Artificial Reefs in the Philippines SH 207 CP6 Edited by #49 J.L. Munro and M.C. Balgos . c.l

II~~LgM International Center for Living @ill German Development Service Aquatic Resources Management ,,"

ificial Reefs in the Philippines

J.L. PM nro and M.C. Balgos

international Center for Living Aquatic German Development Service Resources Management Preface

This workshop and the resulting proceedings came into being as a result of cumula- tive concerns by aid agencies, nongovernmental organizations and by government authorities and researchers about the mass installation of artificial reefs in the Phllip- pines . Artificial reefs are usually constructed from materials such as scrap tires, metals, concrete blocks, bamboo and nondegradable synthetics such as polypropylene rope. What are their environmental impacts? Do they increase fish harvests in a sustainable way by providing additional nursery habitat for reef fishes, additional productive surface area or additional substrata for filter-feeding benthic communities or an additional site at which planktivorous fishes can aggregate? Or do they simply aggregate surviving adult fishes, generate increased fishing mortality rates and, thus, deliver a transient increase in catches in fish communities many of which are already overexploited? The answers to some of these questions are found in the following pages. The con- sensus of the deliberations was that increased attention to the conservation and reha- bilitation of the extensive coral reef systems of the Philippines would pay far greater dividends than interventions based on the installation of artificial structures on the seabed. An important viewpoint on artificial reefs In the Philippines was provided to the workshop by Dr. Angel C. Alcala, Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources of the Government of the Philippines, who set up the first artificial reef in the Philippines in Dumaguete in 1977. Artificial reefs are one of the manage- ment interventions of the Coastal Environment Program (CEP) of his Department. However, the primary management tool of the program Is community-based protected areas, at least one to be established in each of the regions of the country. These are seascapes where a variety of uses are permitted; 25Yo of the area is designated as sanctuary and 75% is a buffer area for nondestructive uses. The expectation is that some of the larval flshes from the sanctuary will be retained in the buffer areas where they can settle and be fished, while other larvae wlll be dispersed throughout the Philippine reef systems. Dr. Alcala suggested that artificial reefs should only be deployed away from natural reefs and that appropriate materials should be used for construction.

J.L. Munro Manila November 1994 Artificial Reefs in the Philippines. Edited by J.L. Munro and M.C. Balgos. 1995. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 49,56 p. p. 3 Text, second column, line 7 should read "50,000 modules (see box for definition)" p. 3 Text, second column, line 9 should read "not more than 28% (about 14,000 mod-" p. 3 Table (module deployments), The total number of modules deployed should be 50,541 instead of 70,541 p. 35 1st column, 2nd paragraph, line 19 should read " (vol.). Thrs totals to 50,541 modules which" Part I REPORTS OF THE WORKING CROUPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The Worltshop's main purpose was to No artificial !reefs should be placed consider and comment upon three major in overfished areas, especially if topics: they will be used as fishing To consider and evaluate the nega- grounds, because they function tive and positive features of artifi- as benthic fish aggregating de- cial reefs; vices and therefore contribute to To make an inventory of deployed overfishing. and existing artificial reefs in the Phil- ArtiFicial reek may be deployed if ippines; they are intended to function as fish To comment on and suggest alter- sanctuarics. However, the economic natives or supplements to the in- costs and benefits must be prop- stallation OF artificial reefs. erly weighed. These were accomplished through pa- All ongoing artificial reef develop- pers and plenary discussions on the three ment programs in the Philippines themes, followed by detailed discussion should be concluded within five years and Formulations of recommendations by and no new artificial reef programs Working Groups on each theme. initiated. The recommendations arising from these Agencies involved in artificial reeF deliberations are as follows: development should coordinate and network their efforts and, to guide their development, should develop Better envirmmental management a memorandum of agreement with programs using a holistic approach the Department of Agriculture (DA), should be implemented. Department of Science and r A decision support system should Technology (DOST), and the be developed to Facilitate proper im- Department of Environment and plementation of management Natural Rresources (DENR). programs for artificial reefs. The need for artificial reef develop- r The human population density in ment should be reevaluated at a coastal zones at specific sites should workshop after two years of moni- always be taken into account in more toring and evaluation of existing rational long-term planning. artificial reek. Marine protected areas should re- Management ceive priority as potentially impor- tant, relatively short-term and low- All alternative or supplementary ac- cost alternatives to artificial reefs. tions should not be viewed in iso- lation but as part of an overall "ln- Fisheries enhancement should be ex- tegrated Coastal Zone Management" plored as a viable option. package. Efforts should be concentrated on Provincial and regional personnel the management and monitoring of should be trained in monitoring ar- existing artificial reefs in order to tificial reefs in their respective ar- provide scientific information for eas. future decisionmalzing. Working Group 1 initially discussed definitions of the types of artificial reefs Installed artificial reefs should be being addressed in the worlzshop. Artifi- monitored in terms of number, lo- cial reefs were defined as assemblages of cation and status. Catch statistics any hard structure or material placed on for artificial reefs should be moni- the seabed to provide habitats for fish and tored, in coordination with the Na- other marine organisms. Artificial reefs may tional Fisheries Information System, have some or all OF the following ecological and research should be done on the and socioeconomic features: turnover of fish, initial recruitment, habitat or shelter For fish and other socioeconomic impacts and other marine organisms impact factors. substrate for regeneration of corals No artificial reek should be de- and other marine organisms ployed without monitoring pro- feeding, breeding or nursery area grams and management plans. reference point deterrent to trawling Soclal aspects eco-tourism and other recreational All suggested alternatives to artifi- purposes cial reefs will be best achieved by waste disposal implementation at the community maricul ture level, where possible. fishing ground Better fisheries management pro- sanctuary grams should be implemented, with substitute for destroyed coral reefs greater fishing village involvement entry point for coastal management in implementation and monitoring. initiatives Mariculture should be approached focus for propaganda purposes of at the community level. vested interest groups replenishment area provide a known and easily located fishing area. Education programs on environmen- It was con&kd that all of the ecological tal/renewable resource issues should functions of artificial reefs mentioned above be encouraged. are generally beneficial. The impact may Education of people and communi- be positive through increase of survival ties on possible negative impacts of marine organisms if habitat is limiting of artificial reefs and the importance and if no fishing is done on the artificial of managing natural reefs should be reef. IF there is no fishing on an artificial intensified. reef and it is used as a sanctuary it can Information campaigns and enforce- make a small, but perhaps irrelevant, ment of fishing laws and regulations contribution to production. It can also in support of initiatives taken for co- provide substrate for settlement of fish and operative coastal ecosystem man- growth of algae and other marine organisms agement should be implemented. that will provide food resources to higher trophic levels. However, artificial reefs are overfishing. Other negative features are generally too small in comparison to natural that they can be unsightly and leave a residue reefs to have any significant impact on total of garbage on the seabed if they decay, Fish production. and they can also be a source of chemical It was agreed that the aggregating ca- contaminants (e.g.,From vehicle tires). pacity of artificial reefs increases the Working Group 2 concluded that about catchability of fish. 1f the catches on arti- 70,000 modules (see box for definition) ficial reefs and natural reefs exceed the had been deployed since 1977, and that new maximum potential production, then not more than 20% (about 14,000 mod- the result would be negative and artificial ules) are believed to still exist. The fol- reefs would function mainly as benthic fish lowing are very rough estimates of mod- aggregating devices and contribute to ule deployments by agency:

A~ency Deployed Existing

Department of Agriculture 21.325 1 1.492 Central Visayas Regional Project 26,000 0 Calancan Bay Rehabilitation Program 2,000 1,600 National Power Corporation 8 16 653 State Colleges/Universities 8. other research 150 1 20 agencies NGOs, civic/private groups 200 160 LGUs 50 40

Total number OF modules 70.541 14.065

Artlflclal Reefs and Modules: Dcfinltlons

The words unitand moduleare Frequently encountered in the literature on artificial reefs, but are not ~sedconsistently. Throughout these proceedings the word module is used to refer to a single standard- zed structure that is a constituent of an artificial reef. Modules arc then combined in various configura- :ions as shown in thc following illustrations to Form an artificial reef. The term unit is not used in this :ontext.

an artificial reeF consists OF eight tire modules arranged in a conical structure. Each module con- sists of Four tircs (BFAR-ARDP).

an artiFicial reef is a pyramidal pile of cubical or cylindrical concrete modules (FSP).

I'I

some artificial reefs are merely clusters OF modules arranged on the seabed in regular or irregular configurations. groups of artificial reek are referred to as arrays. 4

Additional artilicial rcefs which are currently planned or under consrruction include:

A~cncy Arcir~ciaireef structures lor dcployrncnt C " -- .- .- DA-FSP 1,000 nodules (concrete, cubes)

DA Region 3 38 modules (concrete. cylindrical! 100 modules (barnboo)

Southeast Asian Fisheries Dwelopmcnt Centcr- 1,600 modules (concrete) (SEAFDEC-AQD)

Visayas State College ol Agriculture 9 rnoclules (concrete. trapezoidal)

NGOs 3,200 modules (tirc modules)

Total number of modules 5,947 modules -

Thus, a total of around 20,000 modules allevia tion ofen vironmentc~lproDlcrns will be operational in the relatively near which impinge on t/7e susrainability future. of coastal zones Working Group 3 felt that alternative or Fig. 1 of Munro (this vol.) makes the supplementary actions should not be viewed point that a large variety OF environmen- in isolation but as part of an overall tal problems in the terrestrial environment "Integrated Coastal Zone Management" affect the coastal zone dramatically (e.g., package. This encompasses environmen- deforestation, mining, road construction tal management of all those areas in which and poor land use leading to erosion and environmental effects may impinge on the siltation; sewerage and ~arbagedisposal). coastal zone (e.g., upland areas, surrounding These environmental problems should be oceans). addressed in a holistic approach (along with The group concluded that all suggested the more obvious environmental problems alternatives will best be achieved by im- on coastlines such as destruction of coral plementation at the community level, where reefs, mangroves, seagrass bcds, and prob- possible. However, it was aclcnowledged lems of overfishing). that the legal framework for any alterna- tive actions will likely be above the 'barangay' b. Better fisheries rnai~ag-emmt programs level (i.e., municipal or sometimes higher). The bases For such programs could in- Furthermore, recognizing the often large clude greater involvement of village Fish- spatial scales of fish stocks, some alternative ing communities in fisheries management actions may involve political and scientific (e.g., development of local fishing coop- action co-ordinated at a much higher level eratives as a means For effortcontrol, talc- than that of individual communities. One ing greater account OF local knowledge of example of dealing with such a need is the stocks such as locations of nursery and the 'Bay Management Councils' within the spawning grounds) and improved fisher- Fisheries Sector Program in the Philippines. ies monitoring systems; specifically the Specific alternatives suggested were: encouragement of village level data ac- quisition systems (e.g., requesting selected a. Better environmental management fishers to monitor their CPUE and catch programs, with greater regard for composition). Care will have to be taken to address e. Mariculture ventures fisheries access rights at the village level Mariculture of organisms such as algae, in areas which have previously been con- giant clams, grouper and shrimp was dis- sidered open access. cussed. Such ventures would be best ap- proached at the community level. c. Marine protected areas (WAS) . . Development of these alternatives to Some evidence now exists that MPAs artificial reefs requires a Decision Support may enhance local adjacent fisheries by System to Facilitate their proper implemen- acting as a source for movement of fish tation. Such a system or "checlFishery collapse. term planning. Detailed demographic pre- dictions should be encouraged and have d. fisheries enhancement programs been made for the 12 bays under the FSP. It was pointed out that the Japanesenow Population programs such as family plan- rear and release juveniles of 86 marine ning should be encouraged. species back into the sea. The Chinese have Educational programs on environmen- recently established a viable shrimp Fish- tal and renewable resource issues should ery where one previously did not exist. be encouraged, particularly at the primary It has been shown that there are no prac- and secondary levels. Changing the atti- tical or economic reasons why the fishery tudes of people to unsustainable environ- for dolphin Fish could not be enhanced by mental practices is a long-term task but hatchery releases in Hawaii. Fishery en- ultimately will be a major Factor in the Fu- hancement now appears to be a viable ture success of any Integrated Coastal Zone option. Management program. Part 11 DISCUSSION PAPERS Evaluation of Artificial Reef Development in the Philippinesg-

MIRIAM C. BALCOS hternational Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management MCPO Box 2631, 0718 Makati City Philippines

BALGOS, M.C. 1995. Evaluation OF artificial reef development in the Philippines, p. 6-22. In J.L. Munro and M.C. Balgos (eds.) Artificial reefs in the Philippincs. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 49, 56 p.

Abstract

In 1977-1984, scrap tire and bamboo artificial reefs were deployed for experimental purposes by the Silliman University. University of the Philippines Marine Sciences Center and the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, with the assistance OF the US Peace Corps and the Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers. Encouraged by the abundance OF Fish attracted by thc experimental reek and their value as rallying tools for fisheries protection in coastal communities, BFAR, in collaboration with the Ministy of Human Settlemehts, launched the Artificial Reef Development Program through which around 3,690 tire and 11 bamboo modules were deployed with the assistance of various gov- ernment and nongovernment organizations in 1985-1 988. During this period of wide- spread technology transfer, problems on purpose, technical manpower, funding and management policies became evident. These problems were not adcquatcly addressed in succeeding programs of deployment (1989-present). even with thc Department of Agriculture's Fisheries Sector Program which deployed 7,872 tire, concrete and bam- boo modules in twelve bays in the country. Donor conditionalities aggravated the problems. Monitoring and research on recent deployments by the UP Marine Science Institute and the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center-Aquaculture Department are supplementing the meager scientific data generated during the experimental period. Ecological and management considerations continue to challenge the viability of artificial reefs as a fisheries management tool in the country.

