I.D.A.! News Notes

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Published by the United States Committee of the International Defense and Aid Fund for Southern Africa P.o. Box 17, Cambridge, MA 02138 April 1986, Issue No. 26 Telephone (617) 491-8343 Report from South Africa A talk with Saki Macozoma

On April 15, 1986, lOAF interviewed Saki Macozoma, a native ofKwaZakele make their stance clear on the Kairos Document. I think it's the first church near Port Elizabeth, who worked for the Dependents' Conference ofthe South to make a pronouncement. But he also said that the Church has already African Council of Churches from 1982 to 1984. Mr. Macozoma returned in "accepted the challenge of the Kairos Document;' mid-March from a three-month visit to South Africa. He is currently writing his What can you tell us about government actions against church people? master's thesis for Boston University's School ofJournalism. One significant story in the Eastern Cape is that of Hamilton Dondala, the One of the things that really struck me, having been away from home for deputy secretary ofthe N\ethodist Conference ofSouthern Africa, who was almost two years, was that the struggle was no longer confined to the one ofthe first people to be picked up under the State ofEmergency. In fact, so-called youth, as the press in this country seems to imply in almost every report. Two years ago, the tendency was for activists to talk to themselves, with very little contact between the activist "When the Methodist minister is to be assaulted they community and the local older generation, but no bring in all the Presbyterians and Anglicans:' longer. The second thing was that the struggle was not confined to the city. There were small little towns there were several ministers picked up in the Port Elizabeth area. One of that you never see on the map: places like them was DeVilliers Soga, the President ofthe Interdenominational African Warmbaths, Leandra, Steynsburg, Cradock-of Ministers' Association, and several others. The sad thing is that these course, Cradock had a history-and De Aar. There was so much going on that the only way the (continued on page 2) press could report this was to have what they called the "unrest map;' like the weather charts, New Publications where they put all these little dots. The repression in the smaller areas was much more intense than in the cities because the Available from lOAF/USA people have muscle, people can refuse to consume. In some little places Part ofMy Soul Went With Him by Winnie Mandela. The life of they would cut offthe electricity, they would cut offtelephones, they would black nationalist leader Winnie Mandela through interviews, letters, threaten to cut off water. It was a very difficult struggle in many of these and narrative. (WW. Norton, 1986, 269 pp., illus.) $5.95. places. I went to a conference in late February in Durban of the SACC Nelson Mandela: The Man and the Movement by Mary Benson. Dependents' Conference, where various regions were reporting. The A biography of the imprisoned leader of the African National reports said things like, ''The local prosecutor is an interrogator by night and Congress. (WW. Norton, 1986, 124 pp., illus.) $7.95 a prosecutor during the day": all kinds of ridiculous irregularities, even by South African law. The Roots ofCrisis in Southern Africa by Ann Seidman. A study One important thing that has come out of the repression is the setting up of apartheid's impact on Southern Africa, and the role of foreign ofstreet committees, the argument being that making apartheid ungovern investments and u.s. government policy. (Africa World Press, 1985, able isn't an end in itself. We need to substitute local authorities. In Port 209 pp.) $8.95 Elizabeth you have a street committee at the lowest level where all Namibian Independence: A Global Responsibility by AW. households send their representative, and representatives of the street are Singham and Shirley Hune. A timely examination of the efforts to chosen to go to the area committee. The area committees are tied to the bring independence to South Africa's captive territory. (Lawrence civic organization, which is PEBCO [port Elizabeth Black Civic Hill, 1986, 124 pp.) $7.95 Organization]. Through this method the people can make decisions at a level where they can speak a language they are familiar with. It also,ties the The Kairos Document. A grassroots document by South African activists with people at the lowest level. People are already talking about theologians, both lay and professional. A devastating theological "liberated areas;' critique ofthe apartheid system, and a call for Christians to resist it. Within the church there is also an exciting movement with the adoption (Theology in a Global Context, 1985,29 pp.) $1.50 of the Kairos Document. What the Kairos Document says is, ''This state is Orders may be placed by mail ortelephone. Discounts are available illegitimate and until these people confess and repent there is no way there for bookstores, distributors, and anti-apartheid organizations. First can be reconciliation;' The Catholic Church, according to [Archbishop] orders must be prepaid. Denis Hurley, has a meeting scheduled for May when they are going to MACOZOMA, continued from page 1 imposed, even the police reports that were issued every day started drying ministers have people in the security police who know them, so when the up. For instance, they would say 20 people died last night, five were killed Ntethodist minister is to be assaulted they bring in all the Presbyterians and by the police, the rest were killed by other blacks. They wouldn't say where, the Anglicans and all the other people, and hide all the Ntethodists. Then they wouldn't say how, they wouldn't give any details whatsoever about it, "_.:!lltlJt'DIl:E!llEI~[illij_1IIIIIII they assault him or make him frog-jump or sing or dance, and once they so that significantly affects the kinds finish with that they bring in all the Ntethodists. offigures we get. People believe this The tendency for these people [black police] is to become very violent. enables the police to kill blacks, Ithink it's a kind ofexternalization ofthe inner conflict that they have. Most including giving them the necklace treatment, and then attribute the people in detention would rather be assaulted by a white person that they crimes to anti-apartheid activists. don't know, rather than a black person who may feel and know that he's Do you think the government got doing something wrong. what it wanted by imposing the It's been said that the police-informer network has been broken. State of Emergency? I think so. I think the cost of being an informer is too much for many No, because what it wanted was unconditional pacification. There people. The usual South African police informer is not motivated by any -~.