Lobster Cultivation in Indonesia and Vietnam: a Review

Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research

13(1): 12-20, 2021; Article no.AJFAR.69732 ISSN: 2582-3760

Lobster Cultivation in Indonesia and Vietnam: A Review

Mochhamad Ikhsan Cahya Utama1*, Ayi Yustiati2, Yuli Andriani2 and Rita Rostika2

1Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia. 2Fishery Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author Utama wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors AY, YA and RR managed the outline of the manuscript and managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/AJFAR/2021/v13i130255 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Vijai Krishna Das, Institute of Physical and Social Sciences, Sultanpur, India. Reviewers: (1) Yamini Tiwari, Vivekananda Global University, India. (2) Dung Viet LE, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Vietnam. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/69732

Received 15 April 2021 Review Article Accepted 21 June 2021 Published 26 June 2021

ABSTRACT

The development of spiny lobster (Panulirus sp.) cultivation is of particular concern as market demand continues to increase while capture fisheries production remains static and with little chance of increasing. Indonesia has a unique opportunity to build the largest lobster aquaculture industry in the world, based on the significant natural resources of the puerulus settlement. Cultivation of lobster in the country is one solution to maintain the availability of lobster seeds in the waters. The success of Vietnam's lobster industry has generated enormous interest in Indonesia, where is having so much potential for the lobster farming industry. Lobster cultivation activities consist of catching lobster puelurus, juvenile production, and lobster rearing. Vietnam, which has first started lobster cultivation activities, can certainly be an example for Indonesia in developing lobster in its own country. Several innovations that have been successfully developed in Vietnam, such as the process of catching using trawls or using fluorescent lights or cultivation activities using cages that are submerged with a depth of more than 10 m can certainly be examples for Indonesia to consider.

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*Corresponding author: Email: [email protected];

Utama et al.; AJFAR, 13(1): 12-20, 2021; Article no.AJFAR.69732

Keywords: Indonesia; lobster cultivation; Panulirus sp; Vietnam.

1. INTRODUCTION 2. LOBSTER CULTIVATION DEVELOP- MENT Indonesia has the potential for marine cultivation to reach 12,545,072 ha, while the current One of the efforts that can be done to accelerate utilization is around 117,449 ha [1]. The the development of lobster cultivation is to know cultured marine species include snapper, the cultivation techniques that have been carried grouper, brood fish, milkfish, seaweed, lobster, out and other aspects related to lobster and others. cultivation in countries where lobster cultivation is more developed. Lobster cultivation in Vietnam began in 1992 in Nha Trang City, Khanh Hoa The development of spiny lobster (Panulirus sp.) Province. In that year, lobster cultivation in cultivation is of particular concern as market floating net cages was only carried out by 5 demand continues to increase while capture families. There are 8 types of lobster found, but fisheries production remains static and with little only 3 of them are cultivated, namely pearl, sand, chance of increasing. Indonesia has a unique and batik lobsters. In 1993, lobster cultivation opportunity to build the largest lobster was carried out by 100 families and in 2003 it aquaculture industry in the world, based on the became 500 families. Each family carrying 10 significant natural resources of the puerulus cages that installed on 1 raft unit. The peak settlement [2]. These seed lobsters can be production of cultivated lobster in Vietnam caught and cultured to produce high-value reached 1,900 tons in 2006. consumption size lobsters.

