Exploitive Fishing
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SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES and RESPONSIBLE AQUACULTURE: a Guide for USAID Staff and Partners
SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES AND RESPONSIBLE AQUACULTURE: A Guide for USAID Staff and Partners June 2013 ABOUT THIS GUIDE GOAL This guide provides basic information on how to design programs to reform capture fisheries (also referred to as “wild” fisheries) and aquaculture sectors to ensure sound and effective development, environmental sustainability, economic profitability, and social responsibility. To achieve these objectives, this document focuses on ways to reduce the threats to biodiversity and ecosystem productivity through improved governance and more integrated planning and management practices. In the face of food insecurity, global climate change, and increasing population pressures, it is imperative that development programs help to maintain ecosystem resilience and the multiple goods and services that ecosystems provide. Conserving biodiversity and ecosystem functions are central to maintaining ecosystem integrity, health, and productivity. The intent of the guide is not to suggest that fisheries and aquaculture are interchangeable: these sectors are unique although linked. The world cannot afford to neglect global fisheries and expect aquaculture to fill that void. Global food security will not be achievable without reversing the decline of fisheries, restoring fisheries productivity, and moving towards more environmentally friendly and responsible aquaculture. There is a need for reform in both fisheries and aquaculture to reduce their environmental and social impacts. USAID’s experience has shown that well-designed programs can reform capture fisheries management, reducing threats to biodiversity while leading to increased productivity, incomes, and livelihoods. Agency programs have focused on an ecosystem-based approach to management in conjunction with improved governance, secure tenure and access to resources, and the application of modern management practices. -
Historical Overfishing and the Recent Collapse of Coastal Ecosystems
E COLOGY T HROUGH T IME REVIEW Historical Overfishing and the Recent Collapse of Coastal Ecosystems Jeremy B. C. Jackson,1,2* Michael X. Kirby,3 Wolfgang H. Berger,1 Karen A. Bjorndal,4 Louis W. Botsford,5 Bruce J. Bourque,6 Roger H. Bradbury,7 Richard Cooke,2 Jon Erlandson,8 James A. Estes,9 Terence P. Hughes,10 Susan Kidwell,11 Carina B. Lange,1 Hunter S. Lenihan,12 John M. Pandolfi,13 Charles H. Peterson,12 Robert S. Steneck,14 Mia J. Tegner,1† Robert R. Warner15 Ecological extinction caused by overfishing precedes all other pervasive longer term cycles or shifts in oceanographic human disturbance to coastal ecosystems, including pollution, degrada- regimes and productivity (15–17). To help ad- tion of water quality, and anthropogenic climate change. Historical abun- dress this problem, we describe ecosystem dances of large consumer species were fantastically large in comparison structure predating modern ecological studies with recent observations. Paleoecological, archaeological, and historical using well-dated time series based on biological data show that time lags of decades to centuries occurred between the (18, 19), biogeochemical (20, 21), physical onset of overfishing and consequent changes in ecological communities, (22), and historical (23) proxies that are infor- because unfished species of similar trophic level assumed the ecological mative over a variety of spatial scales and bio- roles of overfished species until they too were overfished or died of geographic realms (24). Although proxies vary epidemic diseases related to overcrowding. Retrospective data not only in precision and clarity of the signals they mea- help to clarify underlying causes and rates of ecological change, but they sure, the use of multiple proxies that give the also demonstrate achievable goals for restoration and management of same ecological signal greatly increases confi- coastal ecosystems that could not even be contemplated based on the dence in results. -
Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop
Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop February 6-8, 2008 Orlando, Florida Edited by Andrew W. Bruckner Glynnis G. Roberts U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-40 August 2008 This publication should be cited as: Bruckner, A.W. and G. Roberts (editors). 2008. Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-40, Silver Spring, MD 164 pp. Signifi cant support for the development of this document was provided by NOAA Fisheries, Offi ce of Habitat Conservation, and NOAA’s Coral Reef Conservation Program. The views expressed in this document are those of the authors and the participants of the workshop, and do not necessarily refl ect the offi cial views or policies of the U.S. Government, NOAA or DOS. Front Cover Images: (Top) James Cervino – A fi sher uses cyanide to catch marine ornamental fi sh; (Bottom) Stephen Why – Pens used in Micronesia to hold live reef food fi sh. Additional copies of this publication may be requested from: John Foulks National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service Offi ce of Habitat Conservation 1315 East West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910 [email protected] Proceedings of the Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop Edited by Andrew W. Bruckner and Glynnis G. Roberts Offi ce of Habitat Conservation Ecosystem Assessment Division NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service 1315 East-West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-40 August 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos Gutierrez, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Vice Admiral Conrad C. -
