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(Title of the Thesis)* Neanderthal biogeographic patterns over the Eemian-Weichsellian cycle Derek Wood PhD Archaeology May 2008 Neanderthal biogeographic patterns over the Eemian-Weichsellian cycle Abstract Recent research on Neanderthal extinction has considered the role of climatic and environmental changes during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 (ca. 59-25 ka BP). This thesis explores Late Pleistocene Neanderthal population trends and responses to climate change across four European study provinces and considers the role that climate and environmental change played in their extinction. It is argued that regional population histories are complex; phases of expansion and contraction occurred across a range of climate states. It is concluded that traditional nomenclature i.e. climate stages such as stadial and interstadial are unsatisfactory in themselves for understanding concepts such as migration, extinction and culture change. An alternative model termed condition: resource variation is set out in this thesis and its emergence rests principally on the observation that many faunal and floral configurations from the last glacial period have no exact analogies with modern fauna and flora. During the post-Eemian oscillations ecological disruption was restricted to the higher latitudes of Europe and coincided with a time when Neanderthal population levels were low. A further phase during MIS 3 resulted in ecological disruption across the lower latitudes (e.g. parts of the southern province and the Mediterranean basin). In this light the MIS 3 disruptions were not unique, but part of a process operating across the interglacial-glacial cycle. Neanderthal population levels appeared to have increased after Heinrich event 6 (ca. 60 ka BP) and continued to rise across a series of major Dansgaard-Oeschger events and Heinrich event 5 (ca. 47 ka). Neanderthal population decline did occur during Heinrich event 4 at ca. 38 ka prior to a further phase of recovery. It is tentatively concluded the central province offered less-restrictive condition-resource dynamics and this could have been a significant factor leading to the central province serving as a core occupation area for anatomically modern humans, while the adjacent southern and Mediterranean provinces served as the core areas for Neanderthals over MIS 3. ii Table of Contents Table of Contents...............................................................................................................................iii List of Figures...................................................................................................................................vii List of Tables....................................................................................................................................viii Acknowledgements.............................................................................................................................ix Author’s Declaration............................................................................................................................x Chapter 1 The Neanderthals ...............................................................................................................................11 1.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................11 1.2 Rapid Climate Change..............................................................................................................20 1.3 Thesis Aims..............................................................................................................................22 1.4 Thesis Objectives......................................................................................................................22 1.4.1 Why investigate these issues over an interglacial-glacial cycle?........................................23 1.5 Thesis structure.........................................................................................................................26 Chapter 2 Evolutionary Frameworks ..................................................................................................................30 2.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................30 2.2 Interaction: some theoretical considerations ............................................................................31 2.3 Historical Perspective...............................................................................................................32 2.4 Recent Developments...............................................................................................................35 2.5 Multiregional Theory................................................................................................................41 2.5.1 Levant................................................................................................................................45 2.5.2 Australasia.........................................................................................................................46 2.5.3 China..................................................................................................................................49 2.6 Out of Africa…again and again................................................................................................51 2.7 Socio-behavioural implications.................................................................................................56 2.8 The ecological straightjacket.....................................................................................................65 2.9 Hominin migration: a general perspective ................................................................................69 2.9.1 Environmentally mediated migration.................................................................................71 2.9.2 Non-environmentally mediated migration..........................................................................75 Chapter 3 .........................................................................................................................................78 iii Extinction Scenarios..........................................................................................................................78 3.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................78 3.2 Ecological change.....................................................................................................................80 3.3 Dual causal: competiton and climate.........................................................................................88 3.4 Discrete climate stress...............................................................................................................91 3.5 Socio-behavioural advantages...................................................................................................94 3.6 Biogeographical factors............................................................................................................97 3.7 Survival of the quickest.............................................................................................................99 3.8 Neanderthal land use and subsistence during the Middle Pleniglacial....................................103 3.9 Summary.................................................................................................................................110 Chapter 4 ........................................................................................................................................112 The Last Interglacial-Glacial Cycle.................................................................................................112 4.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................112 4.2 Historical perspective..............................................................................................................115 4.3 The Saale-Eemian transition...................................................................................................116 4.4 The Northern and Southern provinces during the Eemian.......................................................118 4.5 Northern and southern/Mediterranean palaeoenvironmental variation....................................121 MIS 5e: an unstable phase?......................................................................................................123 4.6 Summary.................................................................................................................................127 4.7 The Weichselian......................................................................................................................128 4.8 Northern Province during the Post-Eemian.............................................................................132 4.9 Northern Province during the Early Pleniglacial.....................................................................136 4.10 Northern Province during the Middle Pleniglacial................................................................137 4.11 Central Province during the Post-Eemian.............................................................................141 4.12 Central Province during the Early/Middle Pleniglacial.........................................................142 4.13 Southern
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