The success of Vietnam's lobster industry has Cultivation of lobster in the country is one generated enormous interest in Indonesia, where solution to maintain the availability of lobster is having much potential for the lobster farming seeds in the waters. In addition to obtaining industry [9]. Interest in developing Spiny Lobster lobster for consumption purposes, lobster (Panulirus sp.) cultivation has grown rapidly in cultivation can also be used as a means for the last few decades [10]. Lobster hatchery restocking of the lobster’s broodstock [3]. technology commercially has achieved various Opportunities for lobster cultivation in the country concepts but has not been realized significantly. are very open due to the lack of aquaculture Commercial production of puerulus produced in activities in seawater, including lobster cultivation hatcheries could be implemented in the next few itself. This is certainly an opportunity that can be years [11]. utilized given the natural conditions in Indonesia itself that support the potential for lobster On the Indonesian island of Lombok, in the early cultivation. 2000s puerulus especially the Sand Lobster species (Panulirus homarus) were observed to Cultivation of lobster in floating net cages (KJA) settle naturally in seaweed and floating net cages in Indonesia began to develop in 2000 in the used for grouper culture [12]. Seaweed and fish waters of Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara cultivators recognized that these small lobsters Province [4,5]. At that time, many natural seeds have an opportunity, to give the high market were found attached to buoys and other value of lobsters [13,14]. They started looking for materials related to seaweed and grouper puerulus and developed a special method to cultivation [6,7], then the seeds were taken for catch and keep them in special cages for lobster growing culture activities in the KJA. According to rearing. By the mid-2000s, the method of Priyambodo and Jaya [8], in general, the capturing puerulus had changed to the one which seeds used in lobster rearing businesses in was used in Vietnam, and more than 600,000 Indonesia are caught from nature. Currently, were caught in 2008/2009 [15]. Over the lobster cultivation can be said to be following years, puerulus capture methods were underdeveloped due to the puelurus in refined, and although components of the Indonesian waters, which are exported legally or Vietnamese approach were applied such as the illegally because they are considered profitable. use of lights to attract puerulus, the puerulus The purpose of writing this review is to provide capture method in Lombok developed a unique information about lobster cultivation in Vietnam character such as “Krendet” that made from net and in Indonesia. or “Pocong” that made from net and cement

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paper [16]. By 2015, the capture of puerulus by managed through good grow-out cultivation methods developed in Lombok had extended to technology, so that it can provide much greater the entire southern coast of Java and Sumbawa. added value to the economy of coastal communities than only selling the caught seeds. According to Erlania et al.; [6], the availability of abundant lobster seeds in nature can be

Lobster Sales In A Consumption Size The Importance Of Maintaining The Lobster Cultivation Availability Of Lobster Seeds Restock The Lobster's Broodstock From Cultivation

Fig. 1. Flowchart of the importance of lobster cultivation

Fig. 2. Sand lobster (Panulirus homarus) [17]

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Cathing Juvenile Lobster Puelurus Lobster Production Cultivation

Fig. 3. Flowchart of the process of lobster cultivation

Fig. 4. Illustration of lobster net cage style in vietnam [10]

2.1 Lobster Species The most abundant species are sand lobster and pearl lobster. The first capture of puerulus was Lobster (Panulirus sp.) is a marine animal carried out in the southeastern part of Lombok belonging to the crustaceans with hard skin and Island where the natural conditions were incuded in arthropod group. It has five life stages sufficient to support fisheries. Stocks of adult starting from the egg sperm production process, lobsters in Lombok are rare because there are then the puelurus or larval stage, postlarvae, very few reef areas suitable for lobster habitats. juvenile, and adult. Lobsters are nocturnal In Lombok, more than 99% of puerulus caught animals that are active at night, during the day are sand lobster and pearl lobster species with preferring to stay in coral holes, and later at night the proportion of catches of these two species come out of hiding to find food around shallower changes every year [18]. Overall, sand lobster corals at high tide. Sea lobsters live in rocky and puerulus catches were the most abundant sandy areas of water. There are at least seven (between 65 and 85%), and pearl lobster species of lobster in Indonesia, namely the Sand between 15% and 35%. Recently, the catch of Lobster (Panulirus homarus), Batik Lobster puelurus lobster has spread to the southern (Panulirus longipes), Rock Lobster (Panulirus coast of Java and Sumbawa, where the penicillatus), Pakistani Lobster (Panulirus existence of lobster species is same as Lombok. polyphagus), Pearl Lobster (Panulirus ornatus), Bamboo Lobster (Panulirus versicolor), and Red Just like in Indonesia, Vietnam does not yet have Batik Lobster (Panulirus femoristriga). lobster hatchery technology that can support