Sustainable Seafood Campaign
Sustainable Seafood Campaign Overfishing and destructive fishing are among the most significant threats facing our oceans. The UN reports that three-quarters of global fish stocks are either fully exploited or overexploited. Scientists estimate that 90% of top marine predators such as tuna and sharks are already gone. Pirate fishing, estimated to account for up to a third of the global catch, is notorious for targeting at-risk populations and using highly destructive methods. Destructive fishing indiscriminately kills “non-target” species, including marine mammals and seabirds, and destroys habitats that marine species depend on for survival. In addition to the direct and cascading effects on marine ecosystems, overfishing and destructive fishing make our ocean ecosystems more vulnerable to global warming. If current trends continue, scientists predict global fisheries will collapse in forty years. U.S. consumers buy half their seafood at supermarkets, to the tune of $16 billion every year. As consumer interest in sustainable products has grown, so have retailer efforts to promote their eco-friendly initiatives. Yet, few supermarkets have made significant efforts to improve their seafood sustainability. Greenpeace is calling on supermarkets to sell only sustainable seafood and to support positive reforms in fisheries management. By doing so, supermarkets will do their part to help avert the crisis facing our oceans while ensuring their customers quality fish from sustainable fisheries for years to come. Supermarkets have enormous purchasing power, and are well positioned to influence the way the fishing industry operates. What You Can Do! Greenpeace needs your help monitoring supermarket seafood policies and practices. The information you gather will be used to update our supermarket scorecard. -
August 2017 - Issue #78
August 2017 - Issue #78 1 Crappie NOW August 2017 August 2017 Features Sizzling Hot Crappie.....4 by John E. Phillips Crappie fishing can be tough in the summer but here’s how to find some action. ICAST Showcases New Products & Winners....10 by Tim Huffman Wholesalers and media get first look at the new fishing and accessory items for 2018. See what got voted as the hot fishing items for next year. Alabama Bucket List....16 by Ron Presley If you enjoy fishing a variety of techniques, the Alabama River might be your cup of tea. Spider rigging, single poling, and longlining all work well on the river to put slab crappie in the boat. What’s Up Dock?.....22 By John N. Felsher, photos by Ron Presley Docks offer good fishing much of the year. Knowing some of the basic rules helps put more fish on the end of your line. Departments Vern’s Cooking & Tidbits....28 Crappie Calendar....32 Tournament Results....30 Crappie Clubs....33 2 Crappie NOW August 2017 Opening Cast I just returned from a very successful and EDITOR/ SR. WRITER informative ASA ICAST Show in Orlando Florida where fishing companies presented IN MEMORIAM their new products for 2018 to the media and industry representatives/buyers. It WRITERS was bigger than any before it Darl Black and my feet took a pounding Vic Attardo for three days trying to meet Ron Presley with the companies attending. Vernon Summerlin I was pleasantly surprised to see a substantial John Phillips increase in the number of companies that were Josh Gowan producing or about to produce products for all crappie Greg McCain fishermen, women and children. -
Poisoned Waters
POISONED WATERS How Cyanide Fishing and the Aquarium Trade Are Devastating Coral Reefs and Tropical Fish Center for Biological Diversity For the Fishes June 2016 Royal blue tang fish / H. Krisp Executive Summary mollusks, and other invertebrates are killed in the vicinity of the cyanide that’s squirted on the reefs to he release of Disney/Pixar’s Finding Dory stun fish so they can be captured for the pet trade. An is likely to fuel a rapid increase in sales of estimated square meter of corals dies for each fish Ttropical reef fish, including royal blue tangs, captured using cyanide.” the stars of this widely promoted new film. It is also Reef poisoning and destruction are expected to likely to drive a destructive increase in the illegal use become more severe and widespread following of cyanide to catch aquarium fish. Finding Dory. Previous movies such as Finding Nemo The problem is already widespread: A new Center and 101 Dalmatians triggered a demonstrable increase for Biological Diversity analysis finds that, on in consumer purchases of animals featured in those average, 6 million tropical marine fish imported films (orange clownfish and Dalmatians respectively). into the United States each year have been exposed In this report we detail the status of cyanide fishing to cyanide poisoning in places like the Philippines for the saltwater aquarium industry and its existing and Indonesia. An additional 14 million fish likely impacts on fish, coral and other reef inhabitants. We died after being poisoned in order to bring those also provide a series of recommendations, including 6 million fish to market, and even the survivors reiterating a call to the National Marine Fisheries are likely to die early because of their exposure to Service, U.S. -
