Figurative Language Found in Victor Hugo's Les Miserable

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FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE FOUND IN VICTOR HUGO’S LES MISERABLE NOVEL: A SEMANTICS APPROACH

Hotma Hutasoit S.Pd., M.Pd. Lecturer of School of Foreign Language Permata Harapan

Abstrak

Penelitian ini membahas terjadinya bahasa kiasan dalam karya Victor Hugo yang berjudul Les Miserable melalui pendekatan semantik. Tujuan skripsi ini adalah (1) untuk memahami bahasa kiasan perbandingan dan pertentangan yang di temukan dalam novel “Les Miserables” karya Victor Hugo,(2) untuk memahami bahasa kiasan hubungan yang di temukan dalam novel “Les Miserables” karya Victor Hugo, (3) untuk memahami bahasa kiasan perulangan yang di temukan dalam novel “Les Miserables” karya Victor Hugo. Peneliti didukung oleh teori Leech (1981) dalam semantik terutama untuk makna konotasi dan Dancygier dan Sweetser (2014), Keraf (1994) dan Cruse (2006) untuk bahasa kiasan. Metode kualitatif digunakan dalam penelitian ini dan penelitian pustaka sebagai teknik yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data. Peneliti mengambil 55 sampel dari bahasa kiasan dari novel. Bahasa kiasan perbandingan dan pertentangan yaitu 3 personifikasi, 6 metafora, 6 simile, 6 hiperbola, 2 litotes, and 5 paradox. Bahasa kiasan hubungan yaitu 1 metonimi, 6 sinekdot, 4 alusi, dan 1elipsis. Bahasa kiasan perulangan yaitu 2 pleonasme, 2 klimaks, 1 anti-klimaks, 6 retorika, dan 4 repetisi.Temuan dari penelitian ini adalah dari 55 sampel dari bahasa kiasan yang ditemukan dalam novel, peneliti menemukan yang paling banyak 28 bahasa kiasan yang terjadi pada majas perbandingan dan pertentangan, diikuti denagn 15 bahasa kiasan yang terjadi pada majas perulangan, dan yang paling sedikit 12 bahasa kiasan yang terjadi pada majas hubungan dari setiap kategori.

Kata Kunci: semantik, makna konotasi, bahasa kiasan

Introduction why the researcher take novel as proper media This research, researcher analyzed novel of to figure out figurative language too. Victor Hugo’s “Les Miserables” which consist of many languages learning about figurative Dancygier and Sweetser (2014:5) state that language. Figurative language can be found obviously one of the necessary abilities for from many media to be used as an abject. One reading novel is the ability to interpret figurative of the writing form which contains so many language. Every use of figurative language figurative language is novel.In analizing the involves a risk of misinterpretation, though the usage of figurative language, the researcher uses risk is well worth taking. For the reason who novel as a media. The reason of choosing novel can translate the figure, the dividends are as media because the researcher finds the gap immense. Fortunately all people have from previous study if they have analysed object imagination to some degree, and imagination from others media such as song lyric, poem, or can be cultivated by practicing one’s ability to movie and seldom to apply novel as their interpret figure of speech can be increased. research object.As many people read the novel just to entertain themselves only without The way to avoid misunderstanding when grasping any figurative language in it, that is reading or capturing the meaning in every written or spoken by using semantics approach.

