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Number of Plant Species That Correspond with Data Obtained from at Least Two Other Participants

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Number of Plant Species That Correspond with Data Obtained from at Least Two Other Participants Promotor: Prof. Dr. ir. Patrick Van Damme Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Department of Plant Production Laboratory of Tropical and Sub-Tropical Agriculture and Ethnobotany Coupure links 653 B-9000 Gent, Belgium ([email protected]) Co-Promotor: Dr. Ina Vandebroek Institute of Economic Botany The New York Botanical Garden Bronx River Parkway at Fordham Road Bronx, New York 10458, USA ([email protected]) Chairman of the Jury: Prof. Dr. ir. Norbert De Kimpe Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Department of Organic Chemistry Coupure links 653 B-9000 Gent, Belgium ([email protected]) Members of the Jury: Prof. Dr. ir. Christian Vogl Prof. Dr. Paul Goetghebeur University of Natural Resources and Faculty of Science Applied Life Sciences Department of Biology Institut für Ökologischen Landbau K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35 Gregor Mendelstrasse 33 B-9000 Gent, Belgium A-1180, Vienna, Austria ([email protected]) ([email protected]) Prof. Dr. Mieke Verbeken Prof. Dr. ir. François Malaisse Faculty of Science Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Department of Biology Agronomiques K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35 Laboratoire d’Ecologie B-9000 Gent, Belgium Passage des Déportés, 2 ([email protected]) B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium ([email protected]) Prof. Dr. ir. Dirk Reheul Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Department of Plant Production Coupure links 653 B-9000 Gent, Belgium ([email protected]) Dean: Prof. Dr. ir. Herman Van Langenhove Rector: Prof. Dr. Paul Van Cauwenberge THOMAS EVERT QUANTITATIVE ETHNOBOTANICAL RESEARCH ON KNOWLEDGE AND USE OF PLANTS FOR LIVELIHOOD AMONG QUECHUA, YURACARÉ AND TRINITARIO COMMUNITIES IN THE ANDES AND AMAZON REGIONS OF BOLIVIA Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences Dutch translation of the title: KWANTITATIEF-ETNOBOTANISCHE STUDIE OVER DE KENNIS EN HET GEBRUIK VAN PLANTEN VOOR LEVENSONDERHOUD BIJ QUECHUA-, YURACARÉ- EN TRINITARIOGEMEENSCHAPPEN IN DE ANDES- EN AMAZONEGEBIEDEN VAN BOLIVIË Photograph front cover: aerial roots of a hemi-epiphytic species in the tropical forest environment of TIPNIS Photographs back cover: Trinitario man performing the traditional dance of the macheteros; Yuracaré boy eating Iriartea deltoidea fruits under a Geonoma deversa roof; Quechua women from Apillapampa peeling potatoes Cover design: Tiemen Schotsaert Printed by: foolHOUSE, Gent, Belgium (www.thefoolhouse.be) Correct Citation Thomas, E. 2008. Quantitative Ethnobotanical Research on Knowledge and Use of Plants for Livelihood among Quechua, Yuracaré and Trinitario Communities in the Andes and Amazon Regions of Bolivia. PhD-thesis. Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium, 496 pp. ISBN-number: 978-90-5989-236-1 The author and the promotor give the authorisation to consult and to copy parts of this work for personal use only. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author Table of Contents Acknowledgements vii Acronyms and Abbreviations xi Glossary xii 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Traditional Ethnobotany: a “Science in Struggle with Time” 1 1.2. Research Areas 3 1.2.1. The Quechua Farmers from Apillapampa 6 1.2.2. The Yuracarés and Trinitarios from TIPNIS 8 1.2.2.1. Yuracarés 9 1.2.2.2. Trinitarios 11 1.3. Objectives 13 1.4. Thesis Outline 15 2. Floristic composition and diversity of semi-arid vegetation in Apillapampa 19 2.1. Introduction 19 2.2. Methods 23 2.2.1. Ecological Sampling 23 2.2.1.1. Fieldtrips 23 2.2.1.2. Transects 23 2.2.1.3. Presentation of Results 26 2.2.2. Data Analysis 27 2.2.2.1. Diversity Indices 27 2.2.2.2. Species-Area Curves 27 2.2.2.3. Cluster Analysis 27 2.2.2.4. Ordination Analysis 28 2.3. Results and Discussion 30 2.3.1. Complete Inventory 30 2.3.2. Agricultural Crops 31 2.3.3. Transects 35 2.3.3.1. Floristic Composition and Sampling Effort 35 2.3.3.2. Determining the Border of Prepuna and Puna Ecological Zones 36 2.3.4. Prepuna and Puna Ecological Zones in Apillapampa 41 2.3.4.1. Ethnoecological zoning 41 2.3.4.2. Dominant Species and Families in Puna and Prepuna Vegetation Recorded in Transects 43 2.3.5. Which Environmental Variables Explain the Variation in Species Abundance Data Best? 50 2.3.6. Predicting Diversity in Transects Based on Measured Environmental Variables 55 