Fisheries of the Pacific Islands. Regional and National Information
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ISSN 2070-7010 FAO 625 FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL PAPER 625 Fisheries of the Pacific Islands Regional and national information Fisheries of the Pacific Islands. Regional and This document Fisheries of the Pacific Islands: Regional and national information provides a recent update of the fisheries and aquaculture sector in the Pacific Region. The document consists of 2 main parts: a regional overview; and fisheries and aquaculture country profiles for the 14 independent Pacific Island countries. It consolidates a variety of sources of information into a single coherent review, to provide a general understanding of the status of fisheries and aquaculture in the Pacific Islands. n ational information ISBN 978-92-5-130527-0 ISSN 2070-7010 FAO 978 9251 305270 I9297EN/1/04.18 Cover photograph: A local fisherman with hand lines catching fish near the wharf in Noro, Western Province of the Solomon Islands. © Francisco Blaha FAO FISHERIES AND Fisheries of the Pacific Islands AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL Regional and national information PAPER 625 Robert Gillett Fisheries Specialist Suva, Fiji and Mele Ikatonga Tauati Junior Professional Officer (Small-scale Fisheries) FAO Sub-regional Office for the Pacific Islands Apia, Samoa FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Apia, 2018 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-130515-7 © FAO, 2018 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. iii Preparation of this document This project was prepared under the supervision of Jessica Sanders, a Fishery Officer of the FAO Subregional Office for the Pacific Islands. The main author is Robert Gillett, a fisheries specialist based in Fiji. The co-author, Mele Ikatonga Tauati, is a Junior Professional Officer with the FAO Subregional Office for the Pacific Islands. iv Abstract The Pacific Island region consists of fourteen independent countries and eight territories located in the western and central Pacific Ocean. In this area there are about 200 high islands and some 2 500 low islands and atolls. The main categories of marine fishing in the area are: • offshore fishing. This is undertaken mainly by large, industrial-scale fishing vessels. Approximately 1 100 of these vessels operate in the exclusive economic zones (EEZs) of Pacific Island countries, mainly using purse-seine and longline gear to catch tuna. • coastal fishing. This can be divided into three categories: (1) small-scale commercial fisheries (also referred to as “artisanal”), which can be further subdivided into those supplying domestic markets, and those producing export commodities; (2) subsistence fisheries, which support rural economies and are extremely important to the region’s nutrition and food security; and (3) industrial-scale shrimp fisheries, which in the region occur only in Papua New Guinea. The region’s fishery resources can be broadly split into two main categories: oceanic, and coastal or inshore. Oceanic resources include tunas, billfish and allied species. They are characterized by an open-water pelagic habitat and potentially extensive individual movements. Coastal or inshore resources include a wide range of finfish and invertebrates. They are characterized by their shallow-water habitats or demersal lifestyles, and restriction of individual movements to coastal areas. This paper discusses these resource categories, with a focus on the major types of fishing, the important species, the status of the resources, and the fisheries management that occurs. This report also provides information on the fisheries in each of the 14 independent Pacific Island countries in the following categories: • Overview and main indicators • Production sector • Post-harvest sector • Socio-economic contribution of the fishery sector • Trends, issues and development • Institutional framework • Legal framework Gillett, R., & Tauati, M. I. 2018. Fisheries in the Pacific. Regional and national information FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 625. Apia, FAO. v Contents Preparation of this document iii Abstract iv Acknowledgements vi Abbreviations and acronyms vii 1. REGIONAL INFORMATION 1 1.1 The Pacific Islands region 1 1.2 Fishery statistics in the region 3 1.3 Main categories of fisheries in the region 5 1.4 Fishery resources 9 1.5 Coastal fishery resources 9 