Ecocide: the Missing Crime Against Peace'
35 690 Initiative paper from Representative Van Raan: 'Ecocide: The missing crime against peace' No. 2 INITIATIVE PAPER 'The rules of our world are laws, and they can be changed. Laws can restrict, or they can enable. What matters is what they serve. Many of the laws in our world serve property - they are based on ownership. But imagine a law that has a higher moral authority… a law that puts people and planet first. Imagine a law that starts from first do no harm, that stops this dangerous game and takes us to a place of safety….' Polly Higgins, 2015 'We need to change the rules.' Greta Thunberg, 2019 Table of contents Summary 1 1. Introduction 3 2. The ineffectiveness of current legislation 7 3. The legal framework for ecocide law 14 4. Case study: West Papua 20 5. Conclusion 25 6. Financial section 26 7. Decision points 26 Appendix: The institutional history of ecocide 29 Summary Despite all our efforts, the future of our natural environments, habitats, and ecosystems does not look promising. Human activity has ensured that climate change continues to persist. Legal instruments are available to combat this unprecedented damage to the natural living environment, but these instruments have proven inadequate. With this paper, the initiator intends to set forth an innovative new legal concept. This paper is a study into the possibilities of turning this unprecedented destruction of our natural environment into a criminal offence. In this regard, we will use the term ecocide, defined as the extensive damage to or destruction of ecosystems through human activity. -
The Outlaw Ocean Report
The Outlaw Ocean ii The Outlaw Ocean An Exploration of Policy Solutions to Address Illegal Fishing and Forced Labor in the Seafood Industry RESEARCH TEAMS IUU FISHING AND DATA POLICY Neil Nathan | MS Candidate, Earth Systems Hanna Payne | MA Candidate, Earth Systems Victor Xu | JD Candidate, Stanford Law School (SLS) IUU FISHING AND PORT ENTRY Laura Anderson | MA Candidate, Earth Systems Sadie Cwikiel | MS Candidate, Earth Systems Josheena Naggea | PhD Candidate, Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources FORCED LABOR IN FISHERIES Nahla Achi | MA Candidate, Earth Systems Natasha Batista | MS Candidate, Earth Systems Trudie Grattan | BS Candidate, Human Biology Katelyn Masket | JD Candidate, SLS RESEARCH ASSISTANTS Shalini Iyengar | JSM, Fellow in the Stanford Program in International Legal Studies, SLS Hai Jin Park | JSD Candidate, SLS, PH.D. Minor, Computer Science Xiao Wang | LLM, Stanford Law School TEACHING TEAM Janet Martinez | Senior Lecturer, Director of Gould Negotiation and Mediation Program, SLS Jim Leape | Co-Director, Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions (COS) Annie Brett | André Hoffmann Fellow, COS Kevin Chand | Early Career Law and Policy Fellow, COS; Lecturer, Stanford dschool Eric Hartge | Research Development Manager, COS PROJECT ADVISORS Luciana Herman | Lecturer & Policy Lab Program Director, SLS Proposed Citation: Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions (COS) and the Stanford Law School (SLS). “The Outlaw Ocean: An Exploration of Policy Solutions to Address Illegal Fishing and Forced Labor in the Seafood -
Marine Ecology Progress Series 530:195
Vol. 530: 195–211, 2015 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published June 18 doi: 10.3354/meps11352 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Contribution to the Theme Section ‘Economics of marine ecosystem conservation’ FREEREE ACCESSCCESS Destructive fishing and fisheries enforcement in eastern Indonesia M. Bailey1,2,*, U. R. Sumaila1 1Fisheries Economics Research Unit, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada 2Present address: Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Centre, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada ABSTRACT: A simple bioeconomic leader−follower model was constructed to simulate snapper (family Lutjanidae) and grouper (family Serranidae) fisheries in Raja Ampat, Indonesia, an area of significant coral and fish biodiversity. We developed a leader−follower game, wherein the Regency government as the leader chooses an enforcement model to discourage illegal fishing. Fishers are then given a choice to fish using legal gears, such as handlines, or to fish with illegal gears, e.g. dynamite (for snapper) or cyanide (for grouper). Given prices and costs of legal and illegal fishing, the status quo simulations with no Regency enforcement result in a large amount of illegal catch throughout the 50 yr simulation, which agrees with expert opinion that destructive illegal fishing is occurring in the region. In an attempt to include ecosystem-based management principles into Raja Ampat governance, we introduce an enforcement regime in the form of detecting and punishing illegal fishing. Results suggest that current fishing practices do not account for the disproportionate ecosystem effects of destructive fishing, and that elimination of dynamite fishing may be easier for the government due to the high profitability of the live fish trade connected with cyanide fishing. -
