CALC REPORT

CLERGY AND LAITY CONCERNED Vol. XIV, No. 6

This Issue: Overview of Southern Africa CALCREPORT Volume XIV, Number 6, May 1989 This Issue: An Overview of Southern Africa Staff

Mark Reeve Editor From the Guest Editor Marion Malcolm Guest Editor Marion Malcolm 3 Julia Rogers Art Director Soweto, My Love Judy Conrad Office Manager Malapene Collins Ramusi 4 Editorial Board: Rev. Emory R. Overview of Southern Africa Issues in Searcy (Co-chair, Membership & the Bush Era Development Committee); Rev. Prexy Nesbitt 7 Dan Buford, Valerie Clingan, Kim Miller, Julia Estrella, Marion Malcolm, and Suzanne Ross. Mozambique: Renamo From The Inside William Mintor 9 Production Support Group: Dr. Earl Brewer, Rev. Gerry Conroy, Gary Flack, and Leslie Withers. Angola: Findings of Fact Special thanks also to Sarah Butz Rev. Benjamin F. Chavis, Jr. 11 for proofreading.

Namibia: Will Freedom Come? CALC Report is a bimonthly publi­ Eric Steinman 13 cation of Clergy and Laity Con­ cerned. Views expressed are those Call for an International Boycott of of the authors and not necessarily Apartheid South Africa 16 those of CALC. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Annual subscriptions are included in the membership fees. See back Sanctions are the Price of Freedom page or your local CALC chapter Allan Boesak 18 for more information. Readers are encouraged to submit letters to the editor, articles, liturgy, The Kairos Document poetry, resource information, calen­ South African Church Leaders 20 dar items, photos and other work for possible publication. Materials Justice in My Tears may be edited for clarity and length. Poetry by Tshenuwani S. Farisani 24 The front cover illustration is by Ju1ia Rogers. Photographs were taken by Mark Reeve. The Organizations and Resources graphics used throughout this issue are from Compiled by Marion Malcolm 25 African Designs From Traditional Sources by Geoffrey Williams, )'Ublished by Dover Publications, Inc., New · fork. Network News 28 CALC Chapters Respond to Apartheid in Southern Africa Perspectives of the Third World Caucus Rev. Daniel Buford 30

Page 2 CALC Report Frotn the Guest Editor

by Marion Malcolm

"Liberation is still the central issue in Southern Africa," Bishop Emilio de Carvalho told us when the CALC chapter in Eugene, Oregon hosted him recently. The Methodist Bishop of Angols reminded us that the process is not complete with political liberation, but must extend to economic liberation, religious liberation, and cultural liberation. He talked about the "decolonization of the mind." Here in the United States where many of us have been trained to think like colonizers, we, too, require the decolonization of the mind. To that end, Clergy and Laity Concerned is pleased to offer this issue of CALC Report, focused on Southern Africa. The issue opens with excerpts from Soweto, My Love, where Mol­ patane Collins Ramusi tells us how he experienced the institution of Marion Malcolm is Executive Director of Lane County (Oregon) CALC and Co-chair apartheid in 1948 and records his of National CALC's NISC (National Interim Steering Committee.) first visit, as a young man, to the segregated city of Johannesburg. of resistance of the peoples of eloquently that, without sanctions, Then, in a brief overview of the "the only alternative is all-out war." region, Prexy Nesbitt documents "a Southern Africa. As Eric Steinman systematic campaign of destabiliza­ points out in his article, "the historic Finally, we bring you excerpts from tion waged by the South African resistance of the Namibian people the KAIROS document issued by underlies all other factors in forcing government as it desperately seeks South African religious leaders. to maintain the regional dominance the South African government to They announce that reconciliation of its system of racism, known as the bargaining table." with oppression is sin, that there apartheid." Prexy also points to U.S. We include a pair of articles on sanc­ can be no reconciliation without complicity, asserting that "one can tions. The first is Martin Luther repentance. It is a message of stun­ easily build a case that the U.S. King, Jr.'s prophetic call for sanc­ ning relevance for people of faith in media, given its silence, has become tions, issued in 1965. We regret that the United States as well as in South a collaborator with apartheid's his words ring as true today as they Africa. genocidal schemes." did almost a quarter century ago: The next issue of CALC Report will "The shame of our nation is that it is The overview provides a context for splotlight the Covenant Against the articles which follow, on objectively an ally of this monstrous Apartheid at Home and Abroad, Mozambique, Angola, and government in its grim war with its CALC's program for an end to Namibia. As we planned this issue own black people." King urges us racism in Southern Africa and the of CALC Report, we wanted to il­ "to utilize non-violence fully United States. We hope the current luminate the situation in the region through a massive international magazine gives our members a as a whole, and to identify the U.S. boycott." In "Sanctions Are the Price grounding in the issues of Southern of Freedom," Allan Boesak argues role. We have also wanted to ac­ Africa and the program work of knowledge and celebrate the spirit CALC which inspires it.•!•

May 1989 Page 3 Soweto, My Love by Molapatene Collins Ramusi

Mafa Molapatene Kotoleleele Collins Ramusi is a member of the Batlokwa tribe of the Molemole region of southern Africa, and the first of the Babirwa clan to be educated in Western schools. His story is intertwined with his country's - a fascinating glimpse for North Americans into the personal and politi­ cal turmoil of South Africa. Collins Ramusi was a resource person at a Strategy Session on Apartheid at Home and Abroad, held in Chat­ tanooga, Tennessee, in April of this year. (More about the Covenant Against Apartheid at Home and Abroad, and the situation in Chat­ tanooga, wm appear in the next issue of CALC Report.) Collins Ramusi is available to speak to other CALC their national convention in must return to their tribal areas to groups about apartheid in southern Pretoria," Fryer said boldly. He develop there. The white man must Africa and CALC's Covenant Program. erased the word from the black­ reside alone in the cities and towns, Write c/o Mrs. Esther Ramusi, 727 board and wrote it again in capital and on white farms. The white man East 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637. letters: "APAR1HEID." Then he is the boss. Don't forget that! The moved about six feet away from the Asians and mixed race cannot live board, stood looking and the word, in the cities either. The white man and smiled proudly. "Apartheid," he will find a place for them. The cities ryer walked into our class­ said, "means kaffirs one side, coolies and towns belong to the Europeans. room and wrote an unfamiliar one side, Boersmans one side, Do you understand?" he frowned. Fword on the blackboard: apart­ whites one side. Do you under­ "Who will work for the white man heid, a codified plan devised by stand? Dr. Malan says apartheid if you chase away blacks from the the Afrikaners to separate one eth­ means the separation of races in cities, towns, and white farms?" I nic group from another in South South Africa in every material asked. Africa. "Apartheid," he said, "is a new respect. Do I make myself clear, Martha and Collins? Apartheid "Blacks will only be allowed to word. It was coined last week by remain in the cities and towns as our leader, the Reverend Dr. D.F. means blacks one side, Asians one migratory and temporary Malan, the leader of our National side, mixed race one side, and whites one side as of now!" sojourners, yes, only as temporary Party of South Africa and the great visitors to come and sell their labor pastor of the Dutch Reformed "Do your Boers and your Dr. Malan to the whites, and as soon as they Church of South Africa. Hoor julle? mean that the white people are to are no longer required, they must - Do you hear?" he asked. leave this country, and go back to return to their tribal homes in the "That word sounds like some kind Europe, leaving us Africans our reservations," Fryer said to the of hatred," blurted Curtis Nkondo land, South Africa?" I asked him. amazed class of black students. from the back of the class. "The white man goes nowhere,", he "Where will the blacks live who "Apartheid was revealed to the said. "The white man is here to stay. work in the cities and towns for Boers, the descendants of the il­ The kaffirs must leave the cities, your people?" I asked .... lustrious Voortrekkers, last week in towns, and other white areas. They

Page 4 CALC Report The class burst out laughing, as the fluently, and was equally at home quiet Pieters burg Station from Mes­ limping teacher tried to draw the with mathematics, science, and his­ sina, the northern copper town that new map of South Africa, showing tory. Of all my teachers, J.L. was lies on the banks of the crocodile-in­ where each racial group would live. most responsible for the beginnings fested Limpopo River. It was seven Fryer was obviously upset by this. of my political awareness. He led o'clock in the morning. The sun was He told us blacks would live in me through the myriad paths of bright, the air still. The train was areas twenty miles outside the South African politics and its packed with men from many lands white cities and travel by buses, ramifications. "My boy, look here," on their way to the mines of gold trains, bicycles, and taxis to and he said. "Apartheid is segregation and death. They came from from work. Black men would live gone completely mad. Whom God Mozambique, northern Rhodesia, separately from women and would destroy He first sends mad. Nyasaland, southern Rhodesia, and children in hostels erected for those Let it be so with the Boers." the northern Transvaal. Hundreds who worked in the cities. 'The men of them! There were women, too, will go once a year to their tribal City of Gold traveling to their men in the cities to homes to see their wives, and to get pregnant and then return to Mother sipped water from a renew their permits to seek work in their reservations. Women in multi­ calabash, rolled it in her round the cities or towns - if the whites colored headdresses from Ven­ cheeks, splashed it into the air, and still want them back," he said. daland. Women from the land of chanted incantations to the spirits Gaza wore their traditional beadeq "But why are you doing all this? of our Living Dead, the Eternal skirts, which made their thighs ap­ Why?" I asked. Presences, my great-grandfather, pear swollen with desire, while the Moshweu, and his son, Moraba, my "Our national survival is Batlhaloha women mingled freely grandfather. She spoke to her father, threatened. Multiracialism cannot with them in their traditional red be tolerated by the ruling National Moraka Matasapola, and to my and green dresses, which made father, Mothibi. I was going from party under Dr. Malan. That is why! them look like butterflies..... The government of Smuts fell. my tribe to the city of gold, Thank God! Apartheid is the policy Johannesburg, after finishing at The train rolled into the Johannes­ that we initiated this year, 1948, Lemana in 1949. My sister Mokgadi burg station at 5:30 p.m. ... I pushed with the change in government. On handed me my provision basket. It my way through the milling black September 15, 1948, Dr. H.F.Ver­ was full of food for the road - chick­ crowds on the platform. Thousands woerd said in Parliament: 'The ideal en, wild greens, of total apartheid gives one some­ sorghum por­ thing to aim at. We have said so ridge, ground clearly. Malan said so. Strydom said nuts, and so, I have said it repeatedly, and I beans.... say it again, that the policy of apart­ It was always heid constantly moves in the direc­ exciting for a tion of ever-increasing separation. young tribal The ideal must be total separation in man in South every sphere."' Africa to travel Not all teachers agreed with the to Johannes­ new policy. Dr. Hershovitz, who burg. I was was said to be Jewish, was my arith­ dressed to kill: metic teacher. He was short and green shirt, hefty, and spoke English with a Churchill hat heavy accent. He had a theory about stuffed with a what he called the madness of the rim of paper be­ Boer political party, which ruled cause it was too South Africa after the Second World big for my head, War. According to him, the Boers dark brown were influenced by the Nazi party shoes, and a of Germany. khaki tie. I must have looked like Among my black teachers at a perfect yokel. Lemana was J. L. Ranunala, a tall, suave, scholarly man who spoke I watched the English as if it were his mother long sooty train tongue, read and wrote Latin roll into the

