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2020–2021 R R ES E VE O BROCHURE NL INEAT VEL A NATGEOEXPE R T DI T IO NS.COM NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPEDITIONS NORTH AMERICA EURASIA 11 Alaska: Denali to Kenai Fjords 34 Trans-Siberian Rail Expedition 12 Canadian Rockies by Rail and Trail 36 Georgia and Armenia: Crossroads of Continents 13 Winter Wildlife in Yellowstone 14 Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks EUROPE 15 Grand Canyon, Bryce, and Zion 38 Norway’s Trains and Fjords National Parks 39 Iceland: Volcanoes, Glaciers, and Whales 16 Belize and Tikal Private Expedition 40 Ireland: Tales and Treasures of the Emerald Isle 41 Italy: Renaissance Cities and Tuscan Life SOUTH AMERICA 42 Swiss Trains and the Italian Lake District 17 Peru Private Expedition 44 Human Origins: Southwest France and 18 Ecuador Private Expedition Northern Spain 19 Exploring Patagonia 45 Greece: Wonders of an Ancient Empire 21 Patagonia Private Expedition 46 Greek Isles Private Expedition AUSTRALIA AND THE PACIFIC ASIA 22 Australia Private Expedition 47 Japan Private Expedition 48 Inside Japan 50 China: Imperial Treasures and Natural Wonders AFRICA 52 China Private Expedition 23 The Great Apes of Uganda and Rwanda 53 Bhutan: Kingdom in the Clouds 24 Tanzania Private Expedition 55 Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia: 25 On Safari: Tanzania’s Great Migration Treasures of Indochina 27 Southern Africa Safari by Private Air 29 Madagascar Private Expedition 30 Morocco: Legendary Cities and the Sahara RESOURCES AND MORE 31 Morocco Private Expedition 3 Discover the National Geographic Difference MIDDLE EAST 8 All the Ways to Travel with National Geographic 32 The Holy Land: Past, Present, and Future 2 +31 (0) 23 205 10 10 | TRAVELWITHNATGEO.COM For more than 130 years, we’ve sent our explorers across continents and into remote cultures, down to the oceans’ depths, and up the highest mountains, in an effort to better understand the world and our relationship to it. -
Belize City in 1 Day 63
CONTENTS List of Maps vi 1 THE BEST OF BELIZE 1 The Best Purely Belizean The Best Destinations for Experiences 1 Families 11 The Best of Natural Belize 4 The Best Luxury Hotels & Resorts 12 The Best Diving & Snorkeling 5 The Best Moderately Priced The Best Nondiving Adventures 6 Hotels 13 The Best Day Hikes & Nature The Best Budget Hotels 14 Walks 7 The Best Restaurants 15 The Best Bird-Watching 8 The Best After-Dark Fun 17 The Best Mayan Ruins 9 The Best Websites About Belize 17 The Best Views 10 2 BELIZE IN DEPTH 19 Belize Today 19 Art & Architecture 26 SPEAKING OF TONGUES 20 Belize in Books, Film & Music 27 Looking Back at Belize 21 Belizean Food & Drink 29 The Lay of the Land 24 3 PLANNING YOUR TRIP TO BELIZE 34 When to Go 34 Specialized Travel Resources 47 BELIZE CALENDAR OF EVENTS 35 Sustainable Tourism 48 Entry Requirements 37 SUSTAINABLE PROPERTIES IN BELIZE 49 Getting There & Getting Around 38 GENERAL RESOURCES FOR GREEN TRAVEL 50 CAR-RENTALCOPYRIGHTED TIPS 41 MATERIAL 51 Money & Costs 42 Staying Connected PLANNING A BELIZE WEDDING 52 Health 44 Tips on Accommodations 53 Safety 46 002_9780470887707-ftoc.indd2_9780470887707-ftoc.indd iiiiii 111/16/101/16/10 66:14:14 PPMM 4 SUGGESTED BELIZE ITINERARIES 54 The Regions in Brief 54 Belize for Families 60 Belize in 1 Week 57 Mayan Ruins Highlights 62 Belize in 2 Weeks 58 Belize City in 1 Day 63 5 THE ACTIVE VACATION PLANNER 65 Organized Adventure Trips 65 Tips on Health, Safety & Etiquette Activities A to Z 68 in the Wilderness 79 Belize’s Top Parks & Bioreserves 75 Ecologically Oriented -
