DOCSLIB.ORG

Print 1990-05-14 Symp Artificial Reefs for Management of Marine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Print 1990-05-14 Symp Artificial Reefs for Management of Marine INDONESIA'S EXPERIENCE OF FISH AGGREGATING DEVICES (FADS) BY HARDJONO' 1. INTRODUCTION As an archipelagic state, Indonesia is endowed with a vast area of marine waters amounting to 5.8 million km, comprising 2.8 million km of internal waters, 0.3 million km of territorial waters, and 2.7 million km of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Large areas of marine waters in Indonesia offer good resource potential typical of the tropics and marine fisheries play an important role in the Indonesia fisheries. Among the multispecies tropical resources available in Indonesia waters those of great value are skipjack, tuna, promfret, Spanish mackerel, snapper, grouper and some carangids. Among shellfish, shrimp (Penaeus sp.) and spiny lobster are the most expensive. Recent estimates of the fisheries potentials of the country indicate a.potentia1 reaching 6.6 million mt, comprising of 4.5 million mt ib archipelagic and territorial waters and 2.1 million mt in the EEZ. The development of marine fish production in Indonesia during the the years 1980-1987 shows an average increase of 6.22% a year. At present marine fisheries contribute 76% of the total fisheries production which by 1987 reached 2.017 million mt. As a result of diverse characteristics of the Indonesian archipelago, the country's marine fisheries are complex and varied, and are dominated by traditional fishing activities operating a large number of very small vessels. Various kinds of fishing gear are employed which are dominated by gill nets comprising nearly one third of all fishing units operated. When the amount of fish landed by different types of fishing gear is considered, payang: and purse seine contribute the largest part of fish landed amounting to about 26% of total annual fish landings. Payang and purse seine are operated in the area where rumponb are placed. Hundreds of rumpons are employed especially for catching small pelagic fish using payang and purse seine, and more than 170 payaosC are operated in West Sumatera, South Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, North Maluku, East Java, and Irian Jaya for catching skipjack and tuna. It is obvious that rumpon as fish aggregating devices have an important role in the Indonesian fisheries. ' Directorate General of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture. Indonesia. " Payang is a seine bagnet which basically comprises 3 parts namely: wing, body and bag used for catching small pelagic fish. (Subani, W. and H.R. Barus, 1989) " Rumpon is the general name of fish aggregating device operated in relative shallow water to catch small pelagic fish such as scad. sardine, mackerel, etc. Payao is a fish aggregating device operated in the deep sea to catch large pelagic fish such as tuna, skipjack, etc. 2. INDONESIAN PRE-FAD FISHERIES There is no record as to when rumpon were first used in Indonesian fisheries. However, operation of payang was described by van Kompen (1909, reported by Hudenberg 1932 and sited by Bailey, C. et.al, 1987) who reported round scads to be the most important species exploited by this gear. Instituut voor de Zeevishcherij te Batavia Mededeeling No.5 Jaarverslag 1939 reported that Payang, Djabour (a kind of cast net) and Sero (guiding barriers) were layang/scads, kembunghdian mackerel, selarltrevalie, tongkolleastern little tuna, bawallpromfret, terilanchovies, rebontsmall shrimp, etc. Layanglround scads represented the dominant fish caught, amounting to 14.7% of the total fish landed in the north coast of Java. Whether rumpon was already used at that time as usually happens in fishing operation of payang at present still needs to be studied. At that time, fish was landed and auctioned in several landing places such as Eretan, Indramayu, Sawodjadjar, Tegal, Tanjungsari, Wonokerto, Batang, Tawang, Bandengan. Semarang, etc. all of which are located along the north coast of Java. Rusman, A.M. (1954) reported that "Pukat Selar" which was operated using unjan or rumpon had been employed in Serdang, North Sumatera in 1921, mainly for catching selarltrevalies. Unjan was placed at a depth of 15-30 m around 10-30 miles away from the coast line. Gears used for catching tuna and skipjack during the pre-FAD period were mainly long-line and pole and line, the same gears as were used during the FAD (payao) period. There are distinct differences in the national annual tunalskipjack production of these two periods. During the years 1981-1984 (pre-payao period), the average national production of tuna was 27,526 mtlyear and skipjack was 69,114 mt, while during payao period (1985-1987) it increased to 37,913 mtlyear for tuna and 91,732 mtlyear for skipjack, or an increase of 37.74% and 32.74% for tuna and skipjack respectively. Study of the effectiveness of the use of payaos for tunalskipjack fishing in Maluku waters by Tuasamu (1985) revealed that there ware significant increases in skipjack production after the introduction of payaos for skipjack fishing. 