7 X 11 Long.P65

Home , Caves of Nerja

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87654-4 - Becoming Human: Innovation in Prehistoric Material and Spiritual Culture Edited by Colin Renfrew and Iain Morley Index More information

Index

!Kung people 148 anatomically modern humans 8, 10, 19, 24, 30, 32, 39, 40, 66, 108–11, 135, 137, 168, Abelam people 144, 146 172, 190. See also Homo sapiens Aborigines, Australia 6, 67, 68, 128 Ancestral Beings 67–8, 128 Abri Blanchard (France) 221 animism 32, 101, 154 Abri Castanet (France) 221 anthropology 32, 113, 241, 244 Abri Pataud (France) 220, 221 antler(s) 2, 19, 20, 52, 78, 170, 186–8, 205, 226 abstract imagery 37, 159 Apollo 11 Cave (Namibia) 85 Acheulean 11, 40, 64 Arabia 1 adornment 77. See also decoration archaeology of religion 33, 39, 104, Afar (Ethiopia) 13 104–22, 112 Africa 1, 4, 8, 30–2, 39, 40, 41, 45, 63–5, architecture 99, 256, 257 69–70, 74–8, 90, 104, 109–12, 118, 127–9, Arcy-sur-Cure (France) 58, 203 143, 148, 153, 166, 183, 208, 242 Ardeche (France) 54, 197, 199, 200, 203 after life 29, 36, 38, 144 Argentina 85 Aia (Spain) 202 Ariege (France) 196–8, 202–5 Ainu people 56 Arnhem Land (Australia) 67 Aka people 166 Arrow Rock (USA) 209 Alcorta, C. 31–3, 39 Arsuaga, J.-L. 17 Alebo, L. 159 art, roots of 95–103 Allain, J. 196 Arunta people 33 Allen, J. 63 Asia 4–5, 8, 19–20, 63, 66, 69–70, 74–6, Alpes-Maritimes 24 82, 88 Altamira (Spain) 2, 8, 78, 83, 213 Asturias (Spain) 195, 202, 203 altered state of consciousness 35–6, 125, 143, Atapuerca (Spain) 17–19, 65 148, 150–3 atheism 35, 124 Altxerri (Spain) 202 Aujoulat, N. 200 Alvard, M.S. 35 Aurignac (France) 2 Amazonian forest 149 Aurignacian 4–5, 23, 76, 80–2, 89, 145, 152, Americas 8, 82, 84 159, 167–8, 204, 218, 221 Amud (Israel) 19 aurochs 136, 145, 217, 220, 225

269

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87654-4 - Becoming Human: Innovation in Prehistoric Material and Spiritual Culture Edited by Colin Renfrew and Iain Morley Index More information

270 Index

Australia 7, 8, 33, 63, 66–9, 74–5, 82, 84–6, 90, Benthamites 259 109, 222 Berekhat Ram 80 Australopithecus 76 Berger, J. 179 Austria 79, 80 Berhmann, R.D. 190 Aventignan (France) 202 Berkowitz, M. 55 awls 110 Bermudez de Castro, J.-M. 17 Azilian 215, 225–6 Bernifal (France) 202, 203 Bibikov, S. 170 bachelor’s buttons 52 Bidon cave (France) 200 B€achler, E. 55 Biesele, M. 149 Bacho Kiro (Bulgaria) 57 bifacial points 42 Baffier, D. 188, 190 Binford, L. 219, 220, 227 Bahn, P. 42, 53–4, 57–8, 63, 69, 79, 88, 141, biology 36, 39 168, 182 Birdsell, J.B. 219, 222 Bar-Yosef, O. 66 Bischoff, J.L. 65 Barbaza, M. 204 Bishop, D.V.M. 127 barbed points 110 bison 14, 19, 83, 88, 130–1, 136, 144–5, 147, Barbujani, G. 104 217–18, 220 Barham, L. 63, 64, 110 Blackfoot Indians 166 Barker, G. 89 Blacking, J. 160 barley 89 blades 2, 110 Barth, F. 124 Blake, E. 104, 263 Barthes, R. 184 Blakeslee, S. 155 Barton, C.M. 179 Bleek, D.F. 148 basalt 13 Blombos Cave (South Africa) 1, 3, 8, 41–5, 75, Basque country 203, 237, 243 77, 88, 111, 117, 128, 242 Basua Cave (Italy) 56 Blue Mountains World Heritage Area 67 Bataille, G. 187 boar 52, 225 Bauer, A. 181 Bocksteinschmiede (Germany) 58 beads 2, 3, 30, 42–4, 58, 63, 77–8, Bohlman, P.V. 162, 166 110–11, 128 bone 149, 204, 207 bears 54–6, 58, 196–7, 203, 206–7 animal 55, 109, 170, 219 Bedeilhac (France) 199, 202 human 14, 130 Bednarik, R. 63–4, 80 Neanderthal 54, 57 Begbie, J.S. 160, 167 bone artefacts 41–2, 108, 110–11, 168–9, 226 Begou€en, R. 202 carvings 2, 22, 38, 58, 74, 78, 81, 186–8 behavioural modernity 30, 41 figurines 79 Beirut (Lebanon) 56 flutes 59 Belgium 19, 54 harpoon 40 belief 7, 29, 53, 90, 138, 150, 161, 164, 166–7, pipes 159 208, 212, 249. See also religion point 44 Bellwood, P. 89 Boquet-Appel, J.R. 218 Bentham, J. 258 Borneo 85