The Investigation of Classic Period Maya Warfare at Caracol, Belice
The Investigation of Classic Period Maya Warfare at Caracol, Belice ARLEN F. CHASE DIANE Z. CHASE University of Central Florida Prior to the 1950s the prevalent view of the like rulers who were concerned whith preserving ancient Maya was as a peaceful people. ln 1952, their histories in hieroglyphic texts on stone and Robert Rands completed his Ph. D. thesis on the stucco; investigations at the site have thus far evidences of warfare in Classic Maya art, following uncovered some 40 carved monuments (Beetz and up on the important work just completed by Tatia- Satterthwaite 1981; A. Chase and D. Chase na Proskouriakoff (1950). Since then, research has 1987b). Caracol is unusual, however, in having rapidly accumulated substantial documentation left us written records that it successfully waged that the Maya were in fact warlike (cf. Marcus warfare against two of its neighboring polities at 1974; Repetto Tio 1985). There is now evidence different times within the early part of the Late for the existence of wars between major political Classic Period. units in the Maya area and, importantly, Maya There are two wars documented in the hiero- kingship has also been shown to be inextricably glyphic texts: Caracol defeats Tikal in 9.6.8.4.2 or joined with concepts of war, captives, and sacrifice A. D. 562 (A. Chase and D. Chase 1987a:6, (Demarest 1978; Schele and Miller 1986; Freidel 1987b:33,60; S. Houston in press) and Naranjo in 1986). Warfare also has been utilized as a power- 9.9.18.16.3 or A. D. 631 (Sosa and Reents 1980). -
Ancient Maya Territorial Organisation of Central Belize: Confluence of Archaeological and Epigraphic Data
&RQWULEXWLRQVLQ1HZ:RUOG $UFKDHRORJ\ ± ANCIENT MAYA TERRITORIAL ORGANISATION OF CENTRAL BELIZE: CONFLUENCE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND EPIGRAPHIC DATA CHRISTOPHE H ELMKE University of Copenhagen JAIME AWE ,QVWLWXWHRI$UFKDHRORJ\%HOL]H Abstract 7KHPRGHOVSURSRVHGIRUDQFLHQW0D\DWHUULWRULDORUJDQL]DWLRQLQFHQWUDO%HOL]HGLIIHUVLJQL¿FDQWO\IURPRQH UHVHDUFKHU WR DQRWKHU 'XH WR WKH UHODWLYH GHDUWK RI KLHURJO\SKLF GDWD PRVW PRGHOV KDYH EHHQ IRUPXODWHG RQ WKHEDVLVRIDUFKDHRORJLFDOGDWDDORQHDQGDUHSUHGRPLQDQWO\VLWHVSHFL¿FDVVHVVPHQWV,QYHVWLJDWLRQVLQFHQWUDO %HOL]HRYHUWKHSDVWIRXUGHFDGHVKDYHKRZHYHUEURXJKWWROLJKWVHYHUDONH\SLHFHVRIHSLJUDSKLFGDWDLQFOXGLQJ (PEOHP*O\SKV:KHQYLHZHGLQFRQMXQFWLRQWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDODQGHSLJUDSKLFGDWDSURYLGHDQHZYDQWDJHIRU GHWHUPLQLQJWKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKH&ODVVLFSHULRGVRFLRSROLWLFDOODQGVFDSHRIWKH%HOL]H9DOOH\ Resumen /RVPRGHORVSURSXHVWRVSDUDODRUJDQL]DFLyQWHUULWRULDOGHORVPD\DVGHO3HUtRGR&OiVLFRHQ%HOLFH&HQWUDO GL¿HUHQVLJQL¿FDWLYDPHQWHGHXQLQYHVWLJDGRUDRWUR'HELGRDODHVFDVH]GHGDWRVMHURJOt¿FRVODPD\RUtDGHORV PRGHORVVHKDQIRUPXODGRWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDWDQVRORGDWRVDUTXHROyJLFRV\VHFHQWUDQSUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWHVREUH FDGDVLWLRLQYHVWLJDGR/DVH[SORUDFLRQHVHQ%HOLFH&HQWUDOGHODVFXDWUR~OWLPDVGpFDGDVVLQHPEDUJRKDQVDFDGR DODOX]QXPHURVDVSLH]DVFODYHTXHDSRUWDQGDWRVHSLJUi¿FRVLQFOX\HQGR*OLIRV(PEOHPD9LVWRVHQFRQMXQWRORV GDWRVDUTXHROyJLFRV\HSLJUi¿FRVSURSRUFLRQDQXQDSRVLFLyQPiVYHQWDMRVDHQODGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHODHVWUXFWXUD del paisaje socio-político del Período Clásico del Valle de Belice. INTRODUCTION $ YDULHW\ RI PRGHOV RI DQFLHQW 0D\D WHUULWRULDO RUJDQLVDWLRQ KDYH EHHQ SURSRVHG IRU WKH %HOL]H 9DOOH\RYHUWKHSDVWIRXUGHFDGHV,QSDUWWKHTXDQWLW\RIVXFKPRGHOVFDQEHH[SODLQHGE\WKHIDFW -