For more details, here is the taxonomic order of lobster cultivation activities commercially, thus lobsters according to the ministry of marine and relying on the availability of lobster seeds in fisheries (KKP) [1] nature for their cultivation activities [19]. The types of lobster species in Vietnam are almost Kingdom : Animalia the same as in Indonesia as well as the Phylum : Arthropoda percentage of their existence so that only sand Subphylum : Crustacea lobster and pearl lobster are used for cultivation Class : Malacostraca [20]. However, both in Indonesia and in Vietnam, Order : Decapoda when lobster hatchery technology can support Family : Palinuridae commercial aquaculture activities, it is not Genus : Panulirus impossible that lobster cultivation activities no Species : Panulirus sp. longer rely on their availability in nature and can

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cultivate lobsters with species other than sand as to produce the most effective puerulus fishing lobster and pearl lobster. method currently used [22]. Methods Indonesia shares with Vietnam is the practice of 3. LOBSTER CULTIVATION ACTIVITIES intercepting puerulus as they swim; However, instead of using trawl nets, artificial habitats are Cultivation activities that rely on natural seed placed through the water column, where supplies do not only occur in lobsters. In the case puerulus settle. The development of the of spiny lobster farming, Vietnam has shown that Indonesian method is well described by Bahrawi aquaculture relying on wild seed supplies can be et al. [23,24], and the effectiveness of various successful and sustainable. Likewise in habitat materials and their positions for Indonesia, significant seed resources have been maximizing catch are detailed in the report of identified that can be used to build a lobster Priyambodo et al. [16,22,25]. rearing industry. In contrast to Vietnam where nets are actively Lobster Cultivation activities consist of catching deployed and released daily, the hatchery in lobster puelurus, juvenile production, and lobster Indonesia is anchored in place and only moved rearing. or released when the conditions are less favorable to be placed. One of the most 3.1 Catching Puerulus Lobster significant methods borrowed from the Vietnamese was the application of lights to seed In the early years, methods were developed to fishing gear, which was first implemented in 2013 catch juvenile lobsters, usually by creating a [26,27]. A fluorescent or incandescent lamp habitat where juvenile lobsters would settle. mounted above the frame resulted in significantly Small diameter holes are drilled into the rock and increased capture rates, possibly due to positive wooden posts, and this material is placed in phototaxis of the swimming puerulus. Indonesian shallow water along the shoreline. Fishermen will seed fishermen visit their fishing frames every periodically dive into this habitat and manually morning to remove each habitat panel and retrieve the juvenile lobsters that settle. This manually remove any deposited seeds hiding in method is gradually being replaced by catching habitat crevices. puerulus using various nets while actively swimming through coastal waters in search of Both in Vietnam and Indonesia, captured seeds suitable habitats. Catching the puerulus quickly are immediately placed into containers filled with proved to be more effective than catching fresh seawater, sometimes aerated. These juvenile lobsters, as puerulus numbers were containers are returned to the beach and are often much higher. Methods evolved and catch often sold to seed traders (middlemen) who then rates increased as shrewd fishermen began to move the seeds to shelters where they can be understand the oceanographic conditions that packaged for transport to farmers [28,29]. had the highest abundance. These conditions Storage facilities are usually tanks, with imperfect are characterized by coastal areas protected filter conditions. Seeds are most often graded by from large waves, in reservoirs often with fringing species and quality, and placed in a plastic sieve islands, moderate currents, where puerulus will that floats in the tank. Once sold, they are swim, and often near river mouths where turbidity counted and put in plastic bags with a capacity of increases. Nets set across currents will about 4-5 L, almost always by aeration and effectively intercept puerulus as they swim sometimes by oxygen injection. The plastic bag through the dark hours [15,21]. is then placed in a styrofoam box to be transported by road to the destination. In Although the Vietnamese lobster farming industry Vietnam, transport may be up to 1000 km from is well established today, the coastal the more northern fishing grounds to the central communities of Lombok are not aware of the and southern coasts where most aquaculture methods used by the Vietnamese. As a result, occurs. In Indonesia, seeds can be transported Indonesians developed their unique method of over short distances to adjacent farms, or more capturing seeds and continuing to grow them. It commonly to airports for export to Vietnam. was only in 2013, after a comparative study in Vietnam by a group of Indonesian cultivators, 3.2 Juvenile Production there were several methods resulting from the application of methods obtained from Vietnam Cultivation of lobster seeds to market size is and adapted to water conditions in Indonesia so carried out in two different stages, the juvenile