~. -~.--:'---1 ideological affinities with the system. It is usually a mercenary case: I take was a sense of futility in the L...._. _--:',,;.' the money, that's it. So when the cost is increased there is nothing that drives government about its own direction ~~i~~! .~~~=£.;-; and its own policies. When they &__• .1. ., ... •• _ them to continue. Consequently there are fewer reports of informers being ~~':.;;.;'::;';''::':';:j::::::::::::'::::"-:,,,; killed, because basically the network has crumbled. In all the cases that came up with the new Constitution have come up recently, most of the evidence has been presented by ~~:Jg~~t~e~~~~~~~~I,t:t:~~~~: ia~;t~'!,~~f~~ policemen using videocameras and things like that. It's no more a question of, "We'll bring 55 Mr. X's;' because there aren't Mr. X's to be found ~~~n~f ~~~~~~~U~~~ 3:;~~~ti~ ~~liU: ~hip~~~;s~~n anymore. was impossible to do that. I think the IIRU h~~.:'f~r~'''~kllli for . People in this country don't understand that casualty figures come from State of Emergency's main purpose This "unrest map" summarizes protest in the Public Relations Directorate of the South African police, and it's was to crush the UDF. They didn't Zwide, Soweto, Atleridgeville, Steynville, want to ban it because ofthe kind of Touws River, Athlone, Elsie's River, Man- therefore by definition a public-relations exercise. enberg, Ravensmead, Steenberg, Retreat, Even if press conditions in South Africa were ideal, the media in South image that would have abroad, espe- Kraaifontein, Grassy Park, Bellville South, Africa have never been equipped to cover the country as awhole. There's cially because the UDF is peaceful. Amalinda, Sydenham, and Britstown. no one in the Ciskei, the Transkei, or Bophuthatswana, no one in Lebowa, Another reason is that the State of Emergency provided the government or the Karoo, or the Midlands, or the Lowveld. It's even worse with the with sufficient powers to do practically anything they wanted to do. It assaults on the press through subpoenas to give evidence against activists, legitimized the use of the army, the railway police, the municipal police, and the use of Section 28 of the Police Act, which says, ''You may not and thereby put the whole weight of the state security apparatus on the publish until we have confirmed this, and if we refuse to confirm you may people. And now all that continues, even though the Emergency is not publish at all:' Over and above this, as soon as the press ban was supposed to have been lifted. D

Southern Africa News Calendar February and March 1986

The following news items are based primarily on shortwave broadcasts by the British held in Angola, as well as Soviet dissidents Andrei Sakharov and Anatoly Shcharansky. Broadcasting Corporation fBBC), The Voice of America (VOA), and Radio South Africa fRSA). Angola proposed that the South African officer, Capt. DuToit, be exchanged for a Cuban South African and British newspapers are also used. Items are intended to supplement major news soldier and an unspecified number of Angolans held by South Africa. sources and are not exhaustive. Because radio reception is sometimes unclear, the spelling of all proper names cannot be guaranteed. South Africa- Police said they shot dead two African women and two African youths, and wounded at least three other youths in clashes. Items relating to political trials and detentions appear in red.

For more comprehensive news about political prisoners in Southern Africa, please see our bimonthly publication Focus. Censorship 1 February Even before the Emergency was proclaimed, the South African South Africa- Two Africans threw petrol bombs at a crowded department store in govemment had tightened restrictions on news, especially news the white mining town of Randfontein. A white passerby was stabbed and seriously about the "unrest:' Information about the numbers, identity, and injured when he tried to stop them from escaping. Angola - The Angolan government rejected the prison exchange deal put forward by conditions ofthose killed, injured and detained had therefore become P.w. Botha, by which Nelson Mandela would be exchanged for a South African officer even less reliable than usual in recent months. Censorship has been even further tightened in the areas under the Emergency in terms of Regulation 6(1)(i) ofthe Proclamation, which reads in part as follows: Official Violence ''The Commissioner of the South African Police or any person acting Police violence and killings were a daily occurrence throughout on his authority may... issue orders ...relating to the control, this news period. By the end of March 1986, officials admitted the regulation or prohibition of the announcement, dissemination, distri death toll from the current upsurge of protests to be around 1,400. In bution, taking or sending of any comment on or news in connection March alone, their figures indicated 171 people were killed, the with these regulations,. ..or any conduct of a Force or any member highesttotal yet. Ifwe reported each killing we would have no room ofa Force regarding the maintenance ofthe safety ofthe public or the for other news; we are therefore reporting only a few, as a reminder public order.. :' [A Force includes the police, SADF, or Prisons of the ongoing repression by police and troops. Service.] 2 2 February 10 February South Africa - President Botms "Rubicon II" speech was followed by two-page news South Africa- A report by the UN Human Rights Committee accused South Africa paper advertisements stressing Botha's plan to replace the pass laws on 1 july with of serious violations of human rights, saying that recent government reforms lacked standard identity document for all races, which would not be used to regulate movement. substance. Critics disputed this claim, saying that "orderly urbanization" was a euphemism for influx South Africa- Chief Gatsha Buthelezi withdrew his support for President Botha's control. national advisory council for blacks, saying blacks were aghast at Botha's repudiation ofhis Foreign Minister's statement that South Africa could one day have ablack President. 