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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting FORESTS WITH HISTORY: EXPLORING THE SOCIAL EFFECTS OF THE CREATION OF THE CORDILLERA AZUL NATIONAL PARK ON THE CHAZUTINO PEOPLE OF AMAZONIAN PERU By RAFAEL MENDOZA LOZANO A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2013 1 © 2013 Rafael Mendoza Lozano 2 To my friends 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the help of my family and friends and the institutions which have supported me. Their names are far too many to list on this page. The University of Florida provided me with a stimulating academic environment, professors, friends, and a place to call home; all of this made it possible to undertake this work. In the field, I was fortunate to be able to count on the genuine support and encouragement of a diverse array of people. Thank you all 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 8 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 10 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 14 Exploring the Research Problem: Linking Indigenous Lands, Amazonian Peoples, the Peruvian State, and Conservation .................................................. 18 A Brief Demographical and Historical Overview of Amazonian Peoples .......... 20 The Peruvian State Seeing the Amazon Rainforests ....................................... 25 Conservationists in the Amazon ....................................................................... 29 The Emergence of the Amazonian Indigenous Movement ............................... 32 Theoretical background: Environmental Anthropology in Amazonia ....................... 37 Research Methods and Walking into the Forest ..................................................... 43 Interviews ......................................................................................................... 51 Survey .............................................................................................................. 52 Participant Observation .................................................................................... 53 Workshops ....................................................................................................... 54 Maps, Documents and Archival Work .............................................................. 54 Overview of the Chapters ....................................................................................... 55 2 WHO ARE THE CHAZUTINO PEOPLE: IDENTITY, HISTORY AND LIVELIHOODS ........................................................................................................ 58 Who are the Chazutino people and what is their Environment? ............................. 59 The Chazutino Identity ..................................................................................... 62 The Chazuta People and Sense of Place ......................................................... 68 The Historical Formation of the Chazutino people .................................................. 70 Peoples in Pre-Hispanic Chazuta ..................................................................... 71 The Colonial Period and Ethnogenesis in the Central Huallaga Valley ............ 79 Indigenous Rebels: Civilized Natives on the Left Bank and Infidels on the Right Bank ..................................................................................................... 84 Settlements on the Right Bank and the Expansion Towards Cordillera Azul ... 88 Traditional Subsistence and Uses of Forest Resources ......................................... 92 Agriculture ........................................................................................................ 93 5 Hunting ............................................................................................................. 95 Fishing .............................................................................................................. 98 Use of forest resources .................................................................................... 99 Overview ............................................................................................................... 100 3 THE “MYTH OF PROGRESS”, ROADS, COLONISTS AND THREATS TO THE FORESTS OF CORDILLERA AZUL (1970 – 2001) .............................................. 103 The Road Marginal de la Selva and “The Conquest of Peru by the Peruvians” .... 106 The Formation of Peasant and Native Communities ............................................ 110 Abandoning Cordillera Azul and Integration into Mainstream Peruvian Society ... 117 Dependency on Cash Money ......................................................................... 121 Language Loss and Adoption of the Spanish Language ................................ 122 Decline in Hunting .......................................................................................... 123 Changes in Fishing ......................................................................................... 125 The Arrival of Colonists to the Chazuta District ..................................................... 126 Different Livelihoods, Different Perceptions of the Environment ..................... 130 The Colonists as a Threat to the Chazutino People ....................................... 134 Coca Cultivation .................................................................................................... 136 Overview ............................................................................................................... 141 4 PRESERVING NATURE: CORDILLERA AZUL NATIONAL PARK ...................... 144 The Creation of Cordillera Azul National Park ...................................................... 147 Drawing the Borders of Pristine Forests: Meeting Old and New Paradigms of Nature Conservation in Cordillera Azul ................................................... 152 Management of the Buffer Zone ..................................................................... 157 Reactions of Chazutinos: “They Do Not Let Us Use Our Forests” .................. 159 Building Alliances with the Chazutino People ................................................. 164 Implementing Rules and Regulations ................................................................... 169 Restricting Hunting within the Park ................................................................. 171 Sustainable Fishing ........................................................................................ 176 Promoting Sustainable Development in Chazuta .................................................. 178 The Coca Eradication Program of 2002 – 2003 ............................................. 181 Cacao Cultivation in Chazuta ......................................................................... 185 Land Zoning in Chazuta ................................................................................. 192 Communal Forest and the Piassaba Project in Chipaota ............................... 194 Overview ............................................................................................................... 202 5 NATIVE STRUGGLES: RIGHTS, LANDS, AND DEVELOPMENT ....................... 204 Securing Forested Lands in Chazuta .................................................................... 209 Marking the Communal Lands ........................................................................ 213 Facing Colonists and One Italian .................................................................... 214 Becoming “Native” and the Ownership of the Forests........................................... 217 COICA, AIDESEP, and Indigenous Struggles for Their lands ........................ 220 Conservationists and Indigenous Peoples: Alliances and Frictions ................ 223 6 REDD and the Forests of Chazuta ................................................................. 226 Defending Amazonian Lands: the Bagua Events .................................................. 229 Sustainable Development: Native Communities, Conservationists and Forests ... 233 Overview ............................................................................................................... 238 6 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................... 240 The Future of Chazutino People and the Fate of the Forests ............................... 243 On Future Research ............................................................................................. 246 APPENDIX A GUÍA DE ENCUESTA........................................................................................... 249 B SALT MINES AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOUND BEFORE THE CREATION OF THE PARK. THE RED SQUARE INDICATES THE CHAZUTA AREA. ................................................................................................................... 257 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................
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