Index 271

Bouchud, J. 217 Castille Leon province (Spain) 17–19 Bouissac, P. 107 cathedrals 96 Boule, M. 50 Catholicism 99, 261 bovids 42, 108, 218 cats 145 bow-wave effect 139 cattle 89 Bowler, J.M. 66 Caucasus 52 Boyd, R. 35, 36 Caune de l’Arago (France) 14, 15 Boyer, P. 30, 31, 33–4, 37–8, 44–5, 123, cave(s) 17, 52–3, 78, 83, 101, 129, 138, 140, 128, 131 146–52, 159, 169–70, 179, 182, 187, 190, Boyle, K. 217, 219, 225 197–200, 202–9 bracelets 22 cave art 2, 3, 6, 8, 22, 29, 30, 56–7, 74–5, 79, brain 10, 24, 25, 34, 37, 39, 43, 53, 77, 95, 84–9, 100, 102, 169, 195–6, 205, 212, 100, 123, 130–1, 143, 147, 148, 155, 213, 214, 217, 223–7, 267. See also hand 245, 248–9, 266–7 stencils; painting(s); rock art Brassempouy (France) 79, 81, 202, 204 cave bears 50, 54–6, 58–9, 109, 149, 196–7, Britain 112 203, 206–7 Brittany (France) 16 Cave of Witches (Italy) 56 Brooks, A.S. 1, 30, 40, 41, 63–4, 66, 77, 78, cemeteries 19, 52. See also burial(s) 104, 107, 127–9, 143 Chalmers, D. 123 Buisson, D. 182, 187, 204 chamois 217 Bulgaria 57 Charente (France) 200 Burch, E.S. 220 Chase, P.G. 40, 57, 107, 108 Burgundy (France) 195, 203 Ch^atelperronian culture 5, 58, 218 burial(s) 4, 17, 19–22, 51–2, 55, 57, 65–6, 69– Cherry, J. 90 70, 107–8, 110–11, 126, 129, 138–9, 144, Childe, G. 29 200, 244 chimpanzees 113, 255 deliberate 3, 41, 53 Chippindale, C. 67–9 Burke, A. 217, 221 choppers 11–12 butchery 16, 57 Christianity 20, 96, 148, 154, 237, 239, 240, Butzer, K. 216, 226 247, 249 Byers, A.M. 107 Clark, G.A. 138 Clark, J.D. 30, 40, 66 Callender, D.E. 237 Clarke, A. 123, 130–2 Camou-Cihigue (France) 202 clay 22, 56, 79, 83, 84, 88, 196, 198, 205 Cann, R.L. 104 climate and cognition 212–32 cannibalism 14, 16, 54, 65 clothing 22, 56, 256 Caramelli, D. 135 Clottes, J. 3, 7, 29, 30, 63, 125, 152, 182, 184, Carbonell i Roura, E. 17 187–8, 190, 196–7, 200, 202, 204, 209, Carruthers, P. 123, 127 224, 245 carving(s) 2, 24–5, 38, 69, 74, 78, 81, 83, 87, Coa^ valley (Portugal) 86 12–14, 131, 244, 246 cognition 8, 10, 24, 38, 44–5, 97, 99, 117, 132, Castelmerle valley (France) 221 179, 243–6 caste system 99 and climate 212–32

