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Home , Artisanal fishing, Fishing techniques, Fish aggregating device, Payaos, Surrounding net

水産工学 Engineering 1 Vol. 56 No. 1，pp. 1〜13，2019

【Research Article】

A Review on Anchored Aggregating Devices（aFADs） as a Tool to Promote and Manage Artisanal Fisheries

Khyria Swaleh KARAMA1,２ and Yoshiki MATSUSHITA1,3＊

Abstract Fish Aggregation Devices（FADs） are simply man-made, floating devices, which make use of the natural habit by aggregating pelagic for subsistence, recreational and commercial . The introduction of anchored FADs（aFADs） has mainly been promoted throughout the world to assist small- scale fisheries. This paper details information of East Asia and Indian regions where aFADs are heavily, traditionary used or successfully implemented. We focused on the aFAD design, fishing gear used, target species and others. In addition, we highlighted the issues and management measures related to aFADs. The main aim was to give supplementary information since aFADs are an important tool for promoting, managing artisanal and small-scale commercial fisheries all over the world, increasing localized catches at reduced costs thereby improving food security and livelihoods of the coastal communities.

world6）-12）. While there is a concern that FADs may 1． Introduction modify both fish movement and condition for pelagic It has been known for a long time that floating objects fish such as species, which has been hypothesized aggregate fish1），2）. It depends on the fish species and as a significant ecosystem impact12）-15）. the surrounding environments. But they are known to The first type of FADs used is drifting FADs provide refuge from predators, a meeting place for （dFADs） that drift freely with the currents and are schooling companions, a place for orientation, a substrate deployed for exclusive use of the boat or fleet that set for species undergoing a change from pelagic to other them afloats16）. They are deployed in both EEZ and modes of existence, a feeding place or that they high areas with the aim of increasing the efficiency duplicate natural aggregators such as sargassum of the high volume purse . This phenomenon seaweed2）-5）. We have been utilizing these facts to has been exploited by fishers to augment their catch, catch fish efficiently around floating devices. and, over the past few decades, dFADs have grown to Fish Aggregation Devices, or FADs are simply man- be the key component of tropical pelagic fisheries made, floating devices, which make use of the natural including tuna industrial fishing fleets17）-19）. The dFAD habit by aggregating pelagic fishes for subsistence, related purse seining is nowadays a technologically recreational and . The use of FADs advanced that yields over half of the worldwide has increased, this has reduced the uncertainty of recorded tuna landings20）-22）. However, dFADs has finding fish and has generated new opportunities with raised concerns regarding adverse effects on migratory greater reliability in all oceanic areas. The success of patterns23），24），school composition status25）， growth26）， FADs in aggregating fish has made these devices predation rates27） and juvenile catches22）. Because of important to the commercial, local and sports fisheries these concerns and economic importance, dFADs are of many tropical, sub-tropical seas and in the frequently studied and reviewed lately18），19），22）， 28）. Received November 2, 2018 Accepted January 17, 2019 Key words：anchored Fish Aggregating Devices（aFADs），artisanal fisheries, , review 1 Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyomachi, Nagasaki 852- 8521 Japan 2 Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box 81651-80100, Mombasa, Kenya 3 Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521 Japan ＊ Tel：095-819-2803，Fax：095-819-2803，[email protected] 2 Fisheries Engineering Vol. 56 No. 1

