Diachronic Generative Syntax Conference
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
II Levels of Language
II Levels of language 1 Phonetics and phonology 1.1 Characterising articulations 1.1.1 Consonants 1.1.2 Vowels 1.2 Phonotactics 1.3 Syllable structure 1.4 Prosody 1.5 Writing and sound 2 Morphology 2.1 Word, morpheme and allomorph 2.1.1 Various types of morphemes 2.2 Word classes 2.3 Inflectional morphology 2.3.1 Other types of inflection 2.3.2 Status of inflectional morphology 2.4 Derivational morphology 2.4.1 Types of word formation 2.4.2 Further issues in word formation 2.4.3 The mixed lexicon 2.4.4 Phonological processes in word formation 3 Lexicology 3.1 Awareness of the lexicon 3.2 Terms and distinctions 3.3 Word fields 3.4 Lexicological processes in English 3.5 Questions of style 4 Syntax 4.1 The nature of linguistic theory 4.2 Why analyse sentence structure? 4.2.1 Acquisition of syntax 4.2.2 Sentence production 4.3 The structure of clauses and sentences 4.3.1 Form and function 4.3.2 Arguments and complements 4.3.3 Thematic roles in sentences 4.3.4 Traces 4.3.5 Empty categories 4.3.6 Similarities in patterning Raymond Hickey Levels of language Page 2 of 115 4.4 Sentence analysis 4.4.1 Phrase structure grammar 4.4.2 The concept of ‘generation’ 4.4.3 Surface ambiguity 4.4.4 Impossible sentences 4.5 The study of syntax 4.5.1 The early model of generative grammar 4.5.2 The standard theory 4.5.3 EST and REST 4.5.4 X-bar theory 4.5.5 Government and binding theory 4.5.6 Universal grammar 4.5.7 Modular organisation of language 4.5.8 The minimalist program 5 Semantics 5.1 The meaning of ‘meaning’ 5.1.1 Presupposition and entailment 5.2 -
History of the Portuguese Music: an Overview
HISTORY OF THE PORTUGUESE MUSIC: AN OVERVIEW Rui César Vilão Physics Department, University of Coimbra, PORTUGAL Abstract A brief overview of the history of the Portuguese music is given. In memoriam José Carlos Travassos Cortez 1. PREVIOUS REMARKS Presenting a communication on such a vast field as the subject of this work is usually a task for specialists. Only these are able to smoothly draw a global and coherent picture of their field of study. So, if you are not a specialist (even if you have a deep interest for the field) and you occupy your days working in an entirely different subject (say the physics of muonium states in semiconductors), you are surely in trouble! There are two possible solutions for this dilemma: a) ask a specialist and b) do it à la Newton (even if you're not one), climbing in the shoulders of giants. The mountaineering option was adopted here, and four giants helped me in viewing higher: Rui Vieira Nery and Paulo Ferreira de Castro with their História da Música [1], João de Freitas Branco with his História da Música Portuguesa [2] and José Carlos Travassos Cortez with his passioned and illuminating lessons on the history of Portuguese music that I was lucky to attend in the Conservatório de Musica de Coimbra [3]. I am very pleased to dedicate this work to his memory. Apart from Refs. [1-3], which are available in Portuguese only, all the other references are relative to introductory notes of compact-discs and are generally available in English as well. Of course these discographic indications are not extensive, but I believe they constitute a basis (surely not the only one!) for a good start in Portuguese-specialized melomania. -
The Portuguese Art of War in Northern Morocco During the 15 Century
Athens Journal of History - Volume 3, Issue 4 – Pages 321-336 The Portuguese Art of War in Northern Morocco during the 15th Century By Vitor Luís Gaspar Rodrigues This paper not only reviews the motives underlying the Portuguese expansionist project in Morocco in the 15th century, but also the political, economic, and particularly the social reasons that were in the basis of the Portuguese art of war in Morocco in that period. During the Iberian Reconquest (Reconquista), warfare was usually practiced by means of cavalcades, raids (razias) and ambushes, alongside with some siege actions. We will try to demonstrate that the Portuguese were forced to adopt a model of restricted territorial occupation and repeat the same technics and tactics of combat in Morocco, chiefly based on guerrilla war (guerra guerreada), as well as on siege and privateering actions, either offshore or onshore, by means of amphibian landings (saltos). We will also