3 February Zambia - At ameeting ofEEC officials with the Front-Line States, a British Foreign Of 11 February fice undersecretary held talks with ANC representatives, the first such contact between Lesotho - The UN High Commission for Refugees announced that arrangements were the British government and the ANC. Earlier, President Kenneth Kaunda accused Europe being made for the deportation of another 43 people from Lesotho, including 27 ANC of ignoring the evils of apartheid and caring only for the profits which its multinational members and ten PAC members. Two weeks ago 57 people were flown to zambia companies could extract from South Africa. following the military takeover in Lesotho. South Africa - Winnie Mandela rejected President Botha's offer to release her husband in exchange for aSouth African soldier held in Angola and two Soviet dissidents. 12 February South Africa - Winnie Mandela said the timetable for her husband's release was in the 4 February hands of the government. She said that if he were taken forcibly from the country he South Africa - Education Minister F.W. deKlerk ruled out the possibility of racially would return on the first train to South Africa. integrated state education "as long as my party is in power:' Mozambique-The MNR claimed to have captured the government's operational headquarters in central Mozambique, saying their victory had given them back control of 5 February the Gorongosa area which they lost last August. Namibia - After police broke up apublic meeting ofSWAPO's Youth Wing with tear South Africa - The SADF announced that an ANC guerrilla and one of its soldiers were gas, the interim government warned SWAPO against "illegal public meetings:' SWAPO killed on the Botswana border during action against ANC forces. has claimed that the bill of rights adopted by the South African-sponsored interim government gave it the right to hold meetings. South Africa- Troops sealed off the Consolidated Modderfontein gold mine east of 13 February johannesburg, where union members began a strike in protest over the dismissal last United Kingdom -It was confirmed in Britain that about 90 members of the elite month of two Africans who were recruiting union members. Special Air Services were helping to train Botswana's forces in South Africa - Police Commissioner johan Coetzee confirmed that three suspected techniques to resist South African raids and to curb infiltration by "terrorists" had been arrested and a large cache ofSoviet arms seized in apolice operation guerrillas. in the Ngwavuma area near Swaziland. South Africa - Six young Africans were shot and wounded , at achurch center near johannesburg during a raid by about 30 . 6 February police using three helicopters. About 40 people had been I South Africa- Foreign Minister "Pik" Botha said that if all the different racial groups arrested on charges of murder and arson. Anglican bishop could agree on a power-sharing formula, South Africa might someday have a black Simeon Nkoane said they had sought refuge at the center after President. suffering violence in their ghettos from black vigilantes opposed to their anti-apartheid activities. South Africa -Authorities decided to expel white Lutheran minister Gottfried Kraatz for alleged involvement in political activities. Home Affairs Minister Stoffel Botha said South Africa - PFP member Alex Boraine resigned from Kraatz had been involved in actions against the authorities. Kraatz had been detained for Parliament six days after the resignation of PFP leader Frederik a few days in December 1985. van Zyl Siabbert. Boraine said he believed there was a need for ,/ someone with no particular political allegiance to mediate South Africa - The Black Sash organization reported that government officials had between Parliament and the opposition outside. Simeon Nkoane moved African families from their homes. Police stood by as about 20 families were moved from Uitvlagt in the Moutse area to the Lebowa bantustan. Community workers Namibia - Anti-apartheid leader Saths Cooper was arrested afew hours before he was said government removal squads pressured people to move but the government denied to address the Namibian Educational Forum, under legislation preventing "oon that people were forcibly moved. Europeans" from entering the territory.

7 February 14 February South Africa -In an unprecedented Parliamentary move, President Botha publicly rebuked Foreign Minister "Pik" Botha for saying that South Africa could have a black UnitedNations - Britain and the US abstained from voting on a UN Security Council President someday. resolution calling for an end to apartheid in South Africa. Many speeches had called for mandatory economic sanctions. South Africa-PFP leader Frederik van lyl Siabbert said he was giving up the leadership of his party and leaving Parliament after a 12-year career there. Siabbert said he was frustrated by the slow pace of political reform, and described the government's programs as simply not good enough. Bishop Tutu congratulated Siabbert for resigning 15 February and called on other opposition MPs to do the same. ANC President OliverTambo said the South Africa- At least five people were killed in widespread violence. Moumers in resignation was a historic event and a tremendous act of loyalty to the South African the Alexandra ghetto clashed with police and troops after the funeral of two political people. activists. Over 30 people were treated for injuries at the local clinic. Newsmen were ordered out of Alexandra and troops sealed off the area. 8 February South Africa - Police reported killing three Africans in clashes with stone-throwers and dispersing mourners at a funeral. They also said at least four Africans were injured when three white vigilantes began shooting indiscriminately from a car in a suburb of South Africa- The National Union ofMineworkers elected Nelson Mandela an h0n johannesburg. orary vice president at a Soweto rally attended by about 10,000 people.

