The Influence of the Abkhaz Diaspora on the Turkish

CEU eTD Collection

THE INFLUENCE OF THE ABKHAZ DIASPORA ON THE THE ON DIASPORA ABKHAZ THE OF THE INFLUENCE In partialIn fulfillment ofthe requirements fo TURKISH POLICY FORMATION ONABKHAZIA FORMATION POLICY TURKISH Department ofInternational Relations and European Studies Supervisor: Bernardo Fazendeiro Teles Central European University Word count: Budapest, Hungary Anshba Submitted to 2015 By

Rustam

15603

r the degree Masterof Arts of

CEU eTD Collection actors. other any or Georgia from follow might that objection possible any against Abkhazia i legitimation and implementation policy Turkey’s the for element vital a be to not does policy, a such However, continues diaspora asthe diaspora, oftheAbkhaz undermine importance overall the last. the of interests and position the harm policy, state’s the to interests diaspora Abkhaz the of adjustment slow Ankara’s in seen be can This politics. those pursuing in interests state host the to limited is goals political achieving in diaspora any almost of influence the politics, the in engagement decision and influence diaspora the of levels various those examine sub three into period examined diaspora the exercise of the division influence of of levels period various the were out there thought interaction, one, Government linear a from far is influence this time, same the At Ankara. on pressure put and influence exercise does diaspora an Abkhazia towards process formation policy Turkey’s

The findings of the research show that in the current state of in of state current the in that show research the of findings The on diaspora Abkhaz the of influence the examines and observes thesis This - making process.

Abstract ii

- periods allowed to crystalize and and crystalize to allowed periods rvas ht h Abkhaz the that reveals d n re nt to not order in ternational . The d. n - CEU eTD Collection of my initiatives. any supported always have and me for inspiration true a been always have who friends, co course department IRES all apologizefor you” and “thankbig a say to like would I Writing also And advice. and patience Academic the all for Toth Zsuzsanna my Instructor to you” “thank say to like would I experience. unforgettable professor the all thank to like also would I Turkey. in interviews and meetings necessary the and all organizing help in support their for Asabua Alyas and Gitsba Inar thank to like also would I possible. and patience his for Fazendeiro Teles Thank youThank al Bernardo Professor to gratitude deepest my extend to like would I all, of First

- coordinators. Finally, I would like to thank my family and and family my thank to like would I Finally, coordinators. Acknowledgment s of the IRES Department, who made this year an an year this made who Department, IRES the of s

the missed deadlines and last minute concerns to all concernsto minute last anddeadlines missed the guidance, without his help this thesis would not be not would thesis this help his without guidance, iii

CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusion Chapter theDiaspora Interestsor 3.The of Turkey? Chapter diasporaTurkey 2.Abkhaz in PoliticsChapter 1.Diaspora Introduction Acknowledgment Abstract ofContents Table 3.2 Abkhaz Diasporaand Regional3.2 Abkhaz Ankara’s Ambitions 3.1 Turkey:Regional Power? Period: Third 2.3 The TheRealiti New Diaspora Methods Period: Second 2.2 The TurkishLeadership New theOldThe and First2.1 The DemandsPeriod: Political Diaspora Decisions 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1

Case Study SelectionCase Study TheoreticalMain Concepts Concept Definitions Theoretical Conceptual Framework and a Diasporain Abkhaz Historical Perspective

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CEU eTD Collection Lecture Werthheim 1 pr respective other act lobbying, got some while way, unique own its in reacted group diaspora Each homeland. the in conflicts the in diasporas of involvement the boosted links transportation as well as spread s information of means cheap of and Easy homelands. sense their and identity’s diaspora the reinforced that nationalism “long in growing the is together scholars the all brings that aspect one However, diaspora. of term the of definition the diversity this and another, one from different spread diasporas of number significant very a is there today where situation a created history past This else. fo and relocated be would nations entire occasions, many On f were others while voluntary,

B. Anderson. B. ocess of “deterritorization”. “deterritorization”. of ocess - distance nationalists” distance h dsouin f omr federalist former of dissolution The and willingly moved some phenomenon, old very a is people of movement The homeland. These “new” types of wars and conflicts have been described as a as described been have conflicts and wars of types “new” These homeland.