Petition to Prevent the Import of Illegally Caught Tropical Fish Into the United States and Require Testing and Certification
Sent Via First Class Mail and E-mail March 8, 2016 Eileen Sobeck Assistant Administrator for Fisheries NOAA Fisheries 1315 East-West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910 [email protected] Commissioner R. Gil Kerlikowske U.S. Customs and Border Protection 1300 Pennsylvania Ave. NW Washington, DC 20229 [email protected] Daniel M. Ashe, Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1849 C. Street, NW, Room 3331 Washington, DC 20240 [email protected] Re: Petition to Prevent the Import of Illegally Caught Tropical Fish into the United States and Require Testing and Certification Dear Ms. Sobeck, Mr. Kerlikowske, and Mr. Ashe: Each year, cyanide fishing – a fishing method used to collect tropical marine fish for the aquarium trade – likely kills tens of millions of tropical marine animals, including thousands of acres of corals around the globe.1 Although this deadly practice is almost universally banned in nations that are the source of the fish, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (“NOAA”) estimates that 90 percent of the ten to thirty million tropical marine aquarium fish 1 Fred Pearce, Cyanide: an Easy but Deadly Way to Catch Fish, WORLD WILDLIFE FUND GLOBAL (Jan. 29, 2003), http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?5563/Cyanide-an-easy-but-deadly-way-to-catch-fish; Daniel Thornhill, Ecological Impacts and Practices of the Coral Reef Wildlife Trade, DEFENDERS OF WILDLIFE, at *7 (2012), available at http://www.defenders.org/sites/default/files/publications/ecological-impacts-and-practices-of-the-coral-reef-wildlife- trade.pdf [hereinafter Thornhill, Ecological Impacts and Practices of the Coral Reef Wildlife Trade]. -
Towards a Sustainable Fishery: the Price-Cap Approach
Towards a Sustainable Fishery: The Price-Cap Approach Eric M. Singer* Overfishing is the classic tragedy of the commons. So far, governments have pursued a variety of solutions to incentivize sustainable commercial fishing practices, realizing only mixed results. After describing the costs associated with implementing overfishing controls, I propose a new method of regulating commercial fishing: the price cap. This Article explains the theory of how price caps can incentivize sustainable fishing, analyzes the implementation costs associated with price caps, and compares price caps to existing overfishing regulations. Because each fishery is unique, no single method will produce the greatest benefit at the lowest cost in all fisheries. Accordingly, I analyze the factors that might make a fishery a better or worse candidate for the implementation of price caps. I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 254 II. COSTS OF REGULATION .................................................................... 260 A. Transaction Costs ............................................................. 261 B. Enforcement Costs ............................................................ 263 C. Political Costs ................................................................... 265 D. International Cooperation ................................................. 266 E. Substitution Costs ............................................................. 267 F. Skill-Misallocation Costs ................................................ -
Destructive Fishing Words & Photography by Arjan Rajasuriya, IUCN, Sri Lanka Country Office
Fishing net entangled on corals Destructive Fishing Words & Photography by Arjan Rajasuriya, IUCN, Sri Lanka Country Office 66 LT | AUGUST 2015 LT | AUGUST 2015 67 Effects of dynamite fishing on marine life in coral reefs oral reefs are among the most The southern and eastern coastal areas of Purse seining is a fishing method that Photo by Nishan Perera productive natural ecosystems in Sri Lanka are well-known for blast fishing. encircles an entire group of fish using a large C the marine environment. Coral Fishermen target species such as jacks net. This method can deplete fish stocks reefs harbour a large number of species (Family: Carangidae), and fusiliers (Family: rapidly if it is done by many fishermen and and it has been estimated at about 25% Caesionidae) that aggregate seasonally at regularly. Such a destructive large scale of all marine species are found on coral prominent locations on the reefs to spawn. fishing operation is taking place in the reefs. A coral reef functions as a buffer These species aggregate where currents northwestern coastal waters from Kalpitiya to against coast erosion and is a breeding and converge or where the reef structure is high Mannar. The net used to carry out the purse nursery ground of many species including and where other underwater habitats such seining is locally known as ‘Laila net’. There economically important reef fish and other as shipwrecks are present. Blast fishing has are different forms of modified ‘Laila nets’ species such as spiny lobsters, seacucumber increased recently with the technological and is used in combination with explosives.