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Semantics is the branch of linguistics which which is used by authors to deliver ideas, deals with meaning. Leech (1981: 9) states that thinking, and authors’ opinions forward semantics is central of the study and literature. By learning figurative language, the representation of the meaning of language purpose can be disseminated to reader is able to expressions, the study of human mind thought understand kinds of figurative language and processes, cognition, and conceptualization and capture the particular meaning by using the relationships of meaning among them. This semantics approach. It is good reference to statement is supported by another expert apply this figurative language in writing formal too,Griffiths. According to him letter with more quality and giving (2006:15),“Semantics is study of word meaning complimentary or satire to people politely. and sentence meaning, abstracted away from contexts of use, is a descriptive subject. It is an In Victor Hugo’s “Les Miserables” novel, there attempt to describe and understand the nature of are many figurative language can be found to be the knowledge about meaning in their language researched. The problems can be identified that people have from knowing the language.” It which are: comparative and contradictive, is not a prescriptive enterprise with an interest correlative, and repetitive figurative language in advising or pressuring speakers or writers found in Victor Hugo’s “Les Miserables”. The into abandoning some meanings and adopting researcher limited the problems that was taken others or though pedants can certainly benefit as comparative and contradictive, correlative, from studying the semantics of alanguage they and repetitive figurative language found in want to lay down rules about, to become clear Victor Hugo’s “Les Miserables”. The aims of on what aspects of conventional meaning they this research are to figure out comparative and dislike and which they favour. contradictive, correlative,and repetitive figurative language found in Victor Hugo’s Through semantics analysis, a related point is “Les Miserables”. that one can know a language perfectly well without knowing its history. When we think This research is expected to give many benefits about word meanings, definitions in dictionaries both theoretically and practically. Theoretically, quickly come to mind: we know that, if this research is expected to give description uncertain about a word’s meaning, we can look about what figurative language is and explain it up in a dictionary. This means that it is and identify figurative language in Victor important to be clear about the similarities and Hugo’s “Les Miserables” novel. Practically, this differences between the aspects of meaning that research will give some knowledge about interest linguists (Yule, 2010:120). figurative language like helping the readers who want to understand figurative language in Victor There are a number of ways in expressing ideas Hugo’s “Les Miserables”novel to avoid which deviate from semantic conventions misunderstanding in meaning, adding expressed through the use of figurative knowladge about figurative language when language. According to Dancygier and Sweetser analysing Victor Hugo’s “Les (2014:1) say that figurative language is thought Miserables”novel, and as references for further related to one aspect of what gives a text in researchers who want to research the same expressing the idea in particular language and a topic. poetic text-special esthetic value. Figurative language express of idea, opinion, or author’s Theoretical Mainframe thinking which is consist of syntax, that consist To support and describe the problem in this of words, clause to pass certain condition and research, the researcher uses the theory from situations. Then figurative language is language some scientist of languages, and those materials is used by authors to create certain effect. From as follow. In analyzing “Les Miserables” by some language experts above, the researcher can Victor Hugo, the researcher applies the concludes that figurative language is language semantics theory by Geoffrey Leech entitled

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Semantics, The Study of Meaning is published language. Dancygier and Sweetser(2014:2) note in 1981. This theory is proper to be analyzed as that meaning in semantics may change in form the athor concerns to expose conceptual and of figurative language such as assosiative meaning and the researher is metaphor,synecdoche, litotesand so on that can focusing to analyze associative meaning. To be fullyanalyzed independently of figurative convice and strenghten the main theory, the meaning. At this point, meaning does not researcher is also applying othres supporting merely come from lexis or lexeme and an entry theories such asNuessel, Alan Cruse, Nick found in dictionary but it is based on the cultural Riemer, Patrick Griffits and so on. and social use of language. In literary world, words are composed to give certain effect for Semantics reader in form of figurative language. Semantics is the study of meaning. The word semantics comes from Greek word, semantikos Figurative Language meaning ‘significant’, semainein meaning ‘to Figurative language is a way to reflect the show, signify’ or ‘indicated’ by sign, from sema characteristic of the novel and the way the meaning ‘sign’. Leech (1981: 9) states that researcher think. Figurative language used not semantics is the study and representation of the in usual literal sense but imaginative way. meaning of language expressions, the study of Therefore, figurative language is language that human mind and the relationships of meaning cannot be taken literally. Figurative language among them. According to Leech (1981: 22-34) refers to words, and groups of words, that there are seven types of classification of the exaggerate or alter the usual meanings of the semantic theory which are: conceptual and component words (Dancygier and Sweetser, connotative meaning. 2014:9). In other words, language cannot be taken literally. Language using figures of speech Conceptual meaning is sometimes called such as metaphor, personification, simile, denotative meaning or cognitive meaning. hyperbole, paradox, metonymy and irony, to According to Leech (1981: 22) “Conceptual form imagery is figurative language. It is used meaning (sometimes called ‘denotative’ or to increase shock, novelty, appearance, or cognitive meaning) is widely assume to be the illustrative consequences. central factor in linguistic communication.” It is the first meaning or usage which a word will Literal and figurative language is a distinction in suggest to most people when the word is said. traditional systems for analyzing language. The easiest way to know the conceptual Literal language refers to words that do not meaning is to find them in dictionary. deviate from their defined meaning found in Meanwhile, connotative meaning is the meaning entry in dictionary. Figurative language may come in association with something else. It is involve analogy to similar concepts or other also known as connotative meaning. According contexts, and may involve exaggerations. These to Leech (1981: 25),“Connotative meaning is alterations result in figures of speech. the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its Figurative Language is language using figures purely conceptual content.” It will be clear if we of speech (a way of saying one thing and are talking about connotation, we are in fact meaning another); in other words, language that talking about the real word experience. cannot be taken literally or should not be taken Someone associates with an expression when literally only.The statement above is someone uses and hears it. supportedby Keraf (2009: 125-145)states there are several figurative can be classified such as Connotations play a major role in the language personification, paradox, hyperbole, ellipsis, of literature, of politics, of advertising, and a and so on.Figurative language is a word or greeting card. One of the major uses of phrase that comes from everyday literal connotative meaning in literature is figurative language for the important of comparison,