approach some of the changes that occurred in the defence systems of the Portuguese strongholds in North Africa, particularly at the turn of the 15th to the 16th centuries, as a result of the need to respond to the new challenges by the Moroccan armies equipped with fire weaponry. Keywords: Guerrilla war; maritime war; Northern Morocco; strongholds; siege war; fire weaponry. Portuguese Expansion in Morocco in the 15th Century: Main Causes The expansion project to Morocco by the Christian kingdoms from Iberia goes back to late 13th century, as attested by the Treaty of Soria, of 1291, signed by the monarchs of Castile and Aragon, which defined the areas to be occupied in the future by both kingdoms in North Africa, leaving the territorial stripe in the west of Ceuta to Portugal. -
Equative Constructions in World-Wide Perspective
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ZENODO 1 Equative constructions in world-wide perspective Martin Haspelmath & the Leipzig Equative Constructions Team1 Abstract: In this paper, we report on a world-wide study of equative constructions (‘A is as big as B’) in a convenience sample of 119 languages. From earlier work, it has been known that European languages often have equative constructions based on adverbial relative pronouns that otherwise express degree or manner (‘how’, ‘as’), but we find that this type is rare outside Europe. We divide the constructions that we found into six primary types, four of which have closely corresponding types of comparative constructions (‘A is bigger than B’). An equative construction often consists of five components: a comparee (‘A’), a degree-marker (‘as’), a parameter (‘is big’), a standard-marker (‘as’), and a standard (‘B’). Most frequently, the parameter is the main predicate and the equative sense is expressed by a special standard-marker. But many languages also have a degree-marker, so that we get a construction of the English and French type. Another possibility is for the equality sense to be expressed by a transitive ‘equal’ (or ‘reach’) verb, which may be the main predicate or a secondary predicate. And finally, since the equative construction is semantically symmetrical, it is also possible to “unify” the parameter and the standard in the subject position (‘A and B are equally tall’, or ‘A and B are equal in height’). But no language has only a degree-marker, leaving the standard unmarked. -
Theme’ in English: Their Syntax, Semantics and Discourse Functions
The Many Types of ‘Theme’ in English: their Syntax, Semantics and Discourse Functions Robin P. Fawcett The Many Types of ‘Theme’ in English: their Syntax, Semantics and Discourse Functions Robin P. Fawcett Emeritus Professor of Linguistics Cardiff University This book is being worked on, intermittently, so please forgive any inconsistencies of numbering, etc. I would be very grateful if you felt able to send me your comments and suggestions for improvements, including improvements in clarity. However, plans for publishing this work in this form in the near future have been shelved, as a result of the decision to focus on three other books: Fawcett forthcoming 2009a, forthcoming 2009b and forthcoming 2010 (for which see the References). The last of these will include material from the descriptive portion of the present work. I still intend to bring this work up to book- publishing standard at some point in the near future. Meanwhile I am happy for it to be used and cited, if you wish. CHANGES TO BE MADE Networks derived from Figure 2 will be added at appropriate points throughout. The figure numbers will be changed to start anew for each chapter. Notes comparing this approach with the networks in Halliday and Matthiessen 2004 and Thompson 2004 will be added (noting Thompson’s use of our term ‘enhanced’). Other possible changes (marked by XXX) will be considered. Perhaps I shall add the ‘fact’ that the word beginning with ‘t’ that was looked up most frequently on dictionary.com in 2005 was ‘theme’! Contents Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 Three -
The Origin of the Celtic Comparative Type Oir Tressa, MW