“ Long . Amster . s

to a number of bloody civil and ethnic wars ethnic and civil bloody of number a to - rvdd cnmc n mltr spot t te edrhp n the in leadership the to supports military and economic provided Distance Nationalism: World Capitalism and the Rise of Identity Politics ofIdentity Rise the and Capitalism World Nationalism: Distance

all over the globe. Every diaspora community is very unique and and unique very is community diaspora Every globe. the over all

dam: Centre for Asian Studies. 1992. 1992. Asianfor Studies. Centre dam: lec ad novmn o what of involvement and fluence 1

in the developments

orced to leave their homeland and homeland their leave to orced h poes f “deterritoriza of process The Introduction 1

flamed a flamed

tts n uoe n the and Europe in states

taking homeland.erstwhile place inthe

debate in the academic circles on on circles academic the in debate olidarity with their original original their with olidarity

vl eggd n political in engaged ively . These conflicts and wars and conflicts These . eeit Anderson’s Benedict cd o ete somewhere settle to rced tion”

settle in settle tde te role the studies

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CEU eTD Collection 7 Sea Black OfThe U 6 http://abkhazworld.com/aw/abkhazia 5 4 N V.8, 2014.; incompared”, the UK diasporas Palestinian and Albaninan pursuesovereignty diasporas UK”, the US and in the Independence 3 diaspora, 2 language. the and culture well very though even varying people thousand countries, Eastern Middle USA. the and Europe Western the in spread are them of most Abkhazia, of territory the A on research for area possible soon very will that Georgia with conflict unresolved still the about usually is it Abkhazia, on publication to addressed been has attention little publications. and researches multiple in studies case as targeted been new relatively Ar and Jewish the as such influential, and big are homelands. influence

Interview with Dr. Ozden Oktav. Oktav. Ozden with Dr. Interview E. ofAbkhazia. Republic The V.A.Chirikba. See. J. niversity, November 2008. p.80.; Gültekin p.80.; 2008. November niversity, Demmers. “Nationalism from without”, in from “Nationalism Demmers. Ozgur. “The North Caucasus and Abkhazian Diasporas; Their Lobbying Activities in Turkey”. Malmo Turkey”. in LobbyingActivities Their Diasporas; Abkhazian and Caucasus North Ozgur.“The M. o J.J. .3. 2006. .3.2006. As noted above all the diasporas are very much different from different much very are diasporas the all above noted As

Koinova. “Four Types of Diaspora Mobilization: Albanian Diaspora Activism for Kosovo Kosovo for Activism AlbanianDiaspora Mobilization: ofDiaspora Types “Four Koinova. from 500 thousand up to a million. a to up thousand 500 from p.11. Mehendale, 2005. S. ed.Atabaki, T., Mearsheimer, S.M Mearsheimer,

and involvement of diaspora groups in the conflicts and wars in their original their in wars and conflicts the in groups diaspora of involvement and 2

“Abkhaz”, “Abkhaz”,

”, ”, – reach

5 TEPAV Albanian and Chechen for example, at the same time all of all time same the at example, for Chechen and Albanian wie Turkey while ,

its twenty its

- , Languages of the World the of Languages integrated into the Turkish soc Turkish the into integrated Decemeber 2009. p.11. 2009. Decemeber - Abkhaz . based claimsstate through based

Walt. 7

T he majority of the diaspora still speaks the Abkhaz language Abkhaz the speaks still diaspora the of majority he Yildiz Technical University YildizTechnical

4 “The Israel Lobby and the U.S. Foreign Policy”, Policy”, Foreign U.S. the and Lobby Israel “The

world website world

- The present day population of Abkhazia is just above 250 above just is Abkhazia of population daypresent The bkhazia. bkhazia. Foreign Policy Analysis 1 Policy Foreign fifth anniversary. fifth

oss h lret bhz diaspora, Abkhaz largest the houses -

Punsmann, B. B. Punsmann, the Central Asia and t and Asia Central

Today, there are more Abkhaz living outside of outside living Abkhaz more are there Today, issue o issue . Retrieved: 15.05.2 Retrieved: . /Materials 119. Muenchen: Lincom Europa, 2003. LincomEuropa, Muenchen: 119. /Materials

2 6

Moreover, the Abkhaz diaspora in Turkey, in diaspora Abkhaz the Moreover, - based or transnational channels? Armenian, transnational channels? or based f European Journal of International Relations, Relations, International Journal of European Abkhazia For The Integration The For Abkhazia the Abkhaz diaspora. In case In diaspora. Abkhaz the The mentioned conflict is is conflict mentioned The , Istanbul, Turkey. April 2015. April 2015. Istanbul, Turkey. , menia - he Caucasus. Transnationalism and and Transnationalism Caucasus. he 21, 21, iety, still managed still iety, 2012.; “ 2012.; 015. Link: 015. n, while others are small and and small are others while n, Why do conflict Whydo one another: one Middle East Policy, Policy, East Middle ih h number the with 3

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CEU eTD Collection 13 kemal/t Zaman, 12 p.426. 2006. 11 Quaterly. 10 Caucasus”. Cherkess is Circassians for synonym 9 7tylRbGZq825pYr! http://ww Link: 15.02.2015. Retrieved 8 close independence Abkhaz of recognition official the for pushing and lobbying actively been have groups affecting group vocal and influential diaspo Turkey. in lobby” “Circassian a as referred collectively even been has and well and influential very been always has diaspora of one people. million five as high as numbers the with Turkey, within living groups ethnic largest the of one be to considered fr resettlement Diaspora (Cerkess) Circassian or Caucasus North greater a of part a be to considered is and connected well very is Turkey in diaspora Abkhaz million province). (Sakarya Adapazari and Istanbul between cities and communities rural the in lives and