ISSN 2339-1162 emphasis, clarity, or freshness. Metaphor and though they have characteristics of humanity. It simile are the two most commonly used figures is meant that inanimate things in this world are of speech, but things like Simile, metaphor, guessed as animate by give some attributes in metonymy, synecdoche, personification, them. People who read it guess it can do apostrophe, are all forms of figurative language. everything like human being.In some cases, the actual agent is personified (Dancygier and The statement of Dancygier and Sweetser Sweetser, 2014:63). Cruse (2006:106) states that regarding figurative language are also metaphor is a variety of analogy which compare strenghten by other authors. They are Nuessel, two things directly, but in short pattern and Cruse, Gibbs and Colston and Keraf. Nuessel defines metaphor.Metaphor involves arelation (2006: 232) notes that figurative language uses of resemblance or analogy, although this is words or expressions with a meaning that is notexplicitly stated.It means that between different from the literal interpretation. subject and object have same attributes to be Therefore, when a researcher uses literal compared. According to Dancygier and language, he or she is simply stating the facts as Sweetser (2014:137), “Simile could then be they are. Figurative language, in comparison, considered a variety of metaphor that involves uses exaggerations or alterations to make a amoreexplicit expression of comparison” The particular linguistic point. Figurative language majority of similes include the word like and as. is one which literally in compatible term, forces the readers to attend the connotation rather than According to Cruse (2006:80), hyperbole is “A to the denotation. figure of speech involving deliberate exaggerationfor rhetorical effect, to increase Gibbs and Colston (2012:51-52) also provide impact or to attractattention. Exaggeration may the understanding of figurative language as be negative or positive.” Cruse (2006:186) language which employs various figures of asserts that Litotes is figurative language that is speech. Some examples are metaphor, simile, used to state something which made it smaller antithesis, hyperbole and paradox. In general, from originalor or seriousness of something that figurative language is that kind of language is less than what is objectively the case, for which departs from the language employed in rhetorical effect. It is meant that people usually the traditional, literal ways of describing use it to make it simple. So that they are not persons or objects. Using figurative language is arrogant because they guess something making imaginative description in fresh ways. It invaluable although exactly is so valuable. is usually immediately obvious whether a Another figurative language is analyzed in this researcher is using figurative or literal. chapter is Paradox as Keraf states paradox is variety of figurative language which contains a Figurative Language consists of comparative, real contrast with a fact. It can be meant all of contradictive, relation and repetition figurative things that interest because of their truth. language. Comparative figurative language consists of personification, metaphor, and Correlative figurative languages consist of simile. Contradictive figurative language metonymy, synecdoche, ecliptics, and allusion. consists of hyperbole, litotes and paradox. Metonymy is adobted from Greece means ‘to Correlative figurative languages consist of show’ or ‘changes’. This figurative language metonymy, synecdoche, allusion and ellipsis. meaning can be shown by Keraf that states that Meanwhile repetition figurative language figurative language uses specific character or consists of pleonasm, climax, anti climax, name of thing that state another thing because it rhetoric and repetition. For clearer information, has the relation with it closely. Another thing look at these following explanation. can be name of person, something as pronoun, uses words and it shown in. Synecdoche is Personification is figure of speech in describing figurative language that use name of partial or unliving thing and doesn’t have soul but as representing entity or represent whole or

