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Exploring the Link Between Power Concentration and Ethnic Minorities’ Mobilization in Post Soviet Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine
Exploring the Link between Power Concentration and Ethnic Minorities’ Mobilization in Post Soviet Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine by Stela Garaz Department of Political Science, Central European University A Doctoral Dissertation submitted to the Central European University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Date of submission: April 30, 2012 Supervisor: Dr. Zsolt Enyedi Budapest, Hungary 2012 I hereby declare that this thesis contains no materials accepted for any other degrees in any other institutions. I hereby declare that this thesis contains no materials previously written and/or published by any other person, except where appropriate acknowledgment is made in the form of bibliographical reference. Stela Garaz Budapest April 30, 2012. ii Abstract In political science literature, power concentration is dominantly viewed as a negative phenomenon that encourages strategies of confrontation and causes protest. The regimes with concentrated power are believed to be particularly dangerous for the states with deep ethnic cleavages. This latter concern is a question of great importance for the post-Soviet region, because since the collapse of the Soviet Union some of the multi-ethnic post-Soviet states had the experience of both ethnic conflicts and concentration of power. Consequently, the main goal of this research is to determine whether power concentration encourages the escalation of ethnic conflicts. For this, I explore three mechanisms that may link the degree of power concentration with ethnic minorities’ mobilization against the state: identity-related state policies, electoral rules, and centralization. The empirical investigation is built on the analysis of three post-Soviet cases – Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine – based on the structured focused comparison technique. -
Georgia/Abkhazia
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH ARMS PROJECT HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH/HELSINKI March 1995 Vol. 7, No. 7 GEORGIA/ABKHAZIA: VIOLATIONS OF THE LAWS OF WAR AND RUSSIA'S ROLE IN THE CONFLICT CONTENTS I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................................................5 EVOLUTION OF THE WAR.......................................................................................................................................6 The Role of the Russian Federation in the Conflict.........................................................................................7 RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................................................................8 To the Government of the Republic of Georgia ..............................................................................................8 To the Commanders of the Abkhaz Forces .....................................................................................................8 To the Government of the Russian Federation................................................................................................8 To the Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus...........................................................................9 To the United Nations .....................................................................................................................................9 To the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe..........................................................................9 -
Twenty Years of De Facto State Studies: Progress, Problems, and Prospects Scott Pegg
Twenty Years of de facto State Studies: Progress, Problems, and Prospects Scott Pegg Subject: World Politics Online Publication Date: Jul 2017 DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.516 Weblink: http://politics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637- e-516 In This Article • Introduction • Progress o Nation-Building in De Facto States o State-Building in De Facto States o Benefits to the Lack of Recognition? o Democratization without Sovereignty o Data Collection and Empirical Measurements o Engagement without Recognition • Problems o Defining De Facto States o Numbers and Longevity of De Facto States o Polemical and Politicized Discourse • Prospects • Acknowledgment • References • Notes Summary and Keywords It has been almost 20 years since the publication of International Society and the De Facto State by Scott Pegg in 1998, the first book-length substantive theoretical attempt to investigate the phenomenon of de facto states—secessionist entities that control territory, provide governance, receive popular support, persist over time, and seek widespread recognition of their proclaimed sovereignty and yet fail to receive it. Even though most de facto states are relatively small and fragile actors, in the intervening years the study of de facto or contested or unrecognized statehood has expanded dramatically. The de facto state literature has contributed significantly to the growing recognition that the international system is far more variegated than is commonly perceived. An initial focus on the external ___________________________________________________________________ This is the author's manuscript of the article published in final edited form as: Pegg, S. (2017). Twenty Years of de facto State Studies: Progress, Problems, and Prospects. -