See. See. 2014. System, Registration Population AddressBased Results of The

O. O. L. Celikpala. M. O. Gafarli, Kem Gafarli - G trade partner with Tbilisi, member Tbilisi, and ofNATO candidate state, antrade partnerwith EU urkeys a wt te upr o te icsin D Circassian the of support the with ra, . August 12, 2008. Retrieved 15.05.2014. Link: 15.05.2014. Retrieved 2008. August 12,

However, what is even one million of people in a population of of population a in people of million one even is what However, Hewitt. “Abkhazia, Georgia and the Circassians”, the and Circassians”, Georgia “Abkhazia, Hewitt. w.tuik.gov.tr/jsp/hata/body/hata.jsp;jsessionid=pnWhJqQh8TMmkfHSkjbMlJhJ6hr51Q3qVylZT h ms efcie n atv Nrh acss isoa i te world. the in diasporas Caucasus North active and effective most the al. al. in 2014. p. p. 176. 2014.

“Turkey’s strong Circassian lobby to limit Ankara’s policies on Georgia war”. Georgia on Ankara’spolicies limit to lobby Circassian strong “Turkey’s p. 178. p. “ uky to Turkey - The Role of North Caucasus Diaspora Groups in Turkey Groups Diaspora Caucasus ofNorth Role The strong , which Ankara has not done yet. At the same time, time, same the At yet. done not has Ankara which , “Influence of the North Caucasus Diaspora in Diaspora Caucasus North the “Influenceof m hi acet oead n h Cuau. h Crasa Dapr is Diaspora Circassian The Caucasus. the in homeland ancient their om -

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Indeed, this is a rather insignificant number, however, the the however, number, insignificant rather a is this Indeed,

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Celikpala describes the Circassian Diaspora in Turkey asTurkey in Diaspora Circassian the describes Celikpala to in

- Turkey the term “Cherkess” has the wider sense of “North of“North widersense has the “Cherkess” term the Turkey limit

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apr, aae t fr a form to managed iaspora, Turkey”, Turkey”, - on - georgia 9

that shared the similar faith of faith similar the shared that - Turkish Statistical Institute Statistical Turkish Russia Relations Russia Middle Eastern Studies. Studies. Eastern Middle - war_149977.html

Turkey process July 2010. “A common July2010. ” . 12

, being a very very a being , . Turkish Policy Policy Turkish lot eighty almost 13

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This her her CEU eTD Collection 16 http://abkhazworld.com/aw/current 15 14 Sukhum Currently Federation. Russian Caucasus the and Sea Black the of region the in actor active other the consider Europe in partners international its with relations Turkey’s mind in keep to important is it matter, that For steps. political certain of losses and benefits possible the calculate to as well as issue, the on community mi in keep to has one position, state official the on Turkey? in diaspora the is influential and vocal how Turkey international matter. actors onthis described even Anka This documents. travel as passports Abkhaz recognize to proposed Parliamentarians Turkish of group a 2014 in example, for occasions, political multiple on Abkhazia support openly h Russia with “lifeline” a considered was Turkey with trade blockade, economic of years the During economy. Abkhaz into businessmen Turkish in Georgian War Abkhaz the of end the after Abkhazia of blockade political and economic favored

“Turkish MP Offers To Recognise Abkhazian Passports” AbkhazWorld. Retri AbkhazWorld. Passports” Abkhazian Recognise OffersTo “TurkishMP 22.04.2015. Istanbul. representatives. ofdiaspora withgroup a Interview Only official Abkhaz na Abkhaz official Only

The hypothesis of this study is to is study this of hypothesis The towards Abkhazia is anyhow linked with the Abkhaz diaspora. Abkhaz the with linked anyhow is Abkhazia towards 16 ra mroe Rsi to a officia an took Russia moreover , ’s ave been completely sealed. Even today, a number of Turkish politicians politicians Turkish of number a today, Even sealed. completely been ave

policy of keeping a “blind eye” on the issues related to Abkhazia Abkhazia to related issues the on eye” “blind a keeping of policy

1993, s “nqe oe r oiin, osdrn te oiin f other of position the considering position”, or role “unique a as

mes are used in this research, such as suchas usedin research, this mesare and

has kept a “blind eye” on the direct trade and investment of investment and trade direct the on eye” “blind a kept has - affairs/1238 Moscow is main strategic and political partner of of partner political and strategic main is Moscow

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14 - mp pltcl tp by step political l , as all the other links, including that one that including links, other the all as , - offers Talking about the diaspora influence influence diaspora the about Talking nd the position of the international international the of position the nd Sukhum, the Republic of Abkhazia. of Republic the Sukhum, - to - recognise - cal