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production stage from puerulus to about 3 grams seabed. Cages placed on the seabed have a or larger, and then the cultivation stage to a layer of sand across the floor, while those suitable size for marketing to consumers. In installed at the bottom have a gap of about 0.5 m Vietnam, this phased approach is very different, from the seabed. and, in many cases, there are nursery growers who do only the nursery stage, selling seeds to Although factory-made feeds have been nursery growers who grow to market size. In formulated for lobsters, to date little has been Indonesia, where currently there is only farming available, and the diet for lobsters consists of for minimal market size, the difference between fresh seafood including shrimp, crab, fish, and the nursery and grow-out phases is less mollusks. Smaller lobsters tend to be fed twice a noticeable. As the lobster farming industry in day while larger lobsters are fed once a day. Indonesia develops and matures, it is hoped that There is daily cage cleaning of excessive bio- the same phased approach will emerge, fouling, uneaten food, and loose lobster shells. reflecting the different systems and methods Periodically, the cage nets are removed and used for each to achieve high survival and replaced with clean nets, and the used nets are growth rates. cleaned with a high-pressure hose. Lobster grading is applied to minimize size variation Because the seed lobsters are very small, about within the cage, and therefore rearing is often 12 mm long and <5 mm in diameter, the cages characterized by 3 phases between gradations, used to accommodate and maintain lobsters are from stocking at 50 g to 200 g, 200 g to 700 g, relatively small with small mesh sizes. In and 700 g to 1 kg. Vietnam, there has been considerable development of cage types and management 4. HEALTH AND DISEASE systems to achieve the greatest survival and growth rates for the young. Currently, two Diseases and health problems of farmed lobsters methods represent a large proportion of juvenile cause huge losses in lobster production. Lobster production in Vietnam. Underwater cages, disease in the lobster aquaculture industry in usually rectangular in shape, are placed on the both Indonesia and Vietnam has become a seabed in relatively shallow waters less than 5 significant problem. In recent years, the milky m. The cage is box-shaped, with steel bars with disease have received the most attention in a diameter of 10–15 mm covered with a shading lobster aquaculture. type net with a mesh size of less than 3 mm. The size of the cage varies from 1 m × 1 m × 1 m According to Priyambodo [30], the milky disease height to 3 m × 2 m × 2 m height. The box cage in Indonesia was confirmed in lobsters in the is equipped with a PVC pipe filling tube, 100 mm village of Telong Elong in eastern Lombok in in diameter and long enough to reach the 2012 with the Rickettsia-like bacteria. In Vietnam surface. Lobster seeds are placed in cages at the milky disease outbreak also occurred in 2012 densities between 50 and 100 per m2, and the with the same Rickettsia-like bacteria. Although cages are left on the seabed for the treatment lobsters that infected with the milky disease phase, usually 6–16 weeks. Fresh food is respond positively to antibiotic treatment, provided daily. At harvest, the cages are lifted to prevention is key to the long-term sustainability sea level into the boat and the young lobsters are of the industry. removed through the eyelets in the net. There are a number of precautions that can be 3.3 Lobster Cultivation taken to reduce the vulnerability of the disease and, if it is integrated, are likely to reduce the risk Vietnam's early production system consisted of of losses due to diseases and health problems to very simple fixed cages in shallow water, less a negliglible level. First, site selection is than 3 m deep. A rectangular grid net is important, then provide a much cleaner and supported within an outer frame made of roughly nutritionally complete diet, and increase carved wood or bamboo, 10–15 cm in diameter disease resistance, and effective cage and 4–5 m long, mounted on vertical posts maintenance benefits health management, embedded in the sediment. Each cage usually including daily cleaning of waste and uneaten has a mesh cover to provide shade, and the food from the cage, and periodically change the base is placed on top or suspended above the net cage [31].