Introduction needed for the artificial reefs to be viable fisheries enhancement tools. The review is is a review of the histori- is drawn from published literature, unpub- T"cal development of artificial lished field notes, consultancy, annual and reefs in the Philippines, includ- technical reports, and interviews of peo- ing the major reef installation pro- ple who have been involved in artificial I-1grams and the issues and lessons learned reef deployment in the country. as a consequence of these programs. Re- Artificial "reefs" made of materials such search and management experience should as bamboo, trees or twigs, stone or rock be able to show what modifications are piles, wrecked cars and sunken ships have often been used as fish aggregating de- vices (FADS)in both marine and freshwa- *ICLARM Contribution No. 1 139. ter, where they are often marked by vari- ous types of buoys or other methods OF (Alcala 1979; Murdy 1979; Kitamado 1984; identification. In the last two decades, two Suzuki 1984). types OF artificial habitats have become The SU and UPMSC reek were moni- popular in Philippine marine waters: payaas, tored for some time and data on physical bamboo rafts used as a deepwater fish and chemical parameters and on the suc- aggregating device for catching tunas and cession of Fish, corals, molluscs and other other pelagic species, and benthic artifi- marine organisms were recorded (Alcala cial reek made of bamboo, rubber tires, 1979; Murdy 1979; Alcala et al. 1981 ; concrete and other materials. This paper Gomez et al. 1 982). is confined to the latter type, which has US Peace Corps volunteers have played become popular as a fisheries management a significant role in the initial development tool with the rise in coastal management of artificial reek in the Philippines. Vol- efforts in the country and elsewhere. unteers assisted in fish identification in the monitoring of the first artificial reef installed by Silliman University and initiated the Reef Installations: History and artiFicial reeF project at the UPMSC. Pre- Program Descriptions liminary site survey, module construction and monitoring of the tire reef in Bolinao, The following description of artificial reef Pangasinan were undertaken by the vol- installations in the Philippines has been unteers (Murdy 1979). divided into four periods based on pur- The BFAR projects had the following pose (from experimental to technology objectives: a) improvement of design and application)and on implementation of major construction; b) establishment of criteria programs (Table 1 and Figs. 1 and 2). for site selection: c) monitoring the recruit- ment and succession of fish and benthic organisms; and d) study of the feasibility of artiFicial reefs as a supplementary re- The artiFicial reek in this initial period source for fishing using traditional gears were installed for experimental purposes (Miclat 1988). by Silliman University (SU) in 1977 and The Japan Overseas Cooperation Vol- 1978 in Dumaguete, by the University unteers worked with the BFAR Regional of the Philippines Marine Sciences Center Office I in deploying artificial reefs in (UPMSC) at Bolinao, Pangasinan in 1978, Lingayen Gulf. They assisted in the initial and by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic survey of reef sites, test installations OF Resources (BFAR) at sites in llocos Sur, small-scale tire reefs and payaos and in La Union. Pangasinan, Manila, Batangas, expanding the artificial reef off Port Sual Albay, Masbate, Cebu, and Bohol between based on careful analysis of the test in- 1979 and 1984 (Miclat 1988). All of these stallations results (Kitamado 1984). reefs were constructed of scrap tires and bamboo, and were low profile reefs in varied arrays, some in combination with payaos. The installations were done in Encouraged with the preliminary re- collaboration with US Peace Corps and sults of the experimental artificial reefs, Japanese volunteers, and local organi- BFAR, in collaboration with MHS, zations including fishers' associations, civic launched an Artificial Reef Development organizations, diving groups, the Min- Program between May 1985 and March istry of Human Settlements (MHS) and 1987 which covered all the regions of the Natural Resources Management Center the country. Some 3,690 tire modules Table 1. Artificial reef instalhtions in the Philippines

Program Collaboraling Date OF No. and kind of Irnp[ementing agency agencies Location deployment Purpose modules deployed Status

I. Silliman University MAR US Peace Corps Dumaguere City Iune 1977 Experimental -70 modules Existlng Oct. 1878 (2 low profile tire reefs)

2. UP Marine Sciences US Peace Corps Bolinao. Feb.-May Experimental 80t modules Existlng . Center Pangasinan 1878 (Ilow profile tire reeO

3. DA-BFAR MHS, NRMC. 10CV. ilocos Sur Oct. 1979- [mprovernent of 1.498 tlre and tire- Not monitored FAr. Civic orgs., La Union Oct. 1984 design and bamboo modules dive grps. Pangasinan construction 55 bamboo modules Manlla Establishment of Batangas site selection Albay criteria Masbate Recruitment and Cebu succession monitoring Feasibiliv study of ARas supple- mentary fishery resource

4. ArliAcial Reef Devt. COs. NGOs. POs. FA5 Regs. 1-12 May 1985- Fishing and 3,690+ tire modules Not monitored Program/BFAR-MHS March 1987 rehabilitation 11 bamboo modules

5. Sarnar Sea-Tlcao Pass 1984-1 985 Fishing and 8,099 bamboo and Hot monitored Project/Philippine Flsh reh?.bililatlon ipii-lpll modules eries Devl. Authorlty

6. Celrtral ilisayas Regional Communities Bohol, Siquijor. Cebu, July 1984- Fishlng and 26.000 bamboo Nor monitored Projecr Negros Oriental June 1988 rehabllltatlon pyramldal modules

7. Philippine Council ior San Jose LCU. DA San lose, Camarines Sur 1990- 1992 Fishlng and Concrete cube and No monitoring Aquallc and Marine Fishermen's Cooperative Ulugan Bay, Palawan rehabiliration pyramidal modules except for Research and Drvt. PKAC-RIFi. SLDF. Ateneo Sarnal Island. Davao Scrap tire modules Saw de Davao youth grp. Sagay, Negros Occidental COs. Sagay LGU Jaycees, 5UML

8. Calancan Bay Rehablli- DENR, hlarcopper Mining Catancan Bay, 1 980- 1994 Rehabilitation and 848 tire madules Ongoing tatlon Program BFAR. PCAMRD. SUML. hlarinduque resource enhance- 1.134 concrete monitoring UPMSl ment modules 18 bamboo modules

continued ... Table I continued

Program Collaborating Date of No, and kind of implementing agency agencies Location deployment Purpose modules deployed Status ------

9. National Power BFAR; DA, LGUs Calaca, Batangas luly 1990- Fishing 8 16 tire n~odules No monitorlng Corporation Brgys.. FA5 Tiwi, Atbay Dec. 1980 Kaga. Ccbu Lima),. Bataan

10. Fisheries Sector BFAR DENR, DlLC Manila Bay 1990-1993 Fishing and 45 bamboo modules No quantltative ProgramIDA LCUs. FAs, NCOs Calauag Bay rehabilitation 7,472. tire modules monitoring Tayabas Bay 455 concrete modules Ragay Gulf Lagonoy Gulf 5an Miguel Bay Carigara Bay Ormoc Bay San Pedro Bay Sogod Bay Panguil Bay

1 I. Small Islands Integ- DA, NCO, FA 5ta. cruz, Fishlng Concrete modules Awalting rated Development Marinduque deployment Project/US Peace Corps

12. DA Regional oHices Regs. [-12. 1990-1993 Flshing No monitoring

13. ASEAN-Australia Living Bolinao, March 1991 Experimental 32 concrete rent Coastal Resources Pangasinan like modules Pro]ect/UPMSI

14. Community Fishery FAhll Malalison island, May 1994 Experimental 3 1 concrete modules Continuing Resources Management/ Culzsi, Anrique Rehabilitation of fish lbeams and cylinders monitoring SEAFDEC-AQD and benthic piled into reek) communities

Abbreviations/acronyrns: BFAR - Bureau oi Fisheries LGU Local Government Unit Bgys - Baranga)~ hlH5 Ministry of Human Settlements C0s - Community arganlzations NGOs Nongovernment organizations DA - Department of Agriculture NRMC Natural Resources Management Council DENR - Depa~tmentof Environment and Natural Resources PNAC-RIFT - Faiawan Narional Agricultural College - Reglonal lnstirute of Fisheries Technology DlLG - Department of Interior and Local Government PO5 People's organizations FAlLli - Fishermen's Association of Malalison Island SiDF Small Island Development Foundation FAs - Fisher's associzlions SUML Siiliman Universiw Marine Laboratory GOs - Governmenr organlzations ur University of the Philippines jOCV - Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers Cagayan Albay San Vicente Alimsog, Sto. Domingo llocos Norte Masbate Calayab, Laoag City Washington, San Jacinto Puyupuyan, Pasuquin Sorsogon Ilocos Sur Caricaran, Bacon Salomague, Cabugao Bato, Bacon Bacques, Tagudin Gatbo, Bacon Pilar, Sta. Cruz Bon-ot, Bacon Calongbuyan, Candon Santa Lucia, Bacon Katipunan, Sinait Sawanga, Bacon Pung-os, Cabugao Cawi-t,Casiguran Namruangan, Cabugao San Pedro, Vigan 110110 Pantoc, Narvacan Bungol, Guimbal

La Union Negros Occidental Baluarte, Agoo Sangwa, Bangsua Casantaan, Damortis Banago, Bacolod City Bani, Rosario Dulao, Aringay Cebu Mindoro, Bangar Caubian Is., Lapu-lapu City Mactan Is., Lapu-lapu City Pangasinan Tabunolc, Tabuelan Tobuan, Labrador Cantuba-on, Tabuelan Baquioen, Sual Calajo-an, Minglanilla Centro Toma, Bani Sunip, Bani Negros Oriental Boboy, Agno Poblacion, Zamboangulta Canal Bay, Alaminos San Jose, Siaton Pandan, Alaminos Cabungan, Anda Sarnar Carot, Anda Lalawigan, Borongan Cato, Infanta Victoria, Alaminos Leyte East b West Visoria, Carigara Zambales Uacon. Candelarla Bohol Manga, Tagbilaran City Palawan Cogtong, Candijay Tagburos, Pto. Princesa Misamis Oriental Manila Initao San Nicolas Shoal, Manila Bay Manila Bay Fish Sanctuary Zarnboanga del Norte San Pedro, Dapitan Batangas Polo, Dapitan Calubcub 11, San Juan Talisay, Dapitan

Quezon Lanao del Norte Hondagua, Lopez Kawit Or., I

RombIon Canduyong, Odiongan SOUTH

Flg. 1. Department of Agriculture Artlflclal Reef Development Program. Numbered sites are de- scribed opposite. (1) Manila Bay (6) San Mlguel Bay Mariveles, Bataan Sapinitan Bay, Siruma Maragondon, Cavite Quinapaguian, Mercedes

(2) Calauag Bay (7) Carigan Bay Manhulugin, Calauag Balud, Capoocan Dorninlog, Calauag Naugisan, Carigara Balibago, Calauag Guindapunan East, Pi nagbayanan, Calauag Carigara Pinagsakayan, Calauag Poblacion, Babatngon Atulayan, Calauag Bacong, Babatngon Villa Mercedez, Queron Maanda, Leyte Pinagtubigan Weste, Perez Pinagtubigan Este, Perez (8) San Pedro Bay Mainit Sur, Perez Baras, Palo Gordon, Perez San Jose,Tacloban Queron, Quezon (9) Ormoc Bay (3) Tayabas Bay Ipil. Ormoc Cily Pitogo, Quezon Albuera, Leyte Agdangan, Quezon Macalelon, Quezon (10) Sogod Bay Mayao, Castillo San Jose,Southern Leyte San Juan, Batangas Barra, Lucena City (1 1) Pangull Bay Unisan, Quezon Clarin General Luna, Quezon Maigo Segapod (4) Ragay Gulf San Antonio, Ozamis City Caranan, Pasacao Tagkawayan, Quezon