The second type of FADs is known as anchored heavily deployed. In this paper, we focus on the aFADs FADs（aFADs, also referred to as moored FADs）. The design, fishing gears used, target species and others in role of aFADs in fisheries and in the regions is different the above mentioned regions. In addition, we highlighted from dFADs. Unlike dFADs for commercial purse seine the issues and management measures related to aFADs. fisheries, the introduction of aFADs has mainly been The main aim was to give supplementary information promoted throughout the world to assist small-scale since aFADs are an important tool for promoting and fisheries29）. The aFADs were first used in the managing artisanal and small-scale commercial fisheries before World War II to support small-scale fisheries30）. all over the world, increasing localized catches at Its use was documented in the Mediterranean and was reduced costs and thereby improving food security and first introduced into the Pacific from the Philippines, via livelihoods for coastal communities. Hawaii, in the late 1970s with a high rate of success: in 2．Examples of major countries implementing 1984 more than 600 aFADs were deployed in the aFADs western and central Pacific Ocean region31）. The aFADs are used extensively by many countries32），in the Pacific18 Use of FADs is confirmed in 37 countries and regions ），33），34） Indian35） and Atlantic oceans36），37）. in , 33 in Pacific Ocean, 18 in Indian In general, aFADs are mainly placed in coastal and Ocean and 8 in the Mediterranean according to offshore zones, at depths from less than 100 m38） up to Taquet41）. These numbers are many and probably 5000 m39） in order to attract pelagic species including cover most countries that deploy aFADs, but . Construction and sizes vary from small scale geographical coverage would be inevitably biased traditional types made from natural materials to large depending on author’s base. In case of the review by scale modern types made from steels and/or plastics. Taquet41）， FADs in Atlantic Ocean was reported in They are frequently used to provide enhanced detail, but in Pacific, eastern Asian countries such as opportunity for artisanal and semi-industrial fishers and South Korea or Taiwan, which are strong users of both are usually fished using several techniques, such as aFADs and dFADs were not covered. Accordingly, we , pole and line, traps, vertical long-line, handline, present aFADs information for the following 5 countries ringnet and sometimes purse-seine. depending on the available information. In the industrial sector, private investors fund the 1） The Philippines deployment and monitoring of their own aFADs. These There is a wide variety of types and designs of industrial aFADs are used extensively in countries like aFADs used in the Philippines made of natural and , Papua , the Philippines, , modern materials including brush pile, twigs, , Federated States of Micronesia and the Solomon scrap tires, concrete and steel. The most popular type Islands31）. In small-scale fisheries, aFADs are almost that emerged as the most economical and effective in exclusively maintained and deployed by the public terms of resource management and income enhancement sector and overseas funding agencies31，40）. Many aFAD for fishers i.e. the bamboo raft aFADs called “payao”. settlement programs are designed as a small-scale The use of is widespread where thousands are fishery management approach to relieve the frequently anchored throughout to support subsistence, artisanal heavy fishing pressure being experienced by coastal and commercial fisheries45）. There is no statistics on the species by transferring effort toward pelagic species, total number of payaos all over Philippines, but it was including tunas. These programs are thought to provide estimated that there were about 3000 payaos in Moro Gulf many positive benefits for local fisheries16）. in the southern Philippines. Some payao fishing grounds This paper further details some countries where aFADs are also found in the other parts of the archipelagic were traditionary used or successfully implemented. waters whereby established viable tuna and small Reviews or technical guidelines for aFADs14），41） have pelagic fisheries exist45）. Generally, payaos are crowded been published other than this paper. However, they in the nearshore fishing grounds about 30 payaos discussed , South Asia42），16） and South anchored for each boat. They used simple bundles of Pacific countries43），44），where the use of aFADs is bamboo provided on the underside with a hanging line popular31），but did not include information of Eastern of coconut leaves, later evolved into well-constructed Asia and regions where aFADs are also double layer bamboo rafts with empty oil drums filled A Review on Anchored Fish Aggregating Devices（aFADs） as a Tool to Promote and Manage Artisanal Fisheries 3 with concrete used to anchor the payao. This type Indonesia. Rakit is a kind of small aFADs made of payaos are still commonly used in the coastal Philippine traditional materials and deployed in shallow waters waters, but steel longer lasting raft type payaos are （50-200 m） while rumpon is relatively large scale aFADs favored for use in exposed, offshore areas subject to set at waters ranging 400-4000 m deep47）. They are used rough sea conditions（ Fig. 1）. particularly in the eastern Indonesia waters since time Payaos support several small-scale fisheries such as immemorial38），48）. Rumpon is categorized by its handline fishery for tunas, purse seine and ringnet in deployment depth, while rakit sometimes referred to as the Philippines. Payaos are either owned by fishing shallow water rumpon in some reports38），49）. Some fishers companies or leased by concessionaires to the fishing construct their rakit or rumpon in traditional manner companies for 20% of the price of the haul39）. Payaos by coconut leaves and bamboo stems to catch small attract variety of species; the catches consist largely of pelagic fishes that looks similar to payaos in the juvenile tunas and small pelagic fish. In addition, 99% of Philippines. Due to long history of payaos in the the tuna production in Philippine waters are payao- Philippines and being the first country to use the associated. Thus payaos may increase the total catch of aFADs to support small scale fisheries, Indonesia tunas, but since majority of tunas in Philippine waters adopted the same technology to their country. While are apparently juvenile, the use of payaos will increase some fishers construct them using modern materials the catch of small tunas without size selectivity46）. （Fig. 2）. The rumpon usually lasts for a period of two 2） Indonesia months or less50）. Traditional aFADs are called “rakit” and “rumpon” in The aFADs have been widely cleployed by artisanal