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CEU eTD Collection 2006. N.3. 19 with ofthe Republi 18 http://archive.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2008/08/26/1543_type82912_205752.shtml 17 thediaspora tobe moremobilizes activities coordinated and organized. campaign military more becomes diaspora the that is work this of finding i which process, formation exercised diaspora Abkhaz lobby o recognition official so the it though even diaspora, Abkhaz the of case the Taking position. and commitment international its by limited rather is state a in group any of influence in done deci related policy foreign any that fact the to policy Turkey’s study. aspect these powers both the on based cooperation”, “multidimensional differences political deep the overcome to 2008. August in independence

J.J. Mearsheimer, S.M. Walt. Walt. S.M. Mearsheimer, J.J. Affairs Foreign of websitethe Ministry of The Federation”. Russian With Relations Political “Turkey´s the Presid website officialof The - russian

called “policy capture “policy called eti plce fvrbe n bnfca fr Abkhazia. for beneficial and favorable policies certain h findings The a

- full isolation from other polici other from isolation full federation.en.mfa c of Turkey. Retrieved: 20.05.2015. Link: 20.05.2015. Retrieved: ofTurkey. c s

in the Greater Black Sea region. Sea Black Greater the in nlecn Tre’ decision Turkey’s influencing - making making

launch show f Abkhazia’s independence, it it independence, Abkhazia’s f

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“The Israel Lobby and the U.S. Foreign Policy”, Middle East Policy, V.8, V.8, Policy, East Middle Foreign Policy”, U.S. the and Lobby Israel “The

ed ht h Aka dias Abkhaz the that shown s div ”

ent of the Russian Federation. Retrieved 28.02.2015. Link: 28.02.2015. Retrieved Federation. Russian entthe of 19

17 gis te homeland. the against

re n vros level various and erse of Ankara’s decision making, which would have been have would which making, decision Ankara’s of

Since the early 2000s Turkey and Russia have managed have Russia and Turkey 2000s early the Since when it comes to the issue of Abkhazia. However, due due However, Abkhazia. of issue the to comes it when

n h slce tm pros of periods time selected the in es of that state, one has to understand that the the that understand to has one state, that of es and difficulties, and adopted a new a adopted and difficulties, and 5 -

aig rcs wl b mi ga of goal main be will process making 18 http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s sion or a step taken by a state cannot be be cannot state a by taken step a or sion

uul cetne n cohabitation and acceptance mutual oa a ad xrie is nlec on influence its exercises and has pora Placing the diaspora influence in all of all in influence diaspora the Placing still s

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CEU eTD Collection the first international ofthe recognition Abkhaz independence. change th on formation di the observe to chance a gives structure a Such day. present to 2008 from third the and 2008, threesub into disintegration study the of period time The Turkish society,relationsas its withother diasporas, well as mainly Circassian the one. observe will Turkey. diaspora. b can that framework conceptual w Chechencases.This and Armenian,Albanian the Jewish, as such studies, w it diaspora, Abkhaz the of influence as concepts be will introduction work this of development further the for beneficial historical brief a diaspora, Abkhaz the of discussion scholarly order. following pltcl n eooi blockade economic and political e fference in the diaspora’s involvement and influence in the Ankara’s policy policy Ankara’s the in influence and involvement diaspora’s the in fference

The second chapter will address the selected case study of the Abkhaz diaspora in in diaspora Abkhaz the of study case selected the address will chapter second The to order In in leadership both in Turkey and Russia; and the final one is directly linked with linked directly is one final the and Russia; and Turkey in both leadership in

In order to study and examine the influence of the Abkhaz d Abkhaz the of influence the examine and study to order In

isoa n te “deterritor the and diaspora the issue of issue the the the -

period of studied issue. First period covers the years of Georgian years of the covers period First issue. studied h frt chap first The h oitUinadu o rsn dy oee,ti period this However, day. present to up and Union Soviet the ul examine fully s: the first one from 1992 to early 2000s; second form early 2000s to 2000s early form second early2000s; to 1992 from one first the s:

the diaspora’s institutional structure and its position within the within position its and structure institutional diaspora’s the e wl fcs o focus will ter

apid o h slce cs suy f h Abkhaz the of study case selected the to applied e is l o tee sus te current the issues, these of all

iie t te er ad vns olwn the following events and years the to limited ht olwd te eod n i lne wt the with linked is one second the followed; that ill

ization be helpful to apply the examples of other case other of examples the apply to helpful be 6

” te following: the n . In order to observe the role and the the and role the observe to order In . . The also includes also The .