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5. INNOVATION OF THE VIETNAM'S Some things that certainly still have to be LOBSTER CAGE-STYLE METHOD developed together are from the lobster hatchery sector regarding how to produce puelurus so as A more recently developed method consists of a not to have to rely on seeds from nature so that cage suspended in deeper water, usually more the sustainability of lobster can be maintained. than 10 m deep in water with the cage suspended about 5 m below the surface. These COMPETING INTERESTS cages are usually spherical in shape with a diameter of 1 m and a height of 0.8 m, the shape Authors have declared that no competing is maintained through a circle of steel bars interests exist. measuring 10–15 mm at the top and bottom for juvenile production. There is a central opening in REFERENCES the center of the top surface which is operated by a straw-like arrangement of holes. These cages 1. Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan 2 are usually stocked at 100 puerulus per m and (KKP). 2011. Kelautan dan Perikanan raised to the surface daily to inspect juveniles, dalam Angka Tahun 2011. Pusat Data remove uneaten food debris and provide fresh Statistik dan Informasi. Jakarta, 120 hlm food. While in the lobster rearing phase, the cage 2. Junaidi, M dan A Heriati. Pengembangan is suspended with a water depth of 10–30 m. The Budidaya Udang Karang dalam Karamba size of the cage varies depending on the size of Jaring Apung Di Teluk Ekas Provinsi Nusa the lobster stocked with the cage shaped like a Tenggara Barat. Dalam T. Arifin, Yulius, E. block. Mustikasari, A. Heriati dan M. Ramdhan. Bunga Rampai Iptek Sumber Daya Pesisir This method appears to favor the survival and Untuk Pengembangan Blue Economy di growth of juveniles to large sizes better than Pulau. IPB Press: 2017;111-124. submerged systems. The diet for both stages 3. Erlania IN. Radiarta dan K, Sugama. consisted of finely chopped fresh fish, Dinamika kelimpahan benih lobster crustaceans, and mollusks, with each farmer (panulirus spp.) di perairan teluk gerupuk, following the preferred combination. It is clear nusa tenggara barat: tantangan that the diet of crustaceans and mollusks favors pengembangan teknologi budidaya lobster. superior fish production, but this must be offset J. Ris. Akuakultur, 2014;9(3):475-486 by the higher costs of these ingredients. Fresh 4. Priyambodo B & Sarifin. (2009). Lobster trash fishes tend to be purchased daily from the aquaculture industry in eastern Indonesia: local fish market. Present status and prospects. In K. C. Williams (Ed.), Spiny lobster aquaculture in Survival and growth are variable, and the best the Asia-Pacific region. Proceedings of an operators can achieve survival of over 90% and international symposium held at Nha harvest sizes of around 3-5 g after 6 weeks, 10– Trang, Vietnam, 9–10 December, 2008. 30 g after 12 weeks and 30-50 g after 16 weeks Proceedings No. 132 (pp. 36–45). for further juvenile production until the Canberra: Australian Centre for consumption size. International Agricultural Research. 5. Priyambodo B & Jaya S (2009). Lobster 6. CONCLUSION aquaculture in Eastern Indonesia. Part 1. Methods evolve for fledgling industry, The success of Vietnam's lobster industry has Global Aquaculture Advocate (pp. 36–40). generated enormous interest in Indonesia. St Louis: Global Aquaculture Alliance. Vietnam, which has first started lobster 6. Groeneveld JC, Goni R & Diaz D (2013). cultivation activities, can certainly be an example Chapter 11. Panulirus species. In B. F. for Indonesia in developing lobster cultivation Phillips (Ed.), Lobsters biology, activities in its own country. Several innovations management, aquaculture and fisheries that have been successfully developed in (pp. 326–356). Oxford: Wiley. Hambrey, J., Vietnam, such as the process of catching using Tuan, L., & Thuong, T. (2001). Aquaculture trawls or using fluorescent lights or cultivation and poverty alleviation II. Cage culture in activities using cages that are submerged with a coastal waters of Vietnam. World depth of more than 10 m can certainly be Aquaculture, 34–38. examples that can be developed also in 7. Smith, G. (2017). A dream soon to become Indonesia. a reality? Sustainable farming of lobsters.

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