News Blackout POLICE REPORTS The news restrictions announced on 2 November by the South African govemment Especially since the State of Emergency, the South African police are have shackled the press even more severely than the censorship apparatus already the sole source of information on deaths, injuries, demonstrations, etc. in place. Not only do they keep reporters, photographers, and TV crews out of the with rare exceptions, where we will state the source. Even local police "emergency" areas, but police also exclude them from other areas when "unrest" occurs. are forbidden to give information, all of which is supposed to be issued Reporters have been arrested, attacked with whips, and in at least one case shot in the leg. This has made it impossible to establish accurate arrest and casualty figures, by the Public Relations Directorate of the South African police. See note on censorship, page 2. etc., and has rendered the police and troops even less accountable to public opinion. 3 17 February for reform, stressed that the patience of the banks, particularly the American ones, was not unlimited. South Africa- Police in Port Elizabeth killed two suspected ANC members, saying they were attacked with Russian-made rifles and grenades. South Africa- Police fired shotguns to break up a crowd of Africans stoning cars in South Africa-Three members of the Commonwealth's Eminent Persons Group Soweto, and used tear gas to disperse a crowd in Alexandra. Police and military action began talks with government officials and other interested parties in Cape Town. The in Alexandra last week left at least 23 Africans and possibly as rnanyas 100 dead. Group's members included former Australian Prirne Minister Malcolm Fraser, former South Africa- Bishop Tutu expressed his dismay over the deal reached by South Nigerian head of state Olusegun Obasanjo, and the President of the World Council of Africa with its creditor banks. Archbishop Trevor Huddleston, leader of IDAF and of the Churches, Dame Nita Barrow. British Anti-Apartheid Movement, said he was shocked by the deal. South Africa- Police said they killed three young African men in Alexandra. An off duty African detective was also shot dead in the protest, and his body mutilated. A Civil Defense base was set up on the outskirts ofthe area, and whites with shotguns were seen 24 February guarding their premises. One white fired his rifle and pistol at a group of about 100 South Africa - Police reported that a man was killed when they fired at a crowd Africans who had been petrol-bombing a factory. allegedly attacking police houses and vehicles near Port Elizabeth. South Africa - The rand reached US 50¢ for the first time since August 1985. South Africa- The Supreme Court convicted Eric William Peiser, a 21-year-old white rnan, oftreason after he admitted receiving military training with the ANC abroad. Peiser was thought to be the first white South African charged with receiving such training. Po 18 February lice found weapons at his flat. [He was later sentenced to nine years in prison with three South Africa- Deputy Minister of Law and Order Adriaan Vlok said 18 or 19 people years conditionally suspended.] had been killed in four days ofclashes in Alexandra, and 47 others wounded. The Rev. South Africa- Police seized the medical records of about 170 Africans from a clinic Beyers Naude had said as rnany as 80 people might have been killed. Naude had gone in Alexandra, most of whom had been injured during recent clashes. to Alexandra with Allan Boesak and Desmond Tutu but only Tutu was allowed in to attend South Africa- Andrew Sibusiso Zondo, a 19-year-old African rnan, admitted planting a meeting of thousands of residents. The residents demanded that the security forces limpet mines which exploded in a shopping center at Arnanzimtoti south of Durban just leave. Tutu appealed to them to end the violence. before Christmas 1985. He pleaded not guilty to five charges of murder. USA - State Department official Chester Crocker said it had been decided to supply Mozambique -A 31-year-old rnan lost his right leg when he stepped on a landmine the UNITA guerrillas in Angola with American aid. Asked by a Member of Congress near the Maputo beach, the third such occurrence near the beach in the past three weeks. whether such aid would include weapons, Crocker replied, 'We have to be effective:' South Africa was blamed for the two blasts early this month. 19 February South Africa- Bishop Desmond Tutu, the Rev. Allan Boesak, and the Rev. Beyers 25 February Naude urged bankers meeting in London tomorrow to demand the resignation of P.W. South Africa-More than 12,000 miners at the Vaal Reef gold mine in Klerksdorp Botha's government as a condition for rescheduling $14 billion of South Africa's foreign went on strike after the arrest ofeight miners yesterday. [[he number had grown to 19,000 debt because, far from dismantling apartheid, that government was entrenching it. by the next day.] The miners were arrested in connection with the deaths of four South Africa-A landmine was used against security forces for the first tirne in a supervisors in a clash last week. ghetto. A police armored personnel carrier was damaged in an explosion on a road in Botswana - South African and Botswanan representatives agreed during talks to take Mameladi near Pretoria. steps to prevent ANC members from using Botswana as a springboard for attacks on South Africa- Five African miners were killed and four others injured in a fight South Africa. The talks were the second between the two countries in three weeks. between mineworkers and supervisors at the Vaal Reef gold mine near Johannesburg. South Africa-A case against Winnie Mandela for allegedly contravening her banning order was provisionally withdrawn because Mrs. Mandela had appealed against the 27 February Supreme Court decision upholding the validity of her banning order. South Africa - Allan Boesak said that President Botha should follow the example of former Philippines dictator Ferdinand Marcos and leave the country. 