Due to a rather scarce scarce rather a to Due

work iaspora, the author author the iaspora, definition - Abkhaz war and war Abkhaz develop ill

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CEU eTD Collection can alsopractical and have policy application recommendations thefuture. in original the of interests the lobbying and promoting in remainsstill a vital element of particularpolicy justificationand legitimation. diaspora the that conclude to chance a focus es on on es at aimedco This study is foreign Turkish of overview an provides chapter concluding The Turkey ’s

bilateral rel bilateral ntributing to the existing literature on the role of diaspora diaspora roleliterature of the existing on ntributing tothe ations

with Russia and Georgia. Such an overview gives overview an Such Georgia. and Russia with does play a role a play does 7

, it might be rather limited, but it but limited, rather be might it , homeland in their host their in homeland

- nations, it nations, relations;

CEU eTD Collection 21 Empire. 20 diaspora and homeland. theoriginal con existing few very the ceased Union Soviet the of creation the and century 19th the of period the in Istanbul and Moscow between clashes constant and opposition continuing The Empire. Ottoman ha a than more Muslims, “ the of result a As Abkhazia. of map demographic the in shifts dramatic to led which Empire, Russian the of part a became the of territory The Islam. into converted been had elite, the especially them, of most Caucasus, the of population p territory, the of control gained Empire Russian the wars, of series a After region. the in Empire Ottoman the of position the challenged and corridor sea southern the of control period a for Empire Ottoman the of control the under fell area this century 16th the of middle the In times. ancient the from starting powers major of influences the between frontline a been tra to gateway a Asia, and Europe between bridge a position, strategic important very a in been always have resently the Caucasus. knownunder nameSouth North of and the

G. Hewitt. G. Muhajirun

he cnuis ne te toa rl hd infcnl afce te local the affected significantly had rule Ottoman the under centuries Three Caucasus the of region entire the fact, in and, Abkhazia present of territory The

“Abkhazia, Georgia and the Circassians”, the and Circassians”, Georgia “Abkhazia, (Ar. of three hundred years. In the early 19th century Russia was eager to secure secure to eager was Russia century 19th early the In years. hundred three of The emigrants The 1.1

Abkhaz Diaspora in a Historical Perspective Historical ina Diaspora Abkhaz

at, ital ctig f ay osbe oncin bten the between connections possible any off cutting virtually tacts, erue t Cnrl sa Ciaad ni.Ti rgo hs also has region This India. and China Asia, Central to routes de Chapter Chapter f f h Aka pplto a ta tm ws eete t the to resettled was time that at population Abkhaz the of lf present Abkhazia was not an exception. And in 1810 Abkhazia 1810 in And exception. an not was Abkhazia present ) refers to the forceful resettlement of Muslim population to the Ottoman the Ottoman to population Muslim of forceful resettlement the to refers )

21 1

Muhajirun . Diaspora Politics Diaspora 8

Central Asian Survey, Survey, Asian Central 20 resettlement” policy applied to all the all to applied policy resettlement”

July 2010. pp.466; 473 pp.466; July2010.

- 474. 474.

CEU eTD Collection p.426. 2006. 25 Quaterly. 24 Yayınları Derneği Kafkas 23 p.427. 2006. 22 intra as classified been have disputes and conflicts violent of percent 75 over 1945, moreover politics, world amongNorth immigrants,theAbkhaz Caucasian theas well. including t shaped eventually homeland original the to back return to idea institut This Ankara. of policies foreign and domestic groups” “pressure political in themselves organize Diaspora. Abkhaz the Republic Turkish New the of Minister Prime first Turkey. in Republic First the of establishment the in role major a played Ottom the joined and adopted actively and quickly very Diasporas Caucasus large the Nort the and Association. Turkey to Immigrants Caucasian North the of Committee The Committee, Caucasian The formed: were structures similar with organizations on, Later Union. and Solidarity of Association Circassian called was one first the 1908, by Ott the be to used

M. Celikpala. M. Gafarli O. Unal M. M.

Celikpala. “Influence of the North Caucasus Diaspo Caucasus North the “Influenceof Celikpala. The end the Second World War has dramatically changed the world map and and map world the changed dramatically has War World Second the end The what to forcedmigrationof faith similar asharing peoplesCaucasus North the All 2014. p 2014. . “Kurtuluş . r

. The Role of North Caucasus Diaspora Groups in Turkey in Groups Diaspora Caucasus ofNorth Role The .

ot Cuain r eks Dapr. h rpeettvs f h North the of representatives The Diaspora. Cerkess or Caucasian North 22

“Influence of the North Caucasus Diaspora in Turkey”, Diaspora Caucasus North the “Influenceof

. . 176. All of these institutions included the Abkhaz diaspora as well, as a part of part a as well, as diaspora Abkhaz the included institutions these of All oman Empire managed to organize to managed Empire oman

Savaşında Çerkeslerin Rolü Çerkeslerin Savaşında

1.2 , Ankara,2000. ,

Theoretical and Theoretical

n h ltr er te ot Cuain n Abkh and Caucasian North the years later the In wr ad iln cnlcs have conflicts violent and wars ,