2.3.7. Local Perspectives on Vegetation Degradation and its Causes 59 2.4. Conclusions 61 3. Plant Use in Apillapampa 63 3.1. Introduction 63 3.2. Methodology 64 i Table of Contents 3.2.1. Interviews and Participants 64 3.2.2. Informant Indexing Technique 65 3.2.2.1. Use Values 65 3.2.2.2. Quality Use Values 66 3.2.2.3. Use Diversity and Use Equitability Values 68 3.2.2.4. Factor of Informant Consensus (Fic) and Informant Agreement Ratio (IAR) 69 3.2.2.5. Regression Residual Analysis 69 3.3. Results and Discussion 69 3.3.1. Overall Usefulness of All Collected Plant Species 69 3.3.2. Categorical Plant Uses and Mean Use Values 73 3.3.3. Variation in Plant Use Knowledge in Relation to Demographic Characteristics of Participants 73 3.3.4. Medicinal Plant Use 77 3.3.4.1. Most Important Medicinal Plant Families 77 3.3.4.2. Life Form, Habitat and Origin 80 3.3.4.3. Ailment Categories 81 3.3.4.4. Informant Consensus: Agreement about Health Conditions 83 3.3.4.5. Quality of Medicine 83 3.3.4.6. Culturally Most Relevant Medicinal Remedies and Species 84 3.3.4.7. Explaining High Numbers of Medicinal Plants per Health Condition 89 3.3.4.8. Modes of Plant Preparation 97 3.3.4.9. Plant Parts Used 98 3.3.5. Food Plant Use 99 3.3.5.1. Most Important edible families 99 3.3.5.2. Plant Parts Used 100 3.3.5.3. Modes of Consumption 100 3.3.5.3. Most Valued Food Plants 103 3.3.6. Fuel Plant Use 104 3.3.7. Material Plant Use 104 3.3.8. Social Plant Use 111 3.3.9. Environmental Plant Use 113 3.3.10. Poison Plants 117 3.3.11. Negative Properties of Plants 117 3.4. Conclusions 119 4. Some Factors Guiding the Usefulness of Plant Species and Vegetation Units in Apillapampa 121 4.1. Introduction 121 4.2. Methods 123 4.3. Results and Discussion 124 4.3.1. Usefulness of Vegetation Sampled in Transects 124 4.3.2. Relation between Plant Diversity and Use in Different Use Categories 127 4.3.2.1. What Distinguishes Diversity Followers from Diversity Laggards? 132 4.3.2.2. Why do Mean Categorical Use Values of Some Transects Vary with Diversity and Others Do not? 137 4.3.3. Which Environmental Variables Can Explain Variation in the usefulness of vegetation sampled in transects? 139 4.3.4. Predicting Average Categorical Use Values of Transects Based on Measured Environmental Variables 141 4.3.5. Predicting Categorical Use Values of Plant Species 146 4.4. Conclusions 152 5. Human Impact on Wild Populations of Firewood Species in Apillapampa 155 ii Table of Contents 5.1. Introduction 155 5.2. Methodology 156 5.3. Results 157 5.3.1. Harvest Impact Values 157 5.3.2. Comparing Mean height of Fuel Species in Transects with Mean Reported Harvest Size 162 5.3.3. Which Variables can Explain the Variation in Height of Different (Sub-)woody Species Used as Firewood? 164 5.3.4. Which Variables can Explain the Variation in Height of Good Quality (Sub-) woody Species Used as Firewood? 168 5.3.5. Predicting the Mean Height of (Sub-)woody Plants in Transects Based on Measured Variables 168 5.4. Discussion 169 5.5. Conclusions 173 6. Floristic Composition and Diversity of Tropical Forest Vegetation in Southern TIPNIS 175 6.1. Introduction 175 6.2. Research Area 176 6.3. Methods 180 6.3.1. Ecological sampling 180 6.3.1.1. Walk-in-the-woods and Homegarden Sampling 180 6.3.1.2. Transects 180 6.3.2. Data Analysis 182 6.4. Results 184 6.4.1. Complete Inventory 184 6.4.2. Transects 184 6.4.2.1. Overall Forest Composition 184 6.4.2.2. El Carmen Terra Firme Forest Transect 190 6.4.2.3. San Antonio Terra Firme Forest Transect 192 6.4.2.4. El Carmen Floodplain Forest Transect 193 6.4.2.5. Sanandita Varzea Forest Transect 194 6.5. Discussion 195 6.5.1. Families and Genera 195 6.5.2. Diversity 198 6.5.3. Species Assemblages 204 6.5.4. Importance of the Present Study 205 6.6. Conclusions 205 7. What Works in the Field? A Comparison of Different Interviewing Methods in Ethnobotany with Special Reference to the Use of Photographs 207 7.1. Introduction 207 7.2. Methods 208 7.3. Results and Discussion 209 7.3.1. In Situ Interviews During Transects, Walk-in-the-Woods and Homegarden Sampling 209 7.3.2. Ex situ Interviews with Fresh Plant Material, Voucher Specimens or Photographs 211 7.4. Conclusion 215 iii Table of Contents 8. Plant use in TIPNIS 217 8.1. Introduction 217 8.2. Methodology 218 8.3. Results and Discussion 219 8.3.1. The Cultural Realm of Usefulness 219 8.3.2. Participants and Efficacy of Interviewing 220 8.3.3. Overall Usefulness of All Collected Plant Species 221 8.3.4. Categorical Plant Uses and Mean Use Values 222 8.3.5. Variation in Plant Use Knowledge in Relation to Demographic Characteristics of Participants 226 8.3.6.
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