1.6 Important types of coastal fishing 11 1.7 Management of coastal fishery resources 21 1.8 Offshore fishery resources 28 1.9 Important types of offshore fishing 31 1.10 Management of offshore fishery resources 39 NATIONAL INFORMATION ON FISHERIES 49 2. Cook Islands 49 3. Federated States of Micronesia 73 4. Fiji 101 5. Kiribati 125 6. Marshall Islands 143 7. Nauru 167 8. Niue 189 9. Palau 209 10. Papua New Guinea 237 11. Samoa 269 12. Solomon Islands 291 13. Tonga 319 14. Tuvalu 339 15. Vanuatu 359 16. References 383 vi Acknowledgements A special thanks to Jessica Sanders of FAO for her support and encouragement throughout the entire project. Peter Williams of SPC was helpful in providing much information on the pelagic resources, and Ian Cartwright and Garry Preston provided assistance with tuna management information. We also thank Angela Templeton for her careful review and editorial work on the manuscript. Images of fish and invertebrate species were sourced from the FAO Original Scientific Illustrations Archive. vii Abbreviations and acronyms ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research ADB Asian Development Bank CCM Conservation and management measure CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CPUE Catch per unit effort DCC Data Collection Committee DWFN Distant water fishing nation EAFM Ecosystem approach to fisheries management EEZ Exclusive economic zone ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN) EU European Union FAD Fish aggregation device FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FFA Forum Fisheries Agency FOB Free on board FY Financial (or fiscal) year GDP Gross domestic product GEF Global Environment Facility HIES Household income and expenditure survey IAS Institute of Applied Science of the University of the South Pacific IMF International Monetary Fund IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IUU Illegal, unreported and unregulated (fishing) JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LMMA Locally managed marine area MPA Marine protected area MSG Melanesian Spearhead Group MSY Maximum sustainable yield MT Metric tonne MTCs Minimum terms and conditions (of access) NFA National Fisheries Authority NGO Non-governmental organization NZODA New Zealand Official Development Assistance OFP Oceanic Fisheries Programme of the Pacific Community PIFS Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat viii PIMRIS Pacific Islands Marine Resources Information System PNA Parties to the Nauru Agreement PROCFish-C Pacific Regional Oceanic and Coastal Fisheries Project SPC Pacific Community SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme TMP Tuna management plan UNCDF United Nations Capital Development Fund UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNSD United Nations Statistics Division USA United States of America USAID United States Agency for International Development WCPFC Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission WCPO Western and Central Pacific Ocean WTO World Trade Organization 1 1. Regional information 1.1 THE PACIFIC ISLANDS REGION The Pacific Islands region consists of fourteen independent countries and eight territories located in the western and central Pacific Ocean. There is also a substantial amount of international waters (high seas) in the area. Figure 1.1 shows these countries within the larger western and central Pacific. Table 1.1 gives summary details of the countries. FIGURE 1.1 Western and Central Pacific JAPAN 30° N Minami-tori Shima (Jap.) HAWAII (US) NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS Wake (US) 20° N Johnston (US) MARSHALL ISLANDS GUAM 10°N FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA Palmyra (US) PALAU Howland PAPUA NEW GUINEA NAURU Baker 0° (US) Jarvis KIRIBATI (US) KIRIBATI TUVALU KIRIBATI SOLOMON ISLANDS TOKELAU 10° S WALLIS AMERICAN AND SAMOA COOK ISLANDS FUTUNA SAMOA FIJI NEW CALEDONIA VANUATU FRENCH POLYNESIA NIUE 20° S AUSTRALIA Matthew Hunter (Disputed) TONGA PITCAIRN ISLANDS AUSTRALIA Kermadec Is. Norfolk Island (N. Z.) Lord Howe Is. 30° S (Aus) 40° S NEW ZEALAND 50° S Macquarie Island (Aus.) 130° E 140° E 150° E W W W W W 160° E 170° E 180° 170° 160° 150° 140° 120° Map courtesy of SPC (modified) The Pacific Islands region contains about 200 high islands and some 2 500 low islands and atolls. Apart from the Pitcairn group and the southern part of French Polynesia in the east of the area, all the islands of the area lie in the tropical zone.