May 1989 Page 5 five miles within the boundary of the city of Johannesburg, situated opposite the hostile white suburbs of Newlands and Westdene, where the Afrikaners lived.... The homeowning community consisted of teachers, businessmen, doctors, traders, nurses, factory workers, and laborers. It was here in Sophiatown that our people built beautiful homes on land of their choice, purchased at a time when Africans and other nonwhites could still buy land. Our people lived here in the dignity of their souls. They had begun to regard themselves as an integral part of the developing middle-class society, a suburban people.... of our people going home from [We] arrived at the fenced-in ghetto I could not believe my ears as Sono work swarmed like bees into con­ for black people, a city within a city, told me that the South African gested trains. a city of revolutions, of vast upris­ government was anxious to Everywhere signs were saying: ings, and cruel exploitation. This demolish these fine homes on the FOR WHITES ONLY, FOR NON­ area had been a bastion of defiance grounds that Sophiatown had be­ WHITES ONLY. Apartheid against the colonial invaders since come a "black spot" in a white area, everywhere; segregated platforms, the 1880s, when the white man dis­ and consequently had to be wiped segregated benches, segregated covered gold in Johannesburg. out. Every time our people coaches, segregated subways, Africans lived in identical three­ developed an area in or near white segregated telephone booths. room houses, consisting of kitchen, areas, even if our people were there Everywhere symbols of oppression bedroom, and living room, erected before the whites came to build loomed as grotesque images of ra­ by the municipality of Johannes­ their cities and towns, the white cial hatred. I was stunned by the burg. All Africans were tenants of regime would force our people to naked expression of the white the municipality.... There was no move. The government moved in man's hatred for his fellow man and electricity or plumbing. Cold water troops and bulldozers to dump our his air of superiority. So this was was drawn for use in the house from people miles away in undesirable Johannesburg, the Johannesburg I a water tap installed on the wall of and undeveloped areas while the had longed to see for all these years! the outhouse. Here the Sonos lived, white people took over our land the biggest and richest city ever a family of ten persons, all in this and the area we called home. built in South Africa! depressing matchbox house. In these unplastered and unheated I could feel the tension in Johannes­ I felt a different kind of tension than structures, children were born and burg, brewing like a mighty caldron I had known before. I asked the way grew up .... about to pour out its burning con­ to Eloff Street. I thought I could get tents and engulf everything in its a streetcar or a bus from there to the Sono' smother explained the facts of pathway. An uneasy feeling Bantu Men's Social Center. There life for black people in Johannes­ gnawed at me as I walked through was none. As I waited on Eloff burg. I listened and felt as if I were the valley of skyscrapers. The Street, streetcars screeched by over back home, at Molemole, in the land violence and rumbling anger was steel tracks; buses ·passed · b~aring of Tshaka-Maimela, listening to the barely audible - like thunder in a WHITES. ONLY signs:· Slowly I good storytellers of Mabjanene. distant storm approaching. realized that no bus or street<:ar was Sono's mother spoke to me about our leaders, who lived in Western From Soweto, My Love: A Testimony To going to stop to pick me up. Every Black Life in South Africa by Molapaten Col­ vehicle bore signs that said Native Township and Sophiatown. "The fight is on, my child." .. .. lins Ramusi and Ruth S. Turner. Copyright © WHITES ONLY. 1989 by Molapatene Collins Ramusi. Reprinted Thongs of black men and women Sophiatown was a gilded ghetto of by permission of Henry Holt and Company, Inc. walked past speaking different lan­ upper-middle-class moneyed guages, many with eyes looking Africans, Coloreds, Indians, strained and desperate.. .. Chinese, Japanese, and Malays. It was a predominantly black suburb

Page 6 CALC Report Overview of Southern Africa by Prexy Nesbitt

"It was close to Manhica cemeten;. Namibia live out their lives in a state most fully and eloquently when in Peasants were relaxing after a long of seige. Daily they are the objects of a 1984 speech he said: day in the fields. They were a systematic campaign of de­ "Our people had their property awakened by violent beating at a stabilization waged by the South looted, their houses destroyed, number of doors. Those wlto had African government as it desperate­ their granaries looted, their crops something to eat were robbed and ly seeks to maintain the regional pillaged and flattened, their cat~ then taken out of doors. Many of dominance of its system of racism, tie stolen and killed, their tools them were naked either because they known as apartheid .. liad no night wear or out of habit burnt and destroyed. The com­ This war of destabilization by the munal villages and cooperatives, they always slept naked. 111ere were South African government against thirteen of them. the schools and clinics, the wells its neighbors has had an impact and dams built by the people Four were mothers with babies at with Holocaust-like consequences. with so much love, effort and tl1eir breasts. They were taken near One major U.S. State Department sacrifice became targets for the the cemetery, to a great dip of land official, Roy Stacy, characterized the enemy's criminal fury. The sys­ left by old diggings from construc­ South African-led war against the tematic destruction of infrastruc­ tion of the railway linking Maputo Mozambique people as " ... one of ture ... has prevented the to Zimbabwe. They were pushed for­ the most brutal holocausts against implementation of economic ward by bayonets, and the muzzles ordinary human beings since development projects of the ut­ ofguns, and at the point of cold steel, World War II." most importance for the well and driven into the pit. Since 1980 South African state being of the Mozambique People near and far 11eard shots. violence against it neighboring people. The bandits have mur­ Thirteen people, including the four states has resulted in: a minimum of dered and kidnaped peasants babies suckled by tl1e mothers, were 1.1. million lives being lost; more and members of cooperatives, massacred, slaugl1tered like cattle in than 8.5 million people being made parliamentary deputies and a slaughterhouse on that night in homeless (directly or indirectly); Party militants, teachers and stu­ dents, nurses ... nuns, priests, June 1986. "* over 750,000 children being or­ phaned, abandoned or otherwise private shopkeepers, journalists he M~nhica Cemetery mas­ traumatized; and at least $35 billion and civil servants. This is the sacre is similar to events in war damage to precious schools, enemy's cruel nature - kill every­ Twhich have occurred hospitals, bridges, highways and thing, steal everything, burn hundreds of times in the development projects. Additional­ everything. The cost is incal­ Southern African region. ly, South African warring has meant culable... caused by the horrors Today the peoples of that region, that the Front Line States of Mozam­ and barbarity of the armed from the nations of Angola, bique, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe gangs. The children who wit­ Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania have had to channel nessed atrocities ... will grow up Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland and millions of dollars into defense with the nightmare of their tragic needs instead of into developing memories. Men and women who more and better education, health, have been permanently muti­ water and food systems. lated and maimed, both physi­ cally and psychologically will be Former President Samora Machel, the living evidence of the cruelty himself a probable victim of South of the war waged against us." African state violence, described it

May 1989 Page 7 outh Africa utilizes many and varied tactics in its war Sagainst its neighbors. Inside South Africa itself, in neigh­ boring countries and in far away Western capitals, state-run and state-encouraged hit squads assas­ sinate prominent anti-apartheid leaders and activists. South Africa finances, trains, equips and directs surrogate armies as component parts of the South African defense Force (SADF). In Mozambique the surrogates are called the MNR (Mozambique National Resistance) or RENAMO. In Angola the sur­ rogate force is known as UNITAand is led by Jonas Savimbi. UNITA is also the recipient of U.S. funds and assistance to the tune of a minimum States. South Africa spends millions the reasons for the lack of a realistic $30 million a year. of dollars in the West, directly and and freedom-affirming response by South African-run commando units through firms and individuals col­ the United States and other Western invaded, attacked and kidnaped laborating with or representing the nations. people from Botswana, Zambia and apartheid government and its sur­ Thus, in this moment of KAIROS for Zimbabwe. Such units attacked rogates, to project the image of itself Southern Africa and for the world, Lesotho, as the South African as the great reform government and especially for those of us in the government economically block­ peacemaker for the region. The near United States (since so much of our aded the tiny country, and helped to total silence of the U.S. press in the own socio-economic relations and topple its elected government. face of such South African history are inextricably linked to brutalities both within South Africa Southern Africa), this issue is a In Angola, besides staging direct proper and extending to ·the military invasions costing summoning for us to listen, learn frontline states, its neighbors, has to and act.•:• hundreds of thousands of lives, the be understood as another 'weapon' surrogate forces and the SADF units of the apartheid system. Indeed, have utilized land mines and other one can easily build a case that the anti-personnel weapons which U.S. media, given its silence, has be­ have created over 40,000 amputees, come a collaborator with apart­ the highest per capita amputee heid's genocidal schemes. .population in the world. This issue of CALC Report is a step Until very recently South Africa il­ in shattering the silence which legally occupied Namibia. It was facilitates the various murders, (and the continuing South Africa deaths, and destruction which presence remains) a brutal involve­ today dominate the Southern ment in which the churches of African region. Many people and Namibia have proved special tar­ countries throughout the world are gets for the SADF and its sur­ responding to the crisis in South rogates. The more than 100,000 Africa. They are joining shoulder­ South African soldiers stationed to-shoulder with the people of there utilized such barbaric prac­ Southern Africa as they resist, just tices that rape and torture became as in an earlier epoch people joined as routine as automobile accidents themselves to the fight of the people and Coca-Cola cans. of Republican Spain against inter­ An important weapon in South national fascism. Today the people Africa's war has been its public rela­ of the United States are hardly tions campaign in Western aware of the realities, brutal and countries, especially in the United heroic, in Southern Africa, let alone

Page 8 CALC Report Mozambique: Renamo From the Inside

by William Mintor

or over a decade the Mozam­ Mozambique and Angola, funded refrained from the use of loaded bican National Resistance by the Ford Foundation and the terms such as "bandits" (negative) F(Renamo, or MNR) has been Swedish International Develop­ or "Renamo" (positive) until the the principal agent of a ment Agency, the author undertook respondent himself used a word. destructive war against inde­ a research trip to Mozambique in ... The interviews were carried out pendent Mozambique. The origin November and December 1988, individually, out of hearing and of the group as a creation of the with the objective of interviewing sight of officials. Half of those inter­ Rhodesian government in the mid- ex-participants in Renamo. This viewed had accepted the amnesty 1970' s is well-documented, as is the task was made feasible because a offer of the Mozambican govern-· transfer of sponsorship to the South large number of Renamo com­ ment, the other half were prisoners African government after white batants had accepted the Mozam­ captured in battle. Of the 32 inter­ Rhodesia gave way to independent bican government's unconditional views, nine were in Maputo, ten in Zimbabwe in 1980. amnesty in 1988. It was facilitated Chimoio in central Mozambique, The results of the war have attracted by the government's increasing and thirteen in Zambezia province, increasing attention from the inter­ openness to independent investiga­ ensuring representation of national community in recent years. tion, and by the precedent of the Mozambique's three major In April 1988 the report written by methodologically sound research geographical zones. strategy of the Gersony report. consultant Robert Gersony for the The average age of the interviewees U.S. State Departmenfs Bureau of The interview subjects included was 27, their average level of educa­ Refugee Affairs documented, on the both amnestied ex-participants (am­ tion between third and fourth basis of interviews with refugees nistiados) and combatants who had grade. The earliest participant in and displaced persons, a systematic been captured in battle. Most amnis­ Renamo was abducted in December pattern of human rights abuses, tiados were dispersed with their 1978, and the latest in August 1987. overwhelmingly attributed to families, but others were located in On average they had spent 37 Renamo. International agencies, transit centers administered by the months in the Renamo forces. governments and non-governmen­ Mozambican Red Cross. Since the tal organizations in a wide variety author had obtained prior approval The interviews provide compelling of countries have given increasing at the top levels of the ruling new evidence for two major con­ support to the relief and recovery Frelimo Party, local party and clusions: efforts of Mozambique. government officials helped locate :::: :: ;:::::::: :::: :~:~:~: ~=~=~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~::: :=:~:~:~:~::: ::::: ::::;::~:~~~~~~:~~~~~~~~~~ ~ :~;~~~~;;~;~;i;iii:i .:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;:::: Renamo itself, however, has amnestied ex-participants and gave Qopyrlght ©.1989. by Willia~ . remained an enigma. Its president access to prisoners. Selection was .. Minter, Willm Minte~ Ph .. n.~ ...• Afonso Dhlakama has rarely met on the basis of the criteria the author journalists. The exiles and non­ presented: those who had spent Mozambicans who represent more time as Renamo soldiers, in­ Renamo in Lisbon, Washington and cluding commanders, people with other capitals seem to have little some education if possible, adults direct rn':\tact with the situation on rather than children. In a number of the ground in Mozambique. The cases, the author asked for specific motives of the Renamo fighters, and individuals by name, previously the extent of South African involve­ identified from the Mozambican ment in recent years, have been press or other sources. In no case shrouded in mystery and specula­ were any of these refused .... tion. .. .In the course of the generally As part of a larger research project chronological account from each on insurgency in post-colonial respondent, the interviewer