20 February Zimbabwe - RSA reported that Zimbabwean troops in Mozambique would hence United Kingdom - At a meeting in London, South Africa's foreign bank creditors forth only be deployed along the strategic rail, road, and oil pipeline routes linking reached a partial compromise agreement on rescheduling $14 billion of South Africa's Zimbabwe to the Mozambican port of Beira. The move followed the MNR's recapture of loans. its base in Gorongosa in a battle which included Zimbabwean troops. South Africa- The government announced that people ofall races would be allowed to open businesses in the central areas of Johannesburg and Durban, previously restricted to whites only, and in four other cities later. The new rules do not apply to the 28 February prosperous suburban malls and office complexes. Namibia - RSA reported that seven SWAPO members were convicted of terrorism after they admitted having planted bombs. 21 February South Africa- Dutch fugitive Klaas Dejonge , still in the Dutch Embassy, and his South Africa- Police were reported to have raided the home ofWinnie Mandela in former wife Helen Passtoors were charged with "terrorism;' with Passtoors also charged Soweto, apparently believing she was there illegally. with treason. They were alleged to have been involved in the setting up ofarms caches South Africa-Addressing about 7,000 Alexandra residents, Bishop Tutu said the for use by the ANC. [On 10 February it was reported that Helen Passtoors had been government would consider their dernands for the release of those detained in the four hospitalized for depression after being held for seven months in solitary confinement days of clashes and the removal of police from the ghetto. under the Internal Security Act.] South Africa - RSA said police found two arms caches and arrested two African men in the Orange Free State. 1 March South Africa- Allan Boesak intervened at a funeral for seven protest victims in the 22 February Cape to rescue an alleged informer about to be attacked by a crowd of mourners. South Africa- Police said seven Africans were injured in continuing violence in Angola - The govemment said that South African troops and UNITA rebels had ghettos and 16 arrested. They used shotguns, tear gas, and rubber bullets to disperse carried out several attacks in southern Angola in the past month. South African planes had about 300 Africans who were throwing stones and setting fire to stores and offices in the repeatedly violated Angola's airspace in recent weeks. African ghetto of Nelspruit in the eastern Transvaal. Angola - UNITA rebels said they raided a northeastern diamond-mining center and captured about 200 foreign workers, including Philippine, Portuguese, British, Rumanian, and West German nationals. This was thought to be the largest group of 23 February hostages yet seized by UNITA. South Africa-A bomb exploded in atelephone booth in a white suburb of Pretoria. South Africa- Police said they shot dead two people in Potchefstroom in continuing United Kingdom - Speaking on British TV, Swiss debt mediator Fritz leutwiler, protests, and that others were killed when a car being attacked by petrol bombs ran out . referring to the partial agreement on aportion ofSouth Africa's foreign debt, and the need of control into a crowd.

4 USA - Eight Democratic Members of Congress introduced a bill to ban aid to UNITA until President Reagan guaranteed that such aid would be in the interest of the US. Still an Emergency South Africa- RSA reported that Enos Mabuza, Chief Minister of the kaNgwane The severe repression exercised under South Africa's State of bantustan, had held talks with the ANC, which Oliver Tambo called "historic" and "the launching of a new phase of unity:' Emergency has placed unprecedented strains on lOAF's ability to provide legal defense for political prisoners and aid for their families. 3 March At least 31,000 people were detained for political reasons in South Africa in 1985, and despite the formal lifting of the State of South Africa - Police said they killed seven ANC members in a gun battle in Guguletu near Cape Town. They reported receiving a tip-off that ANC guerrillas were Emergency the crackdown shows no signs of letting up. planning to attack a van carrying African policemen to work. The ANC had not been able Please help us meet this crisis by mailing a contribution to lOAF, to mount such an attack by trained guerrillas since the Nkomati accord with Mozambique. p.o. Box 17, Cambridge, MA 02138. All contributions are tax Trinidad - Police were put on full alert in response to plans for a big demonstration deductible against the English cricket team, which had toured South Africa.

4 March 7 March South Africa- President P.w. Botha announced in Parliament that the State of United Kingdom - Barclay's, one of the leading British banks, which had been Emergency would probably by lifted on 7 March. The UDF said the proposal to criticized for its financial involvement with South Africa, announced it would lend no strengthen existing legislation to cope with future unrest meant that a de facto State of more money to South Africa until there was evidence of change in its apartheid laws. Emergency would exist throughout the country. The BBC said that nearly 8,000 people South Africa- The govemment formally lifted its State of Emergency, ending were detained between july 1985 and the end of january 1986. Botha also said the restrictions on coverage of protest and releasing more than 300 detainees. Some of the govemment would implement UN Resolution 435 on Namibian independence on 1 detainees charged that they had been ill-treated and even tortured. One said he was August, 1986, subject to a"firm and satisfactory agreement" on the withdrawal of Cuban subjected to the "helicopter treatment," in which the victim's arms and legs are chained troops from Angola. SWAPO condemned the statement, saying it hinged on an and he is suspended from a broomstick and beaten. Detainees reported being made to extraneous issue and did not move the territory any closer to peace. do pushups with a policeman sitting on their back and being beaten on the head with South Africa- A bomb exploded at John Vorster Square police headquarters in truncheons. More than 750 people were killed during the Emergency and some 8,000 johannesburg, damaging the third floor of the 11-story building. Two policemen suffered detained under the emergency regulations. slight injuries. john Vorster Square, where security detainees are interrogated and where South Africa- Home Affairs Minister Stoffel Botha ordered a CBS-TV news team, several have died, is protected by fencing, steel grilles, and security checks. including the bureau chief, to leave the country before midnight on 11 March. CBS was South Africa - The city of East London announced that it would open its residential the only