272 Index

cognitive cut marks 16, 54, 65 abilities 30, 31, 39, 104–5, 112 Czech Republic 6, 79 fluidity 32, 123, 126–31, 243, 248–9, 255, 266 revolution 109 d’Aquili, E. 155 coins 208–9 d’Errico, F. 3, 6, 29, 42–3, 58, 81, 105, 107–11, Coles, J.M. 55 159, 168, 172 colonialism 155 Damasio, A. 245 Combe Grenal (France) 54 Dams, L. 159, 169, 170 Combier, J. 200 dance 96, 123, 126, 162–5, 169, 172 Conard, N.J. 69, 160 Daniel, G. 75 Confucianism 261, 264 Dansgaard, W. 215 Conkey, M. 3, 7, 29, 179, 180, 182, 186–7, Daramulan, Creation Being 67 238–9, 242 Darkinjung elders 68 consciousness 10, 113, 140, 237, 240, 245, Dart, R. 76 247–8, 258 Darug elders 68 altered state of 35–6, 125, 143, 148, 150–3 Darwin, C. 50, 75 Constable, G. 52–6 Dauvois, M. 159, 170 Constantine 154 David, N. 6, 7, 125, 135, 222, 245, 254 cooking 17, 54 Davidson, I. 42, 241–4, 251 Coon, C.S. 56 Davies, W. 215, 225 Correze (France) 19, 22 Davis, W. 185 Cosquer (France) 198, 203, 213 Day, M. 132 Courtaud, P. 197 Deacon, T. 40, 244, 245 crania 10, 16, 66 decoration 8, 10, 22, 24, 57, 59, 63, 81, 107, Creation Beings 67 116, 170, 223, 242 creative explosion 3, 6, 8, 74–5, 78–9, 88–90 deer 14, 19, 20, 52, 56–7, 217–18, 220, 225 creativity 35–6, 67, 74, 90, 100, 242–3, 249, defleshing 65 258, 261–2, 267 Defleur, A. 54 Cremades, M. 187 deities 162, 237. See also gods cremation 66, 69 deliberate burial 3, 41, 53 Cresswell Crags (Britain) 213 Delpech, F. 217, 219, 225 Crimea (Ukraine) 53, 57 Delson, E. 53 Cro-Magnon(s) 41, 50, 76 de Lumley, H. 2, 3, 10, 12, 13, 65–6, 69, 76 Croatia 51, 54–5 Demars, P.Y. 218, 220, 221, 223 Cross, I. 166 Dennett, D. 132 Csordas, T. 187, 190 Desana people 149 Cueva Mayor (Spain) 17 design 42, 63, 114, 169, 187, 256 Cueva Morin (Spain) 57 de Sonneville-Bordes, D. 212, 218, 221, 225–6 cultural DeVore, I. 220, 222 complexity 35–6 Diamond, J. 242 praxis 180 Dibble, H.L. 40, 107 selection 34 disease 35, 44 Cussac Cave (France) 200 Divje babe cave (Slovenia) 58, 59, 109

Index 273

DNA studies 5, 76, 104 ethnicity 222 Dobres, M.-A. 182, 187 ethnography 33, 148, 150, 183 DolnıVeˇstonice (Moravia) 79, 84, 213, 222 ethology 113 domestication 16, 88–9 Etxeberri (France) 202 Domme (France) 202 Euphrates river 24 Donald, M. 7, 30, 41, 77, 95–7, 103, 107, 130, Eurasia 31, 179, 183 241, 243–4 Eurocentrism 75 Dordogne (France) 1, 2, 4, 19, 21, 50, 75, 101, Europe 3–8, 19, 29, 30, 32, 41, 51, 56, 58, 169, 202–3, 218–19 63–4, 67–70, 74–6, 79–81, 86, 88, 108–12, Dowson, T. 30, 39, 105, 145, 147, 208 118, 129, 135, 138–9, 143–6, 159, 180, Drachenloch cave (Switzerland) 55 197, 205, 212–16, 221–2, 225, 246, 254, dreams 141 261, 267 Dreamtime 67–9, 128 Evans-Pritchard, E. 254 Duday, H. 197 evolutionary psychology 34, 125 Duport, L. 200 exchange 35, 41, 45, 70, 100, 114, 222 Durandal 15 experimental archaeology 113 Durkheim, E. 32–3, 106, 253 Dynamic figures 67 Fairbanks, R.G. 214 Dyson-Hudson, R. 222 fallow deer 14, 56, 57 farming 7 eagle 169 fecundity 23 Eagle’s Reach (Australia) 67, 68 Fejej (Ethiopia) 12, 13 Eco, U. 184 Feldhofer cave (Germany) 50 Edelman, G. 142–4 femurs 14, 51, 55–6, 58, 109 Edgar, B. 53 fertility 20, 179, 189 Egyptian hieroglyphs 24 Feruglio, V. 188, 200 Ehringsdorf (Germany) 53, 54 fetishism 35 El Kowm (Syria) 15 fibulae 14 Enard, W. 127 figuration 7, 79, 81–3, 86 engagement 180, 190 figurines 6, 7, 23, 79, 80–2, 86, 131 Engis (Belgium) 54 finger tracings 197 engraving(s) 8, 24, 29, 42, 44, 108, 111, 117, Finistere (France) 16 124, 169, 196, 198, 200, 226. See also fire 3, 16, 17, 66, 76 carving(s) fish/fishing 36, 42, 110, 220 Enlene (France) 149, 199, 201–4 flakes 12, 13, 77 Enlightenment 98, 102, 261 flint cortex 58 Enloe, J. 221 flood 208 epilepsy 141 flowers 19, 52, 53 epistemology of music 162 flutes 58–9, 109, 168–9 Erberua (France) 202 Foley, R. 40, 104, 127 Espagnac (France) 202 Fontanet (France) 196, 202–5 eternal youth 20 footprints 197 Ethiopia 10–13, 40, 66 foramen magnum 53, 54