3. THE USE OF RUMPONIPAYAOS IN INDONESIA 1. The Objectives of Using RumponIPayaos The main objective of employing rumpon andlor payaos is to concentrate fish in the rumpon in order to make fishing operations more efficient either in terms of time and cost. Much effort has been devoted to increasing fish production. ~odernizitionand motorization of fishing vessels and their facilities and improvement of fishing technology are carried out for this purpose. As a consequence, investment, operational cost, and maintenance cost become higher and higher, and at a certain stage the cost of fishing exceeds the revenue from the fish caught. Traditional fishermen such as those who operated payang and other traditional gears for catching small pelagic fish, have to fish during off season for their livelihood, and try to catch as much fish as possible during the season. As traditional fishermen their capital and capability to improve fishing facilities and technology are limited. Long experience of fishing activities lead them to use rumpon or blabar (fish Idre) to increase the number of fish caught. The advantages of using rumpon in pelagic fishing have been realised by fishermen. In the Java sea where fishing of pelagic fish is conducted intensively, there is a "special business" dealing with the placing and utilization of rumpon. A number of fishermen construct and set rumpon in certain areas of the pelagic fishing grounds which can be fished by all fishermen. However, there is an un-written regulation obligating the user to give a certain amount of the fish caught in a rumpon to the owner of the rumpon. This situation reflects the usefulness of rumpon for fishermen in catching pelagic fish in the area. In the eastern part of Indonesian waters where skipjack and tuna fishing are carried out, the use of payaos is now developing. Although payaos have been already employed by Indonesian fishermen for a long time, their development was very slow. Research on the use of payaos as FADS for tuna and skipjack fishing was carried out by BPPL (Balai Penelitian Perikanan LautIMarine Fisheries Research Institute) in Prigi,, East Java (1983), and Mamuju, South Sulawesi (1985), while fishing trials were done by BPPI (Balai Pengembanga Penangkapan IkanIFishing Technology Development Centre) among others in Teluk Tomini. Following the success of fishing trials using payaos, and realizing the success of the Philippines and other countries in using payaos, Indonesia led by PT. Usaha ~ina*is now developing PIRINES (Perusahaan Inti RakyatINucleus Estate and Smallholder) system for tuna and skipjack fishing in Eastern Indonesian waters where PT. Usaha Mina acted as Nucleus and small-scale fishermen as small holders. This type of joint management of fishing is called "Armada Semut" which literally means "Ant Fishing Fleet" in English. The use of FADS is not limited to the direct improvement of fish catch, but also aimed at improving environment quality of certain areas of the sea, which in turn will increase the productivity of the area. Jakarta bay and its surrounding waters including Kepulauan Seribu are well known as the area In which coral fish are fished. Intensive exploitation combined with the use of dangerous substances such as dynamite and pollution from upland areas, seriously threathens the environment and fish stock in the area. Therefore, an effort to restore its quality is now being made since November 1985 by utilizing discarded tricycles and buses for creating artificial reefs in the area. So far 54,600 tricycles and 85 buses have been dumped into the water around Kep. Seribu (Table 1; Fig.l). According to the plan, the programme of dumping tricycles and buses will be terminated in 1992 when Jakarta is expected to be free of tricycles. In 1989 another 3,400 tricycles and 400 buses will be dumped for this purpose. 2. Site Selection for Placing RumpodPayaos The main fishing grounds for small pelagic fish are the Java Sea, Malacca Strait, Makasar Strait and Bali Strait,especially in the area where there is a meeting of water currents bringing nutrients or where upwelling exists. The fishermen, especially experienced fishing master fishermen already know the areas chosen to place rumpon. Those areas are traditionally exploited by fishermen, and considered nearly over exploited. Usually fishermen transfer the rumpon to other places whenever they periodically realise that the fish catch in the area in which rumpon are placed is insufficient. They will then choose a new site for their rumpon simply according to their experience of previous fishing. Continuous trials are done until they find a good fishing ground. In the joint fishing following NES system applied by PT. Usaha Mina, all payaos required are provided by PT. Usaha Mina, including their deployment in the fishing grounds. Payaos are placed in the expected migration route of skipjack and tuna, among others, by considering the environmenal condition of the sites, their nearness to the fishing communities and bait fish grounds.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Oeconomics of the Philippine Small Pelagics Fishery