Is Russia a Partner to the EU in Bosnia? by Tomas Valasek
Is Russia a partner to the EU in Bosnia? By Tomas Valasek # The EU and Russia are ostensibly partners in building a viable government in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), but for much of 2007-08, Moscow publicly opposed EU-sponsored police reforms and encouraged Bosnian politicians to resist the EU proposals. # Russian policy in BiH was fundamentally opportunistic – it was not about expanding spheres of influence but about using crises in the region to weaken the credibility of the West. # Russia’s ability to undermine western policies towards BiH would be greatly reduced if the outside powers replaced the multinational consortium that oversees Bosnia with an EU-led mission. # Western ambitions for integrating BiH into the EU are failing – but this is due not to Russia but to Bosnia’s and the West’s own errors. The EU needs to pay more attention to Bosnia and make clear that it will not tolerate talk of any part of it breaking away. Where do the Balkans fit in the broader picture of EU- undermine western efforts to build a viable government Russian relations? Since the August 2008 war in in the country. But Russia’s actions were not the sole or Georgia, Eastern Europe – the borderland between the even the main cause of Bosnia’s instability and its EU and Russia – has been at the centre of attention. In failure to make greater progress towards EU 2008, President Dmitry integration; local opposition and the shortcomings of 1 Andrew Kramer, ‘Russia Medvedev declared Eastern western policy towards BiH are the chief reason. -
CODEBOOK for FOREIGN TV NEWS STUDY APPENDIX B – COUNTRY LIST Abkhazia – Republic of Abkhazia Afghanistan – Islamic Republi
CODEBOOK FOR FOREIGN TV NEWS STUDY APPENDIX B – COUNTRY LIST 001 Abkhazia – Republic of Abkhazia 002 Afghanistan – Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 003 Akrotiri and Dhekelia – Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (UK) 004 Åland – Åland Islands (Autonomous province of Finland) 005 Albania – Republic of Albania 006 Algeria – People's Democratic Republic of Algeria 007 American Samoa – Territory of American Samoa (US territory) 008 Andorra – Principality of Andorra 009 Angola – Republic of Angola 010 Anguilla (UK overseas territory) 011 Antigua and Barbuda 012 Argentina – Argentine Republic 013 Armenia – Republic of Armenia 014 Aruba (Self-governing country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands) 015 Ascension Island (Dependency of the UK overseas territory of Saint Helena) 016 Australia – Commonwealth of Australia 017 Austria – Republic of Austria 018 Azerbaijan – Republic of Azerbaijan 019 Bahamas, The – Commonwealth of The Bahamas 020 Bahrain – Kingdom of Bahrain 021 Bangladesh – People's Republic of Bangladesh 022 Barbados 023 Belarus – Republic of Belarus 024 Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium 025 Belize 026 Benin – Republic of Benin 027 Bermuda (UK overseas territory) 028 Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan 029 Bolivia – Republic of Bolivia 030 Bosnia and Herzegovina 031 Botswana – Republic of Botswana 032 Brazil – Federative Republic of Brazil 033 Brunei – Negara Brunei Darussalam 034 Bulgaria – Republic of Bulgaria 035 Burkina Faso 036 Burundi – Republic of Burundi 037 Cambodia – Kingdom of Cambodia 038 -
Flags of Asia
Flags of Asia Item Type Book Authors McGiverin, Rolland Publisher Indiana State University Download date 27/09/2021 04:44:49 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10484/12198 FLAGS OF ASIA A Bibliography MAY 2, 2017 ROLLAND MCGIVERIN Indiana State University 1 Territory ............................................................... 10 Contents Ethnic ................................................................... 11 Afghanistan ............................................................ 1 Brunei .................................................................. 11 Country .................................................................. 1 Country ................................................................ 11 Ethnic ..................................................................... 2 Cambodia ............................................................. 12 Political .................................................................. 3 Country ................................................................ 12 Armenia .................................................................. 3 Ethnic ................................................................... 13 Country .................................................................. 3 Government ......................................................... 13 Ethnic ..................................................................... 5 China .................................................................... 13 Region .................................................................. -
Putin's Frozen Conflicts and the Conflict in Ukraine