(5) LagonoyGulf Mayong Tiwi: Al bay Cabcab, San Andres Sibaguan. Sangay u 9 4 "0

PACIFIC OCEAN

SOUTH CHINA SEA

.. CELEBES SEA

FLg. 2. Artlflclal reef Installations In the Phlllpplnes - Fkherles Sector Program sltes. Numbered sites are descrlbed opposite. (triangular or conical) and high relief in 1986) could be gained in the fourth and pyramidal structures constructed by fifth years of operating 10 tire reefs which tying together eight modules were then cost a total of about PZ,500. Ten deployed with the assistance of various bamboo modules costing about Pi ,800 government and nongovernment organi- could yield a net profit of P8,600 and zations, including fishers' groups, with the P10,300 in the second and third years of objective of enhancing the fisheries (Miclat operation. 1 988). During this period of widespread tech- nology transfer, problems relating to the use of artificial reefs became evident. There The Philippine Council for Aquatic and was a general laclc of understanding of the Marine Research and Development concept of artificial reefs. and their pur- (PCAMRD) launched a National Coral Reef pose, whether for fishing or for, in some Management Conse~ationProgram 117 1990 undefined way, the rehabilitation of coral which addressed the management of natural reefs and of their ownership and manage- stoclis in coral reefs, with emphasis on ment. Problems arose from a laclc of tech- community-based management techniques nical abilities of the personnel involved (Balgos and Salacup 1994). Members of and resulted in faulty siting of artificial reefs its network of national and regional centers, and lack of monitoring. Trained manpower cooperating stations and collaborating was practically nonexistent outside of the specialized agencies implemented projects Coral Reef Research Unit of BFAR. Inad- under this program, four ofwhich deployed equate funding and absence of policies on artificial reefs. Between 1990 and 1992, the use of artificial reefs as a fisheries tire and concrete reefs we[-e installed by management strategy resulted in the poor the San Jose local government unit (LGU) quality of some of the artificial reefs de- in Camarines Sur, by the Palawan National ployed. Agricultural College-Regional Institute of Additionally, the Samar Sea-Ticao Pass Fisheries Technology in Ulugan Bay, by Samal Project of the Philippine Fisheries Devel- Island Development Foundation in Samal opment Authority deployed 8,099 bam- Island, Davao. and by the Sagay LCU in boo and ipil modules between 1984 and Negros Occidental. 1985 (Montemayor 199 1) and the Cen- The Sagay artificial reef was installed near tral Visayas Regional Project installed 26,000 a marine sanctuary where fishing is pro- pyramidal bamboo modules between 1985 hibited and fishing was also not allowed and 1988 (Bojos and Vande Vusse 1988). on the reef during the year after deploy- Because of the short life of these mod- ment. Standing stock, species diversity, ules, any impacts which they had were not total length and number of fishes were sustained. The Project later designed con- monitored through fish visual census for crete modules which were supposed not a year by SU as a collaborating institution to need replacement and to be able to but only preliminary analyses were done support reef fish populations in time. (Luchavez, unpubl. data). A technology manual based on the SU, The materials used to construct and UPMSC, ARDP and CVRP experiences, es- deploy concrete cubical modules in timated costs and returns of bamboo and Camarines Sur cost about P30,800 per tire artificial reefs (PCARRD 1986). In ad- two hundred 0.6-m3 modules or PI 54 each dition to the income derived from fishing (unpublished handout). This did not include activities outside the artificial reef, a net cost of labor which was provided by the income ofP10,500and P11,300 (P25= US$l fishers' cooperative. The PCAMRD projects were beset by the power plants. It also enabled the dis- same problems related to technical man- posal of a huzc number of scrap tires power shortage and the laclt of an adequate and a total of 8 16 tire modules arranged management plan for the artificial reefs as in high profile pyramidal design were had been observed in previous projects. deployed in 14 sites in 1990. However, Between 1989 and 1994, the Calancan no adequate system for monitoring and Bay Rehabilitation Program (CBRP) estab- managing these artificial reefs was im- lished artificial reefs which were intended plemented. to reduce the impact of mine tailings which Between 1982 and 1990, the Peace Corps are dumped directly into Calancan Bay in organized an artificial reef program. No Marinduque by a copper mining corpora- details of this program are available but tion. The program was implemented by reports from individual volunteers within an Inter-agency group led by the Depart- this period describe activities, including ment of Environment and Natural Resources deployment of modules in Agno, Pangainan (DENR) for the "sustained conservation and and at 12 other (unidentitied) sites, and development of Calancan Bay and vicini- training on artificial reef construction. The ties through the restoration of natural com- main objectives of the Peace Corps efforts munities and processes and the improve- were to increase the income and improve ment of overall environmental quality" nutrition in fishing communities. The project (CBRP, unpubl. data). A causeway formed claimed that there was a clearly perceived from the dumplng of mine tailings bisects need, by fishing communities, for devel- the bay. A total of 2,000 tire, concrete opment projects in fisheries conservation. and bamboo modules were deployed on They claimed that community participa- both sides of the causeway and in sites tion highlighted their resourceFulness and unaffected by the tailings. Monitoring OF that appropriate technology was easily fish diversity and abundance through transferable to fishers and co-workers. They monthly fish visual census, qualitative listing identified a need for stronger emphasis of other fauna, and underwater photo and on community organization techniques and video documentation were undertaken. ecosystem conservation. Yields from fishing in the areas were also monitored. The CBRP was funded through an ecology trust fund accumulated by con- tributions paid by the mining company as a cost for dumping mine tailings into the Constructing artificial reefs is one of the bay. resource enhancement measures of the Constraints identified in the CBRP project current Fisheries Sector Program (FSP) of included problems in siting of the mod- the Department of Agriculture (DA). The ules, the quality of sand used and the design reefs are intended for fishing as well as of concrete modules, uncontrolled dyna- habitat enhancement in coastal waters. The mite fishing in the study areas and laclt of Provincial Fisheries Management Units personnel able to interpret fish recruitment created by FSP in the provinces have re- data (Albaladejo, unpubl. data). sponsibility for the implementation, moni- The National Power Corporation (NPC toring and evaluation of FSP activities in- 1991 ) installed artificial reefs in four ar- cluding the construction and impact moni- eas (Batangas, Albay. Cebu and Bataan) toring of artificial reefs (DA 1993). The in response to the allegation that pollu- associations were to be involved in the tion from power plants was the cause construction and management of the reefs of diminishink catches in areas near the along with the BFAR, DENR, and various national, provincial and municipal govern- opment in these modules, deployed in ment agencies and NGOs. Between 1990 silty and clear environments was stud- and 1994, FSP planned to install artificial ied and daca gathered within seven months reefs in various places along about 500 after deployment indicated higher ini- lim of coastline in twelve bays in the country. tial recruits to the artificial reefs in the The intention was to install artificial reek silty area (Pamintuan et al. 1992). along one kilometer of coastline in each The Southeast Asian Fisheries Develop- coastal barangay. As of December 1993, ment Center-Aquaculture Department 7,472 tire modules, 455 concrete mod- (SEAFDEC-AQD) initiated work on artifi- ules and 45 bamboo modules had been cial reefs in 199 1 at Malalison Island. Culasi, constructed and deployed in 48 locations. Antique, where it has been implement- There were concrete cubical as well as ing a community-based Fishery resource cylindrical modules. An array of 20 reefs management project since 199 1. The de- each consisting of 10 cubical modules cost ployment of artificial reefs was one of the about P42,000 while an array of 20 high measures which were aimed at develop- relief tire reefs each constructed from eight ing che local fishers into a strong and In- tire modules was estimated to cost about dependent association which can effectively P 41,000. Both estimates included mate- manage the Island's resources. Two con- rials and deployment costs (PRIMEX 1992). crete reefs of different prototypes were Fishers and other concerned members deployed in May 1994, each costing about of the barangay were trained on the P 5,000 including labor for construction construction and deployment of the ar- and deployment. They are managed by the tificial reefs and given data Forms for use Fishermen's Association OF Malalison Is- in collecting data on catches from the land. The goal is stated to be the rehabili- reefs. Two technical staff from each DA tation ofthe island's Fish and marine benthic regional office involved in FSP were trained communities. Data on the marine ecosys- in SCUBA for artificial reef and Fish sanc- tems around the island have been gath- tuary monitoring. 11-1 Region V (Southern ered since 1 99 1 and the artificial reefs are Luzon, Bicol region), 32 divers were also being monitored to collec,t information on trained by the BFAR. However, neither the abundance of algae, corals and Fish. type of monitoring was adequately un- Under the Small Island Integrated De- dertaken and there are no quantitative velopment project, the Peace Corps initi- catch data nor underwater visual cen- ated an artificial reef project in Bgy. Alobo, suses of fish or estimates of recruitment Santa Cruz, Marinduque with the assist- of benthic organisms. ance of an NGO, Plan International. Some Based on field evaluation reports (April- 50 fishers in that community hope to in- August 1993),other issues that were iden- crease their catch through the artificial reef tified in the implementation of the FSP which was awaiting deployment as of April program included faulty siting or arrange- 1994. ment of the reefs, inappropriate design, The DA continued with artificial reef poor construction and the absence of installations when BFAR terminated the management plans. Artificial Reef Development Program. Under In March 199 1, experimental, tent-like the Artifi cia1 Reef Development compo- concrete modules were Installed in nent of the Fisheries Resources Conserva- Bolinao, Pangasinan, under the ASEAN- tion Program, artificial reefs were reported Australia Economic Cooperation Program installed and maintained by Its regional (AAECP) Living Coastal Resources project. offices. Annual reports provide numbers Invertebrate and fish community devel- of training courses and trainees, modules deployed, sites established and maintained, and Bolinao. Growth data on certain spe- the area covered by the artificial reefs, and cies of molluscs (Ma17cinella,Pteria, Pinctada, the numbers of fishers and other benefi- Ostrea, Malleus and Spondylus) and Fish ciaries served by the program (DA 1990- (Plcctorhynchus and Acanthurus) were 1894).However, the significance of these derived horn length and weigh.( rneasure- Figures could not be ascertained. rnents. Growth rates of eight scleractinian Artificial reefs are also among the pro- genera (Acropora, Dendrophyllia, Fa via, posed management interventions under Pocillopora, Seriatopora, Stylophora and the Coastal Environmental Program (CEP) Millepora) were obtained, together with of the DENR launched in 1993. To date, possible effects of depth, siltation and at- no artificial reefs have been reported to tachment varying with taxon and age of be deployed. organism (Alcala et al. 1981). In the There are reports of other artificial reef Dumaguete modules, the fastest growing installations in Zambales. Batangas, Misarnis genera were Millepora, Pocillopora, Occidental including some facilitated by Stylophora, Seriatopora, Cyphastrea, LGUs and NGOs (e.g., Haribon Founda- Acropora, Porites, Favia and Psammocora tion, Save Our Seas Foundation) but they (Gomez et al. 1982). appear to be undocumented. Bamboo was found to be inappropriate as artificial reef material because of its short module life (Bojos and Vande Vusse 1988). Research Considerations Scrap tires are not very stable and may be washed away and lost to deeper wa- Very Few of the artificial reefs deployed ters. Scrap tires have been reported to have been studied as to ecolo$cal and release toxic chemicals in freshwater, but socioeconomic impacts. Research areas not at toxic concentrations (Nelson et al. considered but not adequately addressed, 1894). However, some species of corals include fish recruitment (Table 2), stand- have been known to grow on them as fast ing stock (Alcala 1979),growth of corals as on natural rocky substrates (Gomez et and molluscs (Alcala et al. 1981; Gomez al. 1982). Concrete and metal structures et al. 1982), materials for construction which disintegrate slowly are recommended (Hillmer 1991), and monitoring (AliAo et over tires because ~Fdurability,Flexibility al. 1994). and because community development on Artificial reefs appear to be a useful tool such materials was likened to that on corals in demonstrating recruitment processes, (Fitzhardinge and Bailey-Broclc 1989). A both in clear and in silty environments concrete module was also more effective (Pamintuan et al. 1992). Some 143 spe- than a tire reef in terms of fish abundance cies belonging to 34 families were observed per unit volume within a period OF 1-'/z in tent-like concrete structures deployed years of deployment (Chua and Chou 1994). in Bolinao, Pangasinan, indicating some Another material, carcar limestone, has been degree of enhancing areas which used to recommended for use in the Central Visayas be barren and silty. It has not been estab- region because of its availability in the area lished, though, if the attraction to these and high potential For encrustation (Hillmer reefs has an impact on fishes dwelling in 1991). nearby habitats as had been shown in ar- Experiments by the SEAFDEC-AQD on tificial reefs elsewhere (Alevizon and Gorham prototypes and modulc arrangements, depth 1989). and substrate types with considerations Growth of corals, molluscs and fish was including ease of deployment, cost and also studied in the tire reefs of Dumaguete ease of fabrication are continuing. Table 2. Summary OF some fish recruitment studies in artificial reefs in the Philippines. --,- --,- .--,. Type of Date OF No. of Duration of Site artificial reef Location dcployrnent species families observation characteristics References

1 .Tirc/low Bolinao, Feb-May 48 24 Nov 1978- Sandy: surrounded Murdy ( 1979) profile Pangasinan 1978 Ant 1979 by scagrass beds; reef arcas 20 rn away: 3-4 m deep

Z.fire/low Dumaguete. May-Jun 81 29 Jul 1977- Sandy: 15- 18 m Alcala ( 1979) profile Negros 1977 Aug 1979 deep Oriental

3.Bamboo San Jose. Sep 1984 88 36 Oct 1984- 1.5 Itrn away from Barretto pyramidal Batangas Nov 1985 natural reef: patch ( 1986) rcek within 1 km radius of the arti- ficial reef: I2 m deep 4.Concretc Bolinao, Mar 199 1 143 34 Apr-Oct 199 1 Sancly/sandy-muddy: Pamintuan tent-like Pangasinan silty/clear: occasio- ct al. (1992) nally patchcd with corals and seagrass: 4-6 m dccp

5.Concrcl.e Pasacao, Oct 1989 68 33 Fcb 1993- Flat, sandy bottom; Diaz (1 994) cube Camarines Sur Jan 1994 11-12mdeep

Caps were identified in important ar- behavioral characteristics in order to pro- eas of research including ecology (recruit- vide greater understanding of attraction ment and survival of juveniles), engineering and production in artificial reefs (Bohnsaclc (materials design, placement and physi- 1989). cal performance), fishery management (func- The socioeconomics of the use of artifi- tion, management plan), mitigation (bio- cial reefs pose another array of issues that logical indicators for site selection, assess- include ownership, encouragement of the ment of reefs as mitigation techniques), use of destructive fishing practices, and environmental assessment and monitor- multiple use conflicts (Galvez 1991 ). The ing (refinement and standardization of field problems may be related to previously procedures), socioeconomics and policy identified economic research issues, namely: (ownership and use, economic assessment a) the absence of well-defined biological of performance), and petroleum platform and economic objectives; b) lack of un- conversion (impacts and alternatives of derstanding of the user groups' percep- redeployment of platforms) (Bohnsaclc and tions and demand for artificial reef deploy- Sutherland 1985; Seaman et al. 1989). ment; c) lack of socioeconomic baseline Interdisciplinary approaches such as eco- data for economic performance appraisal: nomic and life history considerations in and d) the lack of understanding of the designing structures are encouraged. Ad- artificial reef's role in fisher'les manage- ditional research is also needed on the factors ment (Milon 1989).A socioeconomic study affecting colonization of artificial reefs such ofartificial reefs in Panguil Bay, Mindanao, as natural reef availability, mechanisms of is being conducted by the DA under the natural population limitation, exploitation FSP National Fisheries Research Program pressure, life history dependency on reefs, but it is not certain if the above consid- and species-specific and age-specific erations are sufficiently addressed. terials, design, and siting criteria; owner- Issues and Lessons Learned ship and manasement; and research, monl- (Management and Policy toring and evaluation systems. Considerations) Interdisciplinary research involving econo- mists, biologists and social scientists should Artificial reefs have been deployed in be able to direct establishment of suitable the Philippines with the main objective OF policies (Seaman et al. 1989) that would enhancing catch rates of small-scale fish- take care OF the above considerations For ers, in a situation of decreasing catch and best results at the least cost and negative Increasing cost of Fuel. Where Fishing ef- impacts (Fig. 3.).A well-designed public fort is regulated, the use of this tool can education agenda keeping in mind the result in positive social and economic specific information and training needs OF benefits but could result in further overfishing various groups involved in artiFicial reef if uncontrolled (Polovina 1991 ). deployment (policymakers,planners, coastal The Philippine marine fisheries have fishing communities, other resource been characterized as overfished in re- managers, technical personnel) would be cent years and massive reduction of fishing very useful in successfully using artificial cHort had been recommended (Pauly reefs as tools for fisheries management. 1989). Interestingly, artificial reefs which In line with coastal management strat- have the potentla1 to cause overfishing egies emphasizing the use of combinations were and are being installed all over the OF management techniques, artificial reefs country. This potentially disastrous de- can be integrated in a Fisheries manage- velopment, usually near fishing villages, ment program involving other tools such is tempered by these artificial habitats as minimum sizes, closed seasons, limited becoming instrumental in drawing coastal entry, habitat protection and restoration communities together into a constituency (Meicr et al. 1989)along with nonregulatory of Fisheries resources protection and re- techniques (e.g., alternative livelihoods, habilitation. The artificial reefs help to incentives, habitat enhancement, etc.).The show that coral reefs and other marine impacts of artificial reefs on other elements ecosystems are invaluable and must be of the resource base can also be deter- protected from destruction. mined in the context OF broader coastal Experiences in artificial reef installa- management programs, particularly in case tions also include the following obser- of resource use conflicts. vatlons. That: The FSP approximates an integrated a. Lack of good data constrains on- program with fish sanctuaries and man- going and planned reef construction. grove reforestation used as "resource en- b. There is insufficient education and hancement measures" along with artificial technology transfer on artificial reefs for reefs (DA 1993). Income diversification, nontechnical people are insufficient. research and extension, law enforcement, c. Lack of technical abilities of personnel credit and infrastructure are supposed to involved has resulted in faulty siting of reefs, help relieve some OF the fishing pressure and a lack of monitoring, in-depth analy- off the stocks. However, in a hurry to meet ses and interpretation of field data. donor conditionalities, its artificial reef d. The absence of policies governing program failed in establishing matching the construction, deployment and use of technical manpower required for proper artificial reefs gave rise to related issues construction, deployment, monitoring and including the choice of appropriate ma- management of the artificial reefs. I Policy Process

Failure of artificial reef program to conserve fishery resources

Lack of well-defined ecological and socioeconomic objectives in deploying artificial reefs (e.g., user groups' perceptions and demand for artificial reefs not defined; role of artificial reefs in fisheries management not well-defined) - Lack of management plan and system of monitoring - Inadequate guidelines in the deployment of artificial reefs Effects: -. Impacts of deployment difficult to measure - Uncontrolled fishing (no number of fisherslfrshing method prescribed) RESEARCH which may lead to stock depletion and social conflicts (e.g., ownership) - Indiscriminate deployment of artificial reefs Policy Objective: To determine the feasibility of artificial reefs as a fishery management tool Options: 1. Use artificial reef only in underexploitedfisheries in combination with other management tools e.g., research and education; 2. Use artificial reef only in fisherieslmarine sanctuaries with habitat limitations if economically advantageous; or 3. Prohibit use of artificial reef; consider alternatives

Criteria: Ecological (e.g., not a threat to resource system) and socio- economic (e.g., promotes equity among stakeholders) Process: Legislative (e.g., Congressional Act, part of broader Coastal Management Act) or executive (e.g., Administrative Order)

Implementation Structure: Artificial Habitat Development Program

Obtain facilities and funds Create staffhain existing staff Surveylassess existing installations Formulate appropriate implementing goals, standards and scheme Begin implementation Process Evaluation: 0 1 , Compliance with implementing standards and guidelines Outcome Evaluation: Impacts of fishing in artificial habitats on other components of resource base; others

