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Forms and Functions of Negation in Huaraz Quechua (Ancash, Peru): Analyzing the Interplay of Common Knowledge and Sociocultural Settings

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Forms and Functions of Negation in Huaraz Quechua (Ancash, Peru): Analyzing the Interplay of Common Knowledge and Sociocultural Settings Forms and Functions of Negation in Huaraz Quechua (Ancash, Peru): Analyzing the Interplay of Common Knowledge and Sociocultural Settings Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie am Fachbereich Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaften der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Cristina Villari aus Verona (Italien) Berlin 2017 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael Dürr 2. Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. Ingrid Kummels Tag der Disputation: 18.07.2017 To Ani and Leonel III Acknowledgements I wish to thank my teachers, colleagues and friends who have provided guidance, comments and encouragement through this process. I gratefully acknowledge the support received for this project from the Stiftung Lateinamerikanische Literatur. Many thanks go to my first supervisor Prof. Michael Dürr for his constructive comments and suggestions at every stage of this work. Many of his questions led to findings presented here. I am indebted to him for his precious counsel and detailed review of my drafts. Many thanks also go to my second supervisor Prof. Ingrid Kummels. She introduced me to the world of cultural anthropology during the doctoral colloquium at the Latin American Institute at the Free University of Berlin. The feedback she and my colleagues provided was instrumental in composing the sociolinguistic part of this work. I owe enormous gratitude to Leonel Menacho López and Anita Julca de Menacho. In fact, this project would not have been possible without their invaluable advice. During these years of research they have been more than consultants; Quechua teachers, comrades, guides and friends. With Leonel I have discussed most of the examples presented in this dissertation. It is only thanks to his contributions that I was able to explain nuances of meanings and the cultural background of the different expressions presented. Special recognition goes to Dr. Teresa Valiente who shared her love of research on intercultural bilingual education in the Andes with me. I have learnt a lot from her enthusiastic way to conduct research. I am thankful to Diana Hintz and Daniel Hintz for their valuable suggestions and for sharing their exceptional knowledge and experience of the Quechua language. Much appreciation also goes to Annett Hofmann for her accurate read and significant suggestions regarding the first draft of part IV, and to Dr. Kilu von Prince for her assistance with the linguistic program Toolbox. I am indebted to Prof. Martina Neuburger and to Katrin Singer from the Institute of Integrative Geography of Hamburg (Germany) for letting me participate in their project about climate change and water issues in the peripheral villages of Huaraz. This gave me the chance to analyze the linguistic data with a deeper knowledge of the environment. Finally, thanks to my family: to my parents, from whom I have inherited the love for research; to Fefi, for her encouragement and her help with the graphic part; to Jappi, for his assistance formatting this manuscript; to Luca and Alma, for being patient while mom was writing the thesis; to Thomas, for being always by my side. IV Abstract Analyzing a selection of negative constructions in Huaraz Quechua (Ancash, Peru), this study contributes to examine the tangled link between language and culture. The work shows how the investigation of the sociolinguistic background and the dynamic sociocultural environment of the HZQ speakers is key to understanding how people interact with each other and their individual linguistic choices. In particular, the selection of negative markers by the participants to a linguistic interaction is presented as driven, among others factors, by the interplay of common knowledge and specific sociocultural settings. Based on a large corpus of data that consists of the anthology Cuentos y relatos en el quechua de Huaraz and three hours of self elicited video material, the approach applied here integrates the formal and functional description of negation with an analysis of the speakers’ expectations in the use of negative markers. The study presents negative constructions that are new discoveries in the Quechua literature and others that are unique constructions within the HZQ dialect, differing from related structures described for other Quechua dialects so far. That expectations play a major role in the function of negation has been noted in previous works (see Bernini & Ramat 1996). The present study takes this further and analyzes these expectations in the context of the specific sociocultural environment. In particular, the interplay of habitual understanding, common