The Political Appropriation of Caves in the Upper Belize Valley
APPROVAL PAGE FOR GRADUATE THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS AT CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LOS ANGELES BY Michael J. Mirro Candidate Anthropology Field of Concentration TITLE: The Political Appropriation of Caves in the Upper Belize Valley APPROVED: Dr. James E. Brady Faculty Member Signature Dr. Patricia Martz Faculty Member Signature Dr. Norman Klein Faculty Member Signature Dr. ChorSwang Ngin Department Chairperson Signature DATE___________________ THE POLITICAL APPROPRIATION OF CAVES IN THE UPPER BELIZE VALLEY A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Anthropology California State University, Los Angeles In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts By Michael J. Mirro December 2007 © 2007 Michael J. Mirro ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to thank Jaime Awe, of the Department of Archaeology in Belmopan, Belize for providing me with the research opportunities in Belize, and specifically, allowing me to co-direct research at Barton Creek Cave. Thank you Jaime for sending Vanessa and I to Actun Tunichil Muknal in the summer of 1996; that one trip changed my life forever. Thank you Dr. James Brady for guiding me through the process of completing the thesis and for you endless patience over the last four years. I appreciate all the time and effort above and beyond the call of duty that you invested in assisting me. I would specifically like to thank Reiko Ishihara and Christophe Helmke for teaching me the ins-and-outs of Maya ceramics and spending countless hours with me classifying sherds. Without your help, I would never have had enough data to write this thesis. -
The Capital Caver Number Four June, 2007
The Capital Caver Number Four June, 2007 Challenge of Small Caves Saj Pierson in entrance to Hackberry Hole The Capital Caver Number 4 The Capital Caver is published very irregularly by the Texas Cave Management Association (TCMA) to inform TCMA members about issues involving Texas caves and karst. This issue of the Capital Caver contains an editorial to remind cavers that by no means have all Texas Caves been discovered. There are many more caves still to be found, and many sections of known caves have not been well checked. Then the relatively unstudied biology of the Barton Springs Segment of the Edwards Aquifer is considered, and the Barton Springs Segment is divided into four potential habitat zones based on food energy input and aquifer characteristics. The principal concern of this issue is how to report and compile cave information. In the past the TSS has provided information on all caves in a relatively large area through printed reports. But, advances in digital publishing and distribution have made other options attractive, and these alternatives are examined. The issues examined in the Capital Caver are the responsibility of the editor, and the opinions expressed are the responsibility of the authors of the individual articles, and do not necessarily represent the opinions or concerns of the Texas Cave Management Association. Unsigned articles are the responsibility of the editor. Material in the Capital Caver is not reviewed or authorized by the TCMA. Table of Contents Exploration and Caving . 2 Habitat Zones in the Barton Springs Segment of the Edwards Aquifer. 3 Caver FAQ's . -
Arrival Belize/ San Ignacio 5 Nights Options, Such As Actun Tunichil Muknal (Challenging, the Arrival Belize International Airport
