacting Forest Nenets people, known at the time as Kondinsk or Kazym Samoyeds, who he had heard about on his first expedition. He finally succeeded in meeting and, albeit briefly, working with a few Forest Nenets after he had left Samarova at the beginning of July and, for a month, travelled along the waterways of the Ob to various directions between Samarova and Silyarskoy.
    [Show full text]
  • [.35 **Natural Language Processing Class Here Computational Linguistics See Manual at 006.35 Vs
    006 006 006 DeweyiDecimaliClassification006 006 [.35 **Natural language processing Class here computational linguistics See Manual at 006.35 vs. 410.285 *Use notation 019 from Table 1 as modified at 004.019 400 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 400 400 DeweyiDecimali400Classification Language 400 [400 [400 *‡Language Class here interdisciplinary works on language and literature For literature, see 800; for rhetoric, see 808. For the language of a specific discipline or subject, see the discipline or subject, plus notation 014 from Table 1, e.g., language of science 501.4 (Option A: To give local emphasis or a shorter number to a specific language, class in 410, where full instructions appear (Option B: To give local emphasis or a shorter number to a specific language, place before 420 through use of a letter or other symbol. Full instructions appear under 420–490) 400 DeweyiDecimali400Classification Language 400 SUMMARY [401–409 Standard subdivisions and bilingualism [410 Linguistics [420 English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) [430 German and related languages [440 French and related Romance languages [450 Italian, Dalmatian, Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican [460 Spanish, Portuguese, Galician [470 Latin and related Italic languages [480 Classical Greek and related Hellenic languages [490 Other languages 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [401 *‡Philosophy and theory See Manual at 401 vs. 121.68, 149.94, 410.1 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.3 *‡International languages Class here universal languages; general
    [Show full text]
  • Shǐxīng, a Sino-Tibetan Language
    Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area Volume 32.1 — April 2009 , A SINO-TIBETAN LANGUAGE OF SOUTH-WEST CHINA: SHǏXĪNG ∗ A GRAMMATICAL SKETCH WITH TWO APPENDED TEXTS Katia Chirkova Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur l’Asie Orientale, CNRS Abstract: This article is a brief grammatical sketch of Shǐxīng, accompanied by two analyzed and annotated texts. Shǐxīng is a little studied Sino-Tibetan language of South-West China, currently classified as belonging to the Qiangic subgroup of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Based on newly collected data, this grammatical sketch is deemed as an enlarged and elaborated version of Huáng & Rénzēng’s (1991) outline of Shǐxīng, with an aim to put forward a new description of Shǐxīng in a language that makes it accessible also to a non-Chinese speaking audience. Keywords: Shǐxīng; Qiangic; Mùlǐ 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Location, name, people The Shǐxīng 史兴语 language is spoken by approximately 1,800 people who reside along the banks of the Shuǐluò 水洛 river in Shuǐluò Township of Mùlǐ Tibetan Autonomous County (WT smi li rang skyong rdzong). This county is part of Liángshān Yí Autonomous Prefecture in Sìchuān Province in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Shuǐluò Township, where the Shǐxīng language is spoken, is situated in the western part of Mùlǐ (WT, variously, smi li, rmi li, mu li or mu le). Mùlǐ is a mountainous and forested region of 13,246.38 m2 at an average altitude of 3,000 meters above sea level. Before the establishment of the PRC in 1949, Mùlǐ was a semi-independent theocratic kingdom, ruled by hereditary lama kings.
    [Show full text]