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Nichola Smalley Ucl CONTEMPORARY URBAN VERNACULARS IN RAP, LITERATURE AND IN TRANSLATION IN SWEDEN AND THE UK NICHOLA SMALLEY UCL PHD 1 2 Declaration I, Nichola Smalley confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signature: ____________________________________________________________ 3 4 Abstract This thesis explores the use of contemporary urban vernaculars in creative writing in Sweden and the UK. Contemporary urban vernaculars can be defined as varieties of informal speech that have emerged in urban areas with high ethnic and linguistic diversity, and have come to index social affiliation and identity. The thesis examines the form these varieties take when represented in selected examples of creative writing including rap lyrics, poetry, prose, drama, and translation. It also looks at the way such varieties progress from one form to another, arguing that there is a translation effect in operation as spoken language is codified through oral and written forms both within, and between, languages. In order to do all this, the study progresses through a number of steps. First it describes the linguistic phenomena in question; identifying potential equivalences between occurrences of these phenomena in Swedish and English. It then investigates the ways these forms of spoken language have found their way into rap, and then literature, as well as exploring the connections and disparities between these creative verbal forms, both in terms of their formal qualities and their social ones. The main literary corpus consists of a small number of works in Swedish published from 2001 to 2008, including a play, poems, short stories and novels. In addition to this corpus, the thesis discusses UK novels from 2003 and 2011, and a range of lyrics by rappers in Sweden and the UK, spanning a period from the early 1990s to 2014. Subsequently, it looks at the way translators working between Swedish and English have dealt with contemporary urban vernaculars in some of these texts, as well as discussing translators’ treatment of ‘non-standard’ language more generally. The thesis concludes by reflecting on the social implications of representing and codifying contemporary urban vernaculars in the ways described. 5 6 Contemporary urban vernaculars in rap, literature and in translation in Sweden and the UK ............................................................... 1 Declaration ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 5 List of Tables and Figures .......................................................................................................... 13 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 15 Part I: Emerging Language Practices in Sweden and the UK .......................................... 33 Chapter 1 Describing and Naming a New Linguistic Phenomenon.................................... 35 Section 1.1 Naming Language ............................................................................................... 35 Section 1.1.1 Language contact and creolisation............................................................ 37 Section 1.1.2 Borrowing, code-switching and crossing ................................................. 39 Section 1.1.3 Varieties, lects, and feature pools ............................................................. 41 Section 1.1.4 Speech community and communities of practice .................................. 46 Section 1.1.5 Language and indexicality .......................................................................... 48 Section 1.1.6 Register, style and stylisation ..................................................................... 48 Section 1.1.7 Language in ‘super-diverse’ societies ........................................................ 49 Section 1.1.8 Repertoire as linguistic concept ................................................................ 50 Section 1.1.9 Contemporary Urban Vernaculars ........................................................... 51 Section 1.2 Other issues with contemporary urban vernaculars ...................................... 52 Section 1.2.1 Gender .......................................................................................................... 52 Section 1.2.2 Labov and the need to describe non-standard language ....................... 54 Section 1.2.3 Youth varieties? ........................................................................................... 55 Section 1.2.4 Spoken vs. written / standard vs. non-standard..................................... 56 Section 1.2.5 Contemporary urban vernaculars and stigmatisation ............................ 57 Section 1.3 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 59 7 Chapter 2 Contemporary Urban Vernaculars and their Emergence in Sweden and the UK ................................................................................................................................................. 61 Section 2.1 Contemporary Urban Vernaculars in Sweden ............................................... 62 Section 2.1.1 Kotsinas: creolisation and rinkebysvenska ................................................. 62 Section 2.1.2 Debating rinkebysvenska, miljonsvenska, and blattesvenska .......................... 68 Section 2.1.3 Recent studies .............................................................................................. 74 Section 2.2 Contemporary Urban Vernaculars in the UK ................................................ 77 Section 2.2.1 Hewitt and Sebba – Friendship groups and identities .......................... 78 Section 2.2.2 Crossing ........................................................................................................ 79 Section 2.2.3 Multicultural London English ................................................................... 82 Section 2.2.4 Press/public reactions ................................................................................ 84 Section 2.3 UK/Sweden comparison .................................................................................. 85 Section 2.3.1 Differences in terminology ........................................................................ 85 Section 2.3.2 Welcome to the suburbs? - Suburban and inner-city peripheries................ 86 Section 2.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 87 Part II: Writing Contemporary Urban Vernaculars in Sweden and the UK .................. 89 Chapter 3 ‘MANS IS ON STAGE’: Rappers, Rapping and Contemporary Urban Vernaculars ................................................................................................................................... 91 Section 3.1 “Slang Like This” – Rap as musical and verbal form ................................... 91 Section 3.1.1 Rap, rappers and local scenes ................................................................... 92 Section 3.1.2 Rap lyrics vs spoken language ................................................................... 95 Section 3.2 “All this talk about repping your endz” – Rap, language and localised identity ...................................................................................................................................... 99 Section 3.2.1 Rap’s obsession with ‘keeping it real’ ...................................................... 99 Section 3.2.2 Rap and the performance of identity ..................................................... 103 Section 3.2.3 Creating and negating belonging ............................................................ 105 8 Section 3.2.4 “Everyone thinks to MC good, your lyrics must be about living in the hood” – Challenging authenticity through form ......................................................... 108 Section 3.3 “Vi representerar förortens röst med stil” – Rappers as linguistic disseminators – inside and outside of lyrics ..................................................................... 110 Section 3.3.1 “Den rätta tonen från betonggenerationen” – Rappers as members and representatives of CUV communities of practice ............................................... 110 Section 3.3.2 Guss/Guzz ............................................................................................... 112 Section 3.3.3 Man ............................................................................................................ 113 Section 3.4 “Det var ju hon som fick mig att upptäcka mitt eget språk”: Rap’s relationship with the margins and the mainstream ......................................................... 115 Section 3.4.1 “I’m not average or decent, and it’s hard to write lyrics like these” – Rap and subcultural capital ............................................................................................ 116 Section 3.5 “Forward slash slash dot JME, Mash up the whole HTTP” – Conclusion and areas for further research ............................................................................................. 119 Chapter 4 CUVs in Literature ................................................................................................
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