water cave system in a canoe equipped with a powerful spotlight. While canoeing through the cave, see large and colorful formations, skeletal remains and other cultural artifacts left behind by the Maya centuries ago. BLD DAY FOUR – Lamanai Ruins & River Cruise Getting to Lamanai Ruins is half the fun! After a comfortable highway drive, board a riverboat at Tower Hill Bridge and head up the New River. The river is lined with hardwood trees, orchids and bromeliads, and you might see dainty wading birds called jacanas lightly walking on lily pads, while elusive crocodiles bask in the morning sunlight. At the entrance to the New River Lagoon, the ruins of Lamanai (Maya for "Submerged Crocodile") rise into view. Embark on a jungle hike to visit the Temple of the Mask, one of the tallest Mayan pyramids; the stucco mask of the Sun God "Kinich Ahau"; and the Temple of the Jaguar Masks. These impressive sites appear to materialize out of the rainforest amid the chatter of birds and the haunting call of the howler monkeys. BLD DAY FIVE – Dia libre / options Enjoy a day at your resort, shop, explore the adjacent ruins of Cahal Pech ($5), or select (additional fee) from popular DAY ONE – Arrival Belize/ San Ignacio 5 nights options, such as Actun Tunichil Muknal (challenging, the Arrival Belize International Airport. Your Interact ultimate jungle and Maya cave adventure), Caracol ruins, zip- Representative will greet you in the airport lobby. Transfer to lining, river rafting, or horseback riding. Fees vary from $85 to the Maya Heartland via the Hummingbird Highway. -
LIST of REMITTANCE SERVICE PROVIDERS Belize Chamber Of
LIST OF REMITTANCE SERVICE PROVIDERS Name of Remittance Service Providers Addresses Belize Chamber of Commerce and Industry Belize Chamber of Commerce and Industry 4792 Coney Drive, Belize City Agents Amrapurs Belize Corozal Road, Orange Walk Town BJET's Financial Services Limited 94 Commerce Street, Dangriga Town, Stann Creek District, Belize Business Box Ecumenical Drive, Dangriga Town Caribbean Spa Services Placencia Village, Stann Creek District, Belize Casa Café 46 Forest Drive, Belmopan City, Cayo District Charlton's Cable 9 George Price Street, Punta Gorda Town, Toledo District Charlton's Cable Bella Vista, Toledo District Diversified Life Solutions 39 Albert Street West, Belize City Doony’s 57 Albert Street, Belize City Doony's Instant Loan Ltd. 8 Park Street South, Corozal District Ecabucks 15 Corner George and Orange Street, Belize City Ecabucks (X-treme Geeks, San Pedro) Corner Pescador Drive and Caribena Street, San Pedro Town, Ambergris Caye EMJ's Jewelry Placencia Village, Stann Creek District, Belize Escalante's Service Station Co. Ltd. Savannah Road, Independence Village Havana Pharmacy 22 Havana Street, Dangriga Town Hotel Coastal Bay Pescador Drive, San Pedro Town i Signature Designs 42 George Price Highway, Santa Elena Town, Cayo District Joyful Inn 49 Main Middle Street, Punta Gorda Town Landy's And Sons 141 Belize Corozal Road, Orange Walk Town Low's Supermarket Mile 8 ½ Philip Goldson Highway, Ladyville Village, Belize District Mahung’s Corner North/Main Streets, Punta Gorda Town Medical Health Supplies Pharmacy 1 Street South, Corozal Town Misericordia De Dios 27 Guadalupe Street, Orange Walk Town Paz Villas Pescador Drive, San Pedro Town Pomona Service Center Ltd. -
Latepostclassicperiodceramics Ofthewesternhighlands,Guatemala