[ Conceptual The role of Circassians in the War ofIndependence” the War ofin role Circassians The 9

ra in Turkey”, ra 25 –

that could push for certain favorable certain for push could that themselves into ass into themselves Rauf Orbay was a representative of of representative a was Orbay Rauf ional structuration, ional

Framework - Russia Relations. Russia Middle Eastern Studies. Studies. Eastern Middle Studies. Eastern Middle

transformed as well. Since Since well. as transformed he diaspora identity identity diaspora he

ociations already ociations

23 Turkish Policy Policy Turkish the desire and and desire the

Moreover the Moreover h Caucasus Caucasus h an elite and and elite an z diaspora az 17 July17 July17 - state state ] . CEU eTD Collection .200. 29 diaspora, 28 Culture. Conflict Dynamics. 27 (t conflicts internal internationalized 26 that fact the from apart Abkhazia, or Karabakh Nagorno Kosovo, of cases the takes one If cases. the of each on position the with stands stat facto as characterized been have movements secessionist These resolved. the of emergence historic otherness, the of sense the on flamed “new wars” Caucasus the in the and Balkans the in wars ethnic and civil of outburst the and Union, Soviet the and Yugoslavia of states federal Communist former the of dissolution the Indeed, conflicts. linguistic that be cultural, themselves, identified they way whichever groups, identity the that believed He conflict. and war of ideas Clausewitzean orthodox the of revision the for called who t address to scholars first the scholars. of number growing a by targeted been has conflicts violent interstate non and parties third the of involvement The there. live s fought simply not are Demmers, J. by noted ones. civil or

E.K. E.K. J. J. and conflicts is internal This Database. Conflict theUppsala on classificationis based The Demmers Long Locality, Conflict: and Demmers.“Diaspora

Denny, 201 l o tee nw as wr sund y h got o rdcl nationalism, radical of growth the by spurned were wars” “new these of All ed. Atabaki, T., Mehendale, S. 2005. p.11. p.11. Mehendale, 2005. S. ed.Atabaki, T., s 4. 86 4. Pp. e,

concept

F.B. F.B. “Nationalism from without”, in from “Nationalism arcal rcgie states, recognized patricianly 26

At the same time, the intra the time, same the At last decade of the twentieth century gave empirical support for the Azar’s Azar’s for the empiricalgave support century thetwentieth of decade last Javnost Javnost Walter, “Ethnicity and Civil War”. “Ethnicity CivilWar”. Walter, and self - ehi o religious, or ethnic , 87. . 28 -

determination movements. determination

–

The Public: Journal of the European Institute for Communication and and Communication Institute for theEuropean of Journal Public: The his issue of “deterritorization” of conflicts was Efward Azar, Efward was conflicts of “deterritorization” of issue his

ypes 3 and 4) as a proportion of all conflicts. conflicts. ofall proportion as a ypes4) and 3 Central Asia and the Caucasus. Transnationalism and and Transnationalism Caucasus. the and Asia Central were 10 -

state conflict or “conflicts over identity”, as identity”, over “conflicts or conflict state hoe n tr, eedn on depending term, any choose al grievances and injustice, which led which injustice, and grievances al - olely on those territories and by those, who who those, by and territories those on olely

Journal od Peace Research. Research. Peace od Journal Distance Nationalism, and Delocalization of Delocalization and Nationalism, Distance

h mi atr o te rsn world present the of actors main the 29 the

Very few of these conflicts have been have conflicts these of few Very political status of all three of these these of three all of status political - state actors in the “conventional” the in actors state

frozen conflicts frozen Vol. Vol. 51( 2). 2014. p 2014. 2). where one one where 27

One of One

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, G. G. , n, “Diasporas in Modern Societies”, p. 84. 84. p. Societies”, inModern n,“Diasporas

“Diasporas in Modern Societies: Myth of Homeland and Return”, in in Return”, and Homeland of Myth Societies: inModern “Diasporas “The Impact “The (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1986), 16 p. 1986), Martin’sPress, St (New York: in Turkey”. Diaspora Caucasian North Influence ofthe Diaspora: to “FromImmigrants . 32

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L. Basch, N. Glick Schiller, C. Szanton C. Schiller, Glick L.N. Basch, S .

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T. T. M. M. Shain Y. P. P. e ofa ofdiaspora toalevel Hockenos. “Homeland Calling”, “Homeland Hockenos. and Collier

Ambrosio Koinova. Kosovo for Activism Diaspora Albanian Mobilization: Diaspora ofTypes “Four Koinova. A second group of literature mainly focuses mainly literature of group second A Bercovitch to according However, s . “The Role of Diasporas in Conflict Perpetuation and Resolution”. Resolution”. and inConflict Perpetuation ofDiasporas Role “The .

44 are more likely to act radically and distance the sides from the possible conflict possible the from sides the distance and radically act to likely more are et groups that groups et 2000.