I May 1989 Page 9] 1) A high proportion of the Renamo province by head porterage. Bases links between Dhlakama and out­ rank-and-file combatants, probably in southern Mozambique received side supporters other than the chan­ in excess of ninety percent, is some supplies overland from South nel controlled by South Africa (See recruited by force, and kept in the Africa, but elsewhere the pattern also Washington Post, July 31, 1988). Renamo ranks by control was of periodic landings of DC-3' s, But South Africa was unwilling to mechanisms including threats of parachute drops, or sea landings. give up its monopoly, they said. execution for attempted desertion. The last specific delivery cited in my In so far as other international ef­ 2) The professionally competent interviews was a plane landing in forts do not challenge its control, Renamo military operations are Zambezia province in April 1988, South Africa probably welcomes sustained by regular supplies from mentioned by a combatant who es­ them. They can provide a plausible South Africa as well as by a central­ caped in June 1988. Another ex­ context for official South African ized system of command, control Renamo member, speaking to denials. But none of the inter­ and communications and a coor­ journalists in Manica province in viewees made any reference to dinated program of basic and ad­ late November, said she had carried military supplies or cooperation ex­ vanced military training. supplies from South African planes cept that with the South African ithout exception, all 27 which landed in the Gorongosa area Defense Force and (in the context of who had been directly in­ in October 1988. the 1986 offensive) with Malawi. W volved in combat inside South African involvement was The interviews provide no substan­ Mozambique said they also cited in an interview by a recent tiation for reports in the internation­ had originally been abducted at defector from Renamo' s Lisbon of­ al press alleging that South African gunpoint and, moreover, that all or fice. He said that in October, when support for Renamo has been almost all who trained with them he left, they were still receiving replaced by private right-wing net­ had also been forcibly abducted. Renamo military communique' s works in South Africa or elsewhere. They described the supply opera­ from the same South African of­ It is clear from the interviews, tion for munitions as a strict need­ ficers who had always handled the however, that there was no to-know system in which only some communications. dramatic change in the pattern of soldiers had direct access to the The interviewees also described a supplies, command or communica­ deliveries. Outlying bases received highly centralized system of com­ tions at any time from the assump­ supplies from central bases in each mand, control and communica­ tion of South African control in 1980 tions, with its apex 'the until the end of 1988. communications link between the The Nkomati Accord of 1984 was Renamo headquarters in central described by combatants present Renamo: What's In A Mozambique and South African before and after the Accord as Name? special forces. The military training producing a greater emphasis on they described ranged from basic secrecy, and slightly less regularity The Resistencia Nacional Mocam­ training and special courses in of supplies, but no basic change in bicana (Mozambican National Resis­ bases in Mozambique to long-term the pattern of relationships. Con­ tance) is the name used by the instruction for selected soldiers in tinued South African involvement organization itself. The Portuguese­ South Africa. through late 1984, in violation of the language acronym Renamo was The relationship of these exiles to Accord, was irrefutably docu­ adopted by the organization in 1983, right-wing circles and intelligence mented by the Gorongosa docu­ and is now more widely used than agencies in their countries of exile ments. the English-language acronym has led to a complex pattern of com­ Some observers now argue that MNR. The Mozambican govern­ petition and cooperation between South African assertions of non­ ment, and the Mozambicans when these sources of support and South support for Renamo should be speaking Portuguese, generally refer African military intelligence. believed because no recent "smok­ to the group as "bandidos armados" Oliveira and Chivaca Joa-o, as well ing gun" evidence has been un­ (armed bandits), "bandidos," or as articles in the London-based covered. The author's interviews sometimes, "bandos armados" Africa Confidential, said that it was and Mozambican eyewitness (armed bands). This is often ab­ such rivalries that led to the killings reports, together with South breviated in popular speech to of Evo Fernandes and of several Africa' s well-documented past "BA's." The most common term used Renamo members in Malawi. The record of deception, make it hard to in local languages, and often in Por­ delivery of conununications equip­ accept such an argument as tuguese as well, is "matsangas," after ment to Renamo from U.S. right­ credible.•:• the first Renamo commander, Andre' wing groups, they said, was an Matsangaiza. effort to establish communications

Page 10 CALC Report Angola: Findings of Fact by Rev. Benjamin F. Chavis, Jr.

he Commission for Racial was resistance to the subjugation covert role rallied African opinion Justice of the United Church imposed by the Portuguese. In 1961, to the side of the MPLA and the Or­ T of Christ was invited by the the armed struggle for national ganization of African Unity (OAU) People's Republic of Angola liberation began in earnest. In 197 4, pledged support to the new MPLA to organize a fact-finding mission to the Portuguese army overthrew the government. Since then every na­ travel to Angola, August 7-24, 1988, government of Portugal after un­ tion in the world has established for the purpose of conducting an in­ successfully fighting for 13 years diplomatic relations with Angola dependent investigation of the im­ against Angola's liberation move­ except the United States and South pact of the current war situation ments. These events contributed to Africa. South Africa has invaded within that country. The Commis­ the January 1975 agreement be­ Angola repeatedly since 1975 and sion was interested in paying par­ tween Angola's three liberation its troops until now have main:. ticular attention to the effects of movements, including the popular­ tained a virtual permanent occupa-· South Africa's invasion of the ly supported MPLA, known as the tion of the southern part of the sovereign territory of Angola and Alvor Accord. The groups were to country. South Africa has also con­ the nature and extent of human share power with Portugal in a tran­ tinued to be the principal military rights violations against the An­ sitional government leading to backer of UNITA and its troops golan people by paramilitary or democratic elections throughout have fought side by side with them other groups financed and sup­ the country. in several battles with Angolan ported by South Africa and the The.Central Intelligence Agency of troops. United States. the United States deliberately un­ Since proclaiming their inde­ dermined this agreement, accord­ pendence the people of Angola Historical Overview ing to former CIA Angola Task have fought tirelessly to be free, in­ The People's Republic of Angola, in Force Chief John Stockwell and dependent from foreign rule, at the southern region of Africa, is one other former U.S. government offi­ peace and to have the opportunity of the largest countries in Africa. cials, by providing the FNLA and to develop their economy and According to 1985 estimates, the UNITA with covert military assis­ provide education and other social population of Angola was ap­ tance. It has now been documented services for all Angolan citizens. proximately 8.6 million. Generally, that UNITA's leader, Jonas Savimbi, These significant efforts have been the population of the capital city was working during that period in frustrated and thwarted by the con­ Luanda has been placed at about conjunction with the Portuguese tinued intervention by South Africa 600,000 inhabitants. Today, secret police against the MPLA. and the United States as well as the however, due to the war situation in In October 1975, thousands of South terrorist attacks by the Pretoria and the country, the population within African troops invaded Angola Washington-backed UNITA ban­ the city has grown to nearly two along with mercenaries, UNITA dits. million. and FNLA forces and launched a Findings of Fact The first recorded contact by the massive attack on Luanda. The Portuguese with Angola occurred MPLA appealed to the internation­ From August 10-22, 1988, the 19 in 1482. Over a period of 400 years, al community for assistance and member delegation of African the population of Angola was Cuba responded. The MPLA forces, American church and corununity devastated by the cruel and in­ with Cuban assistance, repelled the leaders traveled throughout human slave trade. In fact, Angola South African troops, forcing them various provinces of Angola to con- was one of the African countries to retreat to Namibia which they oc­ most affected by the slave trade and cupy illegally in violation of various its population was depleted by the United Nations resolutions. On millions. November 11, 1975 the MPLA declared the independence of the Angola was subjected to 500 years People's Republic of Angola. of Portuguese colonial rule. Throughout Angola's history there The South African invasion and the .,_ ::::::: : ::::::::::::::~~~~~ ~ ~~j:~~::::::::::::: :::: ~:~~~:~i:i::::j::::::::::: : ::~:~::::::: ;:;::;:::·:·:· .·.·.·.·.·.·.·,·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:····· revelations of the United States ·:···:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:-:·:·::;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::;:::::::::;:·:::::::::::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::·:::::::::::::::

May 1989 Page 11 duct a fact-finding mission regard­ MPLA Workers' Party who candid­ tance. Currently Angola is con­ ing the effect of South Africa's con­ ly described the current situation sidered to be the amputee capital of tinued invasion of Angolan within the country and answered the world. territory and atrocities committed questions raised by members of the against the people of Angola by delegation. Meetings were also held Recommendations South Africa's surrogate, UNITA, with persons from the different so­ Based on the documentation, meet­ led by Jonas Savimbi. cial sectors representing women, ings, interviews, visits and observa­ youth and lawyers which provided he delegation visited the tions, the delegation made the further detailed information about northernmost province following recommendations: Cabind a and the some of the social, economic and T 1. The United States government southernmost province political developments within An­ should immediately establish full Cunene as well as Luanda, Huam­ gola. The delegation had an oppor­ diplomatic relations with the bo, Huila and Cuando Cubango. In tunity to meet and exchange views People's Republic of Angola. each province, it was possible to with the representatives of the U.S. meet with political as well as based oil companies of Chevron, 2. The United States government religious leaders and have frank Gulf, Texaco and Conoco who live should end all funding for UNITA and open discussion about the and work in Angola. or any group, individual or State situation in their respective areas. Visits were made to orphanages and that commits acts of aggression to destabilize the sovereign nation of During the delegation's stay in An­ centers for persons, primarily the People's Republic of Angola. gola it was possible to meet with the young children and women, muti­ President of the People's Republic lated from stepping on land mines 3. The United States Congress of Angola, His Excellency Jose planted by UNITA and viciously at­ should provide emergency and Eduardo dos Santos and other high tacked and dismembered by long term foreign aid and economic ranking officials both within the UNITA forces. International relief development assistance to the government and the ruling MPLA agencies have reported that women People's Republic of Angola to as­ Workers' Party on a national and and children are being singled out sist national reconstruction efforts provincial level; visit the provinces as targets by UNITA forces in order necessary due to the war situation. to terrorize the population and of Luanda, Huambo, Cabinda, 4. The United States government Huila, Cunene and Cuando Cuban­ create instability. In the areas direct­ ly affected by the war, UNICEF has should remove any and all obstacles go; exchange views with repre­ it has placed on the participation of sentatives of the Angolan Council estimated that up to 37 percent of children die before the age of 5. A the People's Republic of Angola in of Churches and pastors of local international financial institutions churches; attend and participate in 1987 Angolan government report indicated that as many as one in such as the International Monetary local church services; interview An­ Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. golan children, women and men fifty (50) mothers die in childbirth. who have been displaced, muti­ Both of these figures are reported to 5. The United Nations Commission lated, traumatized or have lost rela­ be one of the highest in the world. on Human Rights should inves­ tives as a result of the war being Although it is difficult to get ac­ tigate the gross and flagrant human waged by South Africa and its sur­ curate counts, antipersonnel mines rights violations committed against rogate UNITA; visit towns that have and other weapons used by UNITA the Angolan people by UNITA and been destroyed by bombings by the have mutilated 10,000 to 15,000 other mercenary groups. South African military forces; visit women and children. Between 6. The United States must impose areas that have been attacked by 15,000 and 20,000 children have comprehensive sanctions on South UNITA; and meet with repre­ been orphaned or abandoned. It is Africa and take strong diplomatic sentatives of women, youth and estimated that there are at least measures to pressure Pretoria to professionals to discuss the level of 690,000 persons have been dis­ end its policies of military aggres­ their respective involvement in the placed within their own country, 80 sion, destabilization and apartheid. development of the country and percent of whom are women and (EDITOR'S NOTE: As of September their hopes for the future. children. According to the Angolan 1, 1988 it was reported that all South The delegation also met with offi­ Secretariat for War Veterans, as of African military forces had cials in the Secretariat for Social Af­ December 1987, there were only withdrawn from Angolan territory fairs, Secretariat for War Veterans, some 24,000 persons receiving as­ pursuant to an agreement reached Ministry of Health, Ministry of sistance with about 34% of them in July 1988 between Angola, Cuba, Defense, Ministry of Foreign Af­ being amputees. The limited South Africa and the United States.)•:• fairs, Ministry of State and Energy resources make it extremely dif­ Production and other repre­ ficult to serve the additional sentatives of the government and thousands of persons needing assis-

Page 12 CALC Report Will Freedom Namibia: Corne?

by Eric Steinman

"I know freedom is coming. I don't League of Nations gave South the legal status of South Africa's oc­ know how or when, but I know that vic­ Africa administration of Namibia. cupation, had no "legal interest" in tory is coming. No people can be op­ Soon, it was clear that South Africa the case. As one Namibian leader pressed forever. " saw the Namibians merely as ser­ stated, "The judgement of the World hese words, spoken by vants of white interests. Land trans­ Court was a bitter disappointment. Namibian scholar Joseph fers were extended, increasing We felt betrayed and we believed T Diescho last fall express both immigration of Afrikaners was en­ that South Africa would never ful­ the hopeful optimism of the couraged, and, beginning in 1923, fill its trust. Some felt that we would Namibian people and a hesitancy to the African population was moved secure our freedom only by fighting for it." · · place too much trust in promises of to reserves. These small, barren impending independence. Stand­ reserves, totaling only two million After this decision the South West ing on the brink of independence of 57 million hectares for 90% of the Africa People's Organization from South Africa through im­ people, could not sustain the (SWAPO) instigated its military plementation of U.N. Resolution population, and this provided a struggle. SWAPO adopted a con­ 435, Namibia faces serious threats cheap pool of labor. Rigid laws con­ sciously nationalist program and to its realization of independence trolling movements of Namibians began to gather broad support. and long-awaited freedom. were also enacted, putting apart­ Since its origin SWAPO has greatly The history of Namibian resistance heid and South African control increased its status both in Namibia to colonial rule and experiences of firmly in place for years to come. and in the international community, deceit, repression, and humiliation In the next 20 years Namibia resis­ gaining recognition by the U.N. in at the hands of occupying forces is tance, often in the form of labor 1973 as the "sole representative of a long one. Following the imposi­ movements or community-based the Namibian people." It. has tion of German colonial rule in the defiance of South African authority, achieved this status by virtue of its 1880s and 1890s, tribesmen rose to was met with severe reprisals in­ nationalist focus, its military op­ fight the German forces in the 1904- cluding killings, bombings, depor­ position to South African rule, the 07 Wars of Resistance. A German tations, and the displacement of health and educational services it victory and "extermination orders" communities. provides for Namibian refugees, and its consistent words and action left 75-80% of the Herero people and As the U .N. examined the status of 35-50% of the Nama people dead. against any settlement short of in­ past League of Nations mandates dependence. This consolidation of colonial rule following World War II, Namibian led to increasing exploitation of the leaders were disappointed by the U.N. involvement increased after Namibian people and their resour­ U.N. finding that they had not the 1966 ruling, and the General As­ ces. Land was taken and given to achieved sufficient "political sembly responded later that year by German settlers, traditional social development" to be represented in terminating South Africa's man­ structures were destroyed to make any way at the U.N. The General date. In 1971 the Court considered the population subservient and de­ Assembly did vote down a South the question of Namibia again and pendent, and forced labor was in­ Africa proposal to fully incorporate delivered a clear condemr ation of

stituted with appalling conditions Namibia into its Union. ···· · · ······· ····· ········ ·· ·· ·· ····· · ········ ~ and poverty wages. Copper and A major turning point came in 1966 diamonds provided further wealth when the International Court of Jus­ for the white rulers. tice (ICJ) refused to rule on a case South African colonialism dis­ brought against South Africa's oc­ placed German occupation in 1915, cupation of Namibia. The court when South African troops invaded stated that Ethiopia and Liberia, at the request of Britain. In 1920 the who initiated the case (at the urging of Namibian nationalists) to settle