Flg. 3. A pollcy process on the use of artlficlal reefs for Rsberles management. cial reef research: a review with recomlnen- Acknowledgements dations for future priorities. Bull. Mar. Sci. 37(1):11-39. I would like to thank staff from DA (BFAR, Chua, C.Y.Y. and L.M. Chou. 1994. The use of arti- ficial reefs in enhancing Fish communities in FSP, and the Policy and Planning Croup), Singapore. Hydrobiologia 285:177-187. PCAMRD, the Provincial Government of DA. 1990-1 994. Fourth Quarter Accomplishment Camarines Norte, SEAFDEC-AQD, PRIMEX, Reports. Vol. II. Annexes. Department of UPMSI, and US Peace Corps Philippines Agriculture, Quezon City. DA. 1993. Fisheries Sector Program. Fishcries Sec- who provided information on programs tor Program Program Management Office (FSP- and experiences on artificial reefs. PMO) Information Division, Department of Agriculture, Quezon City. 3 1 p. Diaz. G.C. 1994. Spccies diversity of fishes in the artificial red in Caranan. Pasacao, Camarines Sur: an inventory. Camarines Sur State Agri- References cultural College, Pili. Camarines Sur. 89 p. M. thesis. Alcala, A.C. 1979. Fish standing stock and yield of Fitzhardinge, R.C. and J.H. Bailey-Brock. 1989. Colo- an artificial reef off Bantayan, Dumaguete City, nization OF artificial reef materials by corals Philippines. Silliman J. 26(4):253-262. and other sessile organisms. Bull. Mar. Sci. Alcala, A.C., L.C. Alcala. E.D. Gomez, M.E. Cowan 44(2):567-579. and H.T. Yap. 1981. Growth of certain corals, Galvez, R.E. 1991. Some socioeconomic issues in molluscs and fish in artificial reefs in thc Phil- artificial reefs rnanagemeilt: a case of Lingayen ippines, p. 21 5-220. In E.D. Gomezet al. (eds.) Gulf. Philippines. Tropical Coastal Area Man- The reef and man. Proc. Fourth Int. Coral Reef agement 6( 1/2):6-7. Symp. Vol. 2. Marine Sciences Center, Uni- Gornez, E.D., A.C. Alcala and L.C. Alcala. 1982. versity of the Philippines, Quezon City, Phil- Growth of somc corals in an artificial reef off ippines. Dumaguete. Central Visayas, Philippines. Alevizon. W.S. and J.C. Gorham. 1989. EFfects of IMalaysia. ASEAN/SF/88/GEN/8. Barrette, E.F. 1986. Fish recruitment pattern with Milon, J.W. 1989. Economic evaluation of artificial notes on productivity of a bamboo artificial habitat for Fisheries: progress and challenges. reef. University of the Philippines, Diliman, Bull. Mar. Sci. 44(2):831-843. Quezon City. 87 p. M.S. thesis. Montemayor. I.R. 1991. A review of developments Bojos. R.M. Jr. and F.J. Vande Vusse. 1988. Artifi- on artificial reefs for fishery enhancement in cia1 reefs in Philippine artisanal fshery reha- the Philippines. p. 229-243. In Papers pre- bilitation, p. 162-169. In Report of the Work- sented at the Symposium on Artificial Reefs shop on Artificial Reefs Developrncnt and and Fish Aggregating Devices as Tools for the Management, 13-18 September 1988, Penang, Management and Enhancement of Marine Fish- Malaysia ASEAN/SF/88/GEN/8. ery Rcsources, 14-17 May 1990, Colombo, Bohnsack, J.A. 1989. Are high densities OF fishes Sri Lanlta. Indo-Pacific Fishery Commission RAPA at artificial rccfs the result of habitat limita- Report 1991/11, 435 p. tion or behavioral preference? Bull. Mar. Sci. Murdy. E.O. 1979. Fishery ecology of the Bolinao 44(2):631-645. artificial reef. Kallltasan, Philipp. J.Biol. 8(2):121- Bohnsaclt, J.A. and D.L. Sutherland. 1985. Artifi- 154. Nelson, S.M., G. Muellcr and D.C. tlemphill. 1994. ment strategies and case studies. ICLARM ConF. Identification of tire leachatc toxicants and a Proc. 19. 254 p. risk assessment of water quality effects using PCARRD. 1986. Technology! Artificial reefs. Philippine tire reefs in canals. Bull. Environ. Contam. Council For Agriculture and Resources Research Toxicol. 52:574-58 1. and Development, Los Baiios, Laguna. 16 p. NPC. 1991. Artificial Reef Project. Environmental Polovina. J.J. 1991. Ecological considerations on the Services Division, Environmental Management applications OF artificial reefs in the manage- Dcpartment. National Power Corporation, ment of artisanal fishery. Tropical Coastal Area Quezon City. 10+ p. Management 6(1/2): 1.3-4. Parnintuan, I.S., P.M. Aliho, E.D. Gomczancl M.R.S. PRIMEX. 1992. Fisheries resource assessment study Yap. 1992. Patterns of recruitment of thc Fish of the coastal and marine waters OF Antique: ancl macrobenthic organisms of two artificial Final repOK. Vol. I: An assessment of the fisheries reef sites in Bolinao. Pangasinan. Philippines, resources of Antiquc. Pacific Rim Innovation p. 369-375. /n L.K. Chou and C.R. Willtinson and Management Exponcnts. Inc., Manila, (eds.) Third ASEAN Scicncc and Technology Philippines. 220 p. Week Conference Proceedings. Vol. 6 Marine Seaman, W. Jr.. R.M. Bucltley and J.J. Polovina. 1989. Science: Living Coastal Resources. 21 -23 Sep- Advances in Itnowledge and priorities for re- tember 1992. Singapore. Department of Zo- search, technology and management related ology. National University of Singapore and to artificial aquatic habitats. Bull. Mar. Sci. National Sciel-~ce8, Technology Board, Sin- 44(2):527-532. gapore. Suzulti, S. 1984. Study ofartificial reef project in Region Pauly, D. 1989. Fisheries resources management I. Terminal report submitted to the Ministry of in Southeast Asia: Why bother? p. 1-9. /nT.- Agriculture and Food, Burcau OF Fisheries and E. Chua and D. Pauly (eds.) Coastal area man- Aquatic Rcsources District Fishery OFFice, Vigan. agement in Southeast Asia: policies, manage- llocos Sur, Philippines. 6 p.

Discusslon Convenor: R. Miclat Rapporteur: J. Maclean

Discussion ranged over many issues, not fort was also Falling; and if the pro- all related to the topic. First, discussion portion of juvenile fish is decreasing, was confined to bottom structures. Payam the case for an artificial reef in- were excluded. Then the following broad creases. Finally to have an impact areas were covered: at the stock level (as opposed to local aggregation or recruitment), 015jectJve.s of ArtificOJ Reefs a large investment would be needed. BFAR's artificial reef program was a It was pointed out that the above response to coastal problems; a ral- argument might only apply if the lying point to make communities objective was to increase catch, i.e., aware of the need to conserve ma- a management function; not if the rine ecosystems. purpose is rehabilitation. One view was that the wrong ques- Further, studies have shown that the tions are being asked concerning ob- proportion of juveniles in catches jectives of artificial reefs. A is increasing; they are being targeted; decisionmaking tree was described there seems to be recruitment in which artificial reefs were described overfishing, meaning that at least as not useful for commercial Fish- half the stoclc has been removed: ing; useful for artisanal fishing if thus, there is plenty of substrate catches are falling, but not if ef- available. Artificial reek become just another fishing gear, which will add The absence of evidence of increases to the long-term problem, even if in fish numbers at the stock level was catches increase in the short term. stressed. In some cases the objective has been the physical exclusion of commer- Siting of Artificial Reefs cial fishing gear. Unless the objectives of artificial reef Site selection criteria have usually installation are defined clearly, dis- been employed in placing artificial cussion of benefits is useless. In the reefs. view of several participants, the social Recruitment of Fish was found bet- benefits were the key element. ter on coral reeFs than on nearby artiFicial reefs, according to Silliman Evaluation of A rtiflcial Reefs University experience. However, at Bolinao, experiments suggest bet- Few catch statistics, measures of coral ter recruitment away from natural growth or survival of artificial reefs reefs. seem to have been gathered in the 1 -/-year history of artificial reefs in Monitoring of A rtificial Reefs the Philippines. Data have been published for the Monitoring an artificial reef alone may Silliman artificial reef. not be useful: there is a need to in- In some cases, benefits have been vestigate where the recruits are coming "obvious" to villagers and researchers From and to study trophic relationships with small-scale artificial reefs; fur- in refuges or in feeding and breeding ther analysis seemed superfluous. areas. Artificial reefs are cheap, involve Monitoring is required before as well communities and show some impact; as after Installing artificial reek to de- thus are favored by politicians, who termine benefits. may not take into account negative When there were few artiFicial reefs aspects; the number of artificial reefs in the early period, they could be easily they can provide is felt to be a measure monitored by existing ]researchers. of success in itself. However, while the artificial reek have With regard to the Central Visayas increased greatly, the number of Regional Project artificial reefs, a researchers has not: thus, most artificial survey showed that all the bamboo reefs cannot now be monitored. ones disintegrated; 35% of the oth- BFARaslted DA to stop building arti- ers were lost, mostly in typhoons; ficial reefs in 1989 and begin an evalu- few had many fish; and one had to ation exercise. However, DA could be removed from a healthy reef. The not stop their construction due to Philippine Institute for Development political pressure. Studies has done impact studies, in- In Malaysia, the general consensus cl uding cost-benefits. about the big artificial reeF program An Antique study OF 38 artificial reek there was that real benefits result showed that only five were intact; others From excluding trawlers but there had sunk in silt or were lost in strong is no net increase in fish produc- currents. The remaining Five, which tion: rather a transfer of some of the fishers had not located, had clearly resources towards the poorest sec- attracted many Fish. tors. Culcle/lnes for ArfIfIcIal Reefs for exploitation. However, it was pointed that such "privatization" There is a lack of clear guidelines would be a negative feature. due to controversies about artificial reefs, due to poor cooperation be- tween researchers and other gov- ernment agencies and NG05. In the FSP, Bay Management Coun- The past and existing artificial reef cils were formed of all the projects and their findings need to stakeholders in each bay. Ordinances be better documented. Participants were encouraged which would per- were urged to bring forward refer- mit groups of fishers to make and ences which could be made into a control artificial reefs; the artificial bibliography of Philippine artificial reefs would be two- thirds sanctu- reefs for the workshop report; and ary (rehabilitation) and one- third data on artificial reef performance. Effects and Management of Artificial Reefs, Including Experiences Outside the Philippines

MAKE WALTEM ATH* German Development Service Philippine Office 65fuan L una Street, San Lorenzo Village Maka ti Ciw, Philippines

and

BERTHOLD SCHIRM' Zen trum fur Marine Tropenol

WALTEMATH, M. and 8. SCHIRM. 1795. Effects and management of artificial reefs, including experiences outside the Philippes, p. 25-30. /nj.L. Munro and M.C. Balgos (eds.)Artificial reek in the Philippines. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 47, 56 p.

Abstract

Artificial reefs are widely used For various purposes. In the Philippines, they are mainly used For fishing and Fisheries management. Since 1991. 174 artificial reefs have been deploycd in 75 sites in Negros Oriental, Central Visayas, Philippines. It was estimated that the annual harvest From these artificial reefs is 3.0 kg.m-"which can be about 150 times higher than the yield from natural coral reefs. In this area, and elsewhcrc in the Philippines, artificial reefs are popular because they attract a great abundance of fish and enable Fishers to reduce Fishing effort in terms of time and Fuel. However, it appears that they can contribute severely to overfishing if the catches exceed thc maximum potential new production. This may be the case in the Philippines because the artificial reefs are not monitored and managed properly. Ownership and management policies are nonex- istent except for a Few organizations which protect thcir artificial reefs as marine sanctu- aries

products, scrap metals and used oil drill- ing platforms. These underwater structures are placed all over the globe. Table 1 gives wide variety of materials examples of the main applications of arti- and structures are used for A ficial reek in different countries. the construction of artificial reefs. Artificial reek provide shelter for adult The materials include scrap tires, and juvenile fish (Bohnsack 1989), refer- mangrove branches, concrete ence points For orientation (e.g., for the structures, pedicabs, shipwrecks, coal waste formation of schools), feeding areas (Bohnsack 1989)and breeding areas (White et al. 1990). However, an important ques- 'Present address: Provincial Planning and tion, mostly neglected, is whether or not Development Office, P.O. Box 242 Dumaguete City 6200. Philippines. artificial reefs lead to an increase of fish 25 Tablc 1. MaCerials and purposes OF artificial rcefs in various countries. -- .-.+. -- ", - Arca Material Purpose References -- . - .- -, -, - Mecliterranean: Italy, France Concrete stmctures Artraction of fish; shellfish and Spain farming; trawl deterrent

UIC, North Sea Coal waste products Waste disposal: habitat for lobster Collins et al. (1990)

US A Ships, tires Recreational fishing and diving McGurrin et al. (1989)

Gulf OF Mexico Oil drilling platforms Aggregation for recreational Stark (1990): Stanley fishing; waste disposal and Wilson;(1991)

Costa Rica Tires lncrease exploitable biomass Carnpos and Gamboa (1989)

Cuba Mangrove branches Lobster attraction I'olovina (1990)

Australia Tires Recreational fishing and diving Young (1 988)

Japan Concrete Habitat enhancement: increase Yarnane (1989), exploitable biomass Polovina ( 1990)

Thailand Concrete and tires Increase exploitable biomass; Sinanuwong (1958) close areas for trawlers

Indonesia Old pedicabs Wastc disposal: attraction of fish Whitc et al. (1990)

Malaysia Concretc pipes, Enhance biological productivity; Hung ( 1988) shipwrecks fishing prohibitcd at AR sites

Philippines Tires, concrete and Increase exploitable biomass; Vande Vusse (1991) bamboo habitat replacement for destroyed corals populations. Could the fish have used When fish stocks of the natural reefs are another area or is habitat a limiting Fac- below carrying capacity because of exploi- tor? Is Ash production a function of avail- tation, habitat is not limiting. However, able habitat? even if habitat was a limiting Factor, the The major factors determining the dis- positive impact of artificial reefs would tribution and abundance of fishes on coral probably be very small because the areas reefs are controversial (Hixon and Beets covered with artificial reefs in most coun- 1989).The hypothesis that structural shelter tries are very small compared to the size is a primary limiting resource for reef Fishes of remaining natural coral reef areas. was proposed by Smith and Tyler (1972). The high abundance of fish around the In contrast, Doherty and Williams (1988) artificial reefs as observed by diving, the stated that there is little evidence for re- attractiveness of artificial reefs as fishing source limitation for reef fishes and that grounds For fishers with catch rates of up populations are strongly influenced by fluc- to 1 6-20 kg.m-2(Polovinaand Sakai 989) tuations in recruitment. The corollary of and rapid fish colonization (Bohnsack 1989), this is that availability of habitat would not all indicate that artificial reefs aggregate usually be a limiting factor. Fish. According to Polovina (199 1 ) artificial Artificial Reefs in Negros reefs may result in one or more of the Oriental, Philippines following impacts on marine resources: In the Philippines, as in many other coun- Biomass which is currently exploited tries, artificial reef programs have been pro- is redistributed from natural habi- moted in response to declining fish tat to artificial reefs. populations and catch rates (Polovina 1991 ; w Biomass which is currently not being authors' observations). Proponents expect exploited is attracted to artificial that through the additional habitat offered reefs to increase the total avail- by artificial reefs, fish production will be able exploitable biomass without increased. Some proponents of artificial increasing stock size. reefs in the Philippines argue that since Stocks which are limited by high natural reeFs are destroyed by destructive relief habitat can increase. fishing methods and siltation, artificial reefs The aggregating capacity OF artificial are needed as a substitute. Additionally, reefs increases the in the Philippines, catchability of most natural reefs Fish. If the catches are considered exceed the maxi- highly exploited mum potential or overexploited new production, due to the large then artificial reek number of fishers are functioning (Vande Vusse primarily as a 1991 ; Pauly and benthic fish ag- Saeger 1992). gregating device The great and can contrib- abundanceoffish ute to the deple- on many artificial tion of fish stocks reefs, as observed if resources are al- by divers and ready documented by overexploited underwater vid- (Bohnsaclc 1989; eos, as well as Polovina 1991 ). high catch rates The impacts of from artificial artificial reefs on reefs have helped fisheries produc- to convince peo- tion in Shimamaki, ple of the posi- Japan were inves- tive effect of ar- tigated by ,.A tificial reefs and Polovina and Fig. I.. The tire module deployed in Negros Oriental, Cen- made artificial tral Vlsayas, Philippines. Salcai ( 1989). The reef programs- result showed that only octopus catches were popular, especially among nonscientists. increased (by 4% per 1,000 m2 of artificial Since 1991, 174 artificial reef clusters reef or by an average of 1.8 Icg.rn-Z). Flat- have been established in 75 sites off Negros Fishes were aggregated by artificial reefs but Oriental covering about 12,200 m2. Sur- production for the region did not increase. veys by Alcala (unpubl. data) covered 4.122 kmz of the coral reef area In Negros Ori- vision of the Provincial Planning and De- ental. If fish production is a linear function velopment Office in Negros Oriental indi- of habitat, the artificial reefs could increase cate the strong aggregating capacity of ar- fish production by ~0.3%only. tificial reefs. The following calculation dem- In Negros Oriental, such artificial reef onstrates that even if the artificial reefs cover cluster consists of 32 modules. A module only a small percentage of the existing natural consists of a cement cross as a base and coral reef area they can severely contrib- two old tires (one small, one big) which ute to overfishing. are split almost into two halves (Fig. 1). About 25% of the artificial reefs area in Each module covers roughly one square Negros Oriental was monitored. The site meter. Mostly, the modules are not placed in San Miguel, Bacong, serves as an exam- very near together and a cluster of 32 mod- ple for the method applied to eight other ules usually cover about 70 mZ,with some sites. Members of a fishers' association in variations between different reefs, depending San Miguel, Bacong, took 1,5 10 kg fish from on arrangement of the modules and the three artificial reef clusters during a period degree to which the modules are scattered. of one year (May 1993 - April 1994).These The 174 tire clusters cost PI ,812,210 tire clusters cover an area ofabout 210 m2 (PI 0,415 per cluster) excluding installa- and are located at a depth of 15 m. All catches tion and labor costs. The establishment of within 50 m distance from rhe artificial reefs marine reserves may be less expensive. were recorded daily by the Fishers. Since Preliminary evaluations of monitoring data the surrounding area consists of barren sand, gathered by the Resource Management Di- production there was assumed to be neg-

Table 2. Location, area covered and estimated annual yleld per square rncter of Ne~rosOriental artificial reefs.