274 Index

Forge, A. 144 goats 53, 89 Forster, P. 1, 76 Gobekli€ Tepe (Turkey) 90 Fortier, A.-M. 187 gods 62, 68, 132, 208, 212, 253, 264–5 fossils 22, 40, 50, 70 Golding, W. 183 foxes 58 Gona (Ethiopia) 10, 11, 12 FOXP2 gene 127 Gonzalez, J.J.A. 190 France 1, 2, 6, 8, 14–17, 21–5, 51, 54, 55–7, 65, Goody, J. 124 75–9, 81–3, 85–9, 138, 190, 195, 202–5, Gordon, B. 217, 221 208, 212–19, 222–6, 237, 243 Gosden, C. 190 Franco-Cantabria(n) 2–3, 7–8, 75, 78–9, 82–90, Gouk, P. 126 100–2, 212–14, 223, 225 Graburn, N. 180 Franconia 55 grape hyacinths 52 Frazer, J. 105, 106, 253 grave(s) 19, 20, 52, 53 French National Museum of Natural History 50 goods 29, 41, 66, 107, 125, 139, 144. See also Fritz, C. 182, 187 burial(s) funerals 53 Gravettian 6, 23, 75, 79–82, 87, 101, 167, 195, funerary gifts 19 200, 204, 222 Futurists 99 Greenﬁeld, S. 143 Gregersen, N. 245 Gabora, L. 29, 35, 36, 39 Grimaldi (France) 213 Gagarino (Russia) 213 grindstones 110 Gamble, C. 29–30, 50–3, 57–9, 79, 138, 169, Grotta Guittari (Italy) 53 179, 180, 182–3, 190, 222–3 Grotte Chauvet (France) 8, 78, 83, 131, 188, Garcia, M. 197 196–7, 199, 200, 203, 206, 213 Garcıa-Rivera, A.R. 237 Grotte de Renne (France) 58 Gargas cave (France) 197–8, 202, 204, 207 Grotte des Chevaux (France) 202 Gargett, R.H. 51, 108, 125, 138 Grotte du Moulin (France) 202 Garrod, D. 81 Grotte du Pape (France) 202 Geertz, C. 33, 106, 180, 181, 183, 186 Grun,€ R. 66 Geissenklosterle€ (Germany) 159, 168, 213 Guthrie, S. 127 Gell, A. 180 gender relations 155 Hadar (Ethiopia) 11, 12 genes 5, 37, 39 Haddon, A.C. 29, 33 Genoa (Italy) 56 haematite 63, 69 geology 213 hafting 110 geometric patterns 29 Hahn, J. 63, 69, 159 Germany 6, 23, 50, 53, 55, 58, 76, 80, 159 Haifa (Israel) 52 ghosts 128 hallucinations 32, 141, 145, 147–8, 151 Gibson, K. 40 Hamer, D. 37 gift giving 35 hand stencils 85, 204, 207 Gilgamesh 258 handaxes 11, 13–15, 18, 31, 64–7, 76 giraffes 148 harpoons 40 Glory, A. 159, 170 haunting 36, 54, 237

Index 275

Hausa people 161 Housley, R.A. 225 Haute-Garonne (France) 202 Hovers, E. 110 Hautes-Pyrenees 202, 207 Hublin, J.-J. 135 Haviland, W.A. 61 Hughen, K. 214 Hawkes, T. 184, 185 humanism 262 Hayden, B. 214, 220 human revolution 1, 8, 74–8, 88, 90 headdresses 22 Hume, D. 253 headhunters 54 humeri 14, 55–6, 196, 203, 206–7 healing practices 35 Hungary 16, 58 hearths 16, 17, 221 hunter-gatherers 1, 34, 88, 105, 112, 114, 124, Hefner, P. 248 126, 129, 139, 148, 166, 190, 195, 218, Helskog, K. 188 222, 224 Helvenston, P.A. 141 hunting 16, 56, 220, 221 Henshilwood, C. 1, 3, 40–3, 63, 74, 77, 107, Huntley, B. 216 111, 128, 160, 180, 242 Hutchins, E. 132 Herzfeld, M. 184 Huyge, D. 159 hieroglyphs 24 hypnosis 34, 35, 36 Higgs, E.S. 55 Hinduism 99 ibex 20, 217 Hohle Fels (Germany) 23, 69 Ice Age 2, 123–5, 130–1, 183, 213–14, 237 Hohlenstein-Stadel (Germany) 22–3, 69, 80, ichnology 197 131, 213 iconography 61–73 Holloway, R. 39 icons 30 hollyhocks 52 ideograms 24 Holmes, R. 62 Idrijca valley (Slovenia) 58 Holocene 6–7, 79, 84–5, 88, 129 imagery 34, 37, 62–3, 68–9, 101, 139, 140, hominisation 10, 14, 17 145–6, 150–3, 159, 184, 188, 190, 238, Homo erectus 3, 64, 70, 76, 81 239–47 Homo ergaster 31, 70, 76 incest 114, 254 Homo habilis 65, 76 India 63, 64 Homo heidelbergensis 17, 18, 31, 53, 65 Ingman, M. 39, 104, 127, 129 Homo helmei 127 inkling 36, 245 Homo neanderthalensis. See Neanderthal(s) innovation 6, 8, 29, 35, 40, 43–4, 100, 115, Homo sapiens 1–5, 10, 22, 29–32, 37, 39, 40, 53, 243, 253–68 69, 74–8, 81, 126–7, 129, 130, 135–40, Insoll, T. 29, 30, 32–5, 37 143–4, 148, 152–5, 168, 237, 240, 243–4, Iraq 51, 52 249, 254. See also anatomically modern Islam 99, 162, 266 humans Israel 19, 20, 57–8, 80, 111 Hormann, K. 55 Isturitz (France) 168, 202 hornblend 15 Italy 6, 56, 75 horn cores 53 Iversen, J. 216 horses 14, 57, 69, 130, 136, 144–5, 185, 186–7, ivory 2, 22, 58, 74, 78–9, 81, 136, 160, 217–18, 220 170, 181