Jurnal Arbitrer, Vol. 3, No. 1, Edisi April 2016 opposeDancygier and Sweetser (2014: 100). (1978). The primary data is used in this analysis There are two types of synechdoche pars pro are Adelle’s song lyrics entitled “Make You toto, partial represent whole and totem pro Feel My Love, Rolling in the Deep, Set Fire to parte, whole represent partial. Allusion in the Rain and Turning Tables” taken from two figurative language is also found from Keraf Adelle’s albums entitled “19” dan statement as allusion is figurative language as ”21”.Secondary data is taken from a short reference that show indirectly forwards the biography of the author is sourced from the similarity of person or event that people have internet. This paper uses literature review and known together. observation method in this analysis. Figurative language is found including personification, Repetitive figurative languages consist of metaphor, synecdoche, hyperbole, allusions, pleonasm, climax and anti-climax, rhetoric, and paradoxically, symbols and metaphors. Based repetition. According to Cruse (2006:128), on contextual understanding of the overall song pleonasm is a type of semantic anomaly where lyrics tell about betrayal and the conflict in someaspect of meaning is felt to be romance. Approach to literary context in this unnecessarily duplicated.”It means figurative case is the form of a song lyric which is very language that uses words improperly to helpful to deepen and expand our knowledge of emphasize meaning of word. Climax in the literature. The researcher intends to focus of figurative language is adobted of periodic several of kinds of figurative language as the character. It is asserted by Keraf that Climax is result. figurative language that states something from small to great. Meanwhile, Anti-Climax is There are eight types of figurative languages opposite of Climax definition that Keraf states found in these song lyrics such as: as figurative language that states something personification, metaphor, synecdoche, from great to small that is quoted. In rhetorical hyperbole, allusion, paradox, symbols and question is only one assumsion refers to one metaphor. These kinds of figurative languages possible answer as Keraf states Rhetoric is are used by the researcher in order to make her figurative language in question that the answer creation in this case song lyrics look alive so we has known by questioner. Repetition is only can feel the condition that the researcher tries to described repetition in word, phrase, or clause show in that song lyric. The use of the as Keraf states repetition is figurative language contextual meaning in this study also opens up that uses repetition word to emphasize meaning. all the meanings and the purposes from song lyric.The words that firstly look complicated Review of Previous Research can be elaborated in the contextual meaning so Before the researcher doing her analysing, there that they can be better understood. Therefore, by are previous researches thatthe researcher found using the figurative languages and their to analyze about figurative language, they are: contextual meaning, the researcher wants to first is “The Analysis of Figurative Language in attract our attention and slowly leads us to the Adelle’s Song Lyrics” by Putu Ayu Retnayanthi theme. who has made paper about figurative language in song lyric. This paper entitled “The Analysis The second analysis is fromFiti Iryanti’s of Figurative Language in Adelle’s Song paperentitled “A Figurative Language Analysis Lyrics” which has two objectives, the first on Sylvia Plath Poems”. Her attention regarding knowsthe types of figurative language which is figurative language is intended to at taking found in song lyric, the second is to analyze and comprehensive understanding regarding the use describe the contextual understanding of the of figurative language within the three poems of figurative language used in song lyric. The first Sylvia Plath; “Mirror”, “Morning Song”, and theory uses theoretical of figurative language by “Metaphors” as the object of the research. The Knickerbokerand Reninger (1963)and then the method of te research is descriptive qualitative second is using the proposed theory by Halliday to depict about the content of the poems. In this