Fig. 1 Types of aFADs（payaos） used in the Philippines.（Adapted from Dickson and Natividad, 2000） 4 Fisheries Engineering Vol. 56 No. 1

This success story had an impact on the fisheries in the neighboring regions and aFADs spread to Miyazaki or Kochi Prefectures. From this, the MarinoForum 21, incorporated body of marine industries including fisheries, shipbuilding and environment assessment, published a criteria for the design and construction of aFADs in 199257）. Additionally, Fisheries Agency of Japan has published a book that presents the necessary requirements of aFADs58）. In order to construct and deploy aFADs it is necessary to pass through several administration levels including Fisheries Adjustment Commission. They also have to be approved by the coastguard and the local and/or national authorities. For example, available numbers of aFADs in Okinawa waters is limited less than 200 in numbers from the Fig. 2 A type of aFAD（rumpon） used in Indonesia. point of view. （Courtesy of Dr. Mohammad Riyanto） According to Kumamoto55）， aFADs in Japan are categorized by their designs i.e. “Surface type”, “Surface fishers in the northern Java Sea and southern Celebes and mid-water （Subsurface） type” and “Mid-water Sea. Fishers used aFADs to aggregate pelagic species type”（ Fig. 3）. The aFADs are also classified according inclusive of , tuna, , to its function such as “Modern type”, “Simplified type” scads, carangids and . The main fishing gear and “Traditional type”56）. The aFADs depth ranges used around aFADs are handlining, trolling47），49），pole from 14 m to 3000 m in Japan. The Prefectures that use and line fishing51）. In 2014, the approximate number of aFADs for commercial fisheries include Kuroshio deep rumpon anchored by fishers were 250 units. current area whereby “Surface type” and “Modern There is a concern that pelagic species that aggregate type” aFADs are popular; Okinawa54）; Kagoshima59）; around aFADs can be over exploited so easily that Miyazaki60）; Oita61）; Kochi62） ; Wakayama （Wakayama fishers are encouraged to collect catch and effort data Prefectural Government Web-page）63） ; Mie （Mie to monitor the health status of the fish stocks38）. In that Prefectural Government Web-page）64） ; Kanagawa65） regards, the use of aFADs in Indonesia waters must be and Tokyo66）. Which are large in size （e.g. aFAD off licensed by the Directorate of Capture Fisheries, Kochi is L7.5×W3.9×H3.5 m） and equipped with sensors Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Republic of to measure water temperature, wind speed, current and Indonesia38）. direction of water to provide environmental information 3） Japan to the public. In waters where the sea traffic is heavy, Japan also has a long history on aFADs usage such as 1500s in Tottori Prefecture, western part of Japan, they used FADs known as “tsukegi” or artificial drifting object made of brushwood to attract dolphinfish （Tottori Prefectural Government Web-page）52）. Fishers in the southwestern parts of Japan used FAD （drifted and anchored） for their fishing. The traditional aFADs had a short lifetime53） about 1-2 years in Okinawa54）. This led to development of aFADs that have a longer lifetime which was initiated by the local government in 195955）. In 1982 fishers who worked in south Pacific Ocean and the local government in Okinawa successfully developed high endurance aFADs called “Payao” adopting Fig. 3 Types of aFADs used in Japan.（Adapted from Philippine’s name, and practiced modern fishing54），56）. Kumamoto, 2013） A Review on Anchored Fish Aggregating Devices（aFADs） as a Tool to Promote and Manage Artisanal Fisheries 5