major foreign TV news service to defy a ban on broadcasts from the mass funeral areas to all races-the first South African city to do so. in Alexandra. [After a protest from the Foreign Correspondents' Association and three rounds of talks with the Home Affairs Minister, the order was rescinded on 11 March.] South Africa- The Detainees' Parents Support Committee said South Africa was 5 March about to enter a period of intensified repression through strengthened security legislation. USA - Amnesty Intemational launched a worldwide campaign for an end to human Opposition MP Helen Suzman said the govemment was intent on imposing an rights abuses in South Africa. In an open letter to P.w. Botha, the group said such abuses undeclared State of Emergency. had increased markedly over the past year, citing the imprisonment ofopposition leaders, The ANC dismissed the lifting of emergency regulations as of no importance, and the beating of protesters including children, and killings by police and troops who had church leaders accused the authorities of rearresting a number of people released earlier been given immunity from prosecution. in the day. The Institute of Race Relations said that in the seven months prior to the State South Africa- About 30,000 people attended a mass funeral for 17 people, the of Emergency an average of 1.6 people were dying each day, and since then the rate had youngest 12 years old, in the Alexandra ghetto near johannesburg. The coffins of the more than doubled, and was now running at 3.6 per day. dead, killed by the security forces, were draped in ANC flags. Winnie Mandela, who was South Africa- RSA reported that a police spokesperson said a limpet mine had been given a tumultuous reception, and V'kstem diplomats including the British ambassador, found at the Hillbrow police station in johannesburg. attended. joumalists were prevented from taking cameras or tape recorders. Ethiopia - Ameeting of OAU Foreign Ministers criticized the Reagan Administration 8 March for its decision to arm UNITA, saying this placed the US on the side of South Africa and Angola - The Angolan govemment urged the United Nations to take full amounted to a declaration of war by proxy against an OAU member state. responsibility for securing peace in Southem Africa and independence for Namibia. It said Angola - The Angolan govemment dismissed South Africa's announcement that it the US had lost its credibility to act as mediator in the Southem African conflict. would implement UN Resolution 435 if Cuban troops left Angola. Angola said the pres ence of Cuban troops concerned only Angola and Cuba and could not be made a condition for granting freedom to Namibia. UnitedNations - Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar, reacting to P.w. Botha's statement on Namibia, said that naming a date was an important development, but that the South African suggestion was linked to a condition which he and the Security Council considered extraneous.

6 March South Africa- The johannesburg headquarters of the Release Mandela Campaign was badly damaged by what its President claimed was a bomb explosion. He charged the security police with being responsible, and said that the files had been rifled before the explosion. The police denied any involvement. South Africa-law and Order Minister Louis IeGrange said that when the State of Emergency was lifted, security laws would be changed to give the security forces greater South Africa's Tandem Combat Helicopter, Alpha XHl power to act during times of"unrest' He said some detainees might not be freed and that curbs on news coverage might not be abolished. Angola - David MacDonald, a Canadian government emergency-aid official, said starvation in Angola was not caused by drought or bad weather but by the war conducted by UNITA. MacDonald described conditions as worse than the worst in South Africa- The government revealed that it was producing its own military Ethiopia, and called for drastic action. He said nearly a million people were starving. helicopter and showed a prototype to correspondents. Botswana - ANC President Oliver Tambo decided to withdraw the ANC representative and his assistant from Gaborone because their security could no longer South Africa - Police clashed with mourners at the funeral in Soweto of an alleged be guaranteed. Botswana President Quett Masire also said a news service run by South ANC insurgent who was said to have blown himself up with a grenade when police tried African exiles, which was attacked in the SADF's june raid, would not resume operation. to arrest him last month. Some 3,000 moumers followed the coffin.

5 Cuba - RSA reported that the lairean Embassy in Cuba had issued a statement ghetto near johannesburg, when a crowd set a vehicle on fire. Twelve people were denying accounts that it had agreed to ferry weapons to UNITA from the US. arrested. South Africa - Enos Mabuza, the leader of the kaNgwane bantustan, demanded an 9 March official inquiry into yesterday's police shootings outside a courthouse in the eastern South Africa- Police said Marion Sparg, a 27-year-old white woman, was arrested Transvaal. Mabuza said the crowd had been calm and police had fired at random. He said and three limpet mines seized in connection with three recent explosions. in police most of those interviewed in the hospital had birdshot wounds in their backs. stations, including one at the johannesburg police headquarters. Her sister Debbie was South Africa - The National Education Crisis Committee said the school situation detained later under Section 29 of the Internal Security Act. [Marion Sparg was later had deteriorated since the end ofthe school boycott. They said students were being shot identified as a former joumalist who left South Africa in 1981 and later worked with the and harassed, many remained in detention, and that politically active black teachers were ANC in Lusaka.] being dispatched to remote schools. Black unions invited to the conference have called South Africa- Four Africans were killed, two shot dead by police, during a night of for the pass laws to be scrapped or else they would call upon Africans to burn their protests in 15 ghettos around the country. Police fired several times on stone-throwers passbooks. and petrol-bombers, and were fired on twice themselves. Portugal-On a visit to Portugal, US Vice President George Bush said the US was 13 March seeking an Angola free from both Cuban and South