Yaxchilan Us um a c G in r t ij a Maya Archaeology Reports a Bonampak R lv i a v R e iv r er LatePostclassicPeriodCeramics ChiapasHighlands AltardeSacrificios DosPilas of theWesternHighlands,Guatemala Greg Borgstede Chinkultic MEXICO GUATEMALA Cancuen HUEHUETENANGO Lagartero ELQUICHE ALTAVERAPAZ – SanMiguelAcatan HUISTA ACATECREGION Jacaltenango Cuchumatan Mountains NorthernHighlands SanRafaelPetzal Nebaj Zaculeu SierraMadre Tajumulco his report describes the ceramics of the Late Postclassic 1986, Culbert 1965, Ichon 1987, Nance 2003a, Nance 2003b, and BAJAVERAPAZ Utatlan/Chisalin or Protohistoric period (AD 1200 to 1500) uncovered in a Weeks 1983. recent archaeological investigation in the western Maya The Late Postclassic period remains one of the most intensely highlands. The Proyecto Arqueológico de la Región Huista- studied in the Maya highlands, in terms of archaeology and CentralHighlands MixcoViejo T Acateco, directed by the author, investigated the region in the ethnohistory. The existence of competing Maya kingdoms, Iximche Cuchumatan Mountains currently occupied by the Huista and including those of the K’iche’, the Kaqchikel, and the Mam, Acatec Maya (Figure 1), documenting 150 archaeological sites and coupled with the persistence of written documentation LakeAtitlan GuatemalaCity an occupation sequence spanning the Terminal Preclassic to Late immediately prior to, during, and after the Spanish invasion, Postclassic/Protohistoric periods, AD 100 to 1525 (see Borgstede provide the Protohistoric period with an abundance of 2004). The modern towns of Jacaltenango and San Miguel Acatan anthropological data for understanding this complex era. are the center of the region. Archaeological evidence, particularly ceramics, has played a The ceramics described here are from the Late Postclassic role in interpreting the cultures, histories, and structures of these Archaeologicalsites period, also known as the “Protohistoric” period in the societies. -
Coastal Flood Hazard M E X I C O G U a T E M A
!( Santa Elena !( Consejo Chan Chen !( M E X I C O Estero !( Paraiso !( San Antonio !( !(Santa Rita !( Xcanluum !( Patchakan Altamira San Andres!( !( !. !( Laguna!( Tacistal !( Corozal Xaibe !( Carolina !( Ranchito Yo Chen Calcutta!( Sarteneja !( !( San Joaquin!( !( !( Cristo Rey San Maximo !( San Pedro !(Aventura Concepcion Copper Bank!( Louisville !( !( !( San Fransisco !( Saltillo San Narciso !( !( !( Libertad Pueblo Nuevo !( !( M E X I C O San Roman !( Chunox !( Estrella Santa Clara !( Benque Viejo San Victor San Jose Nuevo !( !( !( Santa Cruz Hill Bank Douglas !( !( !( !( San Juan Buena Vista !( Progresso !( Caledonia !( Little Belize !( San Pablo !( Fireburn !( !( !( San Roman San Luis San Jose San Estevan !( C O R O Z A L !( San Antonio !( San Lorenzo !( Santa Cruz !( Trial Farm Yo Creek !( Orange Walk Town!. San Jose Palmar !( San Lazaro !( !( !( Chan Pine Ridge Tower Hill Trinidad!( !(Carmelita !( !(Santa Martha August Pine Ridge !( Guinea Grass Edenthal !( !( Quatros Leguas !. !( Shipyard San Pedro !( Neuendorf Neustadt !( Bomba !( !( !( Tres Leguas !( !( Dos Bocas Blue Creek !( Rosita !( Nag o Ban k !( Maskall Reinland !( San Felipe !( !( Gangrejo Caye Fire Burn Rhaburn Ridge St. Anns!( !( !( Corozalito Backlanding La Milpa Chicago !( !( !( Santana Crooked Tree !( !( Lucky Strike C !( Cowhead Caye Caulker !( !( !( Creek Indian Church Rockstone Pond Caye Caulker San Carlos !( Biscayne !( Caye Chapel A !( Gardenia !( Boston May Pen O R A N G E W A L K !( Long Caye !( Davis/ Grace Bank !( Sand Hill R Flowers Bank Maxboro !( !( !( Hill Bank!( Lemonal Hicks Caye !( Isabella Bank Gentleville Sylvester !( !( Los Lagos !( !( I !( Burrel Boom St. George's Caye Gallon Jug !( Bermudian Landing !( !( Scotland Halfmoon !( Fresh Pond Lord's Bank Ladyville !( !( Double Head Cabbage !( !(Chan Chich !( Ramon's Village !( Vista Del Mar !( !(Willows Bank Rancho Dolores St. -
