Pautas Para El Conocimiento, Conservación Y Uso Sostenible De Las Plantas Medicinales Nativas En Colombia Conservación De Plantas
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The Therapeutic Potential of Ayahuasca 7 Michael A
The Therapeutic Potential of Ayahuasca 7 Michael A. Coe and Dennis J. McKenna 7.1 Introduction Ayahuasca is a Quechua term that is commonly translated into “vine of the spirits, vine of the soul, or vine of the dead” and refers to jungle liana in the Malpighiaceae family taxonomically known as Banisteriopsiscaapi Spruce ex. Griseb. The same term is synonymous with a psychoactive tea or beverage traditionally used by cul- tural groups throughout parts of Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela, and Ecuador during rites of passage, divination, warfare, magico-religious practices, and for healing in the context of ethnomedical practices [1 – 4 ]. Traditional prepara- tions of ayahuasca tea include the combination of bark and stems of the Banisteriopsis caapi liana plus admixture plants; most commonly the leaves of Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pav. (Rubiaceae) or Diplopterys cabrerana (Cuatrec.) B. Gates (Malpighiaceae) are boiled and reduced for several hours [5 ]. 7.1.1 Constituents Bioactive investigations of ayahuasca have revealed a unique synergistic chemistry and pharmacology in regard to its source and admixture plants. The leaves of P. viridis and D. cabrerana contain a highly potent, typically short-acting M. A. Coe , PhD (*) Department of Botany , University of Hawai`i at MƗnoa , 3190 Maile Way, St. John, Room 101 , 96822 Honolulu , HI , USA e-mail: [email protected] D. J. McKenna , PhD Center for Spirituality & Healing , University of Minnesota, Academic Health Center , Mayo Mail Code 505, 420 Delaware St. , Minneapolis , MN 55455 , USA e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 123 D. Camfi eld et al. (eds.), Evidence-Based Herbal and Nutritional Treatments for Anxiety in Psychiatric Disorders, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-42307-4_7 124 M.A. -
Identificación De Compuestos Leishmanicidas En El Rizoma De Dorstenia Contrajerva
Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas IDENTIFICACIÓN DE COMPUESTOS LEISHMANICIDAS EN EL RIZOMA DE DORSTENIA CONTRAJERVA Tesis que presenta HÉCTOR ARTURO PENICHE PAVÍA En opción al título de MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS (Ciencias Biológicas: Opción Biotecnología) Mérida, Yucatán, México 2016 Este trabajo se llevó a cabo en la Unidad de Biotecnología del Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, y forma parte del proyecto de ciencia básica Conacyt 105346 titulado “Aislamiento y evaluación in vitro de metabolitos de plantas nativas de Yucatán con actividad antiprotozoaria”, en el que se participó bajo la dirección del Dr. Sergio R. Peraza Sánchez. AGRADECIMIENTOS Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), por el apoyo financiero a través del proyecto de Ciencia Básica 105346 con título “Aislamiento y evaluación in vitro de metabolitos de plantas nativas de Yucatán con actividad antiprotozoaria” y por la beca mensual otorgada con número 338183. Al Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), por las facilidades para la realización de este proyecto, en especial a la Unidad de Biotecnología; así como el laboratorio de Inmunobiología del Centro de Investigaciones Regionales (CIR) “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi” de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY). A mis directores de tesis el Dr. Sergio R. Peraza Sánchez y la Dra. Rosario García Miss, por la confianza brindada al permitirme una vez más ser parte de su equipo de trabajo y por sus valiosos aportes de carácter científico para la realización y culminación exitosa de este trabajo. A la técnica Q.F.B. Mirza Mut Martín, por todas sus atenciones, compartirme su tiempo y conocimiento sobre el cultivo celular de leishmania. -
Playing with Extremes Origins and Evolution of Exaggerated Female