276 Index

Jackson, L.J. 220 Lacombe, S. 182 Jacobs, Z. 40, 41 La Ferrassie (France) 19–21, 51–2, 57, 218 Japan 7, 56, 79, 83 Lahr, M. 40, 104, 127 Jarvik, M.E. 145 Lai, C.S.L. 127 jawbones 14, 52 Lake Constance 55 Jehs, D. 105 La Madeleine (France) 221 Jelinek, J. 55 Landes (France) 202 jewellery 10, 22, 24 language(s) 2, 10, 29, 31, 36–7, 42–3, 62, 96, Jochim, M. 180, 214 104–5, 107, 113, 126–31, 138, 142–3, Johanson, D. 53 153, 160, 187, 222, 237, 240, 242–5, 256, Johnson, G.A. 224 258, 266 Jomon period 7, 79, 83 Lapps 56 Jones, R.A. 32, 33, 53 La Quina (France) 51, 57, 58 Judaism 99, 162, 266 La Roche-Cotard (France) 58 Jung, K. 254 Lascaux cave (France) 2, 8, 78, 150–1, 196, 199, 202–3, 213 Kada Gona (Ethiopia) 10 La Souquette (France) 221 Kaiko festival 162 Late Glacial Maximum 6 Kalash people 208 Later Stone Age 30, 41, 110 Katanda (West Africa) 40 Laugerie Haute (France) 220 Kavur, B. 159 Laussel (France) 83, 87, 213, 221 Kebara (Israel) 52 Laville, H. 218, 221 Keeley, L. 222, 224 Lawson, G. 108, 109, 168, 170 Kelly, R. 219, 220, 222, 224 Leach, E. 131 Kenya 11 Leakey, L. 76 Kiik Koba (Ukraine) 53 Lebanon 56, 57 Kirby, S. 127 LeBlanc, S.A. 219, 222, 223 Kirkpatrick, L. 37 Le Cheval (France) 203 Klasies (South Africa) 40 Lee, R.B. 220, 222 Klein, R.H. 30, 51, 104, 108 Leibig’s law 219 Kluver,€ H. 145 Le Moustier (France) 51, 57 Koby, F. E. 55 Le Pigeonnier (France) 202, 203 Konso (Ethiopia) 11 Le Placard (France) 169, 200 Kostenki (Russia) 79, 213, 222 Le Portel (France) 83, 196, 202, 203 Krapina (Croatia) 51, 54 Le Reseau Clastres (France) 196, 197 Krings, M. 135 Leroi-Gourhan, A. 184, 196, 212, 216, 217 Kurdistan (Iraq) 19 Les Eyzies (France) 1, 2, 3, 5, 190 Kurten, B. 183 Les Fieux (France) 202, 204 Lespugue (France) 79, 82, 213 L’Aldene (France) 196 Lessa, W.A. 61 Labastide (France) 196, 199, 202–4 Les Trois Freres (France) 149, 198, 202, 204 La Chapelle-aux-Saints (France) 19, 20, 22, 50, Levant 66, 88, 90 51, 57 Levi-Strauss, C. 113–16

Index 277

Levy-Bruhl, L. 113 Maya 168 Lewin, R. 237 Mbuti people 166 Lewis-Williams, D. 6, 7, 29, 30, 35, 39, 42, 84, McAllester, D.P. 166 105, 125, 135, 141–2, 144, 145, 147, 150, McBrearty, S. 1, 30, 40, 41, 63–4, 66, 77–8, 152, 181, 187–8, 190, 208–9, 212, 223–4, 104, 107, 127–9, 143 245, 255 McClenon, J. 35, 36 life after death 21, 138 McDermott, F. 66 limonite 63, 69 mediaeval 141, 168, 261 Lindly, J.M. 30 Mellars, P. 1–3, 6, 29, 30, 41, 50–1, 57–8, 63–4, lion-man ﬁgurine 23, 131 75–9, 104, 125, 135, 139, 214, 217–22, lithic technology 40, 74, 76 225–6, 241 lithophones 169, 170 memory 36, 66, 77, 95, 97–8, 142, 179 Lock, A. 107 Menez Dregan (France) 16 Lock, C. 30, 31, 181, 188 Merveilles Valley (France) 24, 25 Loire river 58, 212 Mesolithic 112, 225 Lommel, A. 105 metaphysical anguish 19, 21 Lorblanchet, M. 58, 70, 204 metapodials 16 Loubens (France) 202 metatarsal 14 LSA. See Later Stone Age Meyrals (France) 202 Lubbock, Sir John 35 Mezin (Ukraine) 170 Mezmaiskaya Cave (Russia) 52 Magdalenian 85, 88, 101, 167–9, 171, 186, 195, microliths 110 202, 204, 215, 225–6 Middle Awash 66 magic 56, 67, 162, 179, 189, 200, 222, 253 Middle Stone Age 1, 29, 30, 32, 40–5, 76, 108, maladaptive traits 34, 39 110–11, 115 Malthusian demographic mechanisms 218 Miers (France) 202, 204 mammoths 22, 79, 160, 170, 217 migration 70, 217, 219 mandibles 16 mimesis 96 manganese 57, 63–4, 69 Mindel/Riss Interglacial 53 manuports 64, 70 mining 110 Marcamps (France) 169 Mithen, S. 7, 29, 31–4, 37, 39, 44, 104, 123, Marean, C.W. 40, 41, 107 125–30, 190, 214, 225–6, 241, 243–4, Marillac (France) 54 248, 255, 263 marine shell beads 42 mobiliary art 30, 74, 81, 182, 186 Maring people 162, 163 Montana (USA) 209 Marquet, J.C. 58, 70 Monte Circeo (Italy) 53 marriage 96 Montespan (France) 196, 202–4 Marx, K. 253 Montesquieu-Avantes (France) 202 Mas d’Azil (France) 85, 169, 199 Montignac (France) 202 Massif Central (France) 215, 217 moral intuition 38, 45 materiality 179–94 Moravia 79, 84 Matisse, H. 99 Moreau, G. 99 Mauss, M. 114 Morley, I. 7, 159