ISSN 2339-1162 research, the researcher analyzes the data where behaviour (Kothari,2004:5). It is called the figurative languages are analyzed for their qualitative one, since the collected data are in meaning in common sense and with the context the forms of sentence. The purpose of the usage of the poems. She also find that Plath uses many of qualitative methodology is to describe the varieties of figurative language theret are data. One of the charasteristics of qualitative metaphor, simile, personification, paradox, method is to see process we have to deal with synecdoche, symbol, and hyperbol. As the setting,that is the place where all things be conclusion, the researcher finds that Sylvia researched are focused. The research object in Plath has used figurative language to make an this research is Victor Hugo’s “Les Miserables” effect in the poems. There are seven lines that novel contain figurative language in “Mirror”, there are seven lines that contain figurative language The research object in this research is Victor in “Morning Song”, and there are eleven lines Hugo’s “Les Miserables” novel. “Les that contain figurative language in “Metaphors”. Miserables” is one of Victor Hugo's masterpiece which was first published in 1862 and the The third research is from Kholifah Rosyida reserarcher used edition 1887 that consist of Oviyanti is entitled “The Using of Figurative 1687 pages. Victor Hugo is a Fench poet, Language in Confession of a Shopaholic novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic Movie”. In her paper,the researcher states the movement. He is considered one of the greatest purposes of this research are to find out the and best known French writer. The novel in types of figurative languages used in the movie edition 1887 is divided into five pieces and this and to find out the messages conveyed in the volume explores about love story combined movie. The methodology of this study is with the French social criticism in his time. It qualitative descriptive study; it does not need depicts Jean Valjean, an ex-convict, was a major statistic approach to analysis the material. In figure in the whole story of the contents of this this analysis, the researcher explains about the novel. He who had to be languishing in jail for using of figurative language in “The Using of 20 years because of a verytrivial errors. The Figurative Language in Confession of a reseracher analyzed the types of figurative Shopaholic Movie”. Qualitative research is a language found in this novel into three search of which the data written or oral words categories which are comparative and are descriptively analyzed. contradictive, correlative and repetitive figurative language by using connotative The result of this study is that are some of meaning. figurative languages used in the dialogue of the movie. From the analysis, it can be concluded There are many techniques in collecting data. In that there are metaphor, simile, hyperbole, this research, as the realization of participants’ personification, paradox, metonymy and irony. observation as what qualitative research This movie has many connotation meaning suggests. This research used Library research. based on the data analysis. After analyzing the According to Kothari (2004: 7), library research data, it appears that the use of figurative is a technique of collecting data in a research language in “The Using of Figurative Language which used the method of analysis of historical in Confession of a Shopaholic Movie” is records and documents, through the technique regarded as an instrument by the author to include recording of notes, content analysis, or convey their ideas in the movie dialogue. even statistical compilations and manipulations, reference and abstract guides and content Research Method analysis. In this analysis, the instument is the The researcher follows the methodology of researcher herself in collecting the data by qualitative approach. This method is based on reading and clasifying the figurative language in the data which are words and not about the each categories. number to exprress attitudes, opinions, and