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S. Tiezzi S. O. General Information. Information. General Gafarli. Th Gafarli. ora presents us with a classic a with us presents ora Turkey as a host nation for Abkhaz diaspora is considered to be one of the the of one be to considered is diaspora Abkhaz for nation host a as Turkey 2014. p. p. 178. 2014. . “China's 'New Silk Road' Vision Revealed” Revealed” Road'Vision Silk “China's 'New. e Role of North Caucasus Diaspora Groups in Turkey in Groups Diaspora Caucasus ofNorth Role e d China with Europe. with China d , who , http://turkkon.org/en 51 The disintegration of the Soviet Union opened u opened Union Soviet the of disintegration The

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CEU eTD Collection 20.04.2015 54 Europe,governments andEuropean ofand heads ofa Middle number E OSCE, UN, the including organization, international various to diaspora memoranduma

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Hewitt be useful to separate the entire work into three different time periods or categories. or periods time different three into work entire the separate to useful be T h frt bevd eid hw hw uh nlec te isoa a o the on had diaspora the influence much how shows period observed first The on living Abkhaz The e bhz isoa a ad tl hs nlec o plc mkn i Ankara, in making policy on influence has still and had diaspora Abkhaz he

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56 in various stages and and stages various in

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n eebr 09 a Ankara an 2009, December In dia Abkhaz the recognition, international first the After events various of full was 2008 of August The TPV pbihd repor a published (TEPAV) . “Turkey’s . - strong meetings with various with meetings s

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Turkish MP Offers To Recognise Abkhazian Passports Abkhazian Recognise OffersTo TurkishMP ofIndependence”. Recognition Turkish Seeking “Abkhazia The Abkhaz diaspora continued its lobbying in Turkey by organizing various various organizing by Turkey in lobbying its continued diaspora Abkhaz The the 2013 in while Abkhazia, visited Georgia to Ambassador Turkish the 2011 In 96

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p of the Abkhaz the of p CEU eTD Collection 2006. N.3. 99 Lecture. Werthheim 98 second the in conflict; position a take to Ankara on community diaspora respective the from coming pressure internal an was there first, reasons: of number a to due approach happens” what Caucasus Caucasus,the South theEuropean Russia, Union andAmerica. theUnited States of foreignpo ofTurkish theissue to address has one formation, policy Ankara’s in involvement diaspora the of level existing the see fully to order In account. to take to has government the diaspora, the of influence visible Ab the by makers decision Turkish “policy the no of was capture” there that show already research this of findings The communities. diaspora the of activities lobbying and pressure the to due itself, for damaging policies capture” “policy call Walt and Mearsheimer “long called so the influential, rather as perceived usually are communities Diaspora corporations. various to actors state from vary they influential; resolution. final the of vision a groups certain are there isolation,

J.J J.J Anderson. B. Mearsheimer In early 1990s 1990s early In wor the in conflicts and issues political the of None Chapter 3. Chapter 3.

and the con the and

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Husmettin Cindoruk Husmettin Insight Turkey. Turkey. Insight 101

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M. Celikpala M. With the similar stance Turkey has entered the third millennium. The leadership The millennium. third the entered has Turkey stance similar the With - 102 longest pipeline on the post the on pipeline longest

. “Turkey as a Regional Power and the Caucasus”. the Caucasus”. and Power Regional a “Turkeyas .

tl cetd fvrbe clima favorable a created still

cognized states of the South Caucasus, Ankara played a a played Ankara Caucasus, South the of states cognized - decisions decisions Medvedev leadership the Turkey the leadership Medvedev - Soviet territory in 2005 in territory Soviet d depth, the energy supply pipelines became a a became pipelines supply energy the depth, d 43 ons with Russia Russia with ons

ther gloomy perspectives on the possible possible the on perspectives gloomy ther towards their erstwhile homeland. Even homeland. erstwhile their towards al resources, prevented Turkey from Turkeyfrom al prevented resources, Insight Turkey. Turkey. Insight e o te o uh needed much so the for te –

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Baku Vol. 9. No.2. p. 26. No.2. 9. Vol. - - Tbilisi Russia relations Russia , demanded by demanded , - Ceyhan

CEU eTD Collection 105 http://www.un.org/press/en/2008/ga10708.doc.htm Abkhazia, Georgia To Persons 104 Link: 25.05.2015. 103 movement activities andanyo economic free restricting Territories, Occupied the on Law Georgian the recognized never has and resolution conflict of means peaceful the to committed fully be to sides the all reminding Rig Georgia Recognizing the of Resolution favor in proposed voted never and abstaining always been has Turkey 2008 since Moreover, Abkhazia. with links transport and trade direct establishing of necessity gover Turkish the within discussions political relevant and important Abkhaz of number with a to directly led lobbying actions diaspora The its leadership. cooperate to started it as organized, and oriented event The diminished. slightly has formation policy Turkey on diaspora of influence and role countries. three the tie irreversibly will projects future and These 2015. of end the by completed Baku the and Dam, Hydroelectric Deriner the to importantly As Central and most Azerbaijan Caucasus, South of region the to route easiest the provides and Turkey with long km 114 a Georgiahas Georgia. for investor and partner one number the ti economic the cemented