170 R. Schmitt 16: offenbar noch nicht erschienen 14. 17: Het'owm Patmic', Patmowt'iwn T'at'arac' [Hethum der Histori ker Geschichte der Tataren] / Getum Patmic, Istorija Tatar / Hetum Patmich, History of Tatars, 4°, 1981, [Vlj, 704 S. (T: Ven~tik 1842; ]3: The Origin of the Celtic Comparative Type Olr. tressa, Bambis Asoti Eganyan; 642-691 Wortliste, Namen und Datlerungen em MW Jrech 'stronger' scblieBend; 692-702 Namenliste). 18/1-2: Step'anos Taronec'i Asolik, Patmowt'iwn Tiezerakan [Stepha The comparison of adjectives in Celtic presents many interesting fea nos von Taraun Asolik, Universalgeschichte] / Stepanos TaroneCl AsohIi<, tures 1, Some of these are structural and grammatical, such as the restric Obscaja Istorija / Stepanos Taronetsi Asoghik, General History, 8', 1: tion of the comparative to predicative position and the introdnction of a A-E, 1987 15, [IV], 707 S.; 2: m:-M, 1987 15 , [IV], 683 S. (T: S. Peterburg fourth degree of comparison, the equative, beside the usual positive, 1885; B: Valarsak Arzowmani K 'osyan; I 658-666, II 638-645 Namenhste; comparative and superlative. But there are purely formal peculiarities as 1667-706, II 646--682 Wortliste)15. well. Irregularly compared adjectives are synchronically very conspicuous 19/1-2: Frik, Banastelcowt'yownner [Frik, Gedichte] / Frik, Stihotvo in Old Irish and Middle Welsh, and many of the individual irregularities renija / Frik, Poems, 8°,1: A-K, 1986, [IV], 598 S.; 2: H-F, 1987,482 S. that they display are also puzzling from a diachronic point of view. A case (T: Erevan 1941; B: DSxowhi Sowreni Movsisyan; R: Alek'sandr S~mom in point is the Old Irish comparative ending in -a, the origin of which has Margaryan; I 563, II 449 Namenliste; I 564-597, II 450-481 Worthste). -
CLIPP Christiani Lehmanni Inedita, Publicanda, Publicata Pleonasm and Hypercharacterization
CLIPP Christiani Lehmanni inedita, publicanda, publicata titulus Pleonasm and hypercharacterization huius textus situs retis mundialis http://www.uni-erfurt.de/ sprachwissenschaft/personal/lehmann/CL_Publ/ Hypercharacterization.pdf dies manuscripti postremum modificati 23.02.2006 occasio orationis habitae 11. Internationale Morphologietagung Wien, 14.-17.02.2004 volumen publicationem continens Booij, Geert E. & van Marle, Jaap (eds.), Yearbook of Morphology 2005. Heidelberg: Springer annus publicationis 2005 paginae 119-154 Pleonasm and hypercharacterization Christian Lehmann University of Erfurt Abstract Hypercharacterization is understood as pleonasm at the level of grammar. A scale of strength of pleonasm is set up by the criteria of entailment, usualness and contrast. Hy- percharacterized constructions in the areas of syntax, inflection and derivation are ana- lyzed by these criteria. The theoretical basis of a satisfactory account is sought in a holis- tic, rather than analytic, approach to linguistic structure, where an operator-operand struc- ture is formed by considering the nature of the result, not of the operand. Data are drawn from German, English and a couple of other languages. The most thorough in a number of more or less sketchy case studies is concerned with German abstract nouns derived in -ierung (section 3.3.1). This process is currently so productive that it is also used to hy- percharacterize nouns that are already marked as nominalizations. 1 1. Introduction Hypercharacterization 2 (German Übercharakterisierung) may be introduced per ostensionem: it is visible in expressions such as those of the second column of T1. T1. Stock examples of hypercharacterization language hypercharacterized basic surplus element German der einzigste ‘the most only’ der einzige ‘the only’ superlative suffix –st Old English children , brethren childer , brether plural suffix –en While it is easy, with the help of such examples, to understand the term and get a feeling for the concept ‘hypercharacterization’, a precise definition is not so easy. -
The Meaning of German Wie in Equative Comparison (Follow-Up of the Project Expressing Similarity, UM 100/1-1)