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 115 (2017) 95–105 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Playing with extremes: Origins and evolution of exaggerated female forelegs MARK in South African Rediviva bees ⁎ Belinda Kahnta,b, , Graham A. Montgomeryc, Elizabeth Murrayc, Michael Kuhlmannd,e, Anton Pauwf, Denis Michezg, Robert J. Paxtona,b, Bryan N. Danforthc a Institute of Biology/General Zoology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany b German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany c Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 3124 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-2601, USA d Zoological Museum, Kiel University, Hegewischstr. 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany e Dept. of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd., London SW7 5BD, UK f Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa g Laboratoire de Zoologie, Research institute of Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Despite close ecological interactions between plants and their pollinators, only some highly specialised polli- Molecular phylogenetics nators adapt to a specific host plant trait by evolving a bizarre morphology. Here we investigated the evolution Plant-pollinator interaction of extremely elongated forelegs in females of the South African bee genus Rediviva (Hymenoptera: Melittidae), in Ecological adaptation which long forelegs are hypothesised to be an adaptation for collecting oils from the extended spurs of their Greater cape floristic region Diascia host flowers. We first reconstructed the phylogeny of the genus Rediviva using seven genes and inferred Trait evolution an origin of Rediviva at around 29 MYA (95% HPD = 19.2–40.5), concurrent with the origin and radiation of the Melittidae Succulent Karoo flora. -
Malpighiaceae De Colombia: Patrones De Distribución, Riqueza, Endemismo Y Diversidad Filogenética
DARWINIANA, nueva serie 9(1): 39-54. 2021 Versión de registro, efectivamente publicada el 16 de marzo de 2021 DOI: 10.14522/darwiniana.2021.91.923 ISSN 0011-6793 impresa - ISSN 1850-1699 en línea MALPIGHIACEAE DE COLOMBIA: PATRONES DE DISTRIBUCIÓN, RIQUEZA, ENDEMISMO Y DIVERSIDAD FILOGENÉTICA Diego Giraldo-Cañas ID Herbario Nacional Colombiano (COL), Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D. C., Colombia; [email protected] (autor corresponsal). Abstract. Giraldo-Cañas, D. 2021. Malpighiaceae from Colombia: Patterns of distribution, richness, endemism, and phylogenetic diversity. Darwiniana, nueva serie 9(1): 39-54. Malpighiaceae constitutes a family of 77 genera and ca. 1300 species, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. They are mainly diversified in the American continent and distributed in a wide range of habitats and altitudinal gradients. For this reason, this family can be a model plant group to ecological and biogeographical analyses, as well as evolutive studies. In this context, an analysis of distribution, richness, endemism and phylogenetic diversity of Malpighiaceae in natural regions and their altitudinal gradients was undertaken. Malpighiaceae are represented in Colombia by 34 genera and 246 species (19.1% of endemism). Thus, Colombia and Brazil (44 genera, 584 species, 61% of endemism) are the two richest countries on species of this family. The highest species richness and endemism in Colombia is found in the lowlands (0-500 m a.s.l.: 212 species, 28 endemics); only ten species are distributed on highlands (2500-3200 m a.s.l.). Of the Malpighiaceae species in Colombia, Heteropterys leona and Stigmaphyllon bannisterioides have a disjunct amphi-Atlantic distribution, and six other species show intra-American disjunctions. -
Ayahuasca: Spirit Vine the Word “Ayahuasca” Refers to a Medicinal Brew with the Main Ingredient Being the Ayahuasca Vine (Banisteriopsis Caapi)
Ayahuasca: Spirit Vine The word “Ayahuasca” refers to a medicinal brew with the main ingredient being the ayahuasca vine (banisteriopsis caapi). The vine is cooked, usually in combination with at least one other admixture plant, to produce a brown liquid that is consumed in healing ceremonies led by Amazon healers, called ayahuasqueros (curanderos). The effects of the brew vary greatly depending on which admixture plants are used in its preparation, how the curandero runs the healing ceremony, and a number of more complex aspects that are a bit of a mystery. Over 90 different indigenous tribes in the Amazon Rainforest have developed healing traditions based on the use of ayahuasca. This number becomes even more impressive when one considers the fact that many of these tribes live thousands of miles apart and would appear to have never had contact with each other. Within the philosophy of each tribe, one point remains consistent, which is that they originally learned about ayahuasca and the science of plant medicine from the plants themselves. The admixture plants most often used are the leaves of chacruna (Psychotria viridis) and yagé; also known as chaliponga, chagraponga, and huambisa (Diplopterys cabrerana). Ayahuasca is known and used throughout Perú, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, and western Brazil. The use of ayahuasca is rapidly gaining awareness and acceptance throughout the world thanks to retreat programs and organized religious movements such as Santo Daime and the União do Vegetal (UDV), who won a supreme court decision for the right of members to use the sacred medicine in ceremonies in the United States. -