Site Artificial Catch Artificial reef Catch Annual harvest reef area (First area (second harvest (First period) period) (second period) (l~g.rn-~) (mZ) (kg) period) (mZ) (ICE)

Bangcolotan 600 (12) 3 78 0.6 (Zarnboanguita) Masaplod Norte* 315 (10) 293 455 (2) 135 1 .2 (Dauin) (0.9+0.3) Dayoyo* (Jirnalalud) 70 (9) 117 140 (3) 38 1 .B (I .G7+0.27) Jilocon' (San Jose) 280 (6) 43 2 420 (6) 203 2.0 (1.5+0.5) Jugno' (Amlan) 210 (3) 347 280 (9) 276 2.6 (1-6+1) Inalad' (Siaton) 420 (6) 635 630 (6) 1,787 4.3 (1.5+4.3) Lutoban 140 (12) 790 5.6 (Zamboanguita) Dalakit 105 (12) 815 7.7 (Zamboanguita) San Miguel 210 (12) 1,510 7.2 (Bacong) -- *The artificial reef area was increased during monitoring. The figure in brackets represents the numbcr of months the monitored artificial reef had the glven size. The catch in k~.rn-~was calculated separately For the two periods with dirlerent sizes of artificial reef area. The two calculated values were totaled for the annual harvest. Others 10%

Pomacentridae 4%

Caesionidae 48%

Acanthuridae 15%

Flg. 2. Composltlon of catch from an artiflclal reef In San Mlguel, Bacong, Negros Orlental, Phlllpplnes In May 1773 (total of 168 kg).

ligible and the following calculations are (Bohnsack 1989).But according to our ob- based on the 21 0 mi covered by the arti- servations, management of artificial reefs ficial reef cluster. Data for the nine sites in the Philippines is poor or management are shown in Table 2. policies are nonexistent (see Vande Vusse The average annual harvest based on the 1991). nine monitored artificial reefs represent- Government agencies have to fulfill their ing 25% of the total artificial reefs area in physical targets (numbers of clusters in- Negros Oriental, is 3.0 kg.m-'. For natural stalled),which sometimes results in wrong coral reef areas Alcala (1981 ) reported high placement of artificial reefs. Monitoring is values around 20 t.1tm2' or 0.02 Icg.rw2. It poor or nonexistent. The locations of ar- seems that the yield from artificial reefsites tificial-reefsinstalled under some programs can be about 150 times higher than the are not properly recorded. yield from natural coral reefs. Artificial reefs are mostly used as fish- An analysis of the total catch in May ing grounds without any fishing regula- 1993 from the San Miguel artificial reef tions and are heavily exploited in some show that schooling planktivores provide sites. Potential negative impacts of artifi- the greatest biomass (Fig. 2). According cial reefs are generally unknown to fish- to Vande Vusse (199 1 ) these species provide ers, who strongly believe that fish the greatest volume of reef fishes in heavily populations are enhanced by the artificial fished coastal waters. reefs. There are a few fishers' associations which protect their artificial reefs as ma- rine sanctuaries. Can Artificial Reefs Be Even if new laws would be formulated to Successfully Managed? regulate fishing activities in artificial reefs, implementation of laws has always been a There is no doubt that artificial reefs enable big problem in the Philippines. Absence of fishers to save time and fuel, reduce fish- policies on ownership and fishing rights ag- ing effort and locate fish more predictably gravate the problem and lead to social conflicts. References cia1 recfs and fish aggregating devices. /nFAO Report of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Commis- sion, Symposium on Artificial Reefs and FADS Alcala, A.C. 1981. Fish yield of the coral reefs oFSumilon as Tools For Management and Enhancement Island, Central Visayx, Philippines. Nat. ks. Coun. of Marine Resources, May 1990. Colombo, Philipp. Res. Bull. 36(1):1-7. Sri Lanlta. Bohnsadt, ].A. 1989. Are high densitics OF fishes at artificial Polovina, 1.1.. 1991. Ecological considcrations on reefs the result OF habitat limitation or behavioral the applications of arriRcial reek in the man- preference? Bull. Mar. Sci. 44(2):631-645. agement of artisanal Fishery. Trop. Coastal Bombace, G. 1989. Artificial reels in the Mediter- Area Manage. 6(1/2):1-4. ranean Sea. Bull. Mar. Sci. 44: 1023-1032. Polovina, J.J. and I. Saltai. 1989. Impacts OF artiR- Bombace, G. 1990. Fish repopulation: artikial barriers. cia1 reefs on fishery production in Shimamalti, I1 Pesce (5):86-95. japan. Bull. Mar. Sci. 44(2):997-1003. Carnpos, J.A. and C. Gamboa. 1989. An artikcial Slnanuwong, K. 1988. Artificial reek construction tire-reef in a tropical marine system: a man- Nakornsrithammarat Province, p. 130-1 34.117 agement tool. Bull. Mar. Sci. 44(2):757-766. Report OF the Workshop on Artificial Reefs Collins K.].. A.C. lensen and A.P.M. Lockwood. 1990. Development and Managcmenl, 13-18 Sep- Fishery enhancement recf building exercise. tember 1988, Penang. Malaysia. Chem. Ecol. 4(4): 1 79-1 87. Smith, C.L. and ).C. Tyler. 1972. Space resource Doherty, J.D. and D.McB. Williams. 1988. Thc re- sharin~in a coral reef fish community. Bull. plcnishment of coral reef fish popu\ations. Nat. I-lisc. Mus. Los Angcles Ca. 14:125- 170. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 26:487-551. Stanley, D.R. and C.A. Wilson. 1991. Factors af- Hixon, M.A. and J.P. Beets. 1989. Shclter charac- fecting the abundance OF selccted Fishcs near teristics and Caribbean Fish assemblages: ex- oil and gas platforms in the northern Gulf of periments with artificial reef. Bull. Mar. Sci. Mexico. Fish. Bull. 89(1):149-159. 44(2):666-680. Stark, M. 1990. From production platforms to arti- Hung, E.W.F. 1988. Artificial reefs development and ficial reefs. OFFshorc Eng. 26-27. management in Malaysia, p. 27-51. InReport Vandc Vusse, F.]. 1991. Thc use and abuse of arti- OF the Workshop on Artificial Reefs Develop- ficial reefs: The Philippine experience. Tropi- ment and Management, 13-18 September 1988, cal Coastal Area Management 0(1/2): 8-1 1. Penang, Malaysia. White, A.T., L.M. Chou, M.W.R.N. de Silva and F.Y. McGurrln, 1.M.. R.B. Stone and R.J. Sousa. 1989. Guarin. 1990. Artificial reek for marine habitat Profiling United States artiFicial reef develop- enhancement in Southeast Asia. lCLARM Educ. ment. Bull. Mar. Sci. 44:1004-1013. Ser. 11, 45 p. Pauly, D. and J. Saeger. 1992. Im Schattenvon Malthus. Yamane, T. 1989. Status and futurc plans of artificial Kleinfischerei der Philippinen, p. 125139. In reef projects in Japan. Bull. Mar. Sci. 44:1038- Gelpke N.K.(Hrsg.) Focus:olcozid 8 Un-endliches 1040. Meer. Young. G. 1988. Major artificial reef in WA follows Polovina, J.J. 1990. A global perspective on artiR- SA lead. Aust. Fish. 47(12): 26-28.

Discussion Convenor: G. Silvestre Rapporteur: A. Cabanban

The topic paper presented evidence that Utility of Artificial Reefs artificial reefs have little impact on over- all Fish production, but have strong ag- Different views were held regarding the gregating capacities, leading to ultimate utility of artificial reek. depletion of stoclcs. They have high It. was argued that they are ben- biomasses of planktivores. Artificial reefs eficial if settlement, recruitment, may be expensive and difficult to man- and colonization are allowed to age. occur. They are thus useful for re- The ensuing open forum brought Forth habilitation OF degraded areas by many questions and discussions. These are providing alternative substrates and summarized below: shelter for settlers and may also increase the biomass of the fish tivity within the reef but also de- populations. rive from the productivity of nearby The alternative view was that they reefs, adjacent level bottom and are aggregating devices. Adult pelagic habitats and the ecosystem fishes seen at the early stage of as a whole. reef deployment are not from re- 0 PlanlOverexploitation of coastal fisher- OF privatization of common prop- ies in the Philippines must be ad- erty. Local government units have dressed by the reduction OF effort instituted legal ownership of artifi- and in conjunction with changing cial reefs, giving preference for lo- cal fishers. the open-access exploitation ofthe fisheries. Future Prospects for Artificial Reefs in the Philippines"

JOHN W.McMANUS International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management MCPO Box 2631, 0718 Malcati City Philippines

McMANUS, J.W. 1995. Future prospects for artificial reefs in the Philippines, p. 33-39. In J.L. Munro and M.C. Balgos (eds.) Artificial reefs in the Philippines. ICLAM ConF. Proc. 49, 56 p.