Beschreibung des Vorhabens / Project Description The meaning of German wie in equative comparison (follow-up of the project Expressing similarity, UM 100/1-1) Carla Umbach Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ZAS), Berlin Institut für deutsche Sprache und Literatur (ISDL I), Universität Köln Februar 2016 1 State of the art and preliminary work1 Introduction The topic of this proposal is the meaning of German wie in equative comparison including scalar as well as non-scalar cases, cf. (1). The semantics of equatives has up to now been studied nearly exclusively from the perspective of the comparative, excluding non-scalar equatives from the analysis. Moreover, the semantics of equatives has been studied nearly exclusively from the perspective of English, which does not suggest a uniform analysis of scalar and non-scalar cases due to their different forms. In German, both scalar and non-scalar equatives are based on wie-clauses thus calling for a uniform analysis. (1) a. Anna ist so groß wie Berta. 'Anna is as tall as Berta.' b. Anna hat so eine Tasse wie Berta. 'Anna has a mug like Berta's. c. Anna hat so getanzt wie Berta. 'Anna danced like Berta.' In this project, a generalized account of German equatives will be developed including scalar as well as non-scalar cases. The core piece of this account is (i) the idea that equatives express similarity, that is, indistinguishability with respect to a given set of features and (ii) that this results from the meaning of the standard marker wie, which is not semantically empty (as assumed in standard degree semantics) but has a meaning of its own. -
Linguateca's Infrastructure for Portuguese and How It Allows
J. B. Johannessen (ed.), Language Variation Infrastructure, Oslo Studies in Language 3(2), 2011. 113–128. (ISSN 1890-9639) http://www.journals.uio.no/osla linguateca’s infrastructure for portuguese and how it allows the detailed study of language varieties DIANASANTOS SINTEF, Oslo & FCCN, Lisboa abstract In this paper I present briefly Linguateca, an infrastructure project for Por- tuguese which is over ten years old, showing how it provides several possi- bilities to study grammatical and semantic differences between varieties of the language. After a short history of Portuguese corpus linguistics, presenting the main projects in the area, I discuss in some detail the AC/DC project1 and what is called the AC/DC cluster (encompassing other related corpus projects shar- ing the same core). Emphasizing its potential for language variation stud- ies, the paper also (i) describes CONDIVport’s integration as an impetus for new capabilities, and (ii) provides a sketch of newly added functionalities to AC/DC. [1] an infrastructure for portuguese language technology In line with the main audience of the Linguateca project, there have already been several descriptions of Linguateca as an infra-structure for Portuguese, in Por- tuguese (Santos 2009), as well as substantial reporting2. However, an interna- tional audience has only seen traces and scattered references so far, so this paper intends to fill this gap in what corpus resources are concerned. It all started in 1998, with a small project (1998-1999) for preparing the future of the computational processing of the Portuguese language hosted by SINTEF, as an area to be taken specially good care of in the future science and technol- ogy programme (for the White book on Science and Technology created by the then Ministry of Science and Technology in Portugal), and wrote a small memo to be discussed publicly by all interested parties (Santos 1999a). -
Orientalism Reconsidered 'If the World Were a Golden Ring, Hormuz
Iranian Studies, vol. 50 / 2017 Ghoncheh Tazmini The Persian-Portuguese Encounter in Hormuz: Orientalism Reconsidered ‘If the world were a golden ring, Hormuz would be the jewel in it’1 Abstract In 2015, the quincentennial commemoration of the Portuguese arrival on the island of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf (1515-1622) revealed the underlying presupposition among Iranians that the Portuguese presence on the island was the harbinger of a long-term pattern of Western imperialism. This analysis questions the accuracy of this narrative by advancing a new interpretative framework that does not reduce the holding of Hormuz to simply another dark episode of European colonial history. Circumscribed and limited in aim and reach, Lusitanian activities on Hormuz cannot be brought under the generic rubric of “Orientalism”, which is embedded in European colonial tradition, and which by extension, buttresses Iranian nationalist sentiment about the Persian-Portuguese entanglement. My research demonstrates that Portuguese objectives diverged from the 18th and 19th century rationalist scientific traditions of the British, French and Germans professing a civilising mission as a rationale for colonial policies. Whereas the Portuguese operated from a worldview that combined profit, dynastic pride, and religious rhetoric the Portuguese mission to Hormuz was not guided by a grand discourse of civilising the “other”. While there was a complex interplay of commercial interests and brutal methods on this strategic êntrepot, Portuguese ambitions in Hormuz were confined -