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This technique is used to get data relating to researcher applied supporting theory from figurative languages in Victor Hugo’s “Les Indonesian book to analize figurative language Miserables” novel by elaborate the steps. The and translated to English version by first is looking for Victor Hugo’s “Les paraphrasing the meaning. The supporting book Miserables” novel by downloading the e-book as this reference is Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa by through website. Then, the researcher read the Gorys Keraf. novel every single words for several times by highlighting or marking figurative language in According to Sudaryanto (2015:241) there are novel. Thirdly, the researcher wrote the pointed two methods of presenting the result of analysis, sentences, deciding which figurative languages formal and informal method. Formal method is in Victor Hugo’s “Les Miserables” novel. the researcher presents the result of data Lastly, the researcher described and gave analysis is by using symbol, signs, table and reasons about figurative languages that were diagram. While informal method is the taken. researcher presents the data analysis result by using words or sentences without symbol, signs, Method of analyzing data according to table, and diagram. In this research, the Sudaryanto can be classified into five which are researcher presents the data analysis result by Referential Identity Method, Articulatory using informal presentation method. The Identity Method, Translational Identity Method, researcher chooses them because the researcher Orthographical Identity Method, and Pragmatic in presenting the data analysis result uses the Identity Methodis called as Padan method sentences to explain clearly. (Sudaryanto, 2015:18). The method of analyzing data that is used in this research is Analysis and Discussion referential and translationalidentity method. The researcher found all of figurative languages Referential identity method is research method listed in section theoretical mainframe. Analysis which its determiner device is outside of conducted is divided into three categories of language, apart from and does not become part figurative language, the first is comparative and of the language which researched in desribing contradictive figurative language, the second is the reference is reffered to of language correlative figurative language, and the third is (Sudaryanto, 2015:15). Meanwhile, translational repetitive figurative language. All of figurative identity method isa method used to analyze the language is analyzed by using connotative translation of one language into another meaning. language (Sudaryanto, 2015:15) . Comparative and Contradictive figurative The researcher used referential identity method language found in Victor Hugo’s “Les to analyze type of figurative language because Miserables” in analyzing the figurative language, the In this category, comparative and contradictive researcher refers to theory in chapter two and figurative languages consist of personification, chapter three as references. The researcher metaphor, simile, hyperbol, litotes, and paradox. analyzes the data by classifying the type of Personification is figure of speech in describing figurative language based on theory of unliving thing and doesn’t have soul but as Sudaryanto. Then the theory is mentioned in though they have characteristics of humanity. theoritical framework by Geoffrey Leech This figurative language found in “Les (1981), the data is analyzed to explain the types Miserables” is shown as The waves toss him ... of figurative language in Victor Hugo’s “Les the cowardly ocean attacks him furiously... (pg. Miserables” novel into three categories which 119), a silence which engulfed his voice. (pg. are comparative and contradictive, correlative 137), The sun was setting, and had almost and repetitive figurative language by using touched the horizon... (pg.53). connotative meaning. The researcher used translational identity method because the