“Mid-water type” aFADs are used. The main target species for commercial fishing around Japan’s aFADs are pelagic fish including , sailfish, , , tunas, skipjacks, yellowtail, amberjack, dolphinfish and jack . They are mainly captured by hook and lines such as , trolling, longlines, but also by various purse seines. In the case of south islands of Kagoshima, landing of tuna and skipjack are all from aFADs fishing grounds. Available fishing methods around aFADs fishing grounds are mostly determined by regulations of various levels such as voluntary agreement among users to regulations. For example, fishers only employ either trolling, skipjack pole and line, bait angling or dolphinfish for “Surface type” aFADs in Miyazaki Prefecture60）. 4） Mauritius Mauritius is one of the first countries in the South West Indian Ocean to start aFAD fishery67）. The aFAD fishery was introduced in Mauritius through an UNDP/ FAO project to stop the declining fish landings from sector and to control the increasing Fig. 4 A type of aFAD used in Mauritius.（Adapted from Chapman et al., 2005） fishing pressure on the lagoon stocks. The artisanal aFAD fishery was to divert fishing effort away from the m deep） were first introduced in the early 1980s by lagoon or from traditional fishing grounds to the outer/ FAO project71）. By 1990, there were 10 aFADs deployed off-lagoon areas68），69）. There was no local development around the Maldives with the national tuna catch stage in this country and the modern aFAD designs increasing from 30 000 t in 1980 to 70 000 t in 1990. Due was introduced as shown in Fig. 4. The aFADs are to its success, Maldives maintained an array of about 45 anchored at depths varying from 800 to 3000 m. The aFADs, making it the largest aFADs array72）. Typical average lifetime of an aFAD has been estimated to be arrangement of aFADs are shown in Fig. 5. Different around 500 days69）. Those aFADs were also introduced from traditional design found in Philippines or Indonesia, to Madagascar and Comoro Islands after Mauritius70）. modern materials such as fiber- reinforced plastic As of 2013, 28 aFADs were deployed around （FRP） are used for floating part and netting is used as Mauritius for artisanal fishers and other stakeholders. mid-water attractor instead of coconut leaves, that was The generally practiced around typically used in aFADs in Southeast Asian countries. aFADs are trolling with artificial bait, slow trolling with The average lifespan of aFADs installed from 1993 to live bait, handlining, longlining and drift lining etc. 2008 was approximately 2 years and 1 month. About Detailed information on fishing gear used around 82% of aFADs installed each year in the Maldives are aFADs in Mauritius is presented by de San and Pages40 lost72）. ）. The main species caught are tuna, yellowfin Tuna catches in the Maldives peaked in 2006 with a tuna and skipjack tuna69）. The production of artisanal catch of 166 000 t（138 000 t of and 23 000 aFADs fishery on the west coast, where most aFADs t of yellowfin tuna），majority of the catch was from have been set （21 out of 28 from 2010 to 2012），was aFADs. However, in 2010 the tuna catches plummeted between 243 and 331 t per year69） equivalent to 5-6% of to 77 000 t. Species composition of skipjack tuna form the total national catch16）. nearly 60% of the catch in the Maldivian pole and line 5） Maldives fishery. Followed by yellowfin tuna （30-35%）71），72）. Maldives has one of the highest numbers aFADs in the Indian Ocean. Deep-water aFADs about（1000-2000 6 Fisheries Engineering Vol. 56 No. 1