278 Index

Morocco 80 Noble, W. 42, 243, 244 mouﬂons 14 North Africa 84, 108 Moula-Guercy (France) 54 North America 166 Mount Bego (France) 24, 25 North American Indians 56 Mount Carmel (Israel) 52 Norway 188 Mousterian 4, 5, 19, 21, 52, 55, 59, notched bones 57 108–10, 219 Nowell, A. 81, 108 Movius, H.L. 221 MSA. See Middle Stone Age O’Connell, J.F. 63 mtDNA 104 Oakley, K. 64 Munzel,€ S. 159 ochre 42–4, 56–7, 63–6, 69, 77, 111, 128, music 7, 37, 96, 98–9, 126–7, 159–72, 257, 170, 183 259–60, 266 Olduvai Gorge (East Africa) 76 musical instruments 59, 108, 159, 167–8 oral traditions 113 Muslim 99 originality 6, 100, 257 myths 17, 25, 45, 62, 65, 67, 96, 99, 101, 184, ornaments 29, 37, 41–3, 58, 107–8, 111, 114, 237, 240 139, 242. See also adornment; decoration; jewellery Nadaouiyeh (Syria) 15 Ornolac-Ussat-les-Bains (France) 202 Nahr Ibrahim (Lebanon) 56, 57 osteoarthritis 51 Namibia 85 Otte, Marcel 58 Nassarius kraussianus 42, 111 Otto, Rudolf 263 nationalism 100, 155 ‘Out of Africa’ hypothesis 5, 39, 70, 75, 104, Nazareth 19, 20, 52 117 Neander valley (Germany) 50, 76 out-of-body experiences 35, 36 Neanderthal(s) 4–7, 19, 21–2, 29, 41, 64, 66, 70, 76, 105, 108–12, 115, 118, 125–7, Paciﬁc 7, 82 129, 135–40, 144–5, 152–5, 219 painting(s) 6, 8, 24, 29, 37–8, 74, 79, 84, 85, symbolic behaviour 50–60 110, 117, 123–4, 129–31, 196, 198, 200, Near East 19, 52, 109–12, 129, 237 209, 237, 243–4, 246, 254–7, 259. See also necklaces 22 cave art; rock art Neolithic 1, 2, 88, 129 Pais Vasco (Spain) 202 Nerja cave (Spain) 169 Pakistan 208 Nettl, B. 166 Palaeolithic 1, 45, 55, 67, 81, 84–5, 104, neurology 155 160–76, 184–90, 196, 200, 205, 227, Newberg, A. 155 237–47, 257 New South Wales (Australia) 67 Middle 5, 52, 57, 76, 108 Niaux (France) 196, 198 Upper 2–8, 29–32, 50, 56, 74–9, 82–3, 86, 88 Nice (France) 16, 17, 56 , 90, 100, 101, 110, 123–5, 129–32, Nicene Council 154 135–6, 141–50, 152–5, 159, 167–8, Nigeria 161 179–83, 195, 202, 208, 212–19, 220–6 Nile Valley 24 Papua New Guinea 144, 162 Noaillian industry 222 paranormal 32