O'zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Va O'rta Maxsus Tahlim
O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O’RTA MAXSUS TAHLIM VAZIRLIGI ZAHIRIDDIN MUHAMMAD BOBUR NOMIDAGI ANDIJON DAVLAT UNIVERSITETI XORIJIY TILLAR FAKULTETI Ingliz tili fonetikasi kafedrasi Mirzahamdamov Zokirjon (407-guruh) INGLIZ VA O’ZBEK TILLARIDA PLEONAZM VA TAVTOLOGIYANING STILISTIK MOHIYATI 5111400 – xorijiy til va adabiyoti (ingliz tili va adabiyoti) ta’lim yo’nalishi bo’yicha bakalavr akademik darajasini olish uchun yozilgan BITIRUV MALAKAVIY ISH Ish rahbari: assistant O. Yuldasheva Andijon – 2016 3 MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIALIZED EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ANDIZHAN STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER ZAHIRIDDIN MUHAMMAD BOBUR FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH PHONETICS Mirzahamdamov Zokirjon Stylistic essence of pleonasm and tautology in English and in Uzbek languages 5111400-English language and literature GRADUATING QUALIFICATION PAPER written to get academic degree of Bachelor Supervisor of the work: Assistant O.Yuldasheva Content: 4 Introduction……………………………………………………………………..3-8 Chapter 1. The stylistic essence of pleonasm and tautology in English and in Uzbek languages 1.1. The stylistic essence of pleonasm and tautology in English language…..…9-12 1.2. The stylistic essence of pleonasm and tautology in Uzbek language…….13-20 Chapter 2. Tautology and pleonasm as a stylistic device 2.1. The stylistic functions of tautology……………………………………….21-26 2.2. The stylistic functions of pleonasm……………………….………………27-34 Chapter 3. Types of tautology and pleonasm 3.1. Types of tautology and pleonasm in English and Uzbek languages…...…35-53 3.2. The usage of pleonasm and tautology in the texts………………………..54-59 3.3. Plan of the demo lesson with different activities and tasks in teaching pleonasm and tautology……………………………………………..…………60-64 Methodological recommendation…………………………….……………..65-66 Conclusion…………………………………………………….………………67-69 Bibliography………………………………………………………………….70-71 5 Plan: Introduction Chapter 1. -
Annotating COMPARA, a Grammar-Aware Parallel Corpus
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repositório Comum Annotating COMPARA, a Grammar-aware Parallel Corpus Diana Santos, Susana Inácio Linguateca, www.linguateca.pt, Oslo node at SINTEF ICT SINTEF ICT, Pb 124 Blindern, N-0314 Oslo, Norway [email protected], [email protected] Abstract In this paper we describe the annotation of COMPARA, currently the largest post-edited parallel corpora which includes Portuguese. We describe the motivation, the results so far, and the way the corpus is being annotated. We also provide the first grounded results about syntactical ambiguity in Portuguese. Finally, we discuss some interesting problems in this connection. syntactic function (not revised). The annotation was 1. Introduction automatically performed by the PALAVRAS parser COMPARA (www.linguateca.pt/COMPARA/) is a large developed by Eckhard Bick, followed by a thorough parallel corpus based on a collection of intellectual revision which has resulted in parser Portuguese-English and English-Portuguese literary improvements and new versions being applied to the same source texts and translations, which has been developed material and to new additions to COMPARA. Work on and post-edited ever since 1999 (Frankenberg-Garcia & annotating the English side of COMPARA, using the Santos, 2003). COMPARA has been designed with a view CLAWS PoS tagger (Rayson & Garside, 1998) is just to be an aid in language learning, translation training, starting. contrastive and monolingual linguistic research and Let us give the readers a flavour of what COMPARA language engineering. offers as new search functionalities: it is possible to look This paper has two aims: first, to present for the first time for the part of speech distribution of forms known to be the syntactic annotation of COMPARA and its intellectual ambiguous between grammatical categories, as well as revision (or post-edition), after its automatic annotation select concordances of only one grammatical with PALAVRAS (Bick, 2000) and a post-processing interpretation.