    l1~~iJlLll.I.~lJ~ - r--I ~ ~~.mr'l ~ SH I 207 TR4 . #38c~.1 .I @)~~[fi]C!ffi]m @U00r@~O~~[ro)~[fi@ \ . §[fi]~~~~~~ ~~ II "'-' IDi III ~~- ~@1~ ~(;1~ ~\YL~ (b~ oeconomics of the Philippine Small Pelagics Fishery Annabelle C. ad Robert S. Pomeroy Perlita V. Corpuz Max Agiiero INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LIVING AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MANILA, PHILIPPINES 407 Biqeconomics of the Philippine Small Pelagics Fishery 7?kq #38 @-,,/ JAW 3 1 1996 Printed in Manila, Philippines Published by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, MCPO Box 2631, 0718 Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines Citation: Trinidad, A.C., R.S. Pomeroy, P.V. Corpuz and M. Aguero. 1993. Bioeconomics of the Philippine small pelagics fishery. ICLARM Tech. Rep. 38, 74 p. ISSN 01 15-5547 ISBN 971-8709-38-X Cover: Municipal ringnet in operation. Artwork by O.F. Espiritu, Jr. ICLARM Contribution No. 954 CONTENTS Foreword ................................................................................................................................v Abstract ..............................................................................................................................vi Chapter 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................1 Chapter 2 . Description of the Study Methods ................................................................4 Data Collection ....................................................................................................................4 Description
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7.841,126 B2 Huppert (45) Date of Patent: Nov.30, 2010
    USOO7841 126B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7.841,126 B2 Huppert (45) Date of Patent: Nov.30, 2010 (54) MODULAR SINKER 2004/0000385 A1 1/2004 Ratte ......................... 164f76.1 2009.0114162 A1* 5/2009 Locklear ..................... 119.256 (76) Inventor: Mikel Huppert, 1327 Debra St., Ellsworth, WI (US) 54011 FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS JP 11196738 A * 7, 1999 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this JP 200O262197 A * 9, 2000 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 JP 2003125,685 A * 5, 2003 U.S.C. 154(b) by 39 days. JP 2004305108 A * 11, 2004 (21) Appl. No.: 12/082,061 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Machine translation of JP11 196738 A from http://www19.ipdl.inpit. (22) Filed: Apr. 8, 2008 go.jp/PA1/cgi-bin/PA1 INIT?1181685164439.* Machine translation of JP2000262197 A from http://www19.ipdl. (65) Prior Publication Data inpit.go.jp/PA1/cgi-bin/PA1 INIT?1 181685164439.* Machine translation of JP2003125685 A from http://www19.ipdl. US 2009/O249679 A1 Oct. 8, 2009 inpit.go.jp/PA1/cgi-bin/PA1 INIT?1 181685164439.* (51) Int. Cl. * cited by examiner AIK 95/00 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. ..................................................... 43/43.14 Primary Examiner Son TNguyen (58) Field of Classification Search ................ 43/44.87, Assistant Examiner Shadi Baniani 43/42.06, 42.09, 42.31, 43.1, 44.96, 43.14; A0IK 95/00, (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm DLTschida AOIK 95/02 See application file for complete search history. (57) ABSTRACT (56) References Cited An improved slip sinker having a hollow non-buoyant tubular body mounted intermediate a flanged headpiece having a fish U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuna Fishing and a Review of Payaos in the Philippines