Evolution of Agroforestry As a Modern Science
Chapter 2 Evolution of Agroforestry as a Modern Science Jagdish C. Dagar and Vindhya P. Tewari Abstract Agroforestry is as old as agriculture itself. Many of the anecdotal agro- forestry practices, which are time tested and evolved through traditional indigenous knowledge, are still being followed in different agroecological zones. The tradi- tional knowledge and the underlying ecological principles concerning indigenous agroforestry systems around the world have been successfully used in designing the improved systems. Many of them such as improved fallows, homegardens, and park systems have evolved as modern agroforestry systems. During past four decades, agroforestry has come of age and begun to attract the attention of the international scientific community, primarily as a means for sustaining agricultural productivity in marginal lands and solving the second-generation problems such as secondary salinization due to waterlogging and contamination of water resources due to the use of excess nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides. Research efforts have shown that most of the degraded areas including saline, waterlogged, and perturbation ecolo- gies like mine spoils and coastal degraded mangrove areas can be made productive by adopting suitable agroforestry techniques involving highly remunerative compo- nents such as plantation-based farming systems, high-value medicinal and aromatic plants, livestock, fishery, poultry, forest and fruit trees, and vegetables. New con- cepts such as integrated farming systems and urban and peri-urban agroforestry have emerged. Consequently, the knowledge base of agroforestry is being expanded at a rapid pace as illustrated by the increasing number and quality of scientific pub- lications of various forms on different aspects of agroforestry. It is both a challenge and an opportunity to scientific community working in this interdisciplinary field. -
Towards Resolving Lamiales Relationships
Schäferhoff et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:352 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/352 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences Bastian Schäferhoff1*, Andreas Fleischmann2, Eberhard Fischer3, Dirk C Albach4, Thomas Borsch5, Günther Heubl2, Kai F Müller1 Abstract Background: In the large angiosperm order Lamiales, a diverse array of highly specialized life strategies such as carnivory, parasitism, epiphytism, and desiccation tolerance occur, and some lineages possess drastically accelerated DNA substitutional rates or miniaturized genomes. However, understanding the evolution of these phenomena in the order, and clarifying borders of and relationships among lamialean families, has been hindered by largely unresolved trees in the past. Results: Our analysis of the rapidly evolving trnK/matK, trnL-F and rps16 chloroplast regions enabled us to infer more precise phylogenetic hypotheses for the Lamiales. Relationships among the nine first-branching families in the Lamiales tree are now resolved with very strong support. Subsequent to Plocospermataceae, a clade consisting of Carlemanniaceae plus Oleaceae branches, followed by Tetrachondraceae and a newly inferred clade composed of Gesneriaceae plus Calceolariaceae, which is also supported by morphological characters. Plantaginaceae (incl. Gratioleae) and Scrophulariaceae are well separated in the backbone grade; Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae appear in distant clades, while the recently described Linderniaceae are confirmed to be monophyletic and in an isolated position. Conclusions: Confidence about deep nodes of the Lamiales tree is an important step towards understanding the evolutionary diversification of a major clade of flowering plants. The degree of resolution obtained here now provides a first opportunity to discuss the evolution of morphological and biochemical traits in Lamiales. -
Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503 the Vascular Plants Of
ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 503 THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MAJURO ATOLL, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS BY NANCY VANDER VELDE ISSUED BY NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S.A. AUGUST 2003 Uliga Figure 1. Majuro Atoll THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MAJURO ATOLL, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS ABSTRACT Majuro Atoll has been a center of activity for the Marshall Islands since 1944 and is now the major population center and port of entry for the country. Previous to the accompanying study, no thorough documentation has been made of the vascular plants of Majuro Atoll. There were only reports that were either part of much larger discussions on the entire Micronesian region or the Marshall Islands as a whole, and were of a very limited scope. Previous reports by Fosberg, Sachet & Oliver (1979, 1982, 1987) presented only 115 vascular plants on Majuro Atoll. In this study, 563 vascular plants have been recorded on Majuro. INTRODUCTION The accompanying report presents a complete flora of Majuro Atoll, which has never been done before. It includes a listing of all species, notation as to origin (i.e. indigenous, aboriginal introduction, recent introduction), as well as the original range of each. The major synonyms are also listed. For almost all, English common names are presented. Marshallese names are given, where these were found, and spelled according to the current spelling system, aside from limitations in diacritic markings. A brief notation of location is given for many of the species. The entire list of 563 plants is provided to give the people a means of gaining a better understanding of the nature of the plants of Majuro Atoll. -
South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2013 South American Cacti in time and space: studies on the diversification of the tribe Cereeae, with particular focus on subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae) Lendel, Anita Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-93287 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Lendel, Anita. South American Cacti in time and space: studies on the diversification of the tribe Cereeae, with particular focus on subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae). 2013, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae) _________________________________________________________________________________ Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr.sc.nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Anita Lendel aus Kroatien Promotionskomitee: Prof. Dr. H. Peter Linder (Vorsitz) PD. Dr. Reto Nyffeler Prof. Dr. Elena Conti Zürich, 2013 Table of Contents Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 3 Chapter 1. Phylogenetics and taxonomy of the tribe Cereeae s.l., with particular focus 15 on the subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae – Cactoideae) Chapter 2. Floral evolution in the South American tribe Cereeae s.l. (Cactaceae: 53 Cactoideae): Pollination syndromes in a comparative phylogenetic context Chapter 3. Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world’s major succulent 86 plant lineages Chapter 4. Tackling the molecular dating paradox: underestimated pitfalls and best 121 strategies when fossils are scarce Outlook and Future Research 207 Curriculum Vitae 209 Summary 211 Zusammenfassung 213 Acknowledgments I really believe that no one can go through the process of doing a PhD and come out without being changed at a very profound level. -
Contribución Al Estudio Florístico De La Provincia De Concepción, (Junín): Dicotiledóneas
1 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS (Universidad del Perú, DECANA DE AMÉRICA) ESCUELA DE POST GRADO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS UNIDAD DE POST GRADO CONTRIBUCIÓN AL ESTUDIO FLORÍSTICO DE LA PROVINCIA DE CONCEPCIÓN, (JUNÍN): DICOTILEDÓNEAS TESIS PARA OPTAR EL GRADO ACADÉMICO DE MAGISTER EN BOTÁNICA TROPICAL MENCIÓN: TAXONOMÍA Y SISTEMÁTICA EVOLUTIVA Br. BERTA LOJA HERRERA LIMA - PERÚ 2002 6 Contenido Pag. Agradecimientos 3 Resumen 4 Abstract 5 Contenido 6 I. Introducción 9 I.1 Antecedentes 10 I.2 Área de estudio 12 Ubicación geográfica Hidrografía Clima Suelo 13 Pisos bioclimáticos y tipos de vegetación 15 II. Material y Métodos 17 II.1 Material II.2 Métodos III. Resultados 19 III.1 Tratamiento Taxonómico Clave para determinar las familias estudiadas III.2 Descripción de las especies estudiadas 22 Alnus acuminata subsp. acuminata Ullucus tuberosus Caldas Rumex crispus L. 23 Chenopodium quinoa Willd. 