Antagonizing the Neighborhood: Putin’s Frozen Conflicts and the Conflict in Ukraine Testimony before Subcommittee on Europe, Eurasia, Energy, and the Environment Committee on Foreign Relations United States House of Representatives March 11, 2020 Stephen B. Nix, Esq. Eurasia Regional Director International Republican Institute A nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing democracy worldwide Stephen B. Nix, Esq. Congressional Testimony House Committee on Foreign Affairs March 11, 2020 Chairman Keating, Ranking Member Kinzinger, Members of the subcommittee, thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today. The conflicts imposed upon Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova by Vladimir Putin have created military, political and policy challenges in all these countries. In addition to providing factual and political analysis in all the countries, we hope to provide the subcommittee with policy recommendations as to how the U.S. might engage in all these situations. Ukraine – Crimea and Donbas Since assuming office, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has dramatically enhanced his government’s efforts to resolve the crisis posed by the Russian-occupied territories of Donbas and Crimea. In a few short months, the Ukrainian government has increased its level of engagement with Ukrainian citizens still residing in these territories, improved the quality of critical public services to address needs created by the conflict, and re-invigorated diplomatic efforts to increase international pressure on the Kremlin to allow for the reintegration of these territories. It is crucial that the United States does all it can to support the Ukrainian government in achieving these aims. Challenges The conflict has created a humanitarian crisis in Donbas as vital public infrastructure, such as airports, bridges, highways, apartment buildings, and power and water lines have been destroyed or severely damaged. -
"Frozen" Human Rights in Abkhazia, Transdniestria, and the Donbas: the Role of the OSCE in a Shaky System of Internati
In: IFSH (ed.), OSCE Yearbook 2017, Baden-Baden 2018, pp. 181-200. Lia Neukirch “Frozen” Human Rights in Abkhazia, Transdniestria, and the Donbas: The Role of the OSCE in a Shaky System of International Human Rights Protection Mechanisms Introduction The disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1990 and 1991 led to the formation of several new countries with little or no previous experience of statehood. The national movements in Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine combined their struggle to “escape” the Soviet Union with ambitious pro-Western agendas. At the same time, these struggles over the political direction of the newly created states – whether more towards Moscow or closer to Europe – have been accompanied by powerful secessionist movements that have challenged the territorial integrity of the young states themselves. While the latter were fighting to create their own fragile democracies, separatist military groups carved out the secessionist territories of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, Trans- dniestria, and, most recently, the Lugansk People’s Republic (LPR) and the Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR) in the Donbas region of Ukraine, profiting from political and socio-economic instability and augmenting their power with Russian support to create de facto entities. Both Abkhazia and Transdniestria are considered “classic” frozen con- flicts, while the recent conflict in Donbas is not yet openly referred to as such; the level of violence is still too high, and the political magnitude of the conflict is considered too great for open acceptance, with the result that it might remain unresolved for a prolonged period of time. Nonetheless, it is highly probable that Luhansk and Donetsk will follow the same path as the older frozen conflicts, becoming “another frozen conflict”,1 as President Vladimir Putin of the Russian Federation declared on 13 November 2015. -
Abkhazia: Deepening Dependence
ABKHAZIA: DEEPENING DEPENDENCE Europe Report N°202 – 26 February 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. RECOGNITION’S TANGIBLE EFFECTS ................................................................... 2 A. RUSSIA’S POST-2008 WAR MILITARY BUILD-UP IN ABKHAZIA ...................................................3 B. ECONOMIC ASPECTS ....................................................................................................................5 1. Dependence on Russian financial aid and investment .................................................................5 2. Tourism potential.........................................................................................................................6 3. The 2014 Sochi Olympics............................................................................................................7 III. LIFE IN ABKHAZIA........................................................................................................ 8 A. POPULATION AND CITIZENS .........................................................................................................8 B. THE 2009 PRESIDENTIAL POLL ..................................................................................................10 C. EXTERNAL RELATIONS ..............................................................................................................11 -