Abstract

The coastal waters OF the Philippines are generally ovcrfished to the point of having more than twice as much fishing pressure as necessary for optimal harvests. Artificial reefs are commonly justified either as structures to attract fish for easy exploitation, or as a method to improve fish production by increasing the amount or habitat area suit- able for breeding or rearing harvestablc fish. As Fish attracting devices, artificial reek exacerbate the already serious problcm of overfishing. Howevcr, ak an estimated con- struction cost of US$3 to $6 per mZ ($3 million to $6 million per itm2 - not including diver costs), it would be far more cost-effective to concentrate efforts on more certain ways of improving fishery production such as the establishment of marine reserves and the alleviation of fishing pressure through the implemcntation of alternative livelihood programs Introduction demonstrated that trawl (Silvestreand Pauly 1986), pelagic (Dalzell et al. 1987; Trini- s an artiFicial reef program dad et al. 1994) and art~sanal(Fox and I a rational approach to con- FRMT 1986)fisheries are overfished. Where servation and Fisheries man- bioeconomic analyses have been con- agement in the Philippines? ducted, the result has been to recommend This question has many fac- a reduction in the fishing eFFort of at least 60% of that now in place. In general, it ets. Several of the key issues have been discussed elsewhere in this volume. This appears that most OF the country is now paper focuses on selected issues from a or will soon be overfished by more than national planning standpoint, including the twice the labor force it should have in order aspects of practicality and the optimal use to optimally harvest the available fish stoclcs (McManus et al. 1992). Programs in the of public funds. last two decades to improve the lot of fishers through loans to improve boats The Philippine Fisheries and gear have.succeeded only in exacer- Situation bating the situation (Smith 1981).The rapid population growth rate, inequitable use The Philippines is in astate of overfishing of resources and relatively open-access at a national scale. Studies have clearly fisheries have led to a state of Malthusian overfishing, in which fishing methods harm- *ICLARM ~or;tributionNo. 1 140 ful to the environment, and to the fishers themselves, tend to proliferate (Pauly et Scale and Economic al. 1989).Thus, coral reefs throughout the Considerations country are being doused with poisons, blasted with bombs and scoured with suicidal A review of four studies of artificial reefs "hookah" diving gear in efforts to hunt down in the Philippines for which species or family the remaining adult fish (McManus et al. lists have been published reveals that all 1992). Stocks of fish seem to be replen- sites were dominated by coral reef fish ished. in spite of this overfishing, by in- (Murdy 1979: Barreto 1986; Diaz 1994; fluxes From offshore, mainly subsurface reefs. Waltemath and Schirm, this vol.). These However, many potential sources of ju- include primarily grazers (e.g., many venile fish, such as the Spratly Islands, face pomacentrids), planlctivores (e.g., growing threats (McManus 1994). caesionids) and piscivores (e.g.,lutjanids). The abuses to coral reefs from overfishing The few exceptions include principally a and destructive Fishing compound the simi- few transient groups of nonreeF planlctivores larly growing problem of reef demise due such as atherinids and leiognathids (e.g., to siltation from deforestation, pollution Rarreto 1986). This pattern persists even from densely-packed coastal towns and when the reef is apparently several cities, and avariety ofother problems. Fish- kilometers from the nearest natural coral eries and coastal zone management in the assemblage. Art~ficialreefs in Japan and country are now largely exercises in des- elsewhere are sometimes dominated by perately seeking ways to diminish Fishing pelagic species, but this has not been the pressure and to protect the remaining natural case in the published Philippine studies coastal ecosystems through the develop- (caesionids are sometimes considered to ment of appropriate alternative livelihood be pelagic, but they rarely occur outside programs. The latter have consistently waters over coral assemblages and artifi- proven to be difficult to design and initi- cial reek). A study ofcharts and topographic ate, given the limited rcsources of each maps of the country reveals that there are municipality, their dominance by wealthy very few areas of the Philippines which families, difficulties in societal transitions, are not within 10 Itm of some kind of coral rampant illiteracy and its effects on assemblage. Exceptions to this include trainability, the need for active market de- relatively straight coastal areas of shift- velopment, the lack of government funds, ing subsurface sand dunes, such as the inside and the bureaucratic hindrances to the of the Lingayen Gulf, and these would of- effective application of existing funds to ten be unsuitable substrates for the estab- the problems at hand. The rate of imple- lishment of artificial reefs. Thus, it is clear mentation of such projects is unlikely to that the debate over artificial reef deploy- keep up with the rapid rise in the target ment in the Philippines is one concerning populations, and the latter is maintained coral reefs and associated fisheries, rather in part by strong resistance to government than nonreef demersal or pelagic fisher- family planning programs from influential les. private sectors. It is within this context that The coral reef area of the country was artificial reefs have been turned to increas- estimated to be approximately 27,000 ltm2 ingly as an option for coastal zone by Carpenter (1977),using charted reefs management. and adjacent bathy metry estimates. McManus and Arida (in press) estimated low areas and high values with high ar- areas of uncharted pinnacle reefs in two eas, between $90 billion and $240 billion. areas of the country to a total of 5,000- In order to even show a significant im- 10,000 I..m2. Thus, the total reeF area of pact on national coral reef fisheries, one the country is probably between 30,000 would probably have to install at least 10% and 40,000 km2. of the natural reef area, at a cost of at Most of the artificial reefs of the coun- least $9 billion to $24 billion. Note that try have been installed under a few large- the two studies mentioned did not include scale programs - the Artificial Reef De- adequate estimates for diver costs, and velopment Program of BFARwhich installed so the actual deployment cost may be far around 5,188 tire modules and 66 bam- greater. boo modules, the Philippine Fisheries De- However, a large-scale project of this velopment Authority's program which type would entail rising costs as materi- installed 8,099 bamboo and ipil modules, als became scarce. It has been estimated the Central Visayas Regional Project which that there are 2.1 million vehicles in the installed 26,000 bamboo modules, the Philippines. At roughly five tires per ve- Calancan Bay Rehabilitation Program which hicle, this means that there are about 10 installed 848 tire modules, 1,134concrete million tires in current use. The figure of modules and 18 bamboo modules, the 1 1 ,I 36 tires in an artificial reef covering National Power Corporation's program 12,200 m2 (Waltemath and Schirm, this which installed 8 16 tire modules, and the vol. - each module was constructed from Fisheries Sector Program, accounting for two tires) gives us approximately 1 m"er 7,472 tire modules, 455 concrete mod- tire. Ten million tires could be deployed ules and 45 bamboo modules (Balgos, this to cover 10 million mZ,or I0 ltm20r 0.025- vol.). This totals to 50,141 modules which 0.033% of the area of coral reek. Of course, have been installed since 1979. Assum- tires are used for a variety of products in ing that the modules constructed from the Philippines, such as trash cans, bar- natural materials have decayed by now, rels and planters. As excess tire accumu- and that perhaps another 2,000 tire or lations are depleted, additional costs would concrete modules have been installed in accrue from competition for other uses and smaller programs, we can estimate that increasing transportation distances. The approximately 18,000 modules are cur- program would have to turn increasingly rently present in Philippine waters. to alternative materials, such as concrete. Waltemath and Schirm (this vol.) report The volume OF cement to be used would that 1 74 clusters of modules covering be substantial in a country where cement 12,200 rnZ(with 50% bottom cover) cost shortages and ensuing "panic buying" is P1 $1 2,210 (US$70,000).This comes to common. This would lead to rising prices approximately $6 per rnZ ($6 x lo6 per for the program. ltrn2). However, their estimated cost of Rubber tiresgradually lose strength over P10,415 per unit is approximately twice time in the ocean, and little would remain as high as some other estimates, such as after 40 years (Sato and Yoshiolta 1982). that of the SEAFDEC project reported in The materials used to bind the tires to- Balgos (this vol.). Thus, a lower estimate gether may last far shorter times, particu- of bottom coverage would be $3 per mZ. larly when stressed by tangled fishing lines Thus, assuming that one could, in fact, or subjected to blast fishing. Concrete struc- replace true reefs with artificial reefs, then tures can last much longer. However, this replacing all the coral reefs of the Philip- depends greatly upon the design OF the pines would cost, pairing low values with module, type of cement and the care taken to construct the module. Various marine erally Fished to scarcities which are un- salts interact with the concrete, most promi- characteristically extreme For existing habi- nently magnesium sulfate which forms tats (e.g., 70 adult fish per hectare on a complexes with the concrete which ex- Bolinao reef slope - McManus et al. 1992). pand and heat up, cracking surrounding Thus, Polovina's point is valid even in the areas. Assuming that moderate care has Philippine context. been taken in the construction of the modules, many would have to be repked every few decades. The use of metal waste Competing With Natural Reefs such as used vehicles would also be se- For Fish verely limited by supplies and competi- tive use, and metal deteriorates much faster The average coral reef fish species is than well-made concrete, particularly at believed to remain in a pelagic state for 3 welding points (Sato and Yoshiolta 1982). - 4 weeks before settling on a coralline The need for replacement would not be habitat. Many apparently wait 1-2 months as much of a problem if the structures were before settling (McManus 1994).There is designed to serve as substrates for replace- considerable debate as to which, if any, ment by natural reef material. However, settle on their natal reek and which set- coral reef accretion rates are often reported tle on downstream reefs, and in what pro- to be in terms of one or a few centimeters portions under various circumstances (Leis per year. A structure designed to initiate 199 1). There has been concern that artifi- a substantial accretion within a Few dec- cial reefs might deplete schools of settling ades, prior to its own demise, would gen- postlarvae before they encounter natural erally be low and very solid, a design which habitats. Gwen that it is virtually impos- conflicts with the high profile, open structural sible For workers in the Philippines to con- orientation OF most modern modules de- struct artificial reefs which would amount signed to attract fish (Brock and Norris 1989). to any more than a small fraction of a per cent, of the area of existing reefs, this would certainly not be a general problem in the Habitat Limitation Foreseeable future. However, concerns about the effect of Polovina (1 989) pointed out that there artificial reefs in dcpleting existing adult would generally be no lack of fish habitat fish stocks are quite reasonable. It is clear in an overfished ecosystem. Recruitment that most artificial reefs in the Philippines overfishing generally implies that stocks become inhabited very rapidly, in terms have been reduced below 50% of their virgin of weeks or months, far too quiclcly for biomasses. Thus, there should generally the fish to have settled and grown to ob- be an excess of habitat area for the re- served sizes. Polovina (1989) has pointed maining fish. In the Philippines, the prob- out that reported harvest rates greatly lem is not quite so simple because of exceed those expected from juvenile re- Malthusian overfishing, which Fosters habitat cruitment. One can expect that an artifi- destruction in addition to recruitment, cial reef placed near or on a coral reef would growth and ecosystem (i.e., shifts to tend to attract adult fish From places where unfavorable species composition) they had managed to escape Fishers, to overfishing. Even where habitats have not one in which they can escape no longer. been destroyed the proliferation of con- Artificial reefs would be potentially use- ventional fishing methods is such that ful iF placed in Fisheries reserves and used available reef habitats near shore are gen- to augment the capacity to enhance fish populations in adjacent areas. This would sand bars. Burial by sand bars would be a be reasonable iF there were strong guar- constant concern. Even in the absence of antees that the structures would never be sand bars, there is often a strong tendency fished. However, it is doubtful that even for structures to accumulate sand and silt, in this context, it would be more effec- and to sink into the substrate due to con- tive in the long run to put time and money stant vibration and shiFting of the parti- toward such construction rather than to- cles. ward programs to ensure the success of A major consideration in programs to the reserves. introduce artificial reefs to nonreef areas is the human dimension. Imagine a vil- lage with a history of the use of drifting Other Uses for the Money gill nets and long (0.25 to 1 Im) beach seines suddenly being presented with a Alternative approaches to coastal Rsh- small, potentially profitable coral reef-type eries enhancement have been discussed fishery. Who will have the right to fish there? by Munro (this vol.). As noted above, fi- How will outside entrants be limited? Who nancial constraints significantly hinder the will be responsible for and pay for regu- implementation of alternative livelihood lation enforcement? Who will maintain the programs. A second constraint is the lack structure? There are many complex issues of trained professional environmental sci- to be se'ttled in such an enterprise. The entists and community organizers. It would lack of agreed access arrangements prior be reasonable to concentrate both limited to artificial reef deploymen't can lead to money and human resources on more certain problems such as dominance OF the resource approaches to fisheries management than by a powerful few and the blasting of the artificial reefs. reef as a competitive strategy. Other dif- ficulties have been discussed by Ferrer (1991). Given the mobile, excess labor force Nonreef Areas in the country, any such structure which is not well defended at great cost in time, Some uncertainty remains with regard effort and money will eventually be to the potential benefits of installing arti- overfished to the point of minimal net profit. ficial reefs in areas far from coral reefs ((i.e. Any benefits which would accrue to the several tens of Idometers). One factor would average villager would be temporary and be related to the reasons why such an area would generally diminish because of new is not suitable For coral reef growth. Coral entrants, or through efforts to prevent such reefs cannot grow in areas of excessive resource sharing. nutrient or sediment loading. In the former, It is widely acknowledged that a sup- an artificial reef which served as a plat- plemental or even primary objective in the form for algal growth might be reason- placement of some artificial reefs is the ably desirable. Such growth might absorb prevention of encroachment of trawlers into excess nutrients and support fish artisanal fishing grounds. This purpose is populations. However, if the high nutri- quite distinct from those of fishery enhance- ent levels were a result of pollution from ment and habitat restoration. It would seem human wastes, then contamination of the desirable for structures to be used in such fish would be a concern. a context to be designed to maximize their Many areas OF nonreef coastline, such trawl-stopping properties, and to minimize as the coast of La Union Province, are char- their use as a fishing gear by subduing their acterized by sandy bottoms and shifting fish-attracting properties. This would prevent a fisheries protection device from adding or diving organization. Efforts to prevent to the overfishing problem. Thus, simple trawlers may or may not utilize deterrent concrete structures with minimal shelter structures in the future, but the confusion characteristics might be optimal, such as in purpose of the structures could be mini- the simple concrete bar arrangements used mized through the use of terms such as in the Central Visayas programs (Balgos, "trawl deterrent" rather than the already this vol.). The cost effectiveness of such misleading term "artificial reef". devices versus alternative means of trawler control is beyond the scope of this paper. Acknowledgements

Tourism Potentials I would like to thankJohn Munro, Garry Russ, Daniel Pauly , Miriam Balgos, Mailce The international diving community Waltemath, Porfirio Alitio, Liana McManus is often at the forefront of artificial reef and others for helpful discussions on topics promotion. There are many examples which have been addressed in this paper. of tourist businesses being established on or greatly enhanced by the pres- ence of shipwrecks, whether intention- References ally placed or not. Sunken airplanes appear to be great tourist draws, and Barrctto. E.F. 1986. Fish recruitment pattern with some notable success has been reported notes on proclucrivity of a bamboo arpificial rccf. University OF the Philippines, Diliman, from the use of sunken luxury auto- Quczor City. 87 p. M.S. thesis. mobiles. Brock, R.E. and J.E. Norris.1989. An a'nalysis of the Such uses are distinct from the use of efficacy OF Four al-tificial reel: designs in tropical artificial reefs to enhance fishing yield. waters. Bull. Mar. Sci. 44(2):934-941. Carpenter, K.E. 1977. Philippine coral rceF fisher- Tourism potential would generally be highest ies resources. Part I: a preliminary assessmcnt. if such structures were not fished at all. Phil. j. Fish. 1511):95-125. There is some chance that such protected Dalzell, P.. P. Corpuz, R. Ganadcn and D. Pauly. structures would be a source of postlarvae 1987. Estimation of maximum sustainable yield and maximum economic rent From the Philippine for nearby fished tones, but only substantial small pelagic fisheries. Bur. Fish. Aquat. Resour. developments would contribute significantly Tech. Pap. Scr. 10(3):1-23. in this manner. Diaz. G.C. 1994. Species divcrsity of fishes in the artificial reef in Caranan, Pasacao, Camarines Sur: an inventory. Camarincs Sur State A~ri- cultural College, Piii, Carnarincs Sur. 89 p. M. Conclusions thesis. Ferrer, E.M. 1991. Territorial use rights in fisheries Given the current limitations of public and thc management of artificial reels in the Philippines. p. 299-302. In L.M. Chou ct al. funds in the Philippines, it is doubtful (eds.)Towards an integrated management OF whether any funds should be used to con- tropical coastal resources. ICLARM Conf. Proc. struct artificial reefs. This money would be 22, 455 p. best directed to the major problem of al- Fox, P. and FRMT. 1986. A manua! of rapid appraisal techniques for Philippine coastal fisheries. ternative livelihood generation, and the Fisheries Resource Managcrnent Team, Bureau prevention of further environmental de- OF Fishcries and Aquatic Resourccs. Philippines. terioration. Tourist enhancement is a corn- 43 p. plus appenclices. mercial enterprise, and thus one which Leis, j.M. 1991. The pelagic staze of reel' fishes: the larval biology of coral red Fishcs. p. 183- should be feasible within the investment- 230. In P. Sale (ecl.) The ecology of coral profit strategy of a coastal establishment reef fishes. Academic Press. San Diego. McManus, J.W., C.L. Naiiola, R.B. Reyes and K.N. Polovina, J.J. 1989. Shcilid anyone build reefs? Bull. Kcsner. 1992. Resource ecology of the Bolinao Mar. Sci. 44(2): 1050-1057. coral reef system. ICLAW Stud. Rev. 22, 17 Sato, 0. and H. Yoshiolta. 1982. Reef materials and P. designs. p. 178-200. In D. 1. Shcehy (ed.) McManus, J.W. 1994. The Spratly Islands: a marine Japanese artificial recf technology. Tech. Rep. park? Ambio 23(3):181-185. 004. Aquabio, In[:. Annapolis, Maryland, USA. McManus, 1. and C. Arida. Philippinecoral reef fisheries 380 p. management. Instate-of-theArt Marine Fish- Silvestre, G. and D. Pauiy. 1980. Estimate of yield eries. Philippine Council for Aquatic and Ma- economic rent from Philippine demcrsal stoclts. rine Research and Development. Los Bafios, Papcr presented at the IOC-WESTPAC Syrn- Philippines. (In press). posium on Marine Science in the Western Pacific, Murdy, E.O. 1979. Fishery ecology of the Bolinao 1-6 December 1986. Townsville, Australia. artificial reef. Kaliltasan. Philipp. 1. Biol. 8(2):121- Smith. I.R. 1981. I~npro-lingfishing incomcs when 154. resources are overfished. Mar. Res. Econ. 5: 17- Pauly, D., C. Silvestre and I. Smith. 1989. On de- 22. velopment, fisheries and dynamite: a brief review Trinidad, A.C., RS. Porneroy, P.V. Corpuzand M. Agucro. of tropical fisheries management. Nat. Resour. 1994, Bioeconomics of the Philippine small Modcling 3(3):307-329. pelagics fishery. ICLAW Tech. Rep. 38, 73 p.

Discussion Convenor: J. Mufioz Rapporteur: G. Russ

The questions and discussion that fol- A point was made that great prob- lowed the presentation fell into the fol- lems exist with such programs, par- lowing broad categories: ticularly where collateral, such as land is required by fishers to re- ceive the loans. It was emphasized that such programs must be low Much of the initial discussion centered capital/high employment ventures. upon this topic, as this was the area tar- The "Participatory Resource Evalu- geted by the speaker as the prime alter- ation" system at Bolinao was cited, native to funding for artificial reefs. in which the community itself ex- amines its potential resources and A comment was made to the effect sets up lists of potential alterna- that in suggesting that the solution tive livelihood projects. was creation of alternative liveli- The users of artificial reefs are usually hoods, the biologists were simply poor fishers. Their response to al- passing the problem to another sec- ternative livelihoods will be: how tor, the economists. long will it take? what will 1 do Some discussion of alternative Iive- while waiting? Without artificial lihoods ensued. Examples were cited reefs or marine reserves what can for village level efforts in Mindanao, we offer as alternatives if the fishers Carigara Bay, Visayas (loans provided want to retain strong links to the to fishers for backyard gardening, sea? raising terrestrial animal stocks, Alternative livelihoods such as purchase of pedicabs) and Bolinao, mariculture may affect the marine Luzon (e.g., usingSargassumcooked ecosystems almost as much as with ash from coconut fronds to overfishing if the scale of the produce fertilizer for sale). mariculture exercise was excessive. The Bloeconomic Resource Morlef The Dllemma of Fundfns Agencles o ver Artlflclal Reef Programs Regarding the bioeconomic resource model, it was asked if in many cases Faced with goals of poverty alleviation fishers are actually running at a loss and development of resourcc man- consistently rather than breaking agement projects, some compromise even, with financial subsidies from view on artificial reeF projects was family members keeping fishers vi- needed, not total abandonment. able. It was stated that many Rsh- It will be difficult to say no to fund- ers can operate at a loss for long ing agencies wishing to fund artifi- periods but continue fishing because cial reef programs and to convince of the chance of an occasional good them of the negative case with graphs catch. In small-scale fisheries where and models. Funding agencies view capture costs are low and oppor- alleviation of poverty and restora- tunity costs are low, the chance of tion OF resources as more pressing. the occasional good catch is a strong What is needed is advice from ex- incentive to continue fishing. perts on how to proceed, given such - Most of the fisheries in the Philip- circumstances and views of fund- pines have twice the number of fish- ing bodies. ers for Maximum Economic Yield (MEY). The Dlfemma of Community Organizers If Such a Workshop Rejects the Idea of Artlflcfaf Reef Programs The Future of ArfitlciaI Reef Programs In the Phfllpplnes The point was made that cotnmu- nity workers and advisers such as IF there is no prospect for artifi- Peace Corps volunteers and NGOs cial reef programs in the Philippines may lose considerable credibility and elsewhere, why are they in the within their communities if they must Fisheries Sector Program (FSP)? reject the artificial reef concept af- What should be recommended for ter having spent considerable time the other artificial reef programs and effort convincing the commu- in the Philippines? nity oftheir benefits. This would be It was noted that It took many years doubly difficult if the community per- to convince funding agencies not ception of artificial reefs was good. to fund programs which increased as a result of improved catch rates. fishing efficiency (which may be counterproductive). The Role ofArtlAcIal Reefs as "Raffylng Several people expressed the view Toofs" for VfIhgc flshlng Communlfles that since artificial reef programs do exist, this workshop must explain A community organizer from Bolinao some of the problems of artificial pointed out that artificial reefs serve reefs as a fishery management tool as an important community organ- and the statement of the workshop izing or "rallying tool". Would it be should be some form of compro- posslble to continue artificial reef mise. rather than a flat 'no' to arti- programs in order to maintain their Rcial reefs. value in this context? Marine Reserves as "Alternative Rallyllng If artificial reef programs proceed, Tools" clear objectives must be stated and adequate funding made Some suggested the creation of ma- available for objective rnonitor- rine reserves as an alternative to ar- ing and stock assessment to try tificial reefs to act as community to build up data on whether or "rallying" tools. They have already been not artificial reef programs aFFect very successful in this regard in the yields. Philippines. McManus had previously stressed the need for alternatives to artificial reefs A Small Paper/Pamphlet Summarizing in this regard to get villagers thinlc- the Mews and Recommendations of ing about other things (e.g., marine the Workshop reserves, the community planning options developed by Dr C. Lightfoot It was proposed that in addition (ICLARM) anq colleagues in farming to the workshop proceedings. a communities. paper or glossy brochure surn- marizing views and recornmen- Fundlng for Monitoring and Stock dations of the workshop would Assessment In Artlflclal Reef Programs serve to make the outcome of the workshop more accessible to The importance of rehabilitating fish policyrnalters and funding bodies. stoclts was noted. An artificial reef context is one potential part of this. Alternative StrategSes for Coastal Fisheries Rehabilitation*