African troops, and a free Namibia. South Africa- jongumuzi Sisulu, 26, a son of imprisoned ANC leader Walter Sisulu, Angola - TheAngolan news agency reported that ten ofthe manyforeigners captured went on trial for his life, accused with four others of treason. He and the other by UNITA in the northeast had escaped, and five of them had been able to return to the defendants-james Dubasi, 25, Lumkele Mkhefa, 20, David Matsose, 24, and joseph town. The escapees said there were ten children and 20 women walking without proper Maja, 2s-had been in detention since july 1984 and were accused of having trained food, and that the prisoners were being escorted by about 700 UNITA members. with the ANC abroad. South Africa- One of two African policemen guarding a community councillor's 10 March house in Alexandra was killed when a quarrel between the two and a group ofwhite po lice ended in a shootout. Tension between black and white police was reported to be South Africa- A renewed boycott of white shops and businesses by African increasing. consumers in East London and Port Elizabeth was being considered. A five-month boycott last year crippled many businesses but was called off when authorities met South Africa - An African miner was shot dead and another wounded west of demands including the withdrawal oftroops from African ghettos, the release ofdetained johannesburg after two vehicles being driven by whites past a mine hostel were community leaders and the recognition ofthe Youth Congress that organized the boycott. apparently attacked with stones, causing the whites to shoot at the miners. Mkhuseli jack, the President of the Port Elizabeth Youth Congress, said a new boycott South Africa- Police at the Khuma ghetto in the western Transvaal fired on mourners might be launched in support of goals including the release of Nelson Mandela and other who were carrying coffins in defiance of a magistrate's order that coffins be transported political prisoners, the return of exiles, and the lifting of bans against all organizations, in hearses, and the number of mourners restricted. The mourners stampeded and the which were among the original demands. pallbearers were forced to drop the coffins and flee. South Africa- A white lawyer, Laurence Tonkin, who witnessed the recent shooting of African schoolchildren at Kabokweni in the eastern Transvaal said talks were going on to defuse the situation when the police opened fire without warning. He said they did not first use tear gas nororderthe children to disperse. Law and OrderMinister Louis leGrange South Africa- The Institute of Race Relations said that more than 1,200 people had had ordered a full investigation of the killings. been killed in disturbances over the past 18 months. Last month's total was 105, the South Africa - The bannings of Eastem Cape leaders Henry Fazzie and Mkhuseli jack highest since August 1985, despite the State of Emergency which was then in force. were attacked by the US govemment, and anti-apartheid groups privately voiced disappointment that the British government had not also registered a strong protest. 11 March South Africa-Foreign Minister "Pik" Botha repudiated criticism from State South Africa- The government issued five-year banning orders against Henry Fazzie, Department official Chester Crocker, who had said that the government's talks on a regional vice president of the UDF, and Mkhuseli jack of the Port Elizabeth Youth further constitutional reform were a sham. Congress. jack was one ofthe Mozambique - The MNR Secretary General, Evo Fernandes, denied reports that leaders ofthe African boycott Zimbabwe had been asked to mediate in peace talks between the Mozambican of white-owned stores in the government and the MNR, in which there appeared to be a serious split. Port Elizabeth area, and the two men later helped 14 March negotiate a suspension of the South Africa- The Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group ended its visit to South boycott. Anthony Gilson, the Africa after meeting government leaders including President Botha as well as Nelson white business leader who Mandela and otheranti-apartheid leaders. The visit was conducted in great secrecy, with negotiated with jack, said he no contact with the press. was "shocked, dismayed, and horrified:' Mozambique - MNR leaders had reportedly South Africa - Police said seven African miners and one security guard were killed contacted Zimbabwean offi- at a gold mine in the western Transvaal, following a week of rising tension and a rare Henry Fazzie Mkhuseli Jack cials to ask if Zimbabwe underground sit-in by 1,200 miners. Over 200 were injured, of whom 58 people were would set up a meeting hospitalized. Police vehicles were reportedly stoned, Africans marched on a nearby between the MNR and the Mozambican government. Zimbabwe government sources white suburb and were dispersed with tear gas, and police and mine security officials said they believed Mozambique's government was gravely threatened by the MNR. opened fire after mine buildings were set alight. South Africa- Police said two African children were shot dead and more than 80 South Africa-About 15,000 mourners attended the funeral in Guguletu of seven people injured during serious disturbances in an African ghetto in the eastern Transvaal. suspected ANC guerrillas killed in a police ambush two weeks ago. The seven coffins South Africa - A senior Cabinet Minister and delegates from the province of Natal were draped with the ANC flag, and mourners waved ANC placards and banners, sang were to meet with a kwaZulu delegation led by Gatsha Buthelezi to present proposals for protest songs, and displayed a large photograph of Nelson Mandela. a joint multiracial executive authority in Natal Province. Namibia-Security forces in northern Namibia reported shooting dead 18 SWAPO United Nations - RSA reported that the UN High Commission for Refugees started a "terrorists" in various skirmishes over the past several days. This brought to 173 the mission to determine whether some 15,000 Mozambicans in South Africa could be number of insurgents they claim to have killed this year. considered political refugees. 16 March South Africa - Eight African miners were killed at the Vaal Reef gold mine during a 12 March clash allegedly between Xhosa and Basuto, and 67 injured, some of whom later died in South Africa - Police shot and injured 14 African women in an incident in KwaThema the hospital.