Index 279

parasitosis 17 psychopomps 142 parietal art 10, 22–4, 43, 63, 100–2 psychotropic 141, 142, 150 Pavlov (Czech Republic) 79, 222 Pygmies 166 Pearce, D. 30, 35, 36, 42 Pyrenees 14, 168, 186, 195, 213–14 pearls 209 caves 202, 204 Pech-Merle (France) 196, 198 Pech de l’Aze (France) 57, 58, 108 Qafzeh (Israel) 19, 20, 52, 57, 66, 129 Peirce, C.S. 184 quartz 12–14, 70 Penamellera~ Alta (Spain) 202 quartzite 18 pendants 59, 78, 139 Quercy (France) 202 Pennington, R. 219 Quneitra (Israel) 58 perforated bones 58 Perigord (France) 202, 217, 218 radii 14 Peters, C. 107 Ramachandran, V.S. 155 Petershohle€ (Germany) 55 Ramble, C. 37, 128 Peterson, N. 222 Rappaport, R. 29, 33, 34, 62, 152, 162, 163, Pettitt, P.B. 52, 54, 66 164, 185, 186, 190, 241 Petraglia, M. 64 ratchet effect 35 petroglyphs 188 rattles 170 Pfeiffer, J. 3, 53, 55, 74, 179 Rause, V. 155 phalanges 14, 16, 57, 58 Read, D.W. 219, 222, 223 Pickering, T.R. 65 rebirth 21 pictographic writing 24 reciprocity 34, 35 pigments 56, 63, 107–8, 110, 115, 117, 182. red deer 14, 217–18, 220, 225 See also painting(s) Regourdou cave (France) 19, 55 Pike-Tay, A. 217, 221 Reichel-Dolmatoff, G. 149 Pinker, S. 37, 155 reindeer 14, 19, 58, 145, 170, 183, 205, Piptadenia 149 217–21, 224–6 Plains Indians 166 relics 29, 132 Pleistocene 2, 6, 40, 63, 65–6, 74–5, 78–9, 82, religion 2–4, 7, 8, 21, 24–5, 30–9, 44, 45, 84, 195 61–73, 95–103, 104–22, 123–30, 135–6, pollen 20, 52, 53, 215 145–6, 153–5, 160, 162, 171, 181, 185, Portugal 86, 138 190, 224, 240, 241, 246–8, 253–5, 262–7 pre-Neanderthals 19 Renfrew, C. 6, 40, 74–5, 79, 89–90, 106, Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 89 117, 183 Premark, D. 113 Renfrew, J. 6 prestige items 223 repetition 117, 125, 255 Preucel, R. 181 Repolusthohle€ (Germany) 58 priests 142 representation 7, 22, 31, 100, 102, 185, 241, 266 Proctor, R.N. 236 resurrection 20 Prolom II cave (Ukraine) 57 Reznikoff, I. 159, 170 prophets 142 rhinoceros 217 Proto-Jomon culture 7 rhyolite 12

280 Index

ribs 16 Shackleton, N.J. 215 Richerson, P. 35, 36 shamanism 29–49, 105, 114–15, 142, 148–9, Richter, D. 159 190, 224, 267 Riel-Salvatore, J. 138 Shanidar (Iraq) 19, 20, 51, 52 ritual(s) 2–4, 7, 8, 16, 19, 29, 32, 35, 44, 56, Shanks, M. 155 61–2, 65–8, 99, 101–2, 113, 124–5, 132, Sharpe, K. 199 148, 150–3, 185, 190, 199, 209, 224, sheep 89 246–7, 253, 255, 263, 265 shell(s) 22, 182, 209, 223 and music 159–76. See also religion beads 42–4, 63, 111, 128 Rock, A. 54, 143 shellﬁsh 42 rock art 3, 6, 67, 69, 84, 86, 88, 181, 188, Shennan, S. 129, 152, 223, 224 206, 209. See also cave art; painting(s) Shipman, P. 70 Rock of Gibraltar 54 shrines 96 Romanticism 261 Siberia 6, 63, 220 Roseman, M. 126 Siberian mountain goat 53 Rosenfeld, A. 67, 212, 223 Siegel, R.K. 145 Rothko, M. 99 Sima de los Huesos (Spain) 17–19 Rouault, G. 99 Simonnet, R. 197 Roufﬁgnac (France) 198, 199 sink-hole 17, 18 Sioux 166 Sainte-Eulalie (France) 202, 204 Skhul (Israel) 52, 66, 129 Sanchez-Goni,~ M.F. 215 skinning 16 sanctuary 90, 208 skulls 14, 50–6, 170, 196, 255 Sauvet, G. 62, 184 sleep 37, 143, 196 Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S. 113 Slovenia 58, 109 savannah 254 Smith, P. 222 schizophrenia 141 social Schleiermacher, F. 263, 265 behaviour 30, 76 Schmidt, K. 90 complexity 29 Schrag, C. 236 socialization 142 Scothern, P.M.T. 159, 168–72 Soffer, O. 222, 238, 239 scriptures 132 Solecki, R. 52, 56, 57 sculpture 6, 22, 70, 74, 79, 80, 244 Sollas, W. 105, 106 seasonality studies 217, 221 Solutrean 167, 169, 200, 222 sedentism 79, 88–90, 221 Sosis, R. 31–3, 39 seers 36, 142, 146, 151–2 South Africa 3, 29, 41, 63–5, 84, 111, 208, 242 self-awareness 4–5, 7–8, 64, 142, 165, 236–8, South Omo (Ethiopia) 12, 13 240, 243, 245, 247–8, 262–3, 267. See also South Russian plain 222 consciousness Spain 2, 6, 8, 17–19, 57, 65, 75, 78, 83, 138, self-regulation 97 195, 202, 205, 212–16, 243 semiotics 113, 115, 180–1, 184, 188 spear(s) 17, 110 sensory deprivation 141, 150 throwers 81, 85–6 settlements 199, 221, 222, 224 specularite 69