    Session 1 - Regional syntheses Tuna fishing and a review of payaos in the Philippines Jonathan O. Dickson*1', Augusto C. Nativiclacl(2) (1) Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, 860 Arcadia Bldg., Quezon Avenue, Quezon City 3008, Philippines - [email protected] (2) Frabelle Fishing Company, 1051 North Bay Blvd., Navotas, Metro Manila, Philippines Abstract Payao is a traditional concept, which has been successfully commercialized to increase the landings of several species valuable to the country's export and local industries. It has become one of the most important developments in pelagic fishing that significantly contributed to increased tuna production and expansion of purse seine and other fishing gears. The introduction of the payao in tuna fishing in 1975 triggered the rapid development of the tuna and small pelagic fishery. With limited management schemes and strategies, however, unstable tuna and tuna-like species production was experienced in the 1980s and 1990s. In this paper, the evolution and development of the payao with emphasis on the technological aspect are reviewed. The present practices and techniques of payao in various parts of the country, including its structure, ownership, distribution, and fishing operations are discussed. Monitoring results of purse seine/ringnet operations including handline using payao in Celebes Sea and Western Luzon are presented to compare fishing styles and techniques, payao designs and species caught. The fishing gears in various regions of the country for harvesting payao are enumerated and discussed. The inshore and offshore payaos in terms of sea depth, location, designs, fishing methods and catch composi- tion are also compared. Fishing companies and fisherfolk associations involved in payao operation are presented to determine extent of uti- lization and involvement in the municipal and commercial sectors of the fishing industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Highest Risk Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Highest risk abandoned, lost and discarded fshing gear Eric Gilman1*, Michael Musyl2, Petri Suuronen3, Milani Chaloupka4, Saeid Gorgin5, Jono Wilson1,6 & Brandon Kuczenski6 Derelict abandoned, lost and discarded fshing gear have profound adverse efects. We assessed gear-specifc relative risks from derelict gear to rank-order fshing methods based on: derelict gear production rates, gear quantity indicators of catch weight and fshing grounds area, and adverse consequences from derelict gear. The latter accounted for ghost fshing, transfer of microplastics and toxins into food webs, spread of invasive alien species and harmful microalgae, habitat degradation, obstruction of navigation and in-use fshing gear, and coastal socioeconomic impacts. Globally, mitigating highest risk derelict gear from gillnet, tuna purse seine with fsh aggregating devices, and bottom trawl fsheries achieves maximum conservation gains. Locally, adopting controls following a sequential mitigation hierarchy and implementing efective monitoring, surveillance and enforcement systems are needed to curb derelict gear from these most problematic fsheries. Primary and synthesis research are priorities to improve future risk assessments, produce the frst robust estimate of global derelict gear quantity, and assess the performance of initiatives to manage derelict gear. Findings from this frst quantitative estimate of gear-specifc relative risks from derelict gear guide the allocation of resources to achieve the largest improvements from mitigating adverse efects of derelict gear from the world’s 4.6 million fshing vessels. Over the past decade there has been increasing international recognition of the need for multilateral eforts to address transboundary adverse ecological and socioeconomic efects of abandoned, lost and discarded fshing gear (ALDFG), also called derelict fshing gear 1, 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Wayne by Wayne Wasulko
    Fishing with howard hughes The Deep - Summer STrucTure Issue 3, JuNe 2012 Summer LargeMouths a Crazy Kind Post sPawn of fishing to Summer Fishing at Lake Mead “KISS TRADITIONAL SONAR GOODBYE!” “ After just one day on the water, I’m convinced. DownScan Imaging goes way beyond traditional sonar! When you see a tree, it truly looks like a tree. You can actually see the limbs and the fish suspended in them! You gotta see it to believe it.” – Bill Dance, Host of Bill Dance Outdoors GO BEYOND SONAR.™ Elite-5 DSI Elite-5x DSI Mark-5x DSI editorial By Wayne Wasulko The warm summer months are upon us and so are all the things that this time of year brings. The largest ever Yamamoto Big Bass Challenge on the Calif.d elta just wrapped up and WesternBass.com was happy to try out our new “in-post” video capability at the event. it is our goal to bring more of these instant videos to our site users. WesternBass also underwent a server change to offer our users a bigger bandwidth and increased page load speed. i hope you are enjoying these new features - there is much more to come. ahead of us, we have one of the other highly-anticipated West Coast events - the Snag Proof open as well as the world’s largest sportfishing trade showi CaSt 2012. WesternBass will travel to the east Coast and return with some of the industry’s newest information. i look forward to the future possibilities of WesternBass and hope you are enjoying the ride as much as i am.