become different from fish in common habitats. Fonteneau76） suggested that free-school tunas mostly occur in rich-food area, while aFAD locations are mainly not chosen by such criteria. As a result, differences in empty stomach rate, diet diversity and consequently growth of skipjack and yellowfin tuna was reported in the western Indian Ocean26）. 2） Over-exploitation While aFADs can displace fishing effort from existing fishing grounds to others, there are concerns that pelagic species that aggregate around FADs （both dFADs and aFADs） can easily be over exploited. In general, FADs merely concentrate fish in one localized area, making them easier to catch16）. In addition, aFADs increase catch and its consistency thus enhance food security, and reduce search time and operating costs for fishers that the fishing effort will concentrate to aFADs. Massive capture of fecund individuals or spawning stock, that are major target species around aFADs are considered to results in recruitment overfishing25） and this has been reported in the Fig. 5 A type of aFAD used in the Maldives. 77） （Adapted from Shainee and Leira, 2011） Philippines for example . Therefore, aFADs accelerate fisheries collapse when the fishery is already overfished78）. Although fishing capacities for dFADs 3．Issues related to aFADs and aFADs users are different （e.g. industrial purse 1） Impacts to the ecosystem seine and artisanal fishers），aFADs deployment in most Not only aFADs, but also any artificial habitats may cases is aimed to reallocate fishing effort in the region, alter local marine ecosystem. Several studies indicated in the process over-exploited cases could be possible79）. that if aFADs are anchored at greater distances from the Arrangement of aFADs array is proposed in some coast, might also attract tunas swimming offshore73）. This areas16），80） for efficient use of the array of aFADs and to kind of impact is also reported for birds. It was reported allocate fishing efforts, but the diversity of target that marine renewable energy installations that is species and gear types would make it difficult to similarly constructed in the ocean like aFADs give a determine the optimal number and density of aFADs risk of collision, disturbance, displacement and so on to for any given area81）. Besides, this will not solve the marine bird74）. Apart from, migration/movement of over-exploitation issue because it would only animals, aFADs may change biomass of certain species redistribute in the area. Fishing capacity in the ecosystem. Impacts of aFADs to the ecosystems control82） is necessary for sustainable use of aFADs. To depend on cases as: 1. aFADs only redistribute the achieve this, collection of high-quality data at certain exploitable biomass without increasing stock size, 2. level and monitoring protocols are required16）. Recently aFADs increase exploitable biomass without increasing a new idea has been introduced on the use of aFADs as stock size, and 3. aFADs increase both exploitable Fish Enhancing Devices （FEDs） for small-scale and biomass and stock size according to Polovina75）. It is artisanal fisheries that are deployed in the banned difficult to identify the case, but these cases except the water or fisheries under strong regulations78）. impact is dependable on the local marine ecosystem 3） available biomass（e.g. catch） and stock changes in the Issue on bycatch of juveniles and other endangered system. species associated with aFADs is being observed in Since aFADs are deployed to create new habitats for different countries. In the Philippines, fishing operations commercial species, diet of the associated fish sometimes take place all year-round, there has been claims that A Review on Anchored Fish Aggregating Devices（aFADs） as a Tool to Promote and Manage Artisanal Fisheries 7 payaos tend to selectively attract juveniles and are using proven designs made with recommended materials, therefore detrimental to the fishery77）. This kind of carrying out regular monitoring and maintenance. One bycatch of immature fish of dolphinfish and kingfish recommendation from the Tahiti conference on FADs was also reported in Australia83）. It is well-known that in 2011 was that reducing the number of components juveniles of commercially important fish such as （shackles and swivels） in the anchored system was yellowtail aggregates under aFADs84） therefore the likely to increase aFAD longevity81）. juvenile fish are most likely to be captured by the use 4．