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3 .2 http://www.mkrailway.ge/main.php?page=35&lan=eng&newsId=75 Abkhaz

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es between these three countries. Since 2006, Turkey became became Turkey 2006, Since countries. three these between es Diaspora and Ankara’s Regional Ambitions Regional and Ankara’s Diaspora ia. A number of other projects, including the construction of of construction the including projects, other of number A ia. United Nations United

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44 5.2008. Retrieved: 25.05.2015. Link: 5.2008. 25.05.2015. Retrieved:

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E.R. Eissler. Eissler. E.R.

position” “unique Turkish the of factor justifying the of role important very This to 108 be present in Abkhazia, while officially being very far from there. Ankara Ankara there. from far very being officially while Abkhazia, in present be

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rm n fvrbe ciiis n plce towards policies and activities favorable any from o jeopardize it over the issue of Abkhazia. On the On Abkhazia. of issue the over it jeopardize o

46 Turkish Policy Quaterly. Vol. 12, No. 3. No. 12, Vol. Quaterly. Policy Turkish

region. And this gives Turke gives this And region. c te ia rslto o the of resolution final the nce

Turkey’s activities inactivities Turkey’s Fall 2013. P. 2013. Fall y a y

CEU eTD Collection the of matter the on government Turkish the advise and brief to chance a diaspora war the in developments p a as itself positioned diaspora the Moreover, one. Circassian the as such diasporas, other of representatives influential and leaders party the with connections its through politicians the on pressure put structure, of all maximized diaspora the as lobbying, decision the sta society, Turkish the within groups efforts its coordinating and cooperating was diaspora the region unstable rather neighborhood, the in region new the approach to how on policy foreign Turkish the of necessary of lack the with linked is it all of first influential, and important very was diaspora the that shows millennium, the of curve the to up continuing leadership generated diaspora the observe to chance a a Such gave necessary. structure was periods three into study the of separation the matter, that for le the However, and influence is there that shows study The Abkhazia. towards formation policy Turkish the in diaspora Abkhaz the of h frt eid satn wt te eid f h US dsebret and dismemberment USSR the of period the with starting period, first The questio main The

response and approach. andresponse - maker and lead politicians. politicians. lead and maker vel and value of that influence and pressure is rather diverse and variable, variable, and diverse rather is pressure and influence that of value and vel with its numerous conflicts. The study provides example on how on example provides study The conflicts. numerous its with n of this research is to examine and find if there is any influence influence any is there if find and examine to is research this of n - fetd ertr. hs xet ae mg gv te Abkhaz the gave image base expert This territory. effected there is there

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its knowledge on the internal Turkish Turkish internal the on knowledge its

general in order to target various public various target to order in public and continuing with with continuing and public pressure expertise and experience and expertise

and the Turkish Turkish the and

ethnic a CEU eTD Collection 109 acti and engaged politically more became diaspora Circassian and Abkhaz The homeland. linked directly is activities community diaspora the of Turkish government. its state Turkish the with t time, same the At state. Abkhaz the of bodyrepresentative the Plenipotentiary Representativ with work their coordinating and cooperating closely are institutions and representatives realized fully is it case conflict the in actor important an becoming for potential a has Turkey Abkhazia. to envoys diplomatic sending by contacts its increased with cooperation trade Abkhazia that e will and economic in interested much very is Turkey Abkhazia. of status the to related statement, political any exercising at aimed never was policy this interest the integrating gradually been has Turkey diaspora, of role the diverted had state Abkhaz of recognition Georgiangovernment. br multiple come: to year for question Abkhaz

Interview with Nigâr Göksel, Editor Göksel, withNigâr Interview ve in the period of threat of of threat of period the in ve In all the three observed and studied period studied and observed three the all In Russi by recognition 2008’s the After forei Turkish of shift The ventually tode lead

s and demands of the diaspora into its foreign policy. However, However, policy. foreign its into diaspora the of demands and s 109 , the diaspora will be a vital link of that policy. The diaspora The policy. that of link vital a be will diaspora the , elf, many of the representatives representatives the of many elf,

e the Office of - violent clashes in the homeland: the Georgian the homeland: the in clashes violent in n oiy roiis n h mid the in priorities policy gn - chief, Turkish Policy Quarterly. Istanbul. 24.04.2015. Istanbul. Quarterly. Policy Turkish chief, - isolation ofisolation thelast. 48

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Mearsheimer, J.J, Walt, S.M., “The Israel Lobby and the U.S. Foreign Policy”, Foreign Policy”, U.S. the and Lobby Israel S.M., “The Walt, J.J, Mearsheimer, In the current state of world politics and t and politics world of state currentIn the -

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