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Personification is used to give meaning of wind to disarrange the fold of the Alps. (pg. giving a voice to things that do not have one, 162), He wept burning tears, (pg. 142), And but need one. In basic definition, personification there are a thousand little cares. (pg. 202), is the attribution of human characteristics to Winter changes ... the heart of man into a inanimate objects. The objects can be anything stone. (pg. 220), ..feeble cries of a flock of birds the researcher sees around them, the sun is ... was traversing the heavens at an immense given animate quality because it can touch the height. (pg. 135), horizon. The ability of personification comes with the tightening of reality and the rise of the Litotes is figurative language that is used to imaginary. The effect may seem fictitious, but a state something which made it smaller from more abstract look at the object being original or or seriousness of something that is personified tells us how it exists as a whole. The less than what is objectively the case. This use of personification in the novel is to help us figurative language was found in “Les understand what we did not know earlier. Miserables” in “For pity’s sake, a glass of water ,” said the man (pg. 87), I say to you, Metaphor is a variety of analogy which compare who are passing by, that you are much more at two things directly, but in short pattern and home here than I am myself. Everything here is defines metaphor. This figurative language yours. (pg. 99). found in “Les Miserables” is shown such as Poverty and coquetry are two fatal counselors; Paradox is variety of figurative language which one scolds and the other flatters,.. (pg. 150), contains a real contrast with a fact. It can be She is a phantom possessed of the form of a meant all of things that interest because of their nymph and the modesty of a nun,.. (pg. 168), truth. This figurative language was found in The world is a great diamond! (pg. 169) She is “Les Miserables” in His brain was going there. One overflows with serenity, with gayety, through one of those violent and yet perfectly with ecstasy; one is a radiance amid the night. calm moments in which revery is so profound (pg. 202), This man was almost a monster (pg. that it absorbs reality. (pg. 142), Poverty and 51),She was called the Lark in the coquetry are two fatal counselors; one scolds neighborhood. (pg. 191) and the other flatters,.. (pg. 150), Though so near to his end, he preseved all the gestures of Simile is considered a variety of metaphor that health (pg.55), He did not study plants; he involves amoreexplicit expression of loved flowers (pg. 30), ...this superintendent, a comparison by indicating word ‘as’ and ‘like’. truly respectable person, firm, equitable, This figurative language was found in “Les upright, full of the charity which consists in Miserables” in Monsieur to a convict is like a giving, but not having in the same degree that glass of water , The children dispersed like a charity which consists in understanding and in flock of birds. (pg. 85), ...the ragged brats ran forgiving. (pg. 217), joyously after him, and surrounded him like a swarm of gnats. (pg. 199), His glance was like Correlative figurative language found in a gimlet, cold and piercing. (pg. 207), ...it Victor Hugo’s “Les Miserables” flowed about her like floss silk (pg.219), ... he In this category, correlative figurative languages sobbed with more weakness than a woman, consist of metonymy, synecdoche, allusion, and with more fright than a child. (pg. 142). ellipsis. Metonymy is figurative language uses specific character or name of thing that state Hyperbol is a figure of speech involving another thing because it has the relation with it deliberate exaggerationfor rhetorical effect, to closely. Another thing can be name of person, increase impact or to attractattention.This something as pronoun. This figurative language figurative language was found in “Les was found in “Les Miserables” in M. Myriel was Miserables” in .. it was enough to rend your the son of a councilor of the Parliament of heart.” (pg. 186), ... that slender chest enough Aix;… (pg. 13).

Jurnal Arbitrer, Vol. 3, No. 1, Edisi April 2016

language found in “Les Miserables” is shown by Synecdoche is figurative language that use data below: Fantine had been at the factory for name of partial or representing entity or more than a year, when, one morning, the represent whole or oppose. This figurative superintendent of the workroom handed her fifty language found in “Les Miserables” is shown by franc from the mayor,.. (pg. 216), data below: The only sound was the tiny, feeble cries of a flock of birds of passage, which was traversing the heavens at an immense height. Repetitive Figurative Language Found in (pg. 135), ... all the tongues of water dash over Victor Hugo’s “Les Miserables” his head; (pg. 119), The Bishop remained silent In this category, repetitive figurative languages for a moment; then he raised his graves eyes,… consist of pleonasm, climax, anti climax, (pg. 130), He turned his head and saw a little rhetoric, and repetition. Pleonasm is Savoyard,… (pg. 134), The collegians, figurative language that uses words improperly decorated on the collar with a golden fleur-de- to emphasize meaning of word. This figurative lys, fought each other apropos of the King of language found in “Les Miserables” is shown by Rome. (pg. 147), The quarrel over the valley of data below: After a pause, the old man raised a Dappes was begun between Switzerland and finger heavenward and said:-(pg. 62) and This France by a memoir from Captain, afterwards man was almost a monster (pg. 51). General Dufour. (pg. 148), Climax is figurative language that states Allusion is figurative language as reference that something from small to great. This figurative show indirectly forwards the similarity of language found in “Les Miserables” is shown by person or event that people have known data below: One of the four was called the together. This figurative language found in “Les young, because she was the youngest of them, Miserables” is shown by data below: Since this and one was called the old; the old one was sort of details might, particularly at the present twenty three. (pg. 150), There are paper mills, moment, and to use an expression now in tanneries, distilleries, oil factories, watch fashion, give to the Bishop of D- a certain factories on a large scale, steel mills, copper “pantheistical” physiognomy,… (pg. 75), ... works, twenty iron foundries at least, four of Monsieur to a convict is like a glass of water to which, situated at Lods, at Chatillon, at one of the shipwrecked of the Medusa, She is a Audincaourt, and at Beure, are tolerably large. phantom possessed of the form of a nymph and (pg. 101). the modesty of a nun,.. (pg. 168), The collegians, decorated on the collar with a Anti-Climaxis is figurative language that states golden fleur-de-lys, fought each other apropos something fromgreat to small.This figurative of the King of Rome. (pg. 147). language found in “Les Miserables” is shown by data below: There were seated and grouped, on Allusion is a figurative language, in which one the particular evening, in exquisite refers covertly or indirectly to an object or interlacement, two little girls; one about two circumstance from an external context. It is left years and a half old, the other, eighteen to the audience to make the connection; where months;… (pg. 178) the connection is directly and explicitly stated (as opposed to indirectly implied) by the author, Rhetoric is figurative language in question that an allusion is instead usually termed a reference. the answer has known by questioner. This figurative language found in “Les Miserables” Ellipsis is figurative language that eliminates is shown by data below: What am I ? A little word or part of sentence which is easy to be dust collected in an organism. (pg. 46), Does understood by missing part of sentence, so that human nature thus change utterly and from top the grammatical structural or their sentences to bottom? (pg. 113), “Inexorable;yes,” said the contain the valid pattern. This figurative Bishop. “What think you of Marat clapping his