Management of aFADs of less selective fishing gear and method. Although the issue on bycatch of endangered animals seems more Operation around aFADs has increased and more serious with dFADs （entanglements to dFADs），few consistent catches, reduce time, reduce cost and cases have been reported about sharks and turtles caught increase in safety for small-boat operation92），93），but by fisheries operated around aFADs16）. This issue may be comes with responsibilities for management towards mitigated by using fishing methods that have efficient long-term societal and ecological profit. size and species selective properties, probably using According to the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible proper angling gear, and also by training aFAD users Fisheries, it is stated that “States should, within the to handle and release bycatch species if or when they framework of coastal area management plans, establish are caught. management systems for fish aggregation devices11），94）. 4） Aggregation of undesired fish The FAO Technical Guidelines on the Implementation of Brown chub Kyphosus bigibbus is an herbivorous fish the Code of Conduct Fishing Operations FAO95） also associated with decrease in seaweed beds or “isoyake”, states clearly that for aFADs to be sustained for a long and is a serious issue to the coastal ecosystem in Japan. term budget allocation for deployment, maintenance and This fish has been frequently observed around aFADs replacement of aFADs should be included. Spacing in southern Japan85），86），Karama and Matsushita unpublished data）. requirements for aFADs are designated in countries like It will be a problem if aFADs provide suitable habitat to Indonesia and the Philippines, but have been poorly brown chub for their growth and increase in numbers. policed due to lack of resources and political will96）. However, this fact may be a flipside that aFADs can be Weak state regulation and implementation of aFADs used as a gathering device for undesired animals such as also means that the distribution access of aFADs is brown chub for termination activity. mainly determined by informal agreements between 5） Ghost gear fishing companies and communities97）. Ghost aFADs that break from their moorings and The aFADs have been instrumental in the fishing particularly those with plastic components form marine cooperatives and have provided fisheries managers debris that can pollute , reefs and the open seas. with a way to safe-guarding the very important marine The aFADs have also been identified as one source of resources by providing fishers with an alternative ways abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear, such as and fishing in the even though the issue is more serious with dFADs82）. Galapagos Islands, for example98），99）. The negative impacts of this type of can The aFADs can also be used to separate waters, create a hazard to navigation, creation of litter, MPAs in the Komodo National Park in Indonesia and in introduction of synthetic materials into the marine food the Western Indian Ocean have been employed to web, transporting alien species, and additional clean-up facilitate management3）. The aFADs are also used to costs87）. These issues relate to management framework, demarcate the boundaries between areas such as closed practices, and technical aspects. There have been areas and fishing zones. For example aFADs have been several initiatives conducted to promote cheaper and used for demarcating marine zones in the Philippines, longer lasting aFADs10），33），40），54），88）-91）. The average doubling as marker buoys and aFADs100）. Thus, aFADs lifespan of aFADs in the Western Indian Ocean had can be a tool to reduce conflicts between neighboring increased to two years by the 1990s. From 2001 to 2008, groups/countries by reducing incentives for fishers to aFADs were lasting four to eight years in Niue, but follow the movement of target species into adjacent longevity is still a recurring problem for aFADs40），92）. waters. However, since fishers compete for the same The lifespan of an aFAD can be increased significantly by resources in a typical fishing community set up, 8 Fisheries Engineering Vol. 56 No. 1