knowledge, social hierarchies and specific sociocultural values are found to be the basis for how the functions of negation are determined. This importance of the sociocultural environment can be seen in several functions of negation. One function of negation that arose from the analysis of the video material recorded is to minimize the knowledge of the storyteller, and this can be traced directly to years of exclusion, which have embedded the belief among Quechua speakers that their language and their knowledge have no value. Another function of negation, that of contradicting the listener’s possible incorrect expectation of the story plot, is motivated by the intertextual references characteristic of the traditional Quechua narrative (Mannheim & Van Vleet 1998) and the related habitual understanding and common knowledge of storytellings. The function of negation in expressing moral judgments and evaluative comments in HZQ is driven by the specific sociocultural values and common ideal discourses about good behavior, i.e. discourses about how people should behave. By showing how sociocultural settings shape the linguistic interaction and in particular the functioning of negation, this work contributes to the refinement of a methodology of linguistic description interlacing descriptive linguistics, sociolinguistics, together with linguistic anthropology V and cultural anthropology. In this way, it contributes to a deeper understanding of the inextricable nexus of linguaculture (Risager 2015). Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie stellt eine Analyse der linguistischen Negativ-Konstruktion im Huaraz- Quechua (Ancash, Peru) dar und trägt gleichzeitig zur Untersuchung des oft nur schwer entwirrbaren Geflechts von Sprache und Kultur bei. Die Arbeit zeigt, wie wichtig die Erforschung des soziolinguistischen Hintergrunds und des dynamischen, soziokulturellen Umfelds von HZQ- Sprechern für das Verständnis linguistischer Interaktionen und individuellen, linguistischen Entscheidungen ist. Im Folgenden wird dargestellt, dass insbesondere die Wahl der Negativmarker durch die Partizipanten an einer linguistischen Interaktion neben anderen Faktoren vor allem durch das Zusammenspiel von Allgemeinwissen und spezifischen, soziokulturellen Rahmenbedingungen bestimmt wird. Der zugrundeliegende Ansatz basiert auf einem großen Datensatz, der sich aus der Anthologie Cuentos y relatos en el quechua de Huaraz sowie drei Stunden an eigens aufgenommenem Videomaterial zusammensetzt und die formale und funktionale Beschreibung der Negation mit einer Analyse der Erwartungen des Sprechers bei der Verwendung von Negativmarkern vereint. Die Studie präsentiert Negativ-Konstruktionen, von denen einige Neuentdeckungen in der Quechua-Literatur darstellen und andere einzigartige Konstruktionen innerhalb des HZQ-Dialekts sind und sich von verwandten Strukturen unterscheiden, die bislang für andere Quechua-Dialekte beschrieben wurden. Bisherige Veröffentlichungen belegen bereits, dass Erwartungen eine grundlegende Rolle bei der Funktionsweise von Negationen spielen (vgl. Bernini & Ramat 1996). Die vorliegende Studie geht einen Schritt weiter und analysiert diese Erwartungen im Kontext des spezifischen soziokulturellen Umfelds. Insbesondere das Zusammenspiel von gewohnheitsmäßigem Verständnis, Allgemeinwissen, sozialen Hierarchien und spezifischen soziokulturellen Werten stellen sich als Grundlage dafür heraus, wie sich die Funktionen der Negation bestimmen. Diese Bedeutung des soziokulturellen Umfelds lässt sich an verschiedenen Negationsfunktionen ablesen. Eine Funktion der Negation, die sich bei der Analyse des aufgenommenen Videomaterials herausbildete, besteht darin, das Wissen des Erzählers zu minimieren. Dies lässt sich direkt auf jahrelange Ausgrenzung zurückführen, die bei Quechua- Sprechern den festen Glauben verankert hat, dass die eigene Sprache und das eigene Wissen keinen Wert haben. Eine weitere Funktion der Negation lässt sich als Widerspruch zu den möglicherweise falschen Erwartungen des Zuhörers in Bezug auf die Handlung des Erzählten bezeichnen. Dies ist VI durch die intertextuellen Referenzen, die charakteristisch für traditionelle Quechua Erzählungen sind (vgl. Mannheim & Van Vleet 1998), und durch das damit verbundene gewohnheitsmäßige Verständnis und Allgemeinwissen des Erzählens motiviert. Die Funktion der Negation, die moralische Urteile und wertschätzende Kommentare im HZQ-Dialekt ausdrückt, wird durch die spezifischen soziokulturellen Werte und den Diskurs über gemeinsame Ideale bezüglich guten Benehmens, also wie man sich zu verhalten habe, bestimmt. Indem die Studie aufzeigt, wie soziokulturelle Rahmenbedingungen linguistische Interaktionen und insbesondere die Funktion der Negation beeinflussen, stellt sie einen Beitrag zur methodischen Verfeinerung der linguistischen Beschreibung dar, die deskriptive Linguistik und Soziolinguistik mit linguistischer Anthropologie und Kulturanthropologie vereint. Auf diese
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