    [Show full text]
  • Nevada Archaeological Association
    NEVADA Archaeologist Volume 4, Number 1, 1983 Peter Ting, Sr. at the Spooner Summit site in 1967. Photograph by Norman Beesley. Nevada Archaeological Association EDITORIAL BOARD nvvada Archavologlcal The editorial board of the Nevada Arclweologist is com­ Assodatlon prised of the Board of Directors of the Nevada Ar­ chaeological Association. The Board appoints the editor of the Nevada Archaeologist for a term of three years. The design for the NAA logo was Member Janelle Nixon taken from a Garfield Flat petroglyph ARCHAEO-NEV ADA SOCIETY by Robert Elston. Las Vegas, Nevada MEMBERSHIP Member Rex Fraizer The Nevada Archaeological Association is an incor­ ARCHAEO-NEV ADA SOCIETY porated, non-profit organization registered in the State of Las Vegas, Nevada Nevada, and has no paid employees. Membership is open to any person interested in archaeology and its allied Member Jonathan O. Davis sciences, and in the conservation of archaeological NEVADA ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSN. Silver City, Nevada resources. Requests for membership and dues should be sent to the corresponding secretary whose address is listed Member Amy Dansie below. Make all checks and money orders payable to the NEV ADA ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSN Nevada Archaeological Association. Membership cards Carson City, Nevada will be issued on payment of dues, and active members receive subscription to the Nevada Archaeologist. Subscription is by membership only, but individual or back issues may be purchased separately. N .A.A. OFFICERS Editor Donald R. Tuohy NEVADA ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASS'N President Robert Crabtree 482-6214 Carson City, Nevada Bureau of Land Management P.O. Box 911 * indicates ex-officio member Tonopah, NV 89049 BACK ISSUES Secretary Jean Stevens Back issues of the Nevada Archaeologist may be P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Aggregating Devices (Fads) Prathibha Rohit Principal Scientist, Pelagic Fisheries Division CMFRI Research Centre, Mangalore P.B
    Fish aggregating devices (FADs) Prathibha Rohit Principal Scientist, Pelagic Fisheries Division CMFRI Research Centre, Mangalore P.B. 244, Mangalore, Karnataka-575 001 Fish aggregating devices, more commonly called FADs, are anchored or drifting objects that are placed in the ocean to attract fish. They may be a permanent, semi-permanent or temporary structure or device made from any material and used to lure fish. They have been used for thousands of years in various forms. The earliest surface/ midwater FADs were elements from nature such as driftwood and trees. Fishermen from Indonesia and Philippines began building floating rafts of bamboo and other materials to attract fish as early as 1900. Now surface and midwater artificial FADs are systematically used in a large number of countries. Present practices vary considerably, sometimes involving advanced technology. Traditional FADs, based on long-term fishing experience, are made on-the-spot with local materials and used in shallow coastal waters (depth 50-200 m) by small-scale fishers to catch small pelagic fish and bait, e.g. payaos (Philippines), unjang (Malaysia), rumpon (Indonesia). Modern FADs, the result of imported technology and materials, can be anchored to over 3000 m. Drifting FADs are not tethered to the bottom and can be natural objects such as logs or man-made. Certain models have large surface dimensions. Moored FADs occupy a fixed location and attach to the sea bottom using a weight such as a concrete block. A rope made of floating synthetics such as polypropylene attaches to the mooring and in turn attaches to a buoy. The buoy can float at the surface (lasting 3–4 years) or lie subsurface (mid water FAD) to avoid detection and surface hazards such as weather and ship traffic.
    [Show full text]
  • RECENT USE of FISH AGGREGATING DEVICES in the EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC TUNA PURSE-SEINE FISHERY: 1990-1994 (Revised March 1996)
    RECENT USE OF FISH AGGREGATING DEVICES IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC TUNA PURSE-SEINE FISHERY: 1990-1994 (Revised March 1996) (This is a revised copy of Administrative Report LJ-95-14) By Wesley A. Armstrong and Charles W. Oliver Southwest Fisheries Science Center P.O. Box 271 La Jolla, California 92038-0271 March 1996 ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LJ-96-02 Contents Page List of Figures....................................................................................................................................ii List of Tables.................................................................................................................................... iii INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................1 LOGS ...............................................................................................................................................2 FADS................................................................................................................................................4 FAD INVESTIGATIONS: 1990-1992 .............................................................................................6 FAD INVESTIGATIONS: 1993-1994 .............................................................................................7 DOLPHIN-SAFE QUESTIONNAIRE.............................................................................................8 SKIPPER A's FADs: Drifting FADs: Construction and Deployment..........................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Literature Review: Effects of the Use of Lead Fishing Weights on Waterbirds and Wetlands