ISSN 2339-1162 hands at the guillotine?” (pg.60), Where is figurative language found in Victor Hugo’s God? (pg. 120),What was evident was, that he “Les Miserables” are pleonasm 2 occurrences, was touched and astounded. But wat was the climax 2 occurrences, anti-climax 1occurrence, nature of this emotion? His eye never quitted rhetoric 6 occurrences, and repetition 4 the old man. (pg. 128), I have money-savings. occurrences. Comparative and contradictive One hundred and nine francs fifteen sous, which figurative language are the most frequently I earned in the galleys by my labor, in the occurred with 28 occurences, followed by course of nineteen years. I will pay. What is repetitive figurative language with 15 that to me?, occurences, and the least is correlative figurative language with 12 occurences in each Repetition is figurative language that uses categories. repetition word to emphasize meaning. This figurative language found in “Les Miserables” Suggestion is shown by data below: A pretty woman is a Victor Hugo’s “Les Miserable” is a large corpus casus belli; a pretty woman is flagrant for linguistc research, especially in dealing with misdemeanor. (pg. 168), Let us say it simply, it figurative language. This research is was not he who stole; it was not the man; it was recommended for those who are learning the beast, who, by habit and instinct, had simply figurative language to be challenging because placed his foot upon that money (pg. 140), the reader can study about figurative language There are poor people! There are poor people! in novel, they know about definition and (pg.65), Winter: no warmth, no light, no explanation about each figurative language, and noonday, the evening joining on to the morning, they can identity figurative language easier by fogs, twilight; the window is grey; it is doing researcher’s instruction. impossible to see clearly at it. (pg. 220), The researcher also suggests further research Finding with the same topic but with some researcher In this chapter, the researcher would conclude colaborated to discover more figurative the research performed. To answer the languages in the novel. formulated question in chapter one, the researcher concludesthat from 55 data, the researcher found 55 occurence of figurative languages too. The researcher finds types of figurative languages listed in chapter two into three categories are comparative and contradictive figurative language, correlative figurative language, and repetitive figurative language.

To answer the formulated question in chapter 1, the researcher concludes comparative and contradictive figurative language found in Victor Hugo’s “Les Miserables” are personification 3 occurrences, metaphor 6 occurrences, simile 6 occurrences, hyperbole 6 occurrences, litotes 2 occurrences, and paradox 5 occurrences. Correlative figurative language found in Victor Hugo’s “Les Miserables” are metonymy 1 occurrence , synechdoche 6occurrences, allusion 4 occurrences, and ellipsis 1 occurrence. The last, repetitive