May 1989 Page 13 South African rule, officially declar­ tack on the Kassinga refugee camp Cuban troops in Angola pose no ing it illegal and calling for a total in Angola, killing over 600 people threat to South Africa other than as withdrawal. Although South Africa while leaving almost 700 wounded. an impediment to its regional des­ refused to recognize the ruling, they This indiscriminate massacre, tabilization; however, a Cuban celebrated in Namibia as which left mostly women and departure without Namibian inde­ nationalists received the un­ children dead, raised serious pendence would leave a significant­ qualified international support they doubts about the sincerity of ly weaker Angola to face SADF had sought for so long. Willingness Pretoria's acceptance of the plan. troops entering across the to take a clear stand demanding Unwilling to see the plan derailed, Namibian-Angola border. freedom was also shown by the SWAPO still agreed to the proposal Negotiations mediated by the U.S. Namibian churches, who in 1971 for in July 1978, and later that month took place sporadically until the first time publicly condemned the U.N. followed up by adopting Washington overtly joined Pretoria South African rule. Their increasing Resolution 431 urging the Secretary in supporting the UNITA rebels in involvement was to be a strong ad­ General to appoint a Special 1986 and Angola broke off talks. In d it ion to the movement for Representative for Namibia and to 1988, however, the negotiations freedom. submit measures for implementing were revived and after many delays Resistance increased in the 1970s. the proposal in accordance with progressed to the December 22 sign­ Labor strikes, upgraded SWAPO Resolution 385 (1976). ing by Angola, Cuba and South military activity, and increased in­ Later in 1978, proposals for a U.N. Africa of the so-called Tripartite ternational pressure began to make Transitional Group (UNTAG) were Agreement calling for a U.N. -su­ occupation more difficult for South presented to the Security Council. pervised election process. April 1, Africa. South Africa, claiming that hte 1989 was set as the date to begin im­ In 1976 the UN passed Resolution proposal deviated from previous plementation of Resolution 435. 385 demanding U.N.-supervised agreements, formally rejected the and controlled elections. When UNTAG proposals and announced How The Agreement South Africa failed to comply, its own elections in Nambia. Al­ Came About proposals for UN action, including though the U.N. soon approved the economic sanctions, met vetoes by plan in Resolution 435, implemen­ The historic resistance of the the Western members of the tation was halteed because of the Namibian people underlies all Security Council. While these na­ South African evasion, posture that other factors in forcing the South African government to the bar­ tions did so primarily to protect would continue to frustrate sub­ gaining table. With over a century short-term economic interests, they sequent negotiations and Namibian of struggle against colonial rule, the also feared liberation wars which independence well into the 1980s. nationalist movement has increased threaten the long-term investment In 1981, the situation became more pressure for South African depar­ climate. complicated when the Reagan ad­ ture in recent years by raising the For these reasons and to maintain ministration linked Namibian inde­ costs of occupation. The People's international credibility, these na­ pendence to the removal of Cuban Liberation Army of Namibia, tions joined with other Western troops from Angola. By bringing SWAPO' s military wing, has had a members of the Security Council to into the picture Cuban troops, growing number of military vic­ initiate negotiations in 1977 with present in Angola to help defend tories and has extracted a heavy SWAPO and South Africa to try to the Angolan government from financial burden on Pretoria. School reach a peaceful settlement in military attacks by South Africa and boycotts and labor strikes have Namibia. Known as the Contact the South African-backed UNITA caused serious disruptions to "busi­ Group of Western Nations, this rebels, the U.S. has attempted to ness as usual." The Council of Chur­ group was able to bring both parties frame the region's struggles in East­ ches in Namibia has continued to to serious negotiations throughout West terms. This counterproductive bring attention to South African 1977-78. After an extensive series of maneuver gave the Pretoria govern­ abuses and to call for action by the talks, in April 1978 South Africa ac­ ment a ready-made excuse to con­ international community. cepted "in principle" the final tinue rejecting implementation of In addition to the increasing proposals, which called for UN.­ the key Resolution 435. It essential­ military costs, economic factors monitored elections, the release of ly held Namibia hostage to an An­ such as price fluctuations, reduced political prisoners, and a gola settlement which South Africa output, and substantially ex­ withdrawal of the majority of South itself could prevent. As long as hausted mineral resources meant African troops prior to the election. UNITA attacks and South African that the apartheid government was invasions continued to threaten An­ However, only nine days later recovering only marginally more South Africa launched a brutal at- gola, Cuban troops were certain to stay at Angolan's request. Clearly,

Page 14 CALC Report than the 900-950 million rand it was Cuban troops from Angola and an In addition, the critical port of Wal­ spending on Namibia by 1982-83e. end to South African aid to UNITA. vis Bay is not inclu~ed by South Warming U.S.-USSR relations and Specific elements of 435 include: a Africa as part of the agreement. complementary goals in Southern cease-fire between South Africa and Namibia's only deep water port, Africa have also been key elements. SWAPO, the repeal of dis­ and an absolutely essential element Mikhail Gorbachev has been seek­ criminatory and repressive laws in of its economy, Walvis Bay has been ing "international reconciliation" Namibia, freedom of speech and as­ claimed by South Africa since 1977. and a reduction of Soviet involve­ sembly for Namibians, the return of Many observers, especially the ment in the third world, primaijly Namibian exiles, release of all Council of Churches in Namibia, to ease the burden of the sagging Namibian political prisoners, a have warned urgently of other Soviet economy. U.N.-supervised election of the dangers to implementation beyond Constitutional Assembly which is With its heavily ideological out­ the shortcomings of 435. SWAPO charged with drafting a Constitu­ and the CCN report that thousands look, the Reagan administration has tion, and the withdrawal of all but viewed the cessation of a Cuban of UNITA members are entering 1500 South African troops prior to Namibia and receiving false iden­ presence in Southern Africa as a the election. In addition, 435 estab­ major goal. Hoping for a "success" tity cards with South African assis­ lished both the components of the tance. With a population of only 1.5 to establish credibility for its policy United Nations Transitional Assis­ of constructive engagement, the million, the potential for election tance Group and its size. The fraud is large. U.S. has also sought to improve process begins on April 1 and the South Africa's international image election is scheduled for November One thing is certain: if Pretoria has by persuading it to leave Namibia. 1. (SWAPO is expected to dominate an opportunity to create a situation Perhaps the most decisive factor in the elections by a wide margin.) where it can claim U.N. or SWAPO forcing South African acceptance of intransigence to the accord, they Asserting a cost-cutting rationale, will not hesitate to exploit the situa­ the plan has been a series of recent the five permanent members of the military setbacks its troops have tion, quite possibly to call the Security Council (U.S., USSR, process off. received at the hands of Angolan, China, Britain, France) have refused Cuban and SWAPO forces in its to 'approve the full UNTAG force Even if a fair election does take Namibia-based war of destabiliza­ originally proposed by Resolution place and SWAPO does come into tion against Angola. Following the 435 in 1978. Against the urgent power, many obstacles remain for battle of Cuito Cuanavale, South protests of African nations and the an independent Namibian govern­ African newspapers criticized in­ Council of Churches in Namibia, ment. South Africa supporters are volvement in Angola for the first the peacekeeping force was slashed already caching arms "in prepara­ time. A Cuban-led attack on the from 7500 to 4650 troops. tion for a possible insurrection Calueque Dam 25 miles inside An­ against a future government," gola cut off power supplies for The reduction of UNTAG is only SWAPO claims. northern Namibia, further jolting one of a number of factors that put Namibian independence at risk. An independent Namibia would South Africa and the myth of face serious economic problems, in­ Pretoria's military invincibility. The The roots of the threat are South Africa's designs on Namibia and heriting a lack of trained and skilled victory also left Cuban troops with personnel and an economy depend­ an opportu\lity to depart on a tri­ the power it has over the process. Widespread claims have been ent on South Africa (a situation umphant note, maintaining their other newly-independent nations status as defendesr of Angola. voiced for months that Pretoria is al­ ready working to subvert the elec­ in the region have also had to deal Faced with the possibility that it tion and Namibian independence. with). could not defeat the Angolan forces The history of South African deceit Informed and historically-aware militarily, South Africa was forced - fraudulent elections, puppet observers will be essential to keep to consider negotiations and governments, and broken treaties close watch on South Africa and Namibian independence as part of (most recently the 1984 nonaggres­ respond to any crises situations. Yet a settlement over Angola. sion pact with Mozambique) - offer undeniably the future - freedom every indication that it will also at­ from South Africa - is coming Terms Of The Accord tempt to disrupt plans for freedom nearer. To refer to the words of The December 22 accord for in Namibia. Joseph Diescho once again, "I don't Namibian independence provides a Serious weaknesses in the accord know how or when, but I know that timetable for implementation of provide Pretoria with significant freedom is coming." May justice both UN Resolution 435 and ele­ opportunities to influence the come soon and bring Namibians ments not included in that docu­ events of the upcoming months. their long-sought freedom.•:• ment; namely the withdrawal of

May 1989 Page 15 International Boycott of Apartheid South Africa

by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

frica has been depicted for diary words of the South African offends you, you will have to learn more than a century as the philosophy spoken by its Prime to live with it." Ahome of black cannibals and Minister, Dr. Verwoerd: Increasingly, in recent months this ignorant primitives. Despite "We want to keep South Africa conclusion has been echoed by volumes of facts contraverting this white. Keeping it white can only sober commentators of other picture, the stereotype persists in mean one thing, namely, white countries who disapprove, but, books, motion pictures, and other domination, not 'leadership', not nevertheless, assert that there can media of communication. 'guidance', but control, be no remedy against this for­ Africa does have spectacular supremacy." midable adversary of human savages and brutes today, but they The South African Government to rights. are not black. They are the sophisti­ make the white supreme has had to Do we, too, acknowledge defeat? cated white rulers of South Africa reach into the past and revive the Have we tried everything and who profess to be cultured, nightmarish ideology and practices failed? In examining this question religious and civilized, but whose of nazism. We are witnessing a as Americans, we are immediately conduct and philosophy stamp recrudescence of the barbarism struck by the fact that the United them unmistakably as modem-day which murdered more humans States moved with strikingly dif­ barbarians. than any war in history. In South ferent energy when it reached a We are in an era in which the issue Africa today, all opposition to white dubious conclusion that our inter­ of human rights is the central ques­ supremacy is condemned as ·com­ ests were threatened in the tion confronting all nations. In this munism, and in its name, due Dominican Republic. We inun­ complex struggle an obvious but lit­ process is destroyed; a medieval dated that small nation with over­ tle appreciated fact has gained segregation is organized with twen­ whelming force, shocking the attention - the large majority of the tieth century efficiency and drive; a world with our zealousness and human race is non-white - yet it is sophisticated form of slavery is im­ naked power. With respect to South that large majority which lives in posed by a minority upon a Africa, however, our protest is so hideous poverty. While millions majority which is kept in grinding muted and peripheral it merely . enjoy an unexampled opulence in poverty; the dignity of human per­ mildly disturbs the sensibilities of developed nations, ten thousand sonality is defiled; and world the segregationists, while our trade people die of hunger each and opinion is arrogantly defied. and investments substantially every day of the year in the un­ Once more, we read of tortures in stimulate their economy to greater developed world. To assert white jails with electric devices, suicides heights. We pat them on the wrist in supremacy, to invoke white among prisoners, forced confes­ permitting racially mixed recep­ economic and military power, to sions, while in the outside com­ tions in our Embassy and by ex­ maintain the status quo is to foster munity ruthless persecution of hibiting films depicting Negro the danger of international race editors, religious leaders, and artists. But we give them massive war... What does the South African political opponents suppress free support through American invest­ Government contribute to this speech and a free press. ments in motor and rubber in­ tense situation? These are the incen- dustries, by extending some forty South Africa says to the world: "We million dollars in loans through our have become a powerful industrial most distinguished banking and economy; we are too strong to be financial institutions, by purchas­ defeated by paper resolutions of ing gold and other minerals mined world tribunals; we are immune to by black slave labor: by giving them protest and to economic reprisals. a sugar quota, by maintaining three i..1 .•1.1 .• :·:::::·::;;:::::·:::::···:·:·:······ We are invulnerable to opposition t~/(:[(((i)~~}:}::::::::::::::;:;::::::-:-:-·.·.·.·.·.·~· · ·i·- ... from within or without; if our evil continued on page 19