Index 281

Sperber, D. 31, 45, 182 Tan-Tan (Morocco) 80 Spiess, A.E. 217, 220, 221 taphonomy 43, 113 spirits 35, 38, 44, 56, 62, 114, 149, 208, 209, Tata (Hungary) 58 253, 265, 267 Tattersall, Ian 240, 241, 244 spiritual culture 253–68 tattooing 110 spirituality 2–8, 90, 137–8, 152, 155, 212, 262, Tautavel (France) 14, 15 264–6 Taylor, T. 180 origins of 29–49 teeth 22, 51, 58, 149, 217, 255 Spy (Belgium) 19 temple 90, 255 stalactites 55, 169 Tende (France) 24, 25 stalagmites 55, 56, 169 Terra Amata (France) 16, 17, 56 statues 22, 69, 132, 254 terracotta sculpture 7 Steinheim (Germany) 53 territoriality 222 stelae 90 Teshik Tash (Central Asia) 20, 53 Sterkfontein (South Africa) 64, 65 Thacker, P.T. 220 Still Bay (South Africa) 40, 41 therianthropes 67–9 Stone Age 30, 32, 40, 42, 76, 101, 108 Thiault, M.-H. 186 stone artefacts 2, 38, 55, 58, 64, 77, 138–9, Thomas, E.M. 183 145, 226 Thorne, A. 66 Stringer, C. 1, 50–3, 57–9, 66, 76, 138 three-stage model 41 Styx 208 tibiae 14 subsistence 16, 36, 41, 44, 217, 225 tick shells 42, 43 Suchman, L. 182 Tigris river 24 Sumeria 24 Tilley, C. 155 superchapel 31, 45 Tirthankaras 266 supernatural 30, 32, 34, 38, 44, 45, 61, 68, 69, Tito Bustillo (Spain) 199 123–34, 138, 148–9, 154–5, 163, 166, tobacco 209 171, 208–9, 212, 224, 255, 262, 265 Tomasello, M. 35 swan 58, 159 Tononi, G. 142, 143 Swiss Alps 55 Tosello, G. 182, 187 Switzerland 55 totemism 33, 35, 61, 105, 223 symbolic Towner, W.S. 238 behaviour, Neanderthal 50–60 trachyte pebble 11 thought 10–26, 41, 76, 127–8, 140 trance 39, 68, 149, 167 symbolism 105, 108, 113–14, 116, 145, 165–6, Tremlett, G. 66 172, 223, 241–4, 259 Trinkaus, E. 51, 126 origins of 29–49 Troubat (France) 202, 204 symmetry 14 Tuc d’Audoubert (France) 196, 202, 204 Syria 15 tundra 216, 217, 220 Turino, T. 166 Taborin, Y. 182, 223 Turk, I. 159 Tabun (Israel) 19, 52, 66, 111 Turkana (Kenya) 11 Tacon,¸ P. 3, 6, 7, 63, 67–9, 84 Turkey 90, 129

282 Index

Tylor, E.B. 106, 113 Ward, K. 3, 8 Tzedakis, P.C. 216 Weber, M. 124 Welsch, W. 236 Ucko, P. 67, 212, 223 wheat 89 Ukraine 6, 79, 170 whistles 59, 159 Ulm (Germany) 23 White, T.D. 30, 39, 66, 127, 179, 180, 182, Upper Herto hominids 66 187, 189, 221 Uzbekistan 53 Whitehouse, H. 123–5, 131, 263 Whitley, D. 208 Vaı-mash€e, Lord of the Animals 149 Wiessner, P. 223 Valencia (Spain) 205 Willendorf (Austria) 79, 80, 213 Vallon-Pont-d’Arc (France) 203 Wilson, D.S. 33, 34 Van Andel, T. 215, 216, 225 Wiradjeri elders 68 Vandermeersch, B. 66 Wlodarczyk, A. 62, 184 Van Gelder, L. 199 Wobst, H.M. 185, 222 Van Huyssteen, W. 3, 8, 235, 239, 240, 246, 247 Wollemi National Park 67 vegetation 215–17, 220, 225 wolves 58 Velden (Germany) 55 woody horsetail 52 Venus ﬁgurines 6, 79–87, 131 Wray, A. 127 Venus of Laussel 83 writing 24, 58, 77, 102, 130 vertebrae 16, 58 Wuketits, F. 247 Verteszollos€ (Hungary) 16 Wurm€ glaciation 56 Vertut, J. 57, 58, 63, 69, 79 Wurz, S. 40 Veternica cave (Croatia) 55 Vezere (France) 219, 221 Xam San 148 viho 149 Villa, P. 42, 108 Y chromosome 104 Villaverde Bonilla, V. 205 Yellen, J.E. 40 Vogelherd (Germany) 22, 213 Yonne 203 Vogt, E.Z. 61 Volp Caves (France) 202 Zagros Mountains 51 Zambia 63 Wadley, L. 108 Zilh~ao, J. 58, 105