    AGREEMENT ON THE CONSERVATION OF Doc: AEWA/MOP Inf. 5.2 AFRICAN-EURASIAN MIGRATORY WATERBIRDS Agenda item: 19 Original: English Date: 26 March 2012 5th SESSION OF THE MEETING OF THE PARTIES 14 – 18 May 2012, La Rochelle, France “Migratory waterbirds and people - sharing wetlands” LITERATURE REVIEW: EFFECTS OF THE USE OF LEAD FISHING WEIGHTS ON WATERBIRDS AND WETLANDS Prepared by the UNEP/AEWA Secretariat (2011) CONTENT A. Summary ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 I. Scale of the issue ............................................................................................................................................. 3 II. Approaches to the issue ................................................................................................................................. 3 B. Literature review ............................................................................................................................................ 4 I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 II. Scale of the issue ............................................................................................................................................ 5 1. Types and sizes of fishing weights ingested by waterbirds ................................................................... 5 2. Waterbird species
    [Show full text]
  • Fish and Wildlife Issues Related to the Use of Lead Fishing Gear
    STATE OF WASHINGTON December 2006 Fish and Wildlife Issues Related to the Use of Lead Fishing Gear by Pat Michael Washington Department of FISH AND WILDLIFE Fish Program FPT 06-13 Fish and Wildlife Issues Related to the Use of Lead Fishing Gear by Patricia Michael Fish and Wildlife Biologist December 2006 Table of Contents List of Figures................................................................................................................................. ii Executive Summary....................................................................................................................... iii Introduction................................................................................................................................. 1 Chemical Properties of Lead....................................................................................................... 1 Lead Poisoning............................................................................................................................ 1 Historical uses of Lead................................................................................................................ 2 History of Lead Poisoning .......................................................................................................... 2 Lead in the Environment............................................................................................................. 5 Why are Lead Shot and Lead Fishing Tackle a Problem?.......................................................... 7 What Kinds
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,340,858 B2 Corbitt (45) Date of Patent: Mar
    USOO7340858B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,340,858 B2 COrbitt (45) Date of Patent: Mar. 11, 2008 (54) SLP-ON HYDRODYNAMIC SYMMETRICAL 2,237.540 A * 4/1941 Asprer ...................... 43/44.96 FISHING SINKER 2,250,038 A 7/1941 Sink .......................... 43/44.96 2.256,768 A * 9/1941 Taylor ....................... 43/44.96 (75) Inventor: Newsome Corbitt, Jacksonville, FL 2,303,753 A * 12/1942 Merle ........ ... 43/43.1 (US) 2,399,371 A * 4, 1946 Mendelson ................. 43.44.9 2,455.705 A * 12/1948 Seager ....................... 473/4O2 (73) Assignee: I.Q. Innovations, LLC, Jacksonville, 2.457,358 A * 12/1948 Flaugher. ... 43/44.96 FL (US) 2,522, 191 A * 9, 1950 Pillow ....................... 43/44.96 D162,660 S * 3/1951 Humphrey ................. D22,145 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 2,573,981 A * 11/1951 Nelson ...... ... 43/43.1 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 2,577.549 A * 12/1951 Vice ........................... 43.43.1 U.S.C. 154(b) by 218 days. Appl. No.: (21) 11/021,957 (Continued) (22) Filed: Dec. 24, 2004 FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (65) Prior Publication Data AU 9058907 A * 1, 1991 US 2006/O137238 A1 Jun. 29, 2006 (51) Int. C. (Continued) AIK 95/00 (2006.01) Primary Examiner Darren W. Ark (52) U.S. Cl. ...................... 43/44.96: 43/43.1: 43/44.87 (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Mark Young, PA. (58) Field of Classification Search ............... 43/44.87, 43/44.96, 44.9, 43.1; 114/206 (57) ABSTRACT See application file for complete search history.
    [Show full text]
  • Bycatch and No-Tuna Catch in the Tropical Tuna Purse Seine Fisheries
    25 4. From log fishing to fishing on fish aggregating devices The fishers began to modify encountered objects, tying two or three together, adding buckets with fish entrails, and adding devices to facilitate re-encounters (radar reflectors, flags, radio buoys). When an encountered object is modified in some way to enhance its attraction, and especially to improve the chances of locating it again, it is called a FAD (short for fish aggregating device) to indicate the human intervention in its characteristics. This definition of FAD was adopted early on, in the different observer programmes, and it was quite consistent across oceans. During this period, there was still a reliance on encountered objects, but it became more common for fishers to transport the modified objects to other areas, if the vessel was changing its search area. Finally, fishers began to build and deploy their own floating objects, setting them adrift outfitted with different devices that allowed the tracking of their positions. The term FADs was used for these; the random encounters were replaced with a systematic planting of objects. These fishing operations are called FAD sets. The catches in these sets in all ocean areas are a mixture of skipjack, yellowfin and bigeye, with a clear predominance of skipjack. A characteristic of these sets is that the yellowfin and bigeye tend to be juveniles. In the early 1990s, these fisheries for tropical tunas on floating objects deployed by the fishers expanded rapidly in all oceans (Fonteneau, 1993; Ariz et al., 1999; Fonteneau et al., 2000; Marsac, Fonteneau and Ménard, 2000; Gillett, McCoy and Itano, 2002).
    [Show full text]