JOHN L. MUNRO I~~ternationalCenter For Living Aquatic Resources Management MCPO Box 263 1, 0718 Makati Ciw Philippines

MUNRO, J.L. 1995. Alternative strategies For coastal fisheries rehabilitation, p. 42-51. In J.L. Munro and M.C. Balgos (eds.) Artificial reefs in the Philippines. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 49. 56 p. Abstract

Alternative uses are proposed for financ~alresources devoted to the construction and installation of coral reefs. These include environmental rnanagcment and rehabilita- tion, the development of communi ty-based resource management or co-management systems, thc creation OF marine protected areas, active management of Fish stocks and fisheries enhancerncnt for selected species. The benefits and constraints OF these altr:rnatives arc evaluated and it is concludecl that many of these options should be given priority over the installation of artificial reefs.

Introduction tion devices and thus concentrating the remaining resources remains unresolved. Artificial reefs can also serve as obstruc- is review is presented tions to trawlers and have been advocated in the context of a work- T" for use as devices to exclude trawlers from shop on the use of artificial inshore waters and reserve such areas for reefs and their positive and small-scale fishers (Munro and Polovina negative features. Their popu- 1984). Such interventions require careful larity in many quarters is partly attribut- able to the publicity which often surrounds economic evaluation to weigh possible their installation. This makes them politi- production losses against putative social benefits. Different fishing strategies would cally popular and also readily fundable from also need to be defined under such cir- public or private sources. Installation is often a community-based effort, or at least cumstances. Negative features include the destruc- has public involvement, leading to a sense tion of insubstantial artificial reefs by storms, of community achievement and pride in the accomplishment. or the decomposition of elements in the construction, leading to low profile benthic Undoubtedly, artificial reefs are often good garbage dumps embedded in the soft fishing spots, particularly for recreational sediments. This applies particularly to anglers, but the issue of whether or not artificial reefs constructed from bamboo, they are merely serving as fish aggrega- used vehicle tires and scrap metals. Where access to artificial reefs is restricted to the "owners" or selected groups of us- *ICLARM Contribution No. 1141 ers, the social or economic aspects of the privatization of part OF the resource sys- Urban infrastructures have been over- tem need to be examined. whelmed by rapid urbanization and urban However, the foregoing begs the ques- migration throughout the poorer countries tion of why artificial reek should be needed of the world, leading to inadequate treat- in the first place. If the objective is the ment of domestic wastes and the accu- diversification of habitats by, for exam- mulation of organic and inorganic garbage. ple, the creation of a foundation For a natural Low purchasing power in the population coral reef in an otherwise uniform soft- means that industrial enterprises take short bottom habitat, then there is no question cuts in production processes or use out- that this will benefit the biodiversity of moded technology, increasing the loads the area and, provided that shipping and ~Fcontarninantsand pollutants which, al- other fishing interests (trawling, purse most inevitably, find their way into the water seining) are considered, could be of overall courses and into the sea. DeForestation, public benefit. If a "new" coral reef is poor land use, mining and road construc- established, local fish productivity will un- tion all lead to erosion and siltation, one doubtedly increase. of the primary causes OF degradation OF However, if the artificial reefs are pro- coral reefs. posed merely as substitutes for degraded The only solution to these problems is natural reefs, in an area where sufficien't properly enforced environmental legisla- rocky substrate already exists, then the tion, starting at the watershed and mov- installation of artificial reefs becomes point- ing downstream until all sources of pol- less. Instead, attention should be given lution are eliminatedor at least control- to alternative strategies for protecting or led. The twin specters of poverty and enhancing the marine environment and corruption most often combine to render managing the resource system. such efforts ineffectual. Infusions of money are only effective if the funding finds its way to the community level. Control of Alternative Management pollution can best be effected at the com- Strategies munity level, but only if the community has sufficient knowledge and motivation En vlronmenta';llManagement to implement or demand effective con- and Rehabilli.ai.lon trols. In short, this is difficult to achieve, but without this all else fails. Clearly, it is Xt can be assumed that the objective in more achievable in the rural areas. managing a marine resource system is to Where the prime causes of degradation ensure sustainable economic and social are eliminated or curtailed, work on re- benefits for the community as a whole. habilitation of degraded areas can be un- The first step is therefore to ensure the dertaken, such as restoration of mangroves, protection of the marine environment by seagrasses and coral reefs. In many cases a systematic appraisal of the causes of deg- this will proceed naturally if the problems radation and sources of environmental con- are removed; but in most cases the proc- tamination by pollutants and toxins (Fig.1). ess can be accelerated by a systematic This is, as is very well known, very diffi- replanting or rehabilitation process. Control cult in the face of extremes of popula- of replanted areas is a problem and con- tion density, poverty and ineffectual leg- flicts can arise over the use of replanted islation. areas. Flg. 1. The envlronmental scenarlo In developing countrles in whlch the coastal ecosystem Is ad- versely affected by a wlde varlety of land-based actlvltles.

Community-based Management Co-management or community-based Systems management implies that the community will be able to perceive and effectively One of the most obvious factors which implement a management strategy. Such has emerged from many years of attempts strategies could encompass the creation to manage fisheries is that few systems of marine protected areas. Fish stoclc man- work if they do not have the support of agement, fish stock enhancement or habitat the fishing community. The same applies enhancement. The corollary to all these to management of other natural resource is that the community exerts political pres- systems such as forests. Irrigation schemes sure to ensure that the environment is have also been successfully managed on maintained in the best possible condition. a communal basis. Community-based systems in which the Marine Protected A reas community acts independently or, more realistically, co-management systems, in The establishment of marine protected whlch the community acts on the basis of areas (MPAs) in various forms is becom- authority conferred by government and with ing a popular management option (Davis the active support and collaboration of 1989; Bohnsack 1993; Russ 1994). Well- government, are currently perceived as the established MPAs dre considered to be only-way-to-go (if only because all alter- beneficial to fisheries for a variety of rea- natives have failed). sons. In the First place, harvestable resources Fig. 2. The effectlveness of a marlne protected area In enhancing harvests and as a management tool Is strongly Influenced by Its size and sltlng relatlve to exploited parts of the continental or Island shelf. In thls hypothetical example, larvae spawned In a topographically complex area (A) would be expected to be retalned In the spawnlng area by eddles or dlstrlbuted along the coasts of the Island. In contrast, larvae spawned at an Isolated oceanlc reef (8) or along a relatively stralght stretch of shelf (D) are llkely to be entrained by currents and swept Into deep waters. Eddles and gyres at the downcurrent end of an Island (C)may return some larvae but most would also be swept into deep oceanlc waters.

will grow to a relatively large size and MPAs will never encounter the border and progressively move out of the reserve and never become fishable. Very small MPAs be harvested. In effect, the age and size will be ineffective in that almost all of the at recruitment to the fishery is delayed, important fisheries resources will frequently with the average size of recruitment be- cross the boundaries (DeMartini 1993). ing a function of the relative mobility of However, there are currently no criteria the species. Species which are small or for establishing an optimum size for an strongly site-attached might never move MPA (Salm and Clark 1984; Carr and Reed out of the MPA in which they initially set- 1993) (Fig. 2). tle and therefore never become exploit- A second benefit from MPAs lies in the able. Highly mobile species may range accumulation of resident broodstock of large in and out of an MPA at will and thus benefit average size which will spawn and serve only from a slight reduction in mortality as major sources of recruits. The essence rates. These effects are also dependent of this strategy is that fecundity increases upon the size OF an MPA. Most OF the dramatically with increasing sire and that harvestable resources in extremely large very large females produce very large numbers of eggs. For this strategy to be with adverse consequences either for the effective, the MPA must be OF suFficient fishers or for the fish stock. The difficulty size to ensure that outmigration and con- of malting sound fish stock assessments sequent harvest of the broodstock is an is a major factor and the precautionary exceptional occurrence. A corollary of this principle should apply - that management strategy is that the sites of spawning decisions should be on a very conserva- aggregations must be within the MPA. An tive basis until such time as it is shown additional corollary is that the oceanographic that negative effects will not occur. regime should not consistently disperse A number of simple management strat- most eggs and larvae into the deep ocean. egies are within the scope of local com- Topographically-complex areas, which munities, based on very elementary con- generate lots of gyres and eddies are prob- cepts. The basic approach should be as ably more effective as reservoirs of follows: broodstock than MPAs situated on small a) Deal with the obvious problems first. oceanic islands or on narrow linear shelves. For example, if spawning aggregations MPAs situated on the upcurrent side of a are being fished this should be pro- shelf are probably more effective than those scribed. IF certain gears are catching situated downstream of the prevailing the juvenile stages of species that are current during the spawning season (Fig. of particular value at a larger size, the 2). gear should be banned, at least From MPAs come in many forms. Token MPAs certain areas (nursery grounds) or at in which "traditional" exploitation is per- certain seasons (when the recruits are mitted are notoriously ineffective, as all available. If predatory fishes such as forms of exploitation are progressively sharks are abundant, they should be deemed to be traditional or customary. selectively exploited in order to en- Total protection is the ideal strategy and hance survival of more desirable spe- compromises should be avoided. Tem- cies. porary areal closure is a standard fishing b)The institution of relatively simple management strategy and should not be data collection systems, including confused with the creation of MPAs. catch length frequencies, on a con- tinuing basis by the local fisheries IIsh Stock Management agencies in collaboration with the community can provide a basis For Management of a fishery resource re- stock assessments. Monitoring the quires a fairly detailed assessment of the catch per unit of effort of selected state of exploitation of the component fish fishers using standardized fishing stoclts and an effective system for enforce- gears gives a measure of trends in ment of management decisions. In a co- stocks. Such data can give simple management system the implication is that assessments of whether stoclts are technical and scientific advice would be under- or overfished and appropri- provided by a government agency and the ate decisions can be made. management decisions would be effected However, in most of the areas in which by the appropriate local authority. The the installation of artificial reefs has been need for appropriate advice appears to not advocated, the existence of overfishing always be perceived by advocates of co- is in no doubt - this being the prime reason management. It is possible for decisions for the development of artificial reef to be made which are inappropriate on projects. Usually the prime cause is an biological, economic or ecological grounds, excess of fishers, a function of population growth, landlessness and poverty and the creased by the release of larvae or juve- open-access nature of most marine fish- niles in a given habitat. The juvenile stock eries. Control of the numbers of fishers is can be either hatchery-reared or gathered primarily a social problem. New Fishers elsewhere and transplanted. Ancillary terms continue to appear in most fisheries, but such as "sea-ranching" imply a degree of recent experience in San Miguel Bay sug- ownership of the released stock while "cul- gests that there might be a lower limit at ture-based fisheries" are those in which which no Further entry occurs and at which the stock do not reproduce and must be outmigration of young people to urban areas replenished by hatchery-reared stock. is seen as a more desirable alternative means Fish stock enhancement is currently a OF survival (G. Silvestre, pers. comm.). prime topic for research and many stud- Ultimately, it becomes necessary to re- ies have been undertaken in Europe, North strict harvest rate in a fishery, and in small- America and Japan over the past 100 years, scale fisheries this usually means restrict- mostly in relation to fisheries for salmon ing the numbers of fishers; first by excluding and trout. The economic viability of fish nonlocal elements and, eventually, plac- stock enhancement remains unproven in ing a limit on the total numbers of fishers many cases. However, the dramatic im- by restricting Fishing rights to members provements in the productivity of hatch- of the local fishers' cooperative or by some eries in recent years (Sorgeloos and Leger form of licensing scheme (Munro and Smith 1990) as a result of technological advances 1 984). and improved understanding of reproduc- Strategies for management of small-scale tion and nutrition have led to greatly ex- Fisheries have recently been reviewed by panded opportunities For stock enhance- Munro and Falahau (1993). Customary rights ment. have been Frequently discussed (Johannes The literature on fisheries enhancement 1978; Wright 1985; Ruddle and Johannes has numerous references to the question 1985; Ruddle et al. 1992) and most au- of the "carrying capacity" of the environ- thors have observed that these tend to ment and the question OF whether or not be eroded in areas with substantial the habitat is capable of sustaining addi- populations. The trend towards co-man- tional recruits. Two observations are per- agement would reinforce customary rights tinent here. Firstly, in almost all fisheries but strong opposition can be expected from which have been studied, spectacularly those who find themselves excluded from abundant year-classes are a feature of the areas to which they have previously had fishery and such year-classes can be de- access. This can lead to severe, even vio- tected For years as they move through lent, conflicts. successive age groups (Fig. 3). The fact that such year-classes survive suggests that Fishey Enhancement the maximum carrying capacity is seldom attained. The term "fishery enhancement" includes Secondly, the whole question of fish- all aspects of improvement of fisheries, ery enhancement usually arises in relation including habitat manipulations such as the to a heavily exploited stock, in which the improvement or expansion of spawning biomass has been drastically reduced by areas or nursery grounds, the construc- exploitation. Therefore, provided that tion of artificial reefs or the release of hatch- unexploited competitors have not in- ery-reared fingerlings. creased in abundance to utilize the Fish stock enhancement is the process unexploited resources, there should be whereby the abundance of a stock is in- adequate food (Fig. 4). In the context of Pauly 1992), provides a means for gain- ing a good insight into the expected im- pact of enhancement of a particular com- ponent of the aquatic community, particu- larly expected predation losses of the species stocked and the impact of the increased los[ biomass on lower trophic levels. Arcto-Nowcglan cod Currently, it is claimed that 86 species of marine organisms are reared for many fisheries enhancement in Japan. There is less emphasis on this topic elsewhere but successful enhancement projects have been reported from the USA, Canada, Europe and China. However, examples From the tropics are sparse. For tropical systems ! Nonh Sea plalce some of the obvious choices include sea cucumbers, trochus or green snail, penaeid prawns, mullet, goat fish, siganids, snap- pers and groupers. The principal constraints on fish stock enhancement lie in the costs of produc- ing the juvenile stock and the losses of stock due to predation and outmigration (Fig. 5). More cost-effective production systems are rapidly emerging for many Norwegian herr~og species and this is not considered to be major constraint in most instances. Outmigration from the area stocked is a major problem and it is clear that species which are constrained by physical or chemi- cal factors offer the best prospects. Clearly, it is possible to enhance a stock in a small pond which offers no possibility of dis- persal. Likewise, stenohaline estuarine species which will not disperse into the open ocean or reef-bound coral reef spe- Flg. 3. Examples of varlablllty of recruitment for cies offer particular opportunities. Predation a selection of northern hemlsphere flsh stocks control is probably not a major concern (from Cushlng 19811. in most heavily exploited tropical Fisher- ies as the abundance of top predators is tropical multispecies fisheries there are usually drastically reduced (Fig. 5). seldom any components of the resource There are a variety of negative features system which are not exploited and con- which can emerge in fisheries enhance- sequently all stocks are usually well be- ment programs. These include low genetic low the carrying capacity of the environ- variability of hatchery-reared fingerlings, ment. the potential loss of biodiversity due to The development of ecosystem mod- reduction in available niches, inferior sur- els, such as ECOPATH I1 (Christensen and vival rates or inferior fitness of hatchery- Flg. 4. Schematlc and much slmpllfled representatlon of an exploited aquatlc communlty. Total predators blomass (B) of dlfferent groups Is Indicated by the slze of the boxes (B,, B,, B,, 8,). Recruitment of young organlsms (R) and subsequent growth (G) Increases the blomass Small of a group whereas flshlng F or death predators from belng eaten (MI, or from other causes (M')decreases the blomass. In a heavlly explolted communlty the blomass of the harvestable components Is greatly reduced (Fn Hervivorous Is large), M,,decreases, thls blomilss organlsms Increases at the lower trophlc levels. (From Munro et 11. 1987).