Page 16 CALC Report _,

Sanctions Are the Price of Freedom by Rev. Allan Boesak

s a black South African and their action, I continue to seek 1960, in Soweto in 1976 and in a Christian, I must ask at this peaceful change. countless incidents since not be­ Acrucial moment in the Freedom for South Africans will ul­ cause of sanctions but because of freedom struggle in South timately be won by South Africans police bullets. The majority of Africa why some members of Con­ themselves. But the international people in South Africa are asking gress and even the "liberal" U.S. community has a critical role to play for sanctions to bring a government press are refusing to support in our struggle to eradicate apart­ guilty of these atrocities to the stronger economic sanctions heid. The United States, Great negotiation table, and they accept . against Pretoria. Britain, West Germany, Japan, the associated hardship. There can The limited sanctions passed by France and Italy have imposed only be no liberation without suffering. Congress in 1986 and the House limited sanctions against South History, including American his­ support on Thursday [August 11, Africa. For sanctions to be effective, tory, is quite clear on this. Invest­ 1988) for comprehensive sanctions they must be total, mandatory and ment in and trade with South Africa confirm my faith that the majority monitored. have at no point spurred economic of the American people are with us growth for blacks, nor will they end in our struggle. Yet I am disturbed our pain and suffering. by editorials and legislation oppos­ Comprehensive sanctions will ing sanctions, with an important cause short-term economic distress Senate vote on comprehensive and additional unemployment for sanctions yet to come. black South Africans. We know that. The white-majority government But they are prices that we are will­ continues to choose a path that ing to pay for our freedom. I am leads to more violence, instability skeptical about the business com­ and bloodshed. By imposing fur­ munity, which, when faced with the ther restrictions, President Pieter W. prospect of disinvestment legisla­ Botha tried to seal the lid on a boil­ tion, is suddenly so concerned with ing caldron. Without positive For that reason I support efforts by the welfare of black South Africans, change, this caldron is destined to Rep. Ronald V. Dellums (D­ and I question its new-found and explode. Last February [1988) the Berkeley) and Sens. Edward M. expedient social conscience. I am South African regime severely Kennedy (D-Mass.) and Alan obliged to ask: Where were you restricted 17 anti-apartheid or­ Cranston (D-Calif.) to pass com• when black people were suffering ganizations. In so doing it has prehensive sanctions against South long before disinvestment became closed off virtually all nonviolent Africa. an issue? Where was your concern avenues of opposition. Americans have witnessed the when we were not allowed to bring determination of the apartheid our wives and our children into Having waited 40 years for a peace­ urban areas to live as families? ful resolution to this institu­ regime to escalate the level of violence and bloodshed since the Where was your concern when we tionalized oppression, we now see were forced off our lands and our children shot down in the 1986 sanctions were imposed, while streets of Sharpeville, Soweto and the South African government, Uitenhage and wasting away from ironically, warns Americans that it malnutrition in the townships and is their sanctions that cause black Bantustans. We cannot and must suffering. The upshot is that some not remain submissive, and some Americans are reluctant to support understandably resort to armed economic pressure. Americans would do better to remember that resistance. Without condemning ···.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.··:···:·:-:-:-:-:·:·:·::::: :: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;:::: our people died in Sharpeville in -

May 1989 Page 17 ~ ··

dela behind bars beyond his 70th birthday. Apartheid, not sanctions, continues to uproot people as the government again tightens restric­ tions on integrated neighborhoods. The limited sanctions passed by Congress in 1986 are working in South Africa. Finance Minister Barend du Plessis, in presenting the [1988) budget to Parliament in March, indicated that sanctions were indeed hurting the economy. The resulting economic pressure led to a meeting between government officials, businessmen and the par­ liamentary opposition to discuss the future of South Africa - meaning that the limited economic pressure is bearing some fruit. Comprehen­ sive sanctions by the United States and the international community, combined with internal resistance, will bear even more fruit. Sanctions alone will not rid South Africa of apartheid. They are, however, part of a larger strategy, and are a definitive statement (economically, psychologically and morally) to black and white. Under - =- the pressure of full sanctions, the - - - South African government would w K -...... - . - - be forced to reconsider its 13% - - budget expenditure on the military, -· • - - as well as the expenditure of an ad­ = !!-= ditional 14% on apartheid schemes ----w± like the segregated homelands. The implementation of comprehen­ sive economic sanctions is just the first step on the road to abolishing apartheid. The United States and the international community qm choose to use more economic and diplomatic pressure to bring about a solution, or they can choose to do nothing and watch as the South African government polarizes blacks and whites to the brink of brought to the wastelands that the tary could cost me a 10-year jail sen­ still more violence. South African government calls tence, but I cannot watch my people "homelands"? Why can't the busi­ suffer while I am silent. What price No ruling power has ever in the his­ ness community be honest and say will American business pay to end tory of the world voluntarily sur­ that its primary concern is for apartheid? rendered its power. For the sake of profits and not for people? my people, impose comprehensive It is apartheid, not sanctions, that sanctions on South Africa. The only The South African government has causes incalculable suffering and alternative is all-out-war.•:• made advocating sanctions a agony in South Africa. Apartheid, treasonable offense. This commen- not sanctions, keeps Nelson Man-

Page 18 CALC Report continued from page 16 significance. No real national inter­ fact that black men govern states, ~st impels us to be cautious, gentle, are building democratic institu­ tracking stations there, and by or a good customer of a nation that tions, sit in world tribunals, and providing them with the prestige of pffends the world's conscience. participate in global decision­ a nuclear reactor built with our !Have we the power to be more than making gives every Negro a needed technical co-operation and fueled [peevish with South Africa, but yet sense of dignity. with refined uranium supplied by !refrain from acts of war? To list the In this effort, the American Negro us. ~xtensive economic relations of the will not be alone. As this meeting When it is realized that Great great Powers with South Africa is to testifies, there are many white Britain, France and other ~uggest a potent non-violent path. people who know that liberty is in­ democratic powers also prop up the :1'he international potential of non­ divisible. Even more inspiring is the economy of South Africa - and ;violence has never been employed. fact that in South Africa itself in­ when to all of this is added the fact Non-violence has been practiced credibly brave white people are that the USSR has indicated its will­ within national borders in India, the risking their careers, their homes ingness to participate in a boycott - U.S. and in regions of Africa with and their lives in the cause of it is proper to wonder how South spectacular success. The time has human justice. Nor is this a plea to Africa can so confidently defy the tome to utilize non-violence fully Negroes to fight on two fronts. The civilized world. The conclusion is ~hrough a massive international struggle for freedom forms one long inescapable that it is less sure of its boycott which would involve the front crossing oceans and moun­ own power, but more sure that the USSR, Great Britain, France, the tains. The brotherhood of man is not great nations will not sacrifice trade United States, Germany and Japan. confined within a narrow, limited and profit to oppose them effective­ Millions of people can personally circle of select people. It is felt ly. The shame of our nation is that it give expression to their abhorrence everywhere in the world; it is an in­ is objectively an ally of this of the world's worst racism through ternational sentiment of surpassing monstrous Government in its grim such a far-flung boycott. No nation strength. Because this is true, when war with its own black people. professing a concern for man's dig­ [people] of good will finally unite, nity could avoid assuming its they will be invincible. ur default is all the more pbligations if people of all states grievous because one of the Through recent anthropological ~nd races were to adopt a firm blackest pages of our his­ discoveries, science has substan­ O ~tand. Nor need we confine an in­ tory was our participation tially established that the cradle of ternational boycott to South Africa. humanity is Africa. ... Civilization in the infamous African slave trade The time has come for an interna­ of the 18th century. The rape of has come a long way; it still has far tional alliance of peoples of all na­ to go, and it cannot afford to be set Africa was conducted substantially tions against racism. for our benefit to facilitate the back by resolute, wicked men. growth of our nation and to en­ for the American Negro there is a Negroes were dispersed over hance its commerce. There are few ~pecial relationship with Africa. It is thousands of miles and over many parallels in human history of the the land of his origin. It was continents, yet today they have period in which Africans were despoiled by invaders; its culture found each other again. Negro and seized and branded like animals, was arrested and concealed to jus­ white have been separated for cen­ packed into ships' holds like cargo tify white supremacy. The turies by evil men and evil myths. and transported into chattel slavery. American Negro's ancestors were But they have found each other. The Millions suffered agonizing death pot only driven into slavery, but powerful unity of Negro with in the middle passage in a holocaust their links with their past were Negro and white with Negro is reminiscent of the Nazi slaughter of severed so that their servitude stronger than the most potent and Jews and Poles, and others. We have fttlght be psychological as well as entrenched racism. The whole an obligation of atonement that is physical. In this period when the human race will benefit when it not canceled by the passage of time. American Negro is giving moral ends the abomination that has Indeed, the slave trade in one sense leadership and inspiration to his diminished the stature of man for was more understandable than our own nation, he must find the too long. This is the task to which contemporary policy. There was tesources to aid his suffering we are called by the suffering in less sense of humanity in the world brothers in this ancestral homeland. South Africa, and our response three hundred years ago. The slave Nor is this aid a one-way street. The should be swift and unstinting. Out trade was widely approved by the bvil rights movement in the United of this struggle will come the major powers of the world. The States has derived immense inspira­ glorious reality of the family of economy of England, Spain, and the tion from the successful struggles of man.•!•. U.S. rested heavily on the profits those Africans who have attained with South Africa is infinitesimal freedom in their own nations. The

May 1989 Page 19 The Kairos Document This document is a Christian, biblical and theological comment on the political crisis in South Africa today. Over 150 persons signed the original document. Many more have signed since, with at least sixteen denominations and church bodies represented. (For information on obtaining the full text of the Kairos Document, see "Resources," pages 25-28).

The time has come. The moment of the so-called 'English-speaking' it this may sound very Christian. truth has arrived. South Africa has Churches.... We are well aware of But is it? been plunged into a crisis that is the fact that this theology does not The fallacy here is that shaking the foundations and there express the faith of the majority of "Reconciliation' has been made into is every indication that the crisis has Christians in South Africa today an absolute principle that must be only just begun and that it will who form the greater part of most of applied in all cases of conflict or dis­ deepen and become even more our Churches. Nevertheless the sension. But there are other conflicts threatening in the months to come. opinions expressed by Church in which one side is right and the It is the KAIROS or moment of truth leaders are regarded in the media other wrong. There are conflicts not only for apartheid but also for the and generally in our society as the where one side is a fully armed and Church. official opinions of the Churches. violent oppressor while the other The moment of truth has compelled In a limited, guarded and cautious side is defenseless and oppressed. us to analyze more carefully the dif­ way this theology is critical of apart­ There are conflicts that can only be ferent theologies of our Churches heid. Its criticism, however, is super­ described as the struggle between and to speak out more clearly and ficial and counter-productive justice and injustice, good and evil, boldly about the real significance of because instead of engaging in an God and the devil. We are supposed these theologies. We have been able in-depth analysis of the signs of our to do away with evil, injustice, op­ to isolate three theologies and we times, it relies upon a few stock pression and sin - not come to terms have chosen to call them 'State ideas derived from Christian tradi­ with it. We are supposed to oppose, Theology', 'Church Theology' and tion and then uncritically and confront and reject the devil and not 'Prophetic Theology.' ... repeatedly applies them to our try to sup with the devil..... Any situation. The stock ideas used by such plea plays into the hands of the Critique Of State almost all these Church leaders that oppressor by trying to persuade Theology we would like to examine here are: those of us who are oppressed to ac­ reconciliation (or peace), justice and cept our oppression and to become The South African apartheid State non-violence. reconciled to the intolerable crimes has a theology of its own and we that are committed against us. That have chosen to call it 'State Theol­ Reconciliation is not Christian reconciliation, it is ogy.' 'State Theology' is simply the sin. It is asking us to become ac­ 'Church Theology' takes theological justification of the status complices in our own oppression, to ' reconciliation' as the key to quo with its racism, capitalism and become servants of the devil. No problem resolution. It talks about totalitarianism. It blesses injustice, reconciliation is possible in South the need for reconciliation between canonizes the will of the powerful Africa without jusJ"ice. and reduces the poor to passivity, white and black, or between all South Africans. 'Church Theology' What this means in practice is that obedience and apathy. ... It does it by no reconciliation, no forgiveness misusing theological concepts and often describes the Christian stance in the following way: "We must be and no negotiations are possible biblical texts for its own political without repentance. purposes... fair. We must listen to both sides of the story. If the two sides can only Critique Of 'Church meet to talk and negotiate they will Justice Theology' sort out their differences and An examination of Church state­ misunderstandings, and the con­ ments and pronouncements gives We have analyzed the statements flict will be resolved." On the face of the distinct impression that the jus­ that are made from time-to-time by tice that is envisaged is the justice of