6 18 March 24 March South Africa- Plans to establish a new black union, the United Union of Workers of South Africa- Police said two African policemen in the kwaNdebele bantustan South Africa, were announced by a senior member of the kwaZulu bantustan legislative were attacked by 200 blacks while returning on foot to a police station, with one killed. assembly. COSATU charged that the union was a front for the bantustan and for Gatsha Twenty-seven African policemen and three white ones had been killed since September Buthelezi's Inkatha movement. 1984. South Africa - Sister Bernard Nkuve, a friend of Winnie Mandela and a prominent 19 March opponent of apartheid, said three petrol bombs were thrown into her convent at Krugersdorp at 1 AM. The attack came two days after P.W Botha announced that the South Africa-At a meeting in Port Elizabeth, COSATU called for a complete work nearby ghetto of Munsieville would not be forcibly moved. Right-wing vigilantes were stoppage on 21 March, which they declared Freedom Day in memory of those killed in suspected. the Langa and Sharpeville massacres. COSATU said that only medical personnel should go to work, and that they should boycott local buses and wear black emblems. A Mozambique-Mozambican troops said they killed 49 MNR rebels in battles in the monument to the dead of Langa was to be unveiled. suburbs of Maputo, the biggest losses inflicted on the MNR since hit-and-run raids on the suburbs started in May 1985. South Africa-Another African miner was killed in fighting at the Vaal Reef gold mining complex nearJohannesburg. The total number of those killed in recent mine unrest Zambia - David Sitwell and Linda Frankel, who had been residing in South Africa, was over 20. appeared in court on charges of possessing a rifle, ammunition, a uniform, and anti personnel mines. There had been fears that the local ANC headquarters could be on a South African government "hit list" of targets in the Front-Line States. 20 March Botswana - Government authorities announced tough new laws designed to combat 25 March acts of terrorism and sabotage, including terror attacks by South African commandos. South Africa - Police said an off-duty white policeman was killed in the Crossroads Zaire - The Zairean government said it would hand over to the Angolan government ghetto near Cape Town while investigating drug dealings. An African policeman was also 44 UNITA guerrillas who had seized about 200 foreign workers in Angola. Zaire was shot dead during the ensuing police search. Police shotdead an African man they said was embarassed by UNITA:s decision to release its captives to the International Red Cross in carrying petrol bombs in Walmer near Port Elizabeth. Zaire. South Africa- Police said they shotdead an ANC member after being threatened with South Africa- The Appeals Court in Bloemfontein ruled that a detention order served grenades in a house near Pretoria. on 16 people in August 1984, including six people who subsequently sought refuge in the British consulate in Durban, was invalid. The court also dismissed appeals by the Law and Order Minister and the officer commanding the Pietemnaritzburg prison against the Natal 26 March Supreme Court's decision in September 1984 to release seven of the detainees. South Africa - Thirteen people were killed in one of South Africa's worst nights of South Africa- The security police released Debbie Sparg, the sister of former violence, most of them shot dead by police guarding a liquor store in KwaZakele ghetto journalist Marion Sparg, who was being held under Section 29 of the Internal Security in the Eastern Cape. Other Africans were killed at the Crossroads sq.Jatter camp, Kagiso Act. Both were detained in connection with bomb attacks on three police stations. ghetto west of johannesburg, and in Chesterville ghetto near Durban. Soon after it was reported that 20 people had died over the past 24 hours, police announced that at least another 11 people were killed in the Bophuthatswana bantustan when police fired on 21 March an "illegal gathering" of thousands of people at the Winterveld shantytown near Pretoria. South Africa - Thousands of blacks took part in ceremonies to commemorate the Local people said 22 bodies had been found. 26th anniversary of the Sharpeville rnassacre and the first anniversary of police killings in Langa. Riot police fired tear gas as blacks were boarding buses to attend a memorial Lesotho - Maj. Gen. Lekhanya arrived in South Africa with a high-level delegation, the first visit to South Africa by a black head of state in some time. The agenda included service at Langa. Port Elizabeth and Uitenhage were brought to a virtual standstill by a the Highlands Water Project and the question of political refugees. general strike. Students in johannesburg stoned police and about 200 people in Durban were reportedly arrested in demonstrations to commemorate Sharpeville. South Africa- RSA reported that a White Paper on "orderly urbanization;' which would replace the pass laws, would be submitted to the Cabinet and afterwards to South Africa -Inone of the worst nights ofviolence, police said 13 people were killed, Parliament. including two policemen. Namibia-SWATF said it had killed eight more SWAPO guerrillas in skirmishes in northern Narnibia since the weekend. 27 March South Africa- Police said they shot dead two African men and injured two others in overnight violence at Crossroads. South Africa- Two French doctors working for the charity Medecins du Monde said 22 March police whipped and beat them and held them in custody for almost 12 hours after they South Africa - The Supreme Court lifted the banning order on black activist Mkhuseli rushed to the scene of the massacre in Winterveld. The doctors alleged that the police jack, a key organizer in last year's consumer boycott of white-owned businesses in Port kicked and whipped people being taken into custody and fired indiscriminately at people Elizabeth, saying the banning order was invalid because the Law and Order Minister had standing beside the road. failed to state his reasons for it. South Africa- An RSA editorial attacking "minority radicals" was being viewed as a South Africa- Extreme right-wing groups west of johannesburg were forming vigi warning that the government might place even less restraint on police confronting lante groups, and residents had blamed them for recent unexplained attacks on blacks. demonstrators and that further action might be taken against anti-apartheid groups such Members of the AWB gathered in Krugersdorp, wearing uniforms with insignia "strongly as the UDF anq Black Consciousness Movement. reminiscent" of the swastika. 29 March 23 March South Africa- The National Education Crisis Committee, which was organizing a South Africa- Police reported violence in the Port Elizabeth suburb of Walmer, in meeting to determine whether to resume the school boycott, said there had been three Soweto near johannesburg, Atteridgeville near Pretoria, and in the Orange Free State. attacks on its officers and members over the past 24 hours.

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