I

Plants

~ su;light and o'rganic nutrjents

Flg. 5. Schematlc representatlon of the flsh stock enhancement process In whlch hatchery-reared recrults (R,) supplement natural recruitment (R,). Provlded the trophlc resources are adequate, and predation, dlseilse and other sources of natural mortallty remaln at normal levels, the stock Hatchery blomass wlll Increase. This leads to Increased harvests (flshlng mortallty). a However, substantlal outmlgratlon wlll reduce harvests, and possbly nullify galns . Trophic st,,ck cT Natural resources mortality

Fishing mortality Migration reared stoclc and the transmission of hatch- References ery-based diseases and parasites to wild Bohnsacit, J.A. 1993. Marine reserves. They enhance stocks. These are very important prob- fisheries, reduce conflicts, and protect resources. lems but it appears that all can be over- Oceanus 36(3):63-71. come by sensible policies. Carr, M,H. and D.C. Reed. 1993. Conceptual issues The ultimate problem in fish stoclc en- relevant to marine harvest refuges: Examples From temperate reeFfishes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. hancement concerns access to and own- Sci. 50:20 19-2028. ership of the enhanced stocks. Systems Christenscn. V. and D. Pauly. 1992. ECOPATH 11 - a can run from closed access, sea ranching software for balancing steady-state ecosys- systems in which private entities pay for tem models and calculating network charac- teristics. Ecol. Modeling 61:169-185. the stock and reap the harvests, through Cushing, D. 1981. Stock and recruitment, p. 142- community-based, restricted-access sys- 171. In Fisheries biology: a study in popuia- tems to open-access, state subsidized tion dynamics. 2nd edition. University of systems. Clearly, as is the case in japan, Wisconsin Press, Madison. Davis, G.E. 1989. Designated harvest refugia: the where access is restricted to a particular next stage in marine fishery management in community, the community pays the costs California. Calif. Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. of enhancement (often with a state sub- Rep. 30:53-58. sidy) and reaps the benefits. Conversely, DeMartini, E.E. 1993. Modeling the potential of fishery reserves for managing Pacific coral reef fishes. open-access systems have to be state sub- U.S. Fish. Bull. 91:414-427. sidized in full. Johannes. R.E. 1978. Traditional marine conserva- In addition to artificial reefs. the topic tion methods in Oceania and their demise. of this workshop, interventions in marine Am. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 9:349-364. Munro, J.L. and S.T. Faltahau. 1993. Management habitats can include the enhancement or of coastal fishery resources, p. 55-72. In A. expansion of spawning and nursery areas Wright and L. Hill (eds.) Nearshore marine by physically modifying the habitat. For resources of the South Pacific. Forum Fisher- example, the installation of spat collec- ies Agency, Honiara; Institute of Pacific Studies, Suva; International Centre for Ocean Devel- tors or settlement surfaces. For the most opment, Halifax. part, however, habitat modification should Munro, J.L. and J.J. Polovina. 1984. Artificial reef be avoided and emphasis placed on en- project, Thailand. ICLARM Report to the Asian vironmental conservation instead. Development Bank on a Consulting Mission in Thailand, 24 Nov. - 14 Dec. 1984. 98 p. Munro, J.L. . J.D. Parrish and F.H. Talbot. 1987. The biological effects of intensive fishing upon coral reef communities, p. 41-50. In 13. Salvat (ed.) Human impacts on coral reefs; facts and recommendations. Antenne Museum, EPHE, The purpose of this paper has been to French Polynesia. show that there are numerous options for Munro, J.L. and 1.U. Smith. 1984. Management strat- aquatic resource management, some of egies For multi-species complexes in artisanal which undoubtedly should take precedence fisheries. Proc. Gulf Caribb. Fish. Inst. 36:127- 141. over the installation of artificial reefs. Habitat Ruddle, K., E. Hviding and R.E. Johannes. 1992. enhancement is merely a facet of resource Marine resources management in the context management and without a management of customary tenure. Mar. Res. Econ. 7:249- system any improvements brought about 273. Ruddle. K. and U. E. Johannes, Editors. 1985. The by habitat enhancement will be, at best, traditional ltnowlcdge and management of transient and, in the worst case might have coastal systems in Asiaand the Pacific. UNESCO- serious negative consequences. ROSTSEA, Jakarta. Russ, G. 1994. Use of refugia for fishery resource prawn. 1. World Aquacult. Soc. 90: 10-14. management on coral reefs, p. 72-74. In Wright. A. 1985. Marine resource use in Papua New J.L. Munro and P.E. Munro (eds.) Manage- Guinea: can traditional concepts and contem- ment of coral reef resource systems. ICLARM porary development bc integrated? p. 79- Conf. Proc. 44, 124 p. 100. In K. Ruddle and k E. johannes (eds.) Salm, R.V. and J.R. Clark. 1984. Marine and coastal The traditional Itnowledge and management protected areas: a guide for planners and OF coastal systems in Asia and the Pacific. managers. IUCN. Gland. 302 p. UNESCO-ROSTSEA, jaltarta. Sorgeloos, P. and P. Leger. 1990. Improved larviculture outputs of marine fish, shrimp and

Discussion Convenor: J. Pilz Rapporteur: V. Palaganas

The major points made in the discus- posed alternatives such as fisher- sion of the topic paper included the fol- ies management, environmental pro- lowing: tection, stock enhancement and rec- Artificial reefs are only one of the reational marine protected areas are alternatives for resource manage- all long-term strategies. ment and any construction should Integrated approaches to resource be undertaken with other strategies management should be undertaken, such as protection oFexisting/natural including education campaigns, pro- reefs. tection of the marine environment The viability of stock enhancement and population control. is dependent on ownership charac- The social acceptability of alterna- teristics of the resources and access tive strategies depends on villages arrangements. acting as a unit not as competing The high level of interest of local com- groups and the confidence of the munities in artificial reef construc- local people that such strategies have tion is due to their immediate Fish the full support OF local or national yield although this is only a short- governments. term benefit. In contrast other pro- Appendix 1

List of Participants

Mr. V.D. Albaladejo Dr. U. Boerner Ms. J.C. Muiioz Dr. J. Pilr Bureau of Fisheries a Ms. M. Waltemath Aquatic Resources Mr. R. Patlingrao Department of Agriculture German Development Service 860 Quezon Avenue Philippine Office Quezon City 3008 65 Juan Luna Street San Lorenzo Village Mr. V.S. Soliman Malati, Metro Manila Bicol University College of Fisheries Ms. M. Balgos Tayhi, Tabaco Albay 451 1 Dr. AS. Cabanban Mr. M. Carlos Mr. N. Aragones Dr. R. Froese Dr. F. Guarin Mr. L. Garces Dames 8, Moore Mr. C. Luna 5th Floor, Suite-A Mr. J. Maclean Adamson Center Bldg. Dr. J. McManus 121 AlFaro St., Salcedo Village Dr. J.L. Munro Maltati 1200, Metro Manila Dr. J. Padilla Dr. M. Prein Sec. A.C. Alcala Mr. G. Silvestre Mr. V.P. Palaganas Ms. A.C. Trlnidad Department of Environment 8, Dr. M.J. Williams Natural Resources Dr. G. Russ Visayas Avenue Dr. R. Pomeroy Diliman, Quezon City Ms. J. Hernandez International Center for Living Mr. C.V. Botoncs Aquatic Resources Management Department of Agriculture MC P.O. Box 2631 Fisheries Sector Program 0718 Makati, Metro Manila Program Management Office 2nd Floor, Estuar Bldg. 880 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City Ms. A.B. de Guzman Dr. P. Aliiio Mindanao State University at Naawan Mr. C. Nafiola, Jr. School of Marine Fisheries and Tech- Ms. IS. Pamlntuan nology University of the Philippines 9023 Naawan. Misamis Oriental Marine Science institute Diliman, Quezon City 1 101 Ms. M. Moron University of the Philippines Mr. M.A. Cusi College of Social Work and University of San Carlos Community Development Marine Biology Section Diliman, Quezon City Talamban, Cebu City 6000

Mr. C. Pagdilao Dr. J. Margraf Philip~ineCouncil for Aquatic 8, Mr. H. Montes, Jr. Marine Resources &. Development Dr. P.P. Mllan Los Bafios, Laguna 4030 Visayas State College of Agriculture Baybay, Leyte 6521-A Mr. R.I. Mlclat Patific Rim Innovation 8, Mr. J. Aancock Management Exponents, Inc. Voluntary Service Overseas (PRIMEX) Labrador-CABDEC 502 Manila Luxury Cond. Ponong, Carigara, Pearl Drive, Pasig, Leyte Metro Manila Mr. L. van Mulekom Mr. E. Amar Voluntary Service Overseas Mr. L.M. Garcia PRRM-Bataan Southeast Asian Fisheries 2nd Floor Philam Life Bldg. Development Center Capitol Drive Aquaculture Department 2 100 Balanga, Bataan P.O. Box 256 5000 lloilo City Dr. 0. Schlrm Zentrum fur Marine Tropenokologie Mr. R.M. Bojos, Jr. C/O Provincial Planning 8, Development The Network Foundation Inc. Office Rrn. 10 Blnarnira 8, Sons Bldg. P.O.Box 242 No. 4 Gorordo Avenue Dumaquete City 6200 Cebu City Dr. C. Mathews Ms. Y.C. Anderson Zoology Department Mr. J. Corder Reading University Mr. T. Nelson England Mr. N. Saling U.S. Peace Corps Philippines 21 39 Fidel A. Reyes St. Malate, Manila Appendix 2

Members of the Working Groups

Working Group 1: Evaluation of Negative and Positive Features of Artificial Reefs

Members:

R. Miclat (Chairman) A. Cabanban A, de Guzman (Rapporteur) B. Schirm Y. Anderson M.A. Cusi I. Pamintuan M. Waltemath M. Balgos j. Corder N. Saling

Working Group 2: Inventory of Deployed and Existlng Artlflcial Reefs in the Philippines

Members:

J.W. McManus (Chairman) C. Naiiola Jr. L. Garces (Rapporteur) L.M.B. Garcia V. Albaladejo C.R. Pagdilao H. Montes Jr. M. Moron R. Bojos Jr. V. Palaganas 1. MuAoz C.R. Botones

Working Group 3: Alternatives and Supplements to the Installation of Artificial Reefs

Members:

j. Pilz (Chairman) C. Luna G. Russ (Rapporteur) V. Soliman E. Amar 1. Margraf 1.L. Munro L. van Mulekom J. Hancock P. Milan G. Silvestre Appendix 3 Workshop Program

30 August 1774, Tuesday

Arrival and Registration

Opening Ceremony

Welcome Remarks Dr. Meryl 1. Williams Opening Remarks Dr. Ullrich Boerner

Evaluation of the History of Artificial Reefs in the Philippines Ms. Miriam C. Balgos

Coffee Break

Open Forum

Convenor Mr. Ramon Mlclat Rapporteur. Mr. Jay Maclean

Lunch Break

Effects and Management of Artificial Reefs, Including Experiences Outside the Philippines Ms. Maike Wakemath and Mr. Berthold Schlrrn

Open Forum

Convenor Mr. Gerry Sllvestre Rapporteur Dr. Annadel Cabanban

Coffee Break Prospects for Future Artificial Reef Installations Dr. John W. McManus

Open Forum

Convenor Ms. JessicaMuiioz Rapporteur Dr. Garry Russ 56

31 August 1994, Wednesday Viewpoint .Sec. Angel C. Alcala Alternative Strategies for Coastal Fisheries Rehabilitation Dr. JohnL. Munro

Open Forum

Convenor Dr. JoergPilz Rapporteur Mr. Ver Falaganas

CoffeeBreak

Open Forum

Lunch Break

Review of Workshop Statement and Recommendations

Closing Remarks Dr. John L. Munro Artificial reefs in the Philippines. J.L. Munroand M.C.Balgos, Editors. 1995. ICLARMConf.Proc. 49, 56 p. US$3surface, $5.50 airmail, P60. .

Titles of Related Interest

. Towards an integrated management of tropical resources. L.M. Chou, TE. Chua, H.W. Khoo, P.E. Lim, J.N. Paw, G.T. Silvestre, M.J. Valencia, A.T White and P.K. Wong, Editors. 1991. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 22, 455 p. US$5 surface, $20 airmail, P125. . Integrative framework and methods for coastal area management. TE. Chua and L.F.Scura, Editors. 1992. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 37, 169 p. US$2 surface, $10 airmail,P50. . . The management of coral reef resource systems. J.L. Munro and P.E. Munro, Editors. 1994. ICLARM Conf. p'roc. 44, 124 p. US$5.50 surface, $9.50 airmail, P11 O. . Community management and common property of coastal fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: concepts, methods and experiences. RS. Pomeroy, Editor. 1994. ICLARMConf.Proc. 45, 189 p. US$6 surface, $10 airmail,P135. . Philippine municipal fisheries: a review of resources, technology and socioeconomics. I.R Smith, MY Puzon and C.N. Vidal-Libunao. Reprinted 1981,1983. ICLARM Stud. Rev. 4,87 p. US$5 surface, $12 airmail, P80. . . Resource ecology ofthe Bolinao coral reef system. J.w. McManus,C.L.Nanola,Jr., RB. Reyes, Jr. and K.N.Kesner. 1992. ICLARM Stud. Rev. 22, 117 p. Out of print. Available in photocopied form at US$17.50, P165. Includes airmail cost.

. Marine parks and reserves: management for coastal environments in Southeast Asia. A.T White. 1988. ICLARM Educ. Ser. 2, 36 p. Out of print. Available in photocopied form at US$2.50, P25. Includes airmail cost.

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