Page 20 CALC Report -·

reform, that is to say, a justice that is what the police are doing or what cial or one's private life from one's determined by the oppressor, by the apartheid in general is doing to public life ... Biblical faith is white minority and that is offered to people. If one calls for non-violence prophetically relevant to every­ the people as a kind of concession. in such circumstances one appears thing that happens in the world. It does not appear to be the more to be criticizing the resistance of the radical justice that comes from people while justifying or at least Towards A Prophetic below and is determined by the overlooking the violence of the Theology people of South Africa. police and the State. Our present KAIROS calls for a One of our main reasons for draw­ ... How can acts of oppression, in­ response from Christians that is ing this conclusion is the simple fact justice and domination be equated biblical, spiritual, pastoral and, that almost all church statements with acts of resistance and self­ above all, prophetic. ... We need a and appeals are made to the State or defense? Would it be legitimate to bold and incisive response that is to the white community. The as­ describe both the physical force prophetic because it speaks to the sumption seems to be that changes used by a rapist and the physical particular circumstances of this must come from whites or at least force used by a woman trying to crisis, a response that does not give from people who are at the top of resist the rapist as violence? ... the impression of sitting on the the pile .... Finally what makes the professed fence but is clearly and unam­ ... Reforms that come from the top non-violence of 'Church Theology' biguously taking a stand. are never satisfactory. They seldom extremely suspect in the eyes of do more than make the oppression very many people, including our­ Social Analysis more effective and more accept­ selves, is the tacit support that many able ... True justice, God's justice, Church leaders give to the growing The first task of a prophetic theol­ demands a radical change of struc­ militarization of the South African ogy for our times would be an at­ tures. This can only come from State. How can one condemn all tempt at social analysis or what below, from the oppressed themsel­ violence and then appoint Jesus would call 'reading the signs ves. God will bring about change chaplains to a very violent and op­ of the times.' through the oppressed as he did pressive army? How can one con­ It would be quite wrong to see the through the oppressed Hebrew demn all violence and then allow present conflict as simply a racial slaves in Egypt. God does not bring young white males to accept their war. The racial component is there his justice through reforms intro­ conscription into the armed forces? but we are not dealing with two d uced by the Pharaohs of this Is it because the activities of the equal races or nations each with world. armed forces and the police are their own selfish group interests. counted as defensive? That raises The situation we are dealing with Non-Violence very serious questions about whose here is one of oppression. The con­ side such Church leaders might be flict is between an oppressor and The problem for the Church here is on? Why are the activities of young the oppressed. The conflict is be­ the way the word violence is being blacks in the townships not tween two irreconcilable causes or used in the propaganda of the State. regarded as defensive? interests in which the one is just and The State and the media have the other is unjust. chosen to call violence what some In practice what one calls 'violence' people do in the townships as they and what one calls 'self-defense' On one hand we have the interests struggle for their liberation i.e. seems to depend upon which side of those who benefit from the status throwing stones, burning cars and one is on. quo and who are determined to buildings and sometimes killing maintain it at any cost, even at the collaborators. But this excludes the The Fundamental cost of millions of lives. It is in their structural, institutional and un­ Problem interests to introduce a number of repentant violence of the State and reforms in order to ensure that the especially the oppressive and naked .. .Into this political situation the system is not radically changed and violence of the police and the army. Church has to bring the gospel. Not that they can continue to benefit These things are not counted as as an alternative solution to our from it as they have done in the past. violence. And even when they are problems as if the gospel provided They benefit from the system be­ acknowledged to be 'excessive', us with a non-political solution to cause it favors them and enables they are called' misconduct' or even political problems .... them to accumulate a great deal of 'atrocities' but never violence. Thus ... The Bible does not separate the wealth and to maintain an excep­ the phrase ' violence in the human person from the world in tionally high standard of living. townships' comes to mean what the which he or she lives; it does not And they want to make sure that it young people are doing and not separate the individual from the so- stays that way even if some adjust­ ments are needed.

May 1989 Page 21 On the other hand we have those Throughout the Bible God appears government. But if it is a tyrannical who do not benefit in any way from as the liberator of the oppressed. He regime, it is, from a moral and a the system the way it is now. They is not neutral. He does not attempt theological point of view il­ are treated as mere labor units, paid to reconcile Moses to Pharaoh, to legitimate. starvation wages, separated from reconcile the Hebrew slaves with The traditional Latin definition of a their families by migratory labor, their Egyptian oppressors or to tyrant is hostis bani communis - an moved about like cattle and enemy of the common good. The dumped in homelands to starve - purpose of all government is the and all for the benefit of a privileged promotion of what is called the minority. They have no say in the common good of the people system and are supposed to be governed. To promote the common grateful for the concessions that are good is to govern in the interests of, offered to them like crumbs. It is not and for the benefit of, all the people. in their interests to allow this sys­ tem to continue even in some To be an enemy of the people a 'reformed' or 'revised' form. They government would have to be hos­ are no longer prepared to be tile to the common good in principle. crushed, oppressed and exploited. Such a government would be acting They are determined to change the against the interests of the people as system radically so that it no longer a whole and permanently. This benefits only the privileged few. would be clearest in cases where the And they are willing to do this even very policy of a government is hos­ at the cost of their own lives. What tile towards the common good and they want is justice for all. where the government has a man­ reconcile the Jewish people with date to rule in the interests of some This is our situation of civil war or any of their later oppressors. Op­ of the people rather than in the in­ revolution. The one side is com­ pression is sin and it cannot be com­ terests of all the people. Such a mitted to maintaining the system at promised with, it must be done government would be in principle all costs and the other side is com­ away with. God takes sides with the irreformable. Any reform that it mitted to· changing it at all costs. oppressed. As we read in Psalm might try to introduce would not be There are two conflicting projects 103:6(JB) "God, who does what is calculated to serve the common here and no compromise is possible. right, is always on the side of the op­ good but to serve the interests of the Either we have full and equal justice pressed". minority from whom it received its for all or we don't. "The Spirit of the Lord has been mandate. ... Oppression is a central theme that given to me, for he has anointed me. A tyrannical regime cannot con­ runs right through the Old and New He has sent me to bring the good tinue to rule for very long without Testaments. ...As one author says, news to the poor, to proclaim liber­ becoming more and more violent. oppression is "a basic structural ty to captives and to the blind new The reign of a tyrant always ends up category of biblical theology." sight, to set the downtrodden free, as a reign of terror. Moreover the description of oppres­ to proclaim the Lord's year of favor Apartlteid is a system whereby a sion in the Bible is concrete and (Lk 4:18-19)." minority regime elected by one vivid. The Bible describes oppres­ There can be no doubt that Jesus is small section of the population is sion as the experience of being here taking up the cause of the poor given an explicit mandate to gove~ crushed, degraded, humiliated, ex­ and the oppressed. He has iden­ in the interests of, and for the benefit ploited, impoverished, defrauded, tified himself with their interests. of, the white community. Such a deceived and enslaved. And the op­ Not that he is unconcerned about mandate or policy is by definition pressors are described as cruel, the rich and the oppressor. These he hostile to the common good of all ruthless, arrogant, greedy, violent calls to repentance. the people. In fact because it tries to and tyrannical and as the enemy. rule in the exclusive interests of Such descriptions could only have Tyranny in the whites and not in the interests of all, been written originally by people Christian Tradition it ends up ruling in a way that is not who had had a long and painful ex­ even in the interests of those same perience of what it means to be op­ .. .. a tyrannical regime has no moral whites. It becomes an enemy of all pressed ...God revealed himself as legitimacy. It may be the de facto the people. A tyrant. A totalitarian Yahweh, the one who has compas­ government and it may even be regime. A reign of terror. sion on those who suffer and who recognized by other governments .... We cannot expect the apartheid liberates them from their oppres­ and therefore be the de iure or legal sors. regime to experience a conversion

Page 22 CALC Report or change of heart and totally aban­ propaganda of the oppressor are peace in South Africa. The repen­ don the policy of apartheid. It has no desperately fearful. They must be tance we preach must be named. It mandate from its electorate to do so. made aware of the diabolical evils is repentance for our share of the Any reforms or adjustments it of the present system and they must guilt for the suffering and oppres­ might make would have to be done be called to repentance but they sion in our country. in the interests of those who elected must also be given something to Much of what we do in our Church it. Individual members of the hope for. At present they have false services has lost its relevance to the government could experience a real hopes .... poor and the oppressed. Our ser­ conversion and repent but, if they There is hope. There is hope for all vices and sacraments have been ap­ did, they would simply have to fol­ of us. But the road to that hope is propriated to serve the need of the low this through by leaving a going to be very hard and very pain­ individual for comfort and security. regime that was elected and put into ful. The conflict and the struggle Now these same Church activities power precisely because of its will have to intensify in the months must be reappropriated to serve the policy of apartheid .... and years ahead because there is no real religious needs of all the people A regime that has made itself the other way to remove the injustice and to further the liberating mission enemy of the people has thereby and oppression. But God is with us. of God and the Church in the world. also made itself the enemy of God. We can only learn to become the ... There is a very important caution People are made in the image and instruments of his peace even unto here. The Church must avoid be­ likeness of God and whatever we do death. We must participate in the coming a 'Third Force', a force be­ to the least of them we do to God cross of Christ if we are to have the tween the oppressor and the (Mt 25:49,45). hope of participating in his resur­ oppressed. rection . .. .It is not said that we should not or .. .[T]he Church cannot collaborate will not have enemies or that we Challenge To Action with tyranny. It cannot or should should not identify tyrannical not do anything that appears to give regimes as indeed our enemies. But .... the Church is already on the side legitimacy to a morally illegitimate once we have identified our of the oppressed because that is regime. Secondly, the Church enemies, we must endeavor to love where the majority of its members should not only pray for a change of them. But then we must also are to be found. This fact needs to be government, it should also mobilize remember that the most loving appropriated and confirmed by the its members in every parish to begin thing we can do for both the op­ Church as a whole. to think and work and plan for a pressed and for our enemies who are ... there is only one way forward to change of government in South oppressors is to eliminate oppres­ Church unity and that is for those Africa. We must begin to look ahead sion, remoye the tyrants from Christians who find themselves on and begin working now with firm power and establish a just govern­ the side of the oppressor or sitting hope and faith for a better future. ment for the common good of all the on the fence, to cross over to the side And finally the moral illegitimacy people. to be united in faith and action with of the apartheid regime means that those who are oppressed .... the Church will have to be involved :4 Message of Hope at times in dvil disobedience. Christians, if they are not doing so Why is it that this powerful message already, must quite simply par­ But the Church of Jesus Christ is not of hope has not been highlighted in ticipate in the struggle for liberation called to be a bastion of caution and 'Church Theology', in the state­ and for a just society... ,Criticism will moderation. The Church should ments and pronouncements of sometimes be necessary but challenge, inspire and motivate Church leaders? ... Is it because they, encouragement and support will people. It has a message of the cross do not want to encourage the op­ also be necessary. In other words the that inspires us to make sacrifices pressed to be too hopeful for too present crisis challenges the whole for justice and liberation. It has a much? Church to move beyond a mere message of hope that challenges us ... Most of the oppressed people in 'ambulance ministry' to a ministry to wake up and to act with hope and South Africa today and especially of involvement and participation. confidence. The Church must the youth do have hope. They are ... The evil forces we speak of in bap­ preach this message not only in acting courageously and fearlessly tism must be named. We know words and sermons and statements because they have a sure hope that what these evil forces are in South but also through its actions, liberation will come. Often enough Africa today. The unity and sharing programs, campaigns and divine their bodies are broken but nothing we profess in our communion ser­ services. can now break their spirit. vices or Masses must be named. It is ... God will help all of us to translate On the other hand the oppressor the solidarity of the people inviting the challenge of our times into ac­ and those who believe the all to join in the struggle for God's tion.•:•

May 1989 Page 23 Justice In My Tears by Tshenuwani S. Farisani

Botha you are not Gonna reap what alone you sow Botha Hating me, was right You hate yourself. when he said Holding my hand, South Africa is not alone You strengthen yours. In practicing apartheid in the world. Despise your mother Thatcher was definitely wrong And unfold the curse. When she claimed that Britain Unlearn the past Is non-racial all the way And strengthen the future. For if it were so Pushing me, Why would she You trip yourself. be as white as snow? Propping me up, Botha Together we stand. told the truth Belittle God, when he challenged And soon worship a stone. Any white nation on the globe Recant yourself To put blackie on top of the helm. And live for others. Reagan was right when he did not Oppressing me, say what we all know but cannot tell You bend your back. That sanctions will hurt If you let go, not only apartheid and blacks You'll be as vertical as the blue gum tree. But over and above all Whites. Make people beasts, And live in a game park. Botha "Your freedom ends, knew the trick Where my nose begins." When he defied the world That despite their tough talk Let me be, Western nations would never now or ever And you'll be. Raise their finger against kith and kin. Between his image and his will, We live in ghettos of our choice. Botha You arethe top of an iceberg of a world-side disease of racism.

Copyright© 1988, African World Press, Inc.,P.O. Box 1892, Trenton, NJ 08607,$7.95 paperback; U9.95 hardcover.

