INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript ,has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissenation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type ofcomputer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality or the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrougb, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely. event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and contimting from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back ofthe book. Photographs included in the original m:1.nllSCript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell InformatIon Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann A~bor. MI48106-1346 USA 313:761-4700 800:521-0600 THE COASTAL RESOURCES OF SARANGANI BAY, PHILIPPINES: PROPERTY RIGHTS, COMPETITION, AND DISPUTE SETTLEMENT A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE DECEMBER 1995 By Steven G. Olive Dissertation Committee: Neal Milner, Chairperson Benedict Kerkvliet Deane Neubauer Michael Dove G. Kern Lowry OMI Number: 9615541 Copyright 1996 by Olive, steven G. All rights reserved. UMI Microfonn 9615541 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microfonn edition is protected against unauthorized copying 3nder Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My interest in environmental conflicts has grown a great deal over the past ten years. I have been very fortunate to have learned from, worked with, and developed friendships with a number of individuals who have dedicated their careers to understanding more about these conflicts. At this time, I wish to acknowledge those individuals who had a direct role in gUiding me through my graduate studies and dissertation. Although not enumerated here, I also wish to thank my friends and colleagues who provided intellectual, moral, and spiritual support for me throughout my graduate studies. Their enthusiasm and good nature made this project a whole lot more enjoyable. If they smile when they read this, then they know that I am referring to them. I am very grateful for the guidance I received from my dissertation committee -- Neal Milner, Benedict Kerkvliet, Deane Neubauer, Kem Lowry, and Michael Dove -- while I developed my proposal, conducted my field research, and wrote my dissertation. The flexibility given to me by the chair of my committee, Neal Milner, allowed me to approach this study from several theoretical angles. He created an environment that encouraged self-discovery of new insights. These discoveries were truly the most rewarding accomplishments of my graduate studies. He and the other committee members posed challenging questions throughout this study that encouraged me to look for alternative ways to understand my data. In addition to their instruction and research, I learned a great deal from their work experience and iv community service in Hawaii and in Asian countries with people who are less fortunate than most. I admire their ability and commitment to apply their intellectual knowledge to problems in society that are difficult to resolve. I wish to thank my committee members for all of the time and effort that they put into guiding me through this dissertation. Three sources of funds allowed me to continue my graduate studies. A Pacific-Asian Scholarship from the Graduate Division, University of Hawaii paid my tuition for three semesters. A field research grant from the East-West Center covered my expenses for one year in the Philippines. Finally, an East­ West Center Grant provided tuition, housing, and stipend for four years of my studies. I wish to thank these institutions for their financial support. My experiences at the Program on Environment of the East-West Center, had a profound influence on this research. I am very grateful for the gUidance I received from Dick Carpenter and Terry Rambo. I benefited a great deal from their research experience in the Asia/Pacific region. I greatly appreciate the keen interest that they took in developing me as researcher. I wish to thank Evelyn Klinkman for her assistance in helping me to prepare my proposal for the field research grant. Furthermore, I am very grateful for the support I received from Fannie Lee Kai, Jeanne Hamasaki, and June Kuramoto. Their kindness and genuine concern for my studies greatly enhanced my experiences at the East­ West. Numerous friends and colleagues exchanged ideas with me on my proposal, field research, theoretical framework, or drafts of my dissertation. Craig Mulling provided much needed, and much appreciated, motivation and support during good and frustrating times. William Callahan, Greg Ira, Jeff v Walters, Charles Johnston, Chen Xin, Antonio Contreras, Francisco Magno, Neric Acosta, Saba Khattak, and Steve Bjorge offered valuable insights and personal support throughout this project. I greatly appreciate their contributions to this study. Jim Franz volunteered numerous hours to edit drafts and offer new perspectives. Other friends whom I am very grateful for their personal support and the interest they took in my research include Charles and Laurie Belles, Douglas Hudak, Fr. John Chandler, AI Mossing, Lil Yse-al, Cherie Mulling, John and Diane Smith, William and Tess James, Ed and Arlene George, Achie and Eloisa Reyes, Joy Ira, Steve and Jean Balog, Jim Hansen, Jill and Martin Alles, Tom Eisen, Catherine Cane, Doug Lamerson, Jayanthi Thesarathapany, Susan Siar, Alyssa Miller, Don Shrug, Laura and Peter Brennan, Robin Salsburg, Scott Moore, Doris and Av Ramos, Sumalee Bumaroomsok, Jan and Dave Stillwell, Jamuna Ramakrishna, Morris Oshiro, Carlton Mau, Lew Metelize, Yeap Soon Beng, Dar Warmke, Mark Scheffel, Jenny Samaan, Michael Keltos, Shur Fang Lin, Joji Reyes, Chongsoo Song, Michael Robotham, Ted Stepp, Paul Oshiro, Jonathan Lyau, and Dave and Lalaine James. Many other friends from the East-West Center and University of Hawaii made my experiences more fulfilling. I wish to thank all of them for sharing their cultures, knowledge, and friendship with me. I would not have made it to the University of Hawaii without the support of my professors from University of Tennessee including David Folz, Patricia ~reeman, and Michael Gant. Furthermore, Sam Carnes, Tom Wilbanks, Carl Petrich, and Ed Hillsman from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory greatly influenced my professional development. I wish to thank them for giving me my first opportunity to conduct research on environmental projects. I am grateful vi that they continued to encourage and motivate me after I moved away from Tennessee. I greatly appreciate the numerous individuals in the Philippines who made this research project possible. Foremost is the Kenmore family -- Peter, Zenny, Andrew, Martin, and Debbie. They graciously provided for many of my housing and logistical needs while I conducted interviews in Manila. Moreover, their stimulating conversations led me to important insights and sources of information that I would not have otherwise come across. I am very grateful for their hospitality as well as the hospitality of the Flores family. I am also very grateful for the hospitality I received from close friends in Silang and Los Banos including Greg, Joy, and Justin Ira, the Quintana family, and the Lapis family. Also in Manila, I received a great deal of assistance from a number of individuals and organizations. Rosalinda Temprosa, Robert Pomeroy, Giselle Samonte, and Michael Pido from the International Center for Living Aquatic Resource Management provided access to valuable information on coastal resource management. Becky Rivera, Theresa Gladys Hingco, Elmer Ferrer, and Lito Anonuevo of the Tambuyog Development Center introduced me to important coastal resource management approaches and material. Professor::> Gene Peralta and Mydee Valencia of the University of the Philippines assisted me in setting up interviews with coastal resource management experts. Marissa David and Angie Brabante of Environmental Management Bureau, DENR also gUided me to important sources of information and individuals to interview. Kenneth Prussner, Alfredo Buergo, and Fred Vande Vusse of the United States Agency for International Development gave me access to numerous documents vii on resource management in the Philippines and in Sarangani Bay. They also provided valuable insights on the role of international funding agencies and nongovernment organizations in coastal resource management. Private consultants, Myra Hechanova, and Nora de Leon were instrumental in providing information for my study and setting up interviews for me. At Silliman University in Dumagete, Hilconida Calumpong, Betty Abregana, and