Belize Tropical & Mayan Adventure
BELIZE TROPICAL & MAYAN ADVENTURE January 11-19, 2018 Tour Leaders: Sue & Don Kissinger Mayan Ruins at Lamanai (photo by Sue Kissinger) Overview Explore Belize, Central America in all of its natural beauty while embarking on incredible tropical adventures. Over nine days, this tour will explore beautiful rainforests, Mayan ruins and archeology, and islands of this tropical paradise. Some highlights include an amazing tour of the Actun Tunichil Muknal (ATM) cave, snorkeling the second largest barrier reef in the world at South Water Caye, cave tubing the Jaguar Paw Caves, an expedition to the Caracol Mayan Ruins, and a boat trip through the jungle to the remote Mayan village of Lamanai. Throughout this tour, we will have the expertise of Luis Godoy from Belize Nature Travel, a native Mayan and one of Belize’s premier licensed guides, to guide us on some amazing excursions and share in Belize’s heritage. We’ll also stay at locally-owned hotels and resorts and dine at local restaurants so we can truly experience the warm and welcoming culture of Belize. UWSP Adventure Tours leaders Sue & Don Kissinger are ready to return to Belize to share the many experiences and adventures they’ve had in this beautiful country over the years. If you ask Sue if this is the perfect adventure travel opportunity for you she’ll say, “If you have an adventurous spirit, YOU BETTER BELIZE IT!” Tour Itinerary Jan. 11 (Thursday) – Arrive in Paradise! Your adventure begins when you arrive at the Belize International Airport in Belize City where our guides will greet us and transfer the group to the Hotel De La Fuente, in Orange Walk Towne (35 miles from the airport or 1 hour drive). -
1 Language Use, Language Change and Innovation In
LANGUAGE USE, LANGUAGE CHANGE AND INNOVATION IN NORTHERN BELIZE CONTACT SPANISH By OSMER EDER BALAM A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2016 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the guidance and support from many people, who have been instrumental since the inception of this seminal project on contact Spanish outcomes in Northern Belize. First and foremost, I am thankful to Dr. Mary Montavon and Prof. Usha Lakshmanan, who were of great inspiration to me at Southern Illinois University-Carbondale. Thank you for always believing in me and motivating me to pursue a PhD. This achievement is in many ways also yours, as your educational ideologies have profoundly influenced me as a researcher and educator. I am indebted to my committee members, whose guidance and feedback were integral to this project. In particular, I am thankful to my adviser Dr. Gillian Lord, whose energy and investment in my education and research were vital for the completion of this dissertation. I am also grateful to Dr. Ana de Prada Pérez, whose assistance in the statistical analyses was invaluable to this project. I am thankful to my other committee members, Dr. Benjamin Hebblethwaite, Dr. Ratree Wayland, and Dr. Brent Henderson, for their valuable and insighful comments and suggestions. I am also grateful to scholars who have directly or indirectly contributed to or inspired my work in Northern Belize. These researchers include: Usha Lakshmanan, Ad Backus, Jacqueline Toribio, Mark Sebba, Pieter Muysken, Penelope Gardner- Chloros, and Naomi Lapidus Shin.