Page 24 CALC Report Organizations For Freedolll In Southern Africa

American Committee on Africa Interfaith Center for Corporate Shell Boycott 198 Broadway, 4th floor Responsibility c/ o United Mine Workers New York, N.Y. 10038 475 Riverside Drive Rm 566 of America 212/962-1210 New York, NY 10027 900 15th Street NW 212/870-2293 Washington, D.C. 20005 202/ 842-7200 African National Congress of South Africa International Aid and Defense 801 Second Avenue Rm. 405 Fund for Southern Africa South Africa Crisis Coordinating New York, NY 10017 P.O. Box 17 Committee 212/ 490-3487 Cambridge, MA 02138 NCC Africa Office or 617 /491-8343 475 Riverside Drive, Room 612 P.O. Box 6729 New York NY 10115 Publishes "IDAF News Notes 212/ 870-2645 Washington, D.C. 20020 quarterly," $8/ year, and the 202/350-4323 bimonthly "Focus on Political "Stand for Truth: Until South Africa Repression in Southern Africa," is Free." American Friends Service $12/year. Committee Southern Africa Medical Aid Fund 1501 Cherry St. Episcopal Churchpeople for a Box 10409 Philadelphia, PA 19102 Free Southern Africa Oakland, CA 94610 215/241-7169 339 Lafayette St. Resources available include New York, N.Y. 10012 South West Africa People's posters, booklets and a "Passbook" 212/ 477-0066 Organization with information on South Africa in 801 Second St. #1401 the format of a South African New York, NY 10017 passbook. Southern Africa Project Lawyers' Committee for 212/986-7863 Civil Rights 1400 I St. NW, #400 Trans Africa Washington, D.C. 20005 545 8th St. SE 202/371-1212 Washington, D.C. 20003 202/547-2550 Mozambique Support Network 343 S. Dearborn #601 U.N. Centre Against Apartheid Chicago, IL 60604 New York, N.Y. 10017 312/922-3286 212/963-6674 Publishes "Mozambique Support Newsletter" and has a list of inex­ pensive books and pamphlets on Washington Office on Africa Mozambique and Southern Africa. 110 Maryland Ave., NE Washington, D.C. 20002 202/ 546-7961 National Namibia Concerns Publishes Washington l' 'ofes on 915 East 9th Ave. Africa. Write for free resour• e, "Talk­ Denver, CO 80218 ing Points on Sanctions." 303 I 830-2774

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April 1989 Page 25 Resources For Freedotn Resource Guide to In Southern Africa Information on

Angola Update Southern Curriculum Fenten Communications, Inc. Africa 1755SSt. NW Washington, D.C. 20009 by Margaret C. Lee, Ph. D. "Apartheid is Wrong" Available from: Educators Against Apartheid Newsletter published for the Winston-Derek 114-46 Francis Lewis Blvd. Government of Angola; available Publishers, Inc. St. Albans, N .Y. 11412 without charge. P.O. Box 90883 718/776-7823 Nashville, TN 37209. Filmstrip and cassette for school The Guardian 60 page, 8 1/2 by 11 paper­ use; $15 plus $2 postage; checks to 33 W. 17th St. back. Includes an extensive W. Warner, Inc. New York, N.Y. 10011 bibliography, a list of or­ Radical newsweekly which covers ganizations, a list of Southern Southern Africa often and exten­ African Embassies, Missions Council on Interracial Books for to the U .N. and Liberations sively. $33.50/yr. Children Movements with offices in the 1841 Broadway U.S., and information of New York, N .Y. 10023 media resources. A unique 212/757-5339 Liberation! P.O. Box 3148 and invaluable guide, much Back issues on "South Africa in Brooklyn, N.Y. 11202 more extensive than space Childrens' Books," $2.95, and permits here. "South Africa: Education fo r Ine­ Published quarterly by Friends of quality," $3.95. the ANC, SWAPO and the Frontline States, $10/yr. ·

"Strangers in Their Own Country: A Curriculum G uide on South Southscan Africa" P.O. Box724 Africa World Press London, N165RZ, England P.O. Box 1982 Weekly news and analysis. Trenton, N.Y. 08607 609 I 695-3766 U.S. Anti-Apartheid Newsletter American Friends Service Commit­ tee Periodicals 1501 Cherry St. Philadelphia, PA 19102 Africa News "To promote communication P.O. Box 3851 among organizations involved in Durham, N.C. 27702 efforts to end apartheid," $10/yr. Indispensable! $30/yr. - 24 issues. Also write to AFSC Program Resources for Southern Africa resource list. Africa Report 833 United Nation Plaza New York, NY 10017 Self-described as "America's lead­ ing magazine on Africa". $24/year­ bimonthly.

Page 26 CALC Report Eerdmans Audiovisuals Books And G255 Jefferson Ave. SE Pamphlets Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503 South Africa Now 616/459-4591 c/ o Global Vision Publishing arm of the Reformed 361 West Broadway Africa Fund Church in America. Publisher: New York NY 10013 198 Broadway #402 Alan Boesak and others. 212/ 941-0255 New York, N.Y. 10038 Ask your local public Access TV For Unified List of U.S. Companies International Defense and Aid Cable Channel to carry this 30- Doing Business in South Africa and Fund minute weekly program. Namibia, by Richard Knight and P.O. Box 17 Roger Walker, 1988, $8 plus $1 Cambridge, MA 01238 postage/$2 first class, 85 pp. Also Southern African Advocacy ask for literature list. Write for publications list. Program Evangelical Lutheran Church in America Kairos Document Commission for Church Theology in Global Context and Society or 475 Riverside Drive/Room 929 Commission for Communications New York, NY 10115 8765 West Higgins Road 212/870-2429 Chicago, IL 60631 Challenge to apartheid by South 1-800-NET-ELCA African theologians and religious Free loan of VHS videos, including leaders, excellent for church study; "Winds of Change," through net­ $2.95/$2.00, 5 or more. work of Lutheran resource centers; contact address above to find the Mozambique Support Network one nearest you. 343 S. Dearborn #601 Chicago, IL 60604 ' Southern Africa Media Center For excellent 1988 bibliography by California Newsreel Prexy Nesbitt, "Recent Core Books on 630 Natoma St. Southern Africa, with addresses for San Francisco, CA 94103 publishers. 415/621-6196 "The most widely used source of Association of Concerned Africa Orbis Books films on South Africa in the world"; The Mary Knoll Fathers write for catalog of videos to rent or Scholars cf o David Groff Mary Knoll, NY 10545 purchase, including "The Cry of 914/941-7590 Reason", nominated for Oscar. Also, 4205 SE Ramona "Together I Against Apartheid",free Portland, OR 97206 22-page handbook on anti-apartheid Order Africa Activists' Guide: United Nations Information action and how to use films and Organizers' Reference Directory to In­ Centre videos in this process. formation Sources, by William 1889 F St. NW (ground floor) Minter, 1988, $2., 14pp. Washington, D.C. 20006 "Voices from South Africa" Ask to be put on the list for "Notes NARMIC/ AFSC Cokesbury and Documents" from the UN 1501 Cherry St. 1635 Adrian Rd. Centre Against Apartheid. Philadelphia, PA 19102 Burlingame, CA 94010 215/241-7175 415/692-3562 Washington Office on Africa 5 short segments on 2 tapes; can be Write for list of excellent, inexpen­ Educational Fund used separately or together, sive materials -- books, study llO Maryland Ave. NE presenting an uncensored picture guides, worship resources, videos - Washington, D.C. 20002 of the current situation in South - to support the National Council of Excellent pamphlets and fact Africa; $70 for both. Churches interdenominational sheets.<• focus on South Africa.

April 1989 Page 27 CALC NETWORK NEWS: Action For Southern African Freedom

This month's network news focuses Central America, against and again observing the Soweto an­ on work that chapters are doing for militarism, and, espedally, for racial niversary. We also want to sponsor Southern Africa freedom and our justice in our own community and a video series. We expect to par­ Covenant Against Apartheid at country. As we moved into action, ticipate in the revitalization of Home and Abroad. Most CALC we also decided that we wanted to CALC's Covenant Against Apar­ chapters do related program work. continue to educate ourselves and theid at Home and Abroad, and we Space does not permit including all others. look forward to introducing the of the activities of all chapters this "In the past year, we have spon­ Covenant program to local con­ month. sored speakers from South Africa gregations." The next issue of CALC Report will and from Mozambique. We pick­ Other CALC groups interested in be a double issue focusing on the eted fifteen white South African conducting a Southern Africa study Covenant Against Apartheid at businessmen visiting Eugene, earn­ group may contact Willamette Val­ Home and Abroad. Network News ing much media attention, and also ley CALC for suggested materials. will focus on Chapters responses to the ire of the local company which Lane County CALC's equally domestic racism. The issue will hosted them. We commemorated dynamic work on domestic racism debut at the CALC National Coun­ the Soweto uprising, as well as an will be featured in the next issue of cil and National Assembly in earlier June 16th massacre per­ CALC Report. Chicago, July 12-17. See you there! petrated by the Portuguese in Mozambique. We have encouraged support for sanctions legislation, and for recognition of Angola, Minnesota CALC while opposing U.S. aid to Jonas Minnesota CALC was the catalyst Savimbi's UNITA. Since last sum­ for the launching of a new coalition mer, we've been on the radio every of groups doing work on Southern four weeks, providing a Southern Africa in the state. The Minnesota Africa segment for a human rights Southern Africa Network (MSAN) series on a local NPR affiliate. We allows groups to better coordinate just finished helping to plan and im­ and publicize their own efforts as p lement the Eugene-Springfield well as work together on major ·Lane County CALC area's Interchurch Seminars (spon­ events. One focus has been the crea­ sored annually by two dozen local tion off the Southern Africa A study action group was the start­ churches and religious organiza­ Resource Center (SARC), which ing point for Lane County (Oregon) tions), emphasizing South Africa. will be "the place" to go in Min­ CALC's renewed focus on Southern "At the Soweto event, on the radio nesota for information on Southern Africa a year ago. When most study program, and during the Inter­ Africa, including videos, a speakers group participants wanted to con­ church Seminars, we have carried tinue, CALC's Southern Africa out our decision to make connec­ Group was formed. tions to the struggle for racial justice The group writes, "From the begin­ at home. For example, th~ radio ning, we were clear that, while the program aired during MLK, Jr.'s situation in South Africa is critical, birthday week was a reading from we wanted to look at the Frontline Dr. King's statement on sanctions. States as well, and that we wanted And Daniel Buford, Director of to challenge the U.S. role in the Ecumenical Peace Institute/CALC region. We were clear, too, that we spoke on 'Apartheid in our Midst' wanted to make connections be­ for Interchurch Seminars. tween our Southern Africa work "Our current plans include hosting and other work we were doing,in the Methodist bishop of Angola, support of self-determination in

Page 28 CALC Report bureau, printed material and other congregations youth groups and withdraws from South resources. through a conference on racially Africa.. .Please Do Not Buy Shell Minnesota CALC is active in troubled communities entitled, Products!" MSAN' s legislative efforts as well as "The Continuing Scourge of The group has also targetted three playing a key role in the ongoing Racism." The chapter's King Tennessee companies which import development of this coalition effort. Celebration was keynoted by Bal­ raw materials from South Africa. Recently,a successful conference on timore CALC Board member Ms. Namibia was held, withMSAN and Myrtle B. Stanley, Director of CALC working closely with a Min­ Catholic Relief Service in Baltimore. Atlanta CALC neapolis church to plan it. Her message - recalling Langston Hughes' s poem - was, "What Hap­ The chapter is distributing pens to a Dream Deferred?" workshop materials to congrega­ tions and encouraging them to ob­ serve Soweto Sabbath in their services that weekend. A Southern Nashville CALC Africa resource person will be avail­ Nashville Clergy and Laity Con­ able June 1 - 4. cerned worked with First Baptist Minnesota CALC has begun to Church of Capitol Hill on a South promote the Covenant program ag­ Africa concerns worship service on gressively since the Chattanooga Sunday, May 14, with the theme Strategy Session this Spring. They "From Penticost to Soweto." CALC write: presented the Covenant Against Apartheid at Home and Abroad to "Our work with domestic racism in­ the congregation that Sunday, and cludes an April 29 conference on then continued special leadership Native American issues. The theme Atlanta Clergy and Laity Con­ and attention to the Southern Africa cerned was one of the key groups in is Dream CAtching in the 90s: Visions region the following Sunday with of Justice for Native People. We are the New Coalition of Conscience an Educational Forum on Southern which initiated the South Africa also continuing work with the Africa. Coalition for Police Accountability Freedom Bracelet Project. The and assisting the Great Minneapolis Freedom Bracelet Project has now Council of Churches in addressing been adopted by the national CALC Third World Caucus and will police-community relations and be a key part of the Covenant how the church should respond." Against Apartheid at Home and Abroad. Baltimore CALC The objective of the Freedom Bracelet Project is to enable in­ Baltimore Clergy and Laity Con­ dividuals to make a statement of cerned will host its third annual solidarity with the political Soweto Day Observances on June prisoners of the apartheid regime in 16th. Events begin with an Inter­ South Africa by wearing a bracelet faith prayer Service in front of City engraved with the name of a polti­ Hall. Twenty-five churches are com­ The chapter also supported a May cal prisoner - to wear a bracelet mitted to Bell Ringing during the 27 Shell boycott protest in until there is one-person - one-vote day, coupled with a postcard cam­ downtown Nashville, and plans in South Africa. paign urging divestment. anotheron Soweto Day, June 17. The chapter notes in its newsletter, The original production run of Through the Maryland Alliance for bracelets have SOW OUT. A new Responsible Investment, CALC is "Royal Dutch/Shell supplies essen­ run will be available by this urging local lawmakers to intro­ tial fuel to the apartheid system summer'sCALC National Assemb­ duce a bill to end banking ties with through South African military and ly in Chicago. police who enforce the apartheid t,hose banks still doing business For information on the project, con­ with South Africa and to have the slave labor system. South Africa does not have its own oil supplies, tact Rev. Emory R. Searcy, Jr. at State of Maryland Pension Fund Atlanta CALC. divest. so without companies like Royal Dutch/Shell, apartheid could not Domestic racism is addressed in a survive. Until Royal Dutch/Shell program matching white and Black