24 Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Amaranthus caudatus L. 25 Amaranthus hybridus L. 26 Euphorbia heterophylla L. Brassica rapa subsp. campestris (L.) Clapham 27 Escallonia resinosa (R.&P.) Pers. Otholobium pubescens (Poiret) Grimes 29 Desmodium vargasianum var. ellipticum B.G. Schubert 30 Desmodium molliculum (H.B.K.) D.C. Spartium junceum L. 31 Vicia faba L. 32 Medicago polymorpha L. 33 Medicago sativa L. 34 Melilotus indica (L.) Allioni Trifolium hybridum L. 35 Trifolium repens L. 36 7 Pag. Senna versicolor (Meyen ex. J. Vogel) H. Irwin & Barneby 37 Polylepis racemosa R.&P Oxalis corniculata L. 38 Tropaeolum majus L. 39 Tropaeolum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum 40 Tropaeolum peregrinum L. Conium maculatum L. 41 Acaulimalva hillii Krapov. 42 Urocarpidium echinatum (C. -
Parrot Nesting in Southeastern Peru: Seasonal Patterns and Keystone Trees
WILSON BULLETIN Thursday Jul 14 2005 09:25 AM wils 117_309 Mp_296 Allen Press x DTPro System GALLEY File # 09TQ Wilson Bulletin 117(3):296±305, 2005 PARROT NESTING IN SOUTHEASTERN PERU: SEASONAL PATTERNS AND KEYSTONE TREES DONALD J. BRIGHTSMITH1 ABSTRACT.ÐParrots that inhabit tropical lowland forests are dif®cult to study, are poorly known, and little information is available on their nesting habits, making analysis of community-wide nesting patterns dif®cult. I present here, nesting records for 15 species of psittacids that co-occur in southeastern Peru. The psittacid breeding season in this area lasted from June to April, with smaller species nesting earlier than larger species. Why smaller species bred earlier is uncertain, though it may be related to interspeci®c competition for nest sites or variations in food availability. This study identi®ed two keystone plant resources used by nesting parrots: Dip- teryx micrantha (Fabaceae) and Mauritia ¯exuosa (Arecaceae). Local threats to these plant species are discussed. Received 25 August 2003, accepted 14 April 2005. Nesting is a critically important stage in the est areas shrink, conservationists must priori- natural history of all bird species. Reproduc- tize their conservation efforts. Large, old trees tive failure has caused numerous conservation and the cavities they contain are vital for the crises, so knowledge of nesting habits is crit- persistence of many cavity-nesting birds ical (Ratcliffe 1967, Herkert et al. 2003). The (Mawson and Long 1994, Poulsen 2002). nesting ecology of many tropical species re- However, cavity nesters usually do not use mains poorly documented, especially for can- trees in proportion to their abundance, sug- opy nesters in dense, lowland tropical forests. -
Universidad Nacional Del Centro Del Peru
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL CENTRO DEL PERU FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FORESTALES Y DEL AMBIENTE "COMPOSICIÓN FLORÍSTICA Y ESTADO DE CONSERVACIÓN DE LOS BOSQUES DE Kageneckia lanceolata Ruiz & Pav. Y Escallonia myrtilloides L.f. EN LA RESERVA PAISAJÍSTICA NOR YAUYOS COCHAS" TESIS PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERO FORESTAL Y AMBIENTAL Bach. CARLOS MICHEL ROMERO CARBAJAL Bach. DELY LUZ RAMOS POCOMUCHA HUANCAYO – JUNÍN – PERÚ JULIO – 2009 A mis padres Florencio Ramos y Leonarda Pocomucha, por su constante apoyo y guía en mi carrera profesional. DELY A mi familia Héctor Romero, Eva Carbajal y Milton R.C., por su ejemplo de voluntad, afecto y amistad. CARLOS ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS .................................................................................. i RESUMEN .................................................................................................. ii I. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................... 1 II. REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA ........................................................... 3 2.1. Bosques Andinos ........................................................................ 3 2.2. Formación Vegetal ...................................................................... 7 2.3. Composición Florística ................................................................ 8 2.4. Indicadores de Diversidad ......................................................... 10 2.5. Biología de la Conservación...................................................... 12 2.6. Estado de Conservación