Opening the Russian–Georgian Railway Link Through Abkhazia
CORE POLICY BRIEF 05 2013 Visiting Address: Hausmanns gate 7 gate Hausmanns Address: Visiting NO Grønland, 9229 PO Box (PRIO) Oslo Institute Research Peace Opening the Russian– Georgian railway link - 0134 Oslo, Norway Oslo, 0134 through Abkhazia A challenging Georgian governance initiative [email protected] www.projectcore.eu (CORE) India and Europe in Resolution Conflict and Governance of Cultures Soon after the parliamentary elec- Key Questions tion in 2012 Georgia’s new gov- ernment declared its willingness to How important is the restoration of the railway link for Georgia and Abkha- reconstruct and reopen the former zia, and particularly for the purpose of railway communication link with conflict resolution between the two? Russia through Abkhazia, which What are the political risks involved in the railway project? ISBN: ISBN: www.prio.no was interrupted as a result of the Does the new initiative meet the in- 978 978 Georgian–Abkhaz war in 1993. terests of all countries in the Caucasus - - 82 82 - - With its confidence-building charac- 7288 7288 region? - - 515 516 ter, the initiative is part of a broader - - 0 7 (print) Georgian foreign policy strategy aimed at re-establishing political and (online) economic relations with Russia, a development that would represent a significant geopolitical challenge for the countries of the South Cauca- sus. The initiative will test Tbilisi’s ability to prevent any changes to Abkhazia’s current political status and to keep the project purely eco- nomic in nature. Nona Mikhelidze Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) Opening the railway: A confidence- building measure The victory of Bidzina Ivanishvili’s coalition in the 2012 parliamentary elections in Georgia has brought about a fundamental change to the Georgian–Abkhaz peace process. -
The South Caucasus
The South Caucasus A Regional Overview and Conflict Assessment August 2002 Cornell Caspian Consulting SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY Department for Central and Eastern Europe The South Caucasus A Regional Overview and Conflict Assessment Prepared for the Swedish Agency for International Development Cooperation (SIDA) Stockholm, August 30, 2002 The South Caucasus: A Regional and Conflict Assessment Principal Author: Svante E. Cornell Contributing Authors (Alphabetical): Fariz Ismailzade Tamara Makarenko Khatuna Salukvadze Georgi Tcheishvili This report was prepared by Cornell Caspian Consulting under a contract for the Swedish Inter- national Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). The views and opinions expressed in this report should in no way be taken to reflect the position of the Swedish government or those of the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). http://www.cornellcaspian.com Cornell Caspian Consulting is a consulting company registered in Stockholm, Sweden, special- ized on the politics and economy of the Caucasus, Central and Southwest Asia. It has offices in Stockholm and Washington, D.C., and representations in Ankara, Turkey; Baku, Azerbaijan; Bos- ton, United States; Dushanbe, Tajikistan; Islamabad, Pakistan; London, United Kingdom; Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Tbilisi, Georgia; Tehran, Iran; and Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, Rus- sian Federation. Head Office: Topeliusvägen 15 SE-16761 Bromma Sweden Tel. (Stockholm) +46-8-266873; +46-70-7440995 Tel. (Washington) +1-202-663-7712 Fax. -
Responses, Resilience, and Remaining Risks in the Eastern Neighbourhood Evidence from Radicalization and Migration
Working Paper No. 11 April 2021 Responses, Resilience, and Remaining Risks in the Eastern Neighbourhood Evidence from Radicalization and Migration Agnieszka Legucka, Jakub Benedyczak, Arkadiusz Legieć, Maria Piechowska, Jakub Pieńkowski, and Daniel Szeligowski This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 769886 The EU-LISTCO Working Papers are peer-reviewed research papers published based on research from the EU Horizon 2020 funded project no. 769886 entitled Europe’s External Action and the Dual Challenges of Limited Statehood and Contested Orders which runs from March 2018 to February 2021. EU-LISTCO investigates the challenges posed to European foreign policy by identifying risks connected to areas of limited statehood and contested orders. Through the analysis of the EU Global Strategy and Europe’s foreign policy instruments, the project assesses how the preparedness of the EU and its member states can be strengthened to better anticipate, prevent and respond to threats of governance breakdown and to foster resilience in Europe’s neighbourhoods. Continuous knowledge exchange between researchers and foreign policy practitioners is the cornerstone of EU-LISTCO. Since the project's inception, a consortium of fourteen leading universities and think tanks have been working together to develop policy recommendations for the EU’s external action toolbox, in close coordination with European decision-makers. FOR MORE INFORMATION: EU-LISTCO WORKING PAPERS