May 1989 Page 29 Perspectives of the Third w :orld Caucus

; The Praetorian Guard

by Rev. Daniel Buford

The soldiers led Jesus away into the the capital of apartheid. The actions the laws of the Immigration and Palace (that is, the Praetorium), and of those who guard the interests of Naturalization Service. called together the whole company of Pretoria mirror the mandate given In Arizona the Praetorian Guard soldiers. to Roman politicians and the would accompany bulldozers and Mark 15:16 Praetorian Guard. We can recog­ arrest Navajo-Dine Elders, Bud­ nize the actions of Governor Pon­ dhist monks, and Big Mountain he scene described in the tius Pilate in the deeds of today's support people. In the zeal to imple­ verse quoted above is the politicians who set policies to be, ment government Public Law 93- T result of the working of the carried out by armed force. : 531, the land and people of the Joint Roman legal system. Soldiers The Bible and numerous historical Use Area are the objects of were an extension of Roman documents describe the role of the crucifixion in our own lifetimes. authority and they implemented Praetorian Guard of yesterday. We the requests of the governor in the We need not go to ancient Rome or must find out, however, how, Pretoria to find the people op­ name of Caesar. The soldiers which where, when and why the guarded the governor's palace pressed at the hands of the Praetorian Guard continues today. . Praetorian Guard. We need only to were called the "Praetorian Guard." In this historical moment we can get The Praetorian Guards were return to the grassroots level in the a glimpse of the need for prophets United States. charged with the responsibility of as well as the Praetorian Guard. In whipping and crucifying Jesus after this historical moment it is apparent• An urgent appeal has come to the Governor Pontius Pilate con­ that the rhetoric of the kinder, Ecumenical Peace Institute and the demned him to death and washed gentler nation from the president is CALC Network from Dine elders his hands of responsibility. meaningless to today's Praetorian who are standing in front of It is a fateful coincidence that the Guard. ' bulldozers to protect their land. The Big Mountain Support Network name chosen for the seat of govern­ If the Praetorian· Guard were in. ment in South Africa is "Pretoria": has sent observers to the Joint Use Long Beach, California, surely no' Area in Arizona. On Saturday, April male of African descent would be 8, we held our third annual Prayer safe from police brutality and Vigil at Cactus Valley in the Black CALCReport racism. The police are protected by Mesa region. Arizona has yet to Back Issues the seat of government in Califor­ bring justice to the Dine People and nia. In Tampa and Miami, Florida, still outlaws the observance of Dr. Vol. Xlll, No. 6 Focus on Anti-Semitism deadly force is routinely employed King's Birthday as a state holiday. Vol. XIY, No. 1 Latin America &: in African-American communities. The People's Institute for Survival the Morality of U.S. Policy The streets and interstate ex­ and Beyond also sent a delegation Vol. XIV, No.4 From Trident to Life pressway systems in those com­ from New Orleans, Louisiana.•:• Vol. XIY, No. S Religious Values &: munities amount to little more' Economic Justice than strategic checkpoints during· 1-5 copies $1.00 each, post paid times of civil unrest. S-20 copies $.SO each, post paid 21 +copies $.25 each, plus shipping If the politicians who control the, Praetorian Guard implement their Vol. XIV, No.2 &: 3 Fannie Lou Hamer fears regarding the Mexican Border (Double iBBue) Convention Highlights of the U.S.A., ditches and walls 1-5 copies $1.50 each, post paid topped with razor wire will halt the S-20 copies $1.00 each, post paid entry of "illegal aliens" and politi­ 21 +copies $.40 each, plus shipping cal refugees. Guns and bullets will PO Box 1987, Decatur, GA 30031 be prescribed for those who violate

Page 30 CALC Report Clergy and Laity Concerned Come To Chicago: July 12-17, 1989: all events at the Chicago Theological Seminary

National Council Workshop on CALC Thursday, July 13 and Monday, Undoing Racism National Assembly July 17 Saturday evening, July 15 and Representatives of CALC Chapters by the People's Institute come together to set our program for Survival and Beyond Sunday, July 16 priorities and organizational directions. Keynote Speaker: Each chapterin the CALC network may Thursday evening, July 13 appoint one representative. That person's through Saturday, July 15 Rev. Barbara Allen transportation will be paid for the Chicago This intensive workshop in personal Trinity United Church meetings. National Council members and community empowerment is offered of Christ, Chicago must attend the Un-Doing Racism by the People's Institute for Survival & The National Assembly also includes a Workshop. Program Committees meet Beyond, a national multiracialcollective of Saturday evening potluck supper hosted Wednesday, July 12. veteran organizers and educators dedi­ by Chicago CALC, a cultural, workshops cated to enabling people to secure their on Sunday, worship services and a _lunch­ Housing is available in college dor­ rights and to ending racism, sexism, and eon. minatories. All rooms are singles. A other forms of institutionalized oppres­ limited number of apartments are avail­ sion. Childcare will be available (except able for couples and people with The People's Institute writes that the during meals and cultural events) if re­ children. workshop "is not for whites only! Our ex­ quested with pre-registrativn for children tensive experience in working for social ages 1 year thru 11 years. There is no ad­ change has taught us that everyone in a Meals: Saturday's potluck supper ditional charge for children 18 & under racist society is affected in one way or and Sunday's lunch are included with staying with adults. an.other by racism." your registration. All other meals will be takenat moderately priced restaurants in (Attendance required of all National the neigborhood. Council Members.) Schedule Wednt$day, July 12 12:00 - 3:00 pm Registration Clergy and Laity Concerned 1:30 -6:30 pm Program Committee: 1992 1989 National Assembly and Undoing Racism Workshop 4:00 - 9:00 pm Registration 7:30 -9:00 pm Program Committee: Pre-Registration Deadline: Friday, June 23, 1989 Covenant Against Apartluid at Home Mail to: National Assembly, c/o Chicago CALC, 17 N . State, Room 1530, Chicago, IL 60602. &Abroad Thursday, July 13 Name(s)______9:00 - 12:00 am National Council Meeting 1:30-5:00 pm National Council Meeting, continued Address & Zip: 6:00 - 7:00 pm Registration for Racism Workshop 0 National Council Representative: CALC Chapter ______(for those not previously registered) 0 Childcare needed: Ages ______5:00 - 8:00 pm Third World Caucus 7:50pm Momeni of Silence for Jim Dunn 8:00 -10:00 pm Racism Workshop begins Please indicate all that you will be attending: Friday, Junt 14 0 Program Committees, July 12 9:00 - 12:00 am Racism 0 National Council Meetings, July 13 & July 17 1 :30 - 6:00 pm Workshop, 7:30 - 9:00 pm continued 0 National Assembly, July 15 (evening) & 16 Saturday, July 15 0 Racism Workshop, July 14 through July 15 9:00-12:00 pm Racism Workshop, Cost 1:00 -5:00 pm continued 5:30 - 6:30 pm Poutluck Supper Housing: $21 per night, each adult. Total Housing Costs: ...... $__ _ !iosted By Clticago Cale Children 18 & under may be in room 6:30 - 7:00 pm Ha11d, !ah Service, Rabbi Marx with parents at no additional cltarge.) 7:00 - 9:30 pm C11/t,.ral E11enl Registration: $30 per CALC member Total Registration Fees: ...... $ ___ oith Chicago preformers Will include 'ribute to Jim D111111 and includes Registration for each evettt listed separately below: Iris music. Undoing Racism Workshop, $25; Cultural event Saturday Sunday, f"IY 16 evening, $5, $3 for low income & students with i.d., and 9:00 -10:00 am Interfaith Ser11ice Children under 10 free; Sunday lunch, $5; National Assembly, 10:30 - 12:30 Mc,ning Worksop Sessions $15 or $7.50 low income/students. 2:00 - 4:00 pm Afl er noon Workshop Serits Scholarship aid is available; please ask. 4:15 - 5:00 pm Closing R1 flection and Bentdiction Total Due ...... $ Monday, July 17 Amount enclosed ...... $=== 9:00 -12:00 pm N;tional Council Meeting Due at Registration ...... $__ _ 1••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• May 1989 Page 31 The CALC Network CALC isPeople of Faith and Conscience Working •...... ,. for Justice and Peace CALC National Office: • FED.REP.OF GERMANY MINNESOTA NORTII CAROLINA FRANKFURT CALC DULUTII CALC CENTER FOR Clergy and Laity Concerned Heinrich Berbalk Str 51 309 E. Hfth St., #3 COMMUNITY ACTION 6000 Frankfurt 56 W. Duluth, MN 55!ll5 P0723, 198 Broadway, Room 302 Germany R. David Rollin Lumberton, NC 28358 New York, NY 10038 Rev. Keith Chnmberlin (218) 728-2394 0 Rev. Mac !..eii;erton ALABAMA MJNNFSOTA CALC (919) 739-785'1 Or Your Local Chapter: CONSCIENTIOUS 122 West Franklin Ave omo ALLIANCE FOR PEACE ~~lis,MN 55404 CINClNNATICALC 517 Moore'• Mill Road 103 Wm Howard Taft Rd Auburn, AL 36830 (612)871~ Cincinnati, OH 45219 MISSISSIPPI 0 Yes, I/we want to join CALC. Enroll me/us as ~g?i~~31;'8 RURAL ORGANlZING l11~~1~~~-7374 CALIFORNIA &t CUL1URAL CENTER CLEVELAND CALC members of CALC nationallyand with our ECUMENICAL PEACE Route 4, Box 18 3606 Bridge Avenue local chapter. Send CALC Report and other INST. Lexin&ton, MS 39095 Cleveland,OH44113 P.O. Box 9334 Leroy Johnson Harold Barton publications to: ~~:;r.;:l94709 (601) 834-30!ll (216) 961-0002 MONTANA GRAND VALLEY CALC (415) 849-2214 HELENACALC 7490 Noble Road Name·------~--- CONNECTICUT PO Box93.3 Windsor, OH 44099 CONNECilCUTCALC Helena, MT 59624 Marge Townsend Address.______~~----- 128 Beacon St. Clara Sinclair <2t6Y272-5t7" Hartford, CT 06105 (406) 449-8696 or 443-08~ OREGON Robert Yater NEW HAMPSfnRE City______~-- (203) 232-0890 LANE COUNTY CALC NASHUA PEACE CENTER 372 West 10th Street IiinR St. Nll0hua,NH030(i() MBrion Malcolm Manchester, CT 06040 NEW JERSEY (503) 485-1755 (203) 646-6049 CENTRAL N. CALC Phone(optional).______~ J. SOUTii DAKOTA PEACE EDUCATION AND ':r7 Randolph Avenue SOUTH DAKCJrA PEACE ACilONCENTER g!!,!~S:;..,~100857 &t JUSTICE CENTER Congregation/Denomination (optional) 64 Edgewood Avenue POBox405 New Haven, CT 06511 NEW MEXICO Watertown, SD 57201 Paul Hodel SANrAFECALC Jeanne Koster (200) 624-0339 1526 Cochitl Street (605) 882-2822 Categories of Membership GEORGIA Santa Fe, NM 87501 TENNESSEE ATLANTACALC Nancy Kleinbord CHATANOOGACALC 222 Eaot Lake Drive (505) 982-9389 4816 G1enmar Circle Decatur, GA 30030 0 Sustain $100 NEW'l"ORK Cha~a, 1N':r7416 Rev. Emory Searcv CONCERNEDCITJZENS B. Carter Pate (404) "3'77-6516 or ~77-~983 OF YATES COUNTY /CALC (615) 755-4327 0 0 Donor $50 LOUISIANA Box424 (615) 892-7650 h BIENVILLE HOUSE SL Marko Episcopal Church MID-SO!JIH PEACE &t 0 Family $40 CENTER FOR PEACE &. Penn Yan, NY lm?' JUSTICE CTR. Rev. Patricia Hannen Po Box 11428 ~~mlllienSt. DUNl ~ ~~~0oren (718)981-~ WEST VIRGINIA 5 WHEELING AREA CALC INTERFAITH COUN