consultation/adjustment/agreement with stakeholders annual Gulf and Caribbean fisheries institute, on where to install aFADs, and seeking their Hamilton Bermuda, 1989. participation in the construction, fabrication and 9 ） T. W. Buckley and B. S. Miller: Feeding habits of yellowfin tuna associated with fish aggregation maintenance of aFADs. This active participation of devices in American Samoa. Bull. Mar. Sci., 55 : stakeholders can avoid conflicts. 2–3. pp. 445–459, 1994. 10） G. R. Higashi: Ten years of fish aggregating Acknowledgement device （FAD） design development in Hawaii. We would like to thank the following colleagues who Bull. Mar. Sci., 55 : 2–3, pp. 651–666, 1994. 11） T. Kitamado and C. Kataoka: A study for the granted us the permission to use their aFADs drawings; realization of sustainable fisheries. A case of Mr. Jonathan O. Dickson （Philippines），Dr. Mohammad Payang fishery in the southern coast of west Riyanto（Indonesia），Mr. Aymeric Desurmont（the Pacific Jawa, Indonesia. Bull. Fac. Fish. Nagasaki Univ., Community），and Dr. Mohamed Shainee（Maldives）. 77 : p.117-126, 1996. Ms. Khyria Swaleh Karama is grateful to the Ministry 12） L. Dagorn, K. N. Holland and J. Filmalter: Are of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology drifting FADs essential for testing the ecological trap hypothesis? Fish. Res., 106 : 1, pp. 60–63, （MEXT），Japan for providing the PhD scholarship. 2010. 13） F. Marsac, A. Fonteneau and F. Ménard: Drifting References FADs used in tuna fisheries: an ecological trap? 1） M. J. Kingsford: Biotic and abiotic structure in In: Le Gall, J. Y, Cayré, P, Taquet M. （Eds.），in: the pelagic environment: importance to small Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de fishes. Bull. Mar. Sci.,53 : 2, pp. 393–415, 1993. poissons. Actes Coll. IFREMER, pp. 537–552, 2000. 2 ） J. J. Castro, J. A. Santiago and A. T. Santana- 14） T. Dempster and M. Taquet: Fish aggregation Ortega: A general theory on fish aggregation to device（FAD） research: Gaps in current knowledge floating objects: An alternative to the meeting and future directions for ecological studies. Rev. Fish point hypothesis. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish., 11 : 3, pp. Biol. Fish., 14 : 1, pp. 21– 42, 2004. 255–277, 2001. 15） J. P. Hallier and D. Gaertner: Drifting fish 3 ） Anon: Pelagic fisheries project report of Komodo aggregation devices could act as an ecological National Park and surrounding waters. Coastal trap for tropical tuna species. Mar. Ecol. Prog. and Marine Program The Nature Conservancy Ser., 353 : pp 255–264, 2008. Indonesia Program and Yayasan Pusaka Alam 16） S. Beverly, D. Griffiths, and R. Lee: Anchored fish Nusantara Komodo Field Office. p. 15, 2000. aggregating devices for artisanal fisheries in 4 ） M. Soria, L. Dagorn, G. Potin, and P. Fréon: First South and Southeast Asia : benefits and risks field-based experiment supporting the meeting Anchored fish aggregating devices for artisanal point hypothesis for schooling in pelagic fish. fisheries in South and Southeast Asia : benefits Anim. Behav., 78 : 6, pp. 1441–1446, 2009. and risks. RAP Publication 20/2012. 5 ） V. Vassilopoulou, A. Siapatis, G. Christides, and P. 17） D. Bromhead, J. Foster, and R. Attard: A review of Bekas: The biology and ecology of juvenile the impacts of fish aggregating devices （FADs） on pilotfish （Naucrates ductor） associated with Fish tuna fisheries. Bur. Rural Sci., p. 122, 2003. Aggregating Devices （FADs） in eastern 18） L. Dagorn, K. N. Holland, V. Restrepo, and G. Mediterranean waters. Mediterr. Mar. Sci., 5 :1, Moreno: Is it good or bad to fish with FADs? pp. 61–70, 2004. What are the real impacts of the use of drifting 6 ） D. A. Pollard and J. Matthews: Bibliography of FADs on pelagic marine ecosystems? Fish Fish., Australian Studies. Bull. Mar. Sci., 37 : 1, pp. 14 : 3, pp. 391–415, 2013. 299–304, 1985. 19） T. K. Davies, C. C. Mees and E. J. Milner-Gulland: 7 ） S. D. Frusher: Utilization of small-scale fish The past, present and future use of drifting fish aggregation devices by Papua New Guinea’s aggregating devices （FADs） in the Indian artisanal fishermen. In: Maclean, J.L , L.B. Dizon Ocean. Mar. Policy, 45 : pp. 163–170, 2014. and L.V. Hosillos（eds.） , in Proceedings of the 1st 20） G. Moreno, L. Dagorn, G. Sancho and D. Itano: Asian Fisheries Forum, Manila, Philippines, 26– Fish behaviour from fishers’ knowledge: the case 31 May, pp. 371–374. 1986 study of tropical tuna around drifting fish 8 ） R. M. Wilkins and M.H. Goodwin: Progress report aggregating devices （DFADs）. Can. J. Fish. on the evaluation of fish aggregating devices for Aquat. Sci., 64 : 11, pp. 1517–1528, 2007. the eastern caribbean, in: Waugh. G.T and M.H 21） A. Fonteneau, P. Pallarés and R. Pianet: A worldwide Goodwin（eds ）. In Proceedings of the thirty ninth review of purse seine fisheries on FADs. In: Pêche A Review on Anchored Fish Aggregating Devices（aFADs） as a Tool to Promote and Manage Artisanal Fisheries 9

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【研究論文】

小規模漁業の管理と振興のためのツールとしての浮魚礁

カイリア・スワレ・カラマ1,2・松 下 吉 樹1,3＊

和 文 要 旨 小規模漁業を支援するために世界中で係留式浮魚礁による漁場造成が行われている。本稿では浮魚礁が伝 統的に使われてきた，あるいは成功裡に導入されたアジアとインド洋の国々の状況を例示し，さらに浮魚礁 と関連する，生態系への悪影響，過剰漁獲，混獲，問題種の増殖，逸失の問題などと管理の方向性について これまでの研究を整理して議論した。

2018年11月2日受付，2019年1月17日受理 キーワード：係留式浮魚礁，小規模漁業，浮魚，総説 1 長崎大学大学院水産・環境科学総合研究科 〒852-8511 長崎県長崎市文教町 1-14 2 ケニア国立海洋水産研究所 ケニア共和国モンバサ市 3 長崎大学海洋未来イノベーション機構 〒852-8511 長崎県長崎市文教町 1-14 ＊ Tel：095-819-2803，Fax；095-819-2803，[email protected]