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The Interplay of Morphology and Phonology OXFORD SURVEYS IN SYNTAX AND MORPHOLOGY GENERAL EDITOR: Robert D Van Valin, Jr, Heinrich-Heine University and the University at Buffalo, State University of New York ADVISORY EDITORS: Guglielmo Cinque, University of Venice; Daniel Everett, Illinois State University; Adele Goldberg, Princeton University; Kees Hengeveld, University of Amsterdam; Caroline Heycock, University of Edinburgh; David Pesetsky, MIT; Ian Roberts, University of Cambridge; Masayoshi Shibatani, Rice University; Andrew Spencer, University of Essex; Tom Wasow, Stanford University PUBLISHED Grammatical Relations Patrick Farrell Morphosyntactic Change Olga Fischer Information Structure: The Syntax–Discourse Interface Nomi Erteschik-Shir Computational Approaches to Syntax and Morphology Brian Roark and Richard Sproat Constituent Structure (Second edition) Andrew Carnie Processing Syntax and Morphology: A Neurocognitive Perspective Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky and Matthias Schlesewsky Syntactic Categories: Their Identification and Description in Linguistic Theories Gisa Rauh The Interplay of Morphology and Phonology Sharon Inkelas IN PREPARATION Complex Sentences Toshio Ohori Word Meaning and Syntax: Approaches to the Interface Stephen Wechsler The Interplay of Morphology and Phonology SHARON INKELAS 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OXDP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries # Sharon Inkelas The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in Impression: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press Madison Avenue, New York, NY , United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: ISBN –––– (hbk.) ISBN –––– (pbk.) Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CRYY Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. Contents General preface xii Acknowledgments xiii List of abbreviations xv Introduction Morphologically conditioned phonology . Illustrative examples . Approaches to morphologically conditioned phonology . Phonological sensitivity to lexical class .. Part of speech .. Ideophones .. Etymological classes .. Arbitrary lexical classes: patterned exceptions . The root-affix distinction .. Examples of root faithfulness .. Counterexamples to the RAFM . Beyond roots: Morphological construction-specific phonology .. Segment deletion .. Gemination .. Vowel lengthening .. Truncation to a prosodic constituent .. Ablaut and mutation .. Dissimilation and “exchange” rules .. Stress/pitch-accent (re)assignment . Substance of morphologically conditioned phonology . Generalizing over the morphological conditioning of phonology within a language .. How many types of morphologically conditioned phonological patterns can there be in a language? .. How different can morphologically conditioned patterns in the same language be from one another? ... Noun privilege ... Case study: Japanese vi CONTENTS .. Interaction between morphologically conditioned patterns, in complex words . Summary Process morphology . Three illustrative examples . Phonological substance of process morphology .. Segment deletion: Lardil, Nanti, Hausa .. Gemination .. Vowel lengthening .. Truncation to a prosodic constituent .. Ablaut and mutation .. Dissimilation and “exchange” rules .. Stress/tone/pitch-accent (re)assignment .. Summary . Morphological substance of process morphology . Distinguishing between morphologically conditioned phonology and process morphology . Theoretical approaches to process morphology Prosodic templates . Units of templatic form . Isolated templaticity .. English comparatives .. Cupeño habilitatives .. Noise words in Guarani .. Hausa V-X ! N compounds . Systematic stem templaticity .. Root shape templaticity in Yowlumne .. Tiene . Pervasive templaticity .. Minimality in Lardil .. Minimality in Japanese . The phonological analysis of templates .. Root templaticity in Sierra Miwok .. Illustration of emergent templates: Tiene .. Generalized Template Theory and templatic size . Conclusion CONTENTS vii Reduplication . Approaches to reduplication . The phonology of reduplication .. Prosodic shape of reduplicant .. A-templatic Reduplication .. Phonological reduction of reduplicants .. Locality and nonlocality in reduplication .. Internal reduplication ... Locality .. The “overcopying” effect, or exfixation . Phonological identity effects in reduplication .. Wilbur’s Identity principle .. Reduplicative opacity in BRCT .. Opacity as a cyclic effect .. Templatic backcopying . Phonological (compensatory) duplication . The morphology of reduplication .. Root reduplication .. Phrasal reduplication . The morphological nature of reduplication .. Reduplication as concomitant of affixation .. Synonym reduplication .. Morphologically complex reduplicants .. Echo reduplication and other types of morphologically fixed segmentism . Conclusion Infixation . What kinds of things can infix? . Location of infixes . Internal (infixing) reduplication .. Locality in internal reduplication .. Hybrid infixes . The P » M approach to infixation in Optimality Theory .. Prosodic vs. segmental factors in optimizing displacement . A lexical approach to infixation .. Anti-optimizing infixation . Exfixation viii CONTENTS . Edge-proximity in infixation . Conclusion Interleaving: The phonological interpretation of morphologically complex words . Cyclicity .. Turkish syllabification .. Indonesian stress .. Cyclic nasal harmony in Sundanese .. Cyclic mutation in Cibemba causative stems . Layering .. Finnish .. Hausa .. Reduplication .. Ndebele reduplication . Interleaving, morphological reorderability, and level ordering theory .. Malayalam .. Turkish ... Stress-neutral suffixation ... Prestressing suffixes ... Sezer stems ... Compounding . Non-interleaving approaches to interleaving effects .. Indexed Constraint Theory . Bracket Erasure .. Access to internal roots and stems ... Tone assignment in Tura: evidence for internal stem visibility ... Musqueam stress assignment .. Root reduplication ... Morpheme Integrity in Kinande reduplication ... Morphological access .. Morphological selection for stem-internal affixes Morphologically derived environment effects . A common type of morphologically derived environment effect . Which phonological patterns are subject to morphologically derived environment effects? CONTENTS ix .. The Alternation Condition, or the role of lexical contrast .. Comparative Markedness . Phonologically derived environment effects . A broader range of morphologically derived environment effects .. Tohono O’odham .. Turkish minimality .. Japanese minimality .. Interim summary . Cophonological approaches to NDEB effects .. Turkish minimality .. Tohono O’odham stress .. Interim summary . Is NDEB a valid cross-linguistic generalization? .. Turkish minimality revisited .. Japanese minimality revisited .. Finnish (Anttila ) . Derived environment effects: a distinct phenomenon, or just morphologically conditioned phonology? . Case study: Turkish velar deletion .. The part of speech condition .. Suffix-initial velars .. Lexical exceptions .. Phonologically derived environments . Morphologically derived environment effects in the context of morphologically conditioned phonology When phonology interferes with morphology . Suppletive allomorphy .. Phonologically optimizing allomorphy .. Phonologically non-optimizing allomorphy .. Syllable-counting allomorphy .. Opaquely conditioned allomorphy . Phonologically conditioned morphological gaps (ineffability) .. Phonological selectional requirements on affixation .. Phonological output conditions ... Norwegian imperatives x CONTENTS ... Turkish prosodic minimality ... Finnish case and possessive suffixes .. Ineffability in morphological context .. Ineffability in lexical contrast: The role of determinacy . Haplology effects .. Suppletive allomorphy .. RMC in morphological context .. Implications of the RMC for a theory of the phonology-morphology interface .. A continuum of phonological similarity . Morphological order .. Coordinate compounding .. Mobile affixes .. Local affix ordering .. Global affix ordering: Pulaar .. Summary . Conclusion Nonparallelism between phonological and morphological structure . The prosodic hierarchy . Compounding: One prosodic domain or two